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CruX Data Analysis and Visualization Version 1.53 Copyright 1991 - 1994 Disclaimer of Warranty This program and manual are provided "as is" without warranty of any kind, either expressed or implied, including, but not limited to, the implied warranties of merchantability and fitness of purpose. The user of this software and manual assumes all risks. TABLE OF CONTENTS 1.0 INTRODUCTION 4 1.1 APPLICATION DESCRIPTION 4 1.2 HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS 5 1.3 INSTALLATION 5 1.4 CRUX OPERATION AND USER INTERFACE 7 1.4.1 The Command Line 7 1.4.2 Menus and Dialogs 8 1.4.3 Special Keys 9 2.0 THE CRUX SPREADSHEET 10 2.1 Description 10 2.2 Navigating the Spreadsheet 10 2.3 Working with Data 11 2.3.1 Data Types 11 2.3.2 Data Entry and Generation 16 2.3.3 Formula Expressions 13 2.3.4 Working with Data Blocks 16 2.4 Editing 17 2.4.1 Block Editing 17 2.5 Data Files 18 2.5.1 Saving Your Data 18 2.5.2 Reading CruX Data Files 18 2.5.3 Importing Data from Other Sources 19 2.5.4 Exporting CruX Data to Other Programs 20 2.5.5 Other File Commands 21 2.6 Display and Conversions 22 2.6.1 Display 22 2.6.2 Conversions 22 2.7 Data and Curve Fitting 23 2.7.1 Equation Fitting 23 2.7.2 Spline Fitting 24 2.7.3 Smoothing 24 2.8 Other Data Manipulations 25 2.8.1 Extraction 25 2.8.2 Sorting 25 2.8.3 Transposition 25 2.8.4 Data Table Generation 26 2.8.5 Regular Grid Generation 27 2.8.6 Integration and Summation 28 2.8.7 Differentiation 28 2.8.8 Summary Statistics 28 3.0 CRUX UTILITIES 29 3.1 Macro Recording and Playback 29 3.2 Printer Setup 30 4.0 DATA GRAPHING AND DISPLAY 31 4.1 Selecting Graph Type and Data Columns 31 4.1.1 2-Dimensional Graphs 31 4.1.2 3-Dimensional Graphs 32 4.1.3 Graph Templates 33 4.2 Graph Editing 33 4.2.1 Graph and Legend Positioning 34 4.2.2 Data Zooming 34 4.2.3 2-Dimensional Graphs 35 4.2.3.1 Data Point Editing 35 4.2.3.2 Data Formulas 36 4.2.3.3 Line Attributes 36 4.2.3.4 Symbol Attributes 37 4.2.3.5 Error Bars 38 4.2.3.6 Text Annotation 38 4.2.4 3-Dimensional Graphs 39 4.2.4.1 Line Attributes 39 4.2.4.2 Contour - Surface Z Levels 39 4.2.5 Graph Formatting 40 4.2.5.1 Axis Labels 40 4.2.5.2 Axis Range 40 4.2.5.3 Axis Format 40 4.2.5.4 Grid Selection 41 4.2.5.5 Graph Background and Border 41 4.2.5.6 Legend Display 41 4.3 Graph Templates 42 4.3.1 Saving and Loading Templates 42 4.3.2 Removing a Template 42 4.3.3 Setting a Default Template 42 4.4 Graph Files 44 4.4.1 Saving and Loading Graph files 44 4.5 Miscellaneous Graph Format Functions 45 4.5.1 Graph Selection 45 4.5.2 Data Clipping 45 4.5.3 Titles 45 4.5.4 Page Layout 45 5.0 PAGE COMPOSITION AND PRINTING 46 5.1 Graph Positioning Layout 46 5.2 Page Selection 46 5.3 Output Device Selection 47 5.4 Page Printing 47 6.0 SUMMARY OF CRUX FILE TYPES 48 APPENDIX A - ASCII Data File Format 49 APPENDIX B - Keyboard Mouse Emulation 51 APPENDIX C - Formula Evaluation Error 52 Strings CruX - User Guide 1.0 INTRODUCTION 1.1 APPLICATION DESCRIPTION CruX is a program for data analysis and visualization. It consists of a data series oriented spreadsheet for numerical editing and analysis, and graphic display components for viewing, manipulating and printing your plots. CruX's main features include... Column Oriented Spreadsheet ∙ Series oriented data referencing ∙ Full-featured spreadsheet navigation and editing ∙ Algebraic style equation syntax Data Manipulation Functions ∙ Series generation and calculations ∙ Data smoothing, fitting and 2-D interpolation ∙ Index and Frequency Sorting ∙ Matrix operations ∙ Editing - block move, copy, delete Technical Graphs ∙ Line, Scatter, Chain, Area, Polar, Bar, Pie, Contour & Surface plots ∙ Mouse data zooming, editing, sizing, and positioning ∙ Multiple variable position axes - Linear & Logarithmic ∙ Error bars in vertical and horizontal directions ∙ Selectable line styles, thickness and colors ∙ Selectable symbols with variable sizes, colors, and fill patterns ∙ Text annotation of data points ∙ Scalable, rotatable fonts Technical Graphs (continued) ∙ User controllable legends ∙ Multiple plots per printed page ∙ Graph and Page-Layout templates ∙ Broad range of supported printers File Management ∙ Import/Export multi-column ASCII files allowing data exchange with virtually any program ∙ Import Lotus worksheets directly ∙ CruX's own compact binary format 4 CruX - User Guide 1.2 HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS CruX will run on any IBM compatible PC, XT, AT, 386 or higher processor with at least 512 KB of memory. One of the standard graphics adapters (CGA, ATT, EGA, VGA, 8514, PC3270 or Hercules) is required to display graphs. A hard disk is recommended but not required. Additionally CruX will use Extended or Expanded memory, if available, as high speed storage for overlays. If a math co-processor is present, it will speed up calculations (very dramatically for some functions), but it is not necessary. 1.3 INSTALLATION To install CruX, insert the diskette labeled SETUP into a floppy drive and run the SETUP.EXE program. CruX is distributed in a compressed file format and you must run the setup program to install it.. A complete installation of CruX should include the following files: - File Name - - Description - README.TXT Introductory ASCII text file CRUX.EXE CruX program CRUX.HLP CruX help file Screen Display Driver and Font Files... EGAVGA.BGI EGA/VGA display driver HERC.BGI Hercules " " CGA.BGI CGA " " IBM8514.BGI IBM 8514 " " PC3270.BGI IBM 3270 " " ATT.BGI AT&T " " SANS.CHR A sans-serif font (Helvetica) TRIP.CHR A serif font (Times) BOLD.CHR Additional font EURO.CHR " " GOTH.CHR " " LCOM.CHR " " LITