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proving-a-negative.txt
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1998-07-26
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Date: Tue, 11 Nov 1997 16:51:05 -0800 (PST)
From: Bob Steiner <bsteiner@crl.com>
To: Rick Moen <rick@hugin.imat.com>
Subject: Re: Proving a Negative
Hi Rick:
Many thanks for offering to make Giraffe available at the BAS website.
Forgive me: I know not about Clipboards. I hope the following will suffice.
Thank you.
All best wishes.
Bob
I Am Not a Giraffe, And I Can Prove It
by Bob Steiner
E-mail: bsteiner@crl.com
(c) 1996 by Bob Steiner
Originally published in _BASIS_, Newsletter of Bay Area Skeptics, April 1996.
Editorial Note: A single underline (_) is a toggle to start/stop italics.
It keeps coming back like a bad penny. I have seen it over and over in
skeptical writing, and have heard if from skeptical speakers.
A skeptic will present a persuasive, logical case why one should not
believe in the paranormal: lack of credible evidence, the appearance can be
duplicated by normal means, and the like.
Then a parapsychologist will say--correctly, "The fact that a magician
can duplicate the appearance of this claimed paranormal event does not prove
that the psychic did not do it psychically."
The skeptic will step into the trap by replying, "That is true," then
hasten to add, "but you cannot prove a negative."
I have not seen it yet, but the day will come when some astute
parapsychologist will _prove_ to the audience that one can indeed prove a
negative. Thence, having captured the _merited_ respect of the audience on
that one point, the parapsychologist will extrapolate and will successfully
convince the audience that the skeptic has no credibility and should not be
believed on anything else said. All of this because the skeptic made a
strong, all-inclusive, universal assertion--and it was wrong!
I have on my desk _The Encyclopedia of the Paranormal_, edited by Gordon
Stein, published by Prometheus Books, Amherst, New York, and just released
moments ago. My initial scanning (I just received it today) indicates that it
is an excellent work.
In one otherwise well-written essay, the author concludes with:
It would seem that with all the evidence of trickery we should
come to the conclusion that PK-MB [psychokinetic metal bending] is
nothing more than a myth, skilled magicians using their five
normal senses to create the illusion of reality. The problem is
that it is impossible to prove a negative.
In a letter to the editor in the July/August 1995 _Mensa Bulletin_ [Fort
Worth, TX. America Mensa, Ltd.], a writer attempts to nail down his point by
invoking this all-inclusive, erroneous generalization. The particular topic
at issue in the letter is less important than the flaw in philosophical
reasoning by an otherwise logical writer:
Not only is the [person who does not believe] under no obligation
to do anything, it's impossible for him to prove that [the topic
at issue] has no existence.
This is due to that ironclad logical rule that says "One
cannot prove a negative."
In writing and discussion, it is sometimes appropriate to explain the
difficulty (or even the impossibility) of proving _some_ negatives. It is an
unjustifiable stretch to jump to the universal declaration that "it is
impossible to prove a negative."
I can prove that the world is not flat, that there cannot be an
undiscovered continent on Earth larger than North America, that there is no
elephant in my living room, that I am not a woman, that I am not a giraffe,
and that two parts of hydrogen plus one part of oxygen do not produce sulfuric
acid.