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- <BODY bgcolor="#ffffff"><A NAME="_Toc401045811"><FONT SIZE=6>1 <A NAME="Introduction">Introduction</A></FONT></A>
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- <H2><A NAME="Acorn">Acorn</A> Internet</H2>
- <P>
- <FONT SIZE=3>Acorn Internet software gives you everything you
- need to browse the World Wide Web, send and receive email, and
- read and participate in global newsgroups.</FONT>
- <H3>Controlling access and costs</H3>
- <P>
- <FONT SIZE=3>Acorn Internet software is easy to configure
- and to use. Great emphasis has been placed on control and observation,
- to ensure that users have access only to approved newsgroups,
- email addresses and Web pages. </FONT>
- <P>
- <FONT SIZE=3>Acorn Internet software also helps you control telephone
- line costs, with frequency and length of connection being fully
- configurable. Reports on connect times, news and email volume
- are available to the user at any time.</FONT>
- <P>
- <H2>Back<A NAME="Background">ground</A></H2>
- <H3>What is the Internet?</H3>
- <P>
- <FONT SIZE=3>The Internet is a global network of networks, with
- tens of millions of users world wide. It covers a wide range of
- services - electronic mail (email), bulletin boards, newsgroups,
- file transfer, remote logon and the World Wide Web. </FONT>
- <P>
- <FONT SIZE=3>The World Wide Web is a hypermedia-linked information
- server system which can handle `pages' of text, pictures and even
- audio. This entire network of pages can be potentially interlinked,
- with links on one page bringing related information that's on
- another page. Sitting at your computer, you can bring one page
- to your computer screen from a computer in Australia, read its
- contents, and then by clicking a mouse button, bring more pages
- of related information from a computer in Alaska. You traverse
- the Internet by moving from one page to another via links - this
- is what is meant by <I>surfing the net</I>.</FONT>
- <P ALIGN="CENTER">
- <IMG SRC="Diagrams/Img00003" WIDTH="560" HEIGHT="332">
- <P>
- <FONT SIZE=3>Of the range of Internet services, Acorn Internet
- software provides the main ones - email, news and a Web `browser'.</FONT>
- <H3>The origins of the Internet</H3>
- <P>
- <FONT SIZE=3>The origins of Internet go back to the mid-seventies,
- out of a need to connect together the US Defense Department ARPAnet
- and various other radio and satellite networks. With nuclear war
- in mind, it had to be as tolerant of network breakdowns as possible,
- so was set up as a `peer-to-peer' network - each computer communicating
- with every other one as an equal. Data was sent in Internet Protocol
- (IP) packets, addressed to the destination machine.</FONT>
- <P>
- <FONT SIZE=3>The same IP networking software came with Berkeley
- UNIX workstations, which proliferated in Local Area Networks in
- the eighties. It soon became clear that these local networks could
- be connected to the ARPAnet, so that every workstation on a site
- could access ARPAnet facilities.</FONT>
- <P>
- <FONT SIZE=3>In the late eighties, the National Science Foundation
- (NSF) set up five supercomputer centres in the United States,
- and every university was connected to these centres via its own
- regional network. This NSFNET provided the basis of the present-day
- Internet network in the US, to which networks in the United Kingdom
- and other countries are connected. NSFNET, NASA Science Internet
- and other US federal agency networks recently joined forces to
- form the National Research and Education Network (NREN).</FONT>
- <P>
- <FONT SIZE=3>The Internet was originally used by universities,
- research establishments, companies and government departments
- to communicate with each other and share resources. Increasingly,
- though, private subscribers are joining, via a growing number
- of service providers.</FONT>
- <P>
- <FONT SIZE=3>The core of the Internet is a TCP/IP network, but
- many other non-IP networks (such as Acorn Econet, BITNET and DECnet)
- have found ways to connect to it. This means that almost anyone
- with a computer can join it, either via a gateway between their
- own network and the Internet, or by leasing an account on a computer
- with a full connection to the Internet, and communicating via
- that computer, using a modem and telephone line. `The Internet'
- has therefore come to mean not just the original TCP/IP network,
- but the global community of disparate interconnected computers.</FONT>
- <H3>What is the World Wide Web?</H3>
- <P>
- <FONT SIZE=3>The World Wide Web (also known as WWW, W3 or simply
- "the Web") attempts to organise information on the Internet
- as a set of hypertext or hypermedia documents. </FONT>
- <P>
- <FONT SIZE=3>In a hypertext document, if you want more information
- about a particular subject mentioned, you just click your mouse
- button over a highlighted word or picture to bring another, linked
- page of information to your screen. Hypermedia links will not
- only bring you a page to read but also bring images, and play
- video and sound clips - all at the click of your mouse button.
- Most pages on the World Wide Web provide these built-in links
- to other pages.</FONT>
- <P>
- <FONT SIZE=3>If all the early running in developing the Internet
- was made in the United States, the development of the World Wide
- Web has been a truly international phenomenon. It began as a networked
- information project of Englishman Tim Berners-Lee at CERN (the
- European Laboratory for Particle Physics in Switzerland) in 1989.
- The aim was to build a distributed hypermedia system, that is,
- a system where information of interest to the scientific research
- community and in different file formats- text, pictures, movies,
- and so on - was stored across many different computers in different
- locations, and which could be accessed by pointing and clicking.
- </FONT>
- <P>
- <FONT SIZE=3>Once a graphical interface for the Web, Mosaic, was
- developed by the National Centre for Supercomputing Applications
- (NCSA) in Illinois, the project rapidly grew to cover more and
- more resources, computers and users across the Internet. In January
- 1993, there were just 50 World Wide Web servers world-wide: by
- October 1993 this number had grown to 500. Currently, there are
- over 1000 World Wide Web servers in the UK alone. </FONT>
- <H3>Who controls the Internet?</H3>
- <P>
- <FONT SIZE=3>The Internet is not run by one company, although
- some corporate networks that form part of it may be. There is
- a voluntary body, called the Internet Society (or ISOC), which
- appoints a council of elders responsible for the technical management
- and direction of the Internet. But generally speaking the Internet
- is an informal, self-governing community. As in any social group,
- if members behave badly, the others shun them or let them know
- what they think about it. </FONT>
- <P>
- <FONT SIZE=3>Your company or school may have its own Internet
- rules. Find out what they are, and be sure to follow them.</FONT>
- <P>
- <FONT SIZE=3>There are a few general rules, however, that you
- should be aware of:</FONT>
- <H4>Commercial use</H4>
- <P>
- <FONT SIZE=3>When you join the Internet, you may be asked if your
- intended use is Commercial, or Research and Education. If the
- latter, your calls may be routed in the US over subsidised federal
- NSFNET routes, rather than more expensive commercial ones. Research
- and Education users, therefore, should not subsequently engage
- in commercial activities over the Internet.</FONT>
- <P>
- <FONT SIZE=3>Even amongst company users, there is still a lot
- of feeling against blatant commercialism on the Internet. The
- ability to find out about commercial products is a good thing,
- and World Wide Web pages are particularly useful for this purpose,
- but most users do not want to be bombarded with unsolicited promotions.</FONT>
- <H4>Legal issues</H4>
- <P>
- <FONT SIZE=3>Through the Internet you can have access to information
- and products which are the result of personal, public or commercial
- research and development. Before you use these for your own purposes,
- make sure that you obtain any necessary permissions to do so.</FONT>
- <P>
- <FONT SIZE=3>The Internet is international, so anything you send
- could go anywhere in the world. Sending data to another country
- is considered to be exporting. Exporting any restricted information
- or product, or granting access to a supercomputer or sensitive
- database over the Internet may require an export licence. Usually,
- information that is available to the general public is not considered
- to be restricted, but information available in universities, government
- departments and companies may be. If in doubt, seek legal advice.</FONT>
- <H3>Network ethics and `Netiquette'</H3>
- <P>
- <FONT SIZE=3>Because the Internet is so open and comparatively
- unfettered, it is also open to abuse. The main threats to the
- Internet are</FONT>
- <UL>
- <LI><FONT SIZE=3>excessive use for unintended purposes</FONT>
- <LI><FONT SIZE=3>political pressures.</FONT>
- </UL>
- <P>
- <FONT SIZE=3>The two are linked. If your employer or school is
- paying for your Internet connection, they will not take kindly
- to you participating in an all-day multi-user computer game over
- the Internet. Even if you are paying for your own connection,
- parts of the Internet (NSFNET, for example) are state-subsidised,
- and should not be abused in this way. If they are, there will
- be political pressure to cut the subsidy. </FONT>
- <P>
- <FONT SIZE=3>The same goes for personal attacks and rude and antisocial
- behaviour, and making obscene files available over the Internet.
- If this happens too often, those who pay for Internet will either
- withdraw funding, or impose restrictive controls on the network
- which reduce its effectiveness and ease of use.</FONT>
- <P>
- <FONT SIZE=3>If these very reasonable restrictions are borne in
- mind, the Internet is a very liberal environment, where individualism
- and self-expression are encouraged. </FONT>
- <P>
- <FONT SIZE=3>Once you are connected to the Internet, you can get
- some useful guidance on Internet behaviour from the newsgroup
- news.announce.newusers, including Frequently-Asked Questions (FAQs).
- (See the appendix <A HREF="appxa" >Acronyms and Smilies</A> for more information on net-speak.)</FONT>
- <H2>How do I get an Internet <A NAME="How">connection?</A></H2>
- <P>
- <FONT SIZE=3>You should contact one of the Internet service providers.
- For a fee (usually a monthly payment) they provide a connection
- to the Internet, via a UK telephone number which your computer
- dials up using a modem. Many of the service providers offer local
- rate calls, so that you can communicate over Internet anywhere
- in the world, and still pay local charges.</FONT>
- <P>
- <FONT SIZE=3>When you are connected to the Internet, you can send
- and receive electronic mail and access news on bulletin boards.</FONT>
- <H3>Internet service providers</H3>
- <P>
- <FONT SIZE=3>These are some of the best-known service providers
- for the home and education user at the time of writing:</FONT>
- <H4>Demon Internet</H4>
- <P>
- <FONT SIZE=3>Telephone: 0181 371 1234</FONT>
- <P>
- <FONT SIZE=3>Local access nation-wide (including IoW and IoM)</FONT>
- <P>
- <FONT SIZE=3>Email address: enquiries@demon.net</FONT>
- <P>
- <FONT SIZE=3>Web: <A HREF="http://www.demon.net/"> http://www.demon.net/</A></FONT>
- <H4>Pipex (UUNET UK)</H4>
- <P>
- <FONT SIZE=3>Telephone: 01223 250120</FONT>
- <P>
- <FONT SIZE=3>Local access in most areas</FONT>
- <P>
- <FONT SIZE=3>Email address: sales@uk.uu.net</FONT>
- <P>
- <FONT SIZE=3>Web:<A HREF="http://www.pipex.com/"> http://www.pipex.com/</A></FONT>
- <H4>Zynet</H4>
- <P>
- <FONT SIZE=3>Telephone: 01392 209500</FONT>
- <P>
- <FONT SIZE=3>Local access in most areas</FONT>
- <P>
- <FONT SIZE=3>Email address: sales@zynet.net</FONT>
- <P>
- <FONT SIZE=3>Web: <A HREF="http://www.zynet.co.uk/"> http://www.zynet.co.uk/</A></FONT>
- <P>
- <FONT SIZE=3>Many of these organisations are growing, and may
- have more access points (`points of presence') by the time you
- read this.</FONT>
- <P>
- <FONT SIZE=3>Other providers supported by Acorn Internet software
- at the time of writing are:</FONT>
- <UL>
- <LI><FONT SIZE=3>Aladdin</FONT>
- <LI><FONT SIZE=3>Argonet</FONT>
- <LI><FONT SIZE=3>Bournemouth</FONT>
- <LI><FONT SIZE=3>Colloquium</FONT>
- <LI><FONT SIZE=3>Dorset</FONT>
- <LI><FONT SIZE=3>Dungeon</FONT>
- <LI><FONT SIZE=3>Frontier</FONT>
- <LI><FONT SIZE=3>Pavilion</FONT>
- <LI><FONT SIZE=3>Poptel</FONT>
- <LI><FONT SIZE=3>Power</FONT>
- <LI><FONT SIZE=3>Pronet</FONT>
- <LI><FONT SIZE=3>RM plc.</FONT>
- </UL>
- <H3>What you should get</H3>
- <P>
- <FONT SIZE=3>Your service provider acts as a gateway between you
- and the Internet, and may also offer additional facilities that
- you can make use of, such as security, censorship or even separate
- on-line services.</FONT>
- <P>
- <FONT SIZE=3>Your provider will probably be able to offer you
- a choice of options and services, so that you can choose the type
- of account that suits you best. Some of these choices may be:</FONT>
- <H4>ISDN or telephone connection</H4>
- <P>
- <FONT SIZE=3>ISDN is more costly, but gives better response, and
- is a serious option for a medium to large networked site. You
- will need to purchase an ISDN router. If you have one of these,
- you will be allocated a static IP address, so you can take advantage
- of SMTP mail delivery (see below).</FONT>
- <H4>SLIP or PPP</H4>
- <P>
- <FONT SIZE=3>These are means of communicating down a telephone
- line to provide a connection between the provider and your server
- machine. SLIP is simple, but rather outdated; PPP is more secure
- and can be faster. SLIP software is not provided with Acorn Internet, but can be obtained from Gnome Computers if required.</FONT>
- <H4>SMTP or POP3</H4>
- <P>
- <FONT SIZE=3>SMTP and POP are means of downloading mail stored
- temporarily by your provider. SMTP allows the mail for a whole
- site to be downloaded into the mail server machine in one go.
- POP3 is intended for single users and mail is read directly from
- your provider. </FONT>
- <P>
- <FONT SIZE=3>SMTP requires a static IP address to be allocated
- to you, and these are becoming increasingly difficult to obtain.</FONT>
- <H4>Static or dynamic IP address allocation</H4>
- <P>
- <FONT SIZE=3>If you wish to serve web pages from your site (see
- <A HREF="wpages#Serving" >Serving pages</A>), you will need
- to purchase a service that gives you a static address, so that
- others outside know how to find you. Otherwise, a dynamically-allocated
- address is adequate. This means that every time you dial up, you
- will be allocated a temporary IP address for that session. As
- mentioned earlier, you can only make use of SMTP delivery if you
- have a static IP address.</FONT>
- <H4><FONT SIZE=3>Name server</FONT></H4>
- <P>
- <FONT SIZE=3>For web access, you should use a 'name server' that
- can translate web requests from the web-server name to its equivalent
- IP address. Your local provider should be able to provide details
- of this service.</FONT>
- <H4><FONT SIZE=3>Web cache</FONT></H4>
- <P>
- <FONT SIZE=3>Web pages tend to contain a lot of data, so take
- a comparatively long time to load. There is consequently a benefit
- to `cache' (store) frequently-used web pages locally, to cut down
- access times and net traffic. Acorn Internet software provides
- a cache for your server machine, and service providers may also
- offer caches on their servers, known as proxy caches, to which
- you can direct your own cache - to give an even better Web response.</FONT>
- <H4><FONT SIZE=3>PoP</FONT></H4>
- <P>
- <FONT SIZE=3>When you have chosen the type of service appropriate
- for your needs, your provider will then advise you of the nearest
- PoP (point of presence) which should be a local charge number.</FONT>
- <H4><FONT SIZE=3>Hostname</FONT></H4>
- <P>
- <FONT SIZE=3>You will agree with your provider a unique host name
- and password for your account.</FONT>
- <P>
- <FONT SIZE=3>The host name, or Internet address, that people will
- use to send mail to you, takes the form of</FONT>
- <P>
- <TT><FONT FACE="Courier">username@hostname.service_provider_address</FONT></TT>
- <P>
- <FONT SIZE=3>for example:<BR>
- </FONT>
- <P>
- <TABLE WIDTH=100%>
- <TR><TD WIDTH=73><TT><FONT FACE="Courier">plug</FONT></TT>
- </TD><TD WIDTH=104><TT><FONT FACE="Courier">@bashstrt.</FONT></TT>
- </TD><TD WIDTH=180><TT><FONT FACE="Courier">demon.co.uk</FONT></TT>
- </TD></TR>
- <TR><TD WIDTH=73><TT>user</TT></TD><TD WIDTH=104><TT>Host name</TT>
- </TD><TD WIDTH=180><TT>service provider</TT></TD></TR>
- </TABLE>
- <P>
- <FONT SIZE=3>You can fill in details of your chosen provider in
- the table below for quick reference:<BR>
- </FONT>
- <P>
- <TABLE BORDER=1>
- <TR><TD WIDTH=140><FONT SIZE=3>Service provider name</FONT></TD>
- <TD WIDTH=236></TD></TR>
- <TR><TD WIDTH=140><FONT SIZE=3>Location</FONT></TD><TD WIDTH=236>
- </TD></TR>
- <TR><TD WIDTH=140><FONT SIZE=3>Telephone number</FONT></TD><TD WIDTH=236>
- </TD></TR>
- <TR><TD WIDTH=140><FONT SIZE=3>SMTP / POP3</FONT></TD><TD WIDTH=236>
- </TD></TR>
- <TR><TD WIDTH=140><FONT SIZE=3>Hostname</FONT></TD><TD WIDTH=236>
- </TD></TR>
- <TR><TD WIDTH=140><FONT SIZE=3>Password</FONT></TD><TD WIDTH=236>
- </TD></TR>
- <TR><TD WIDTH=140><FONT SIZE=3>Web proxy address</FONT></TD><TD WIDTH=236>
- </TD></TR>
- <TR><TD WIDTH=140><FONT SIZE=3>Nameserver</FONT></TD><TD WIDTH=236>
- </TD></TR>
- <TR><TD WIDTH=140><FONT SIZE=3>Static / dynamic IP</FONT></TD>
- <TD WIDTH=236></TD></TR>
- <TR><TD WIDTH=140><FONT SIZE=3>SLIP / PPP / ISDN</FONT></TD><TD WIDTH=236>
- </TD></TR>
- </TABLE>
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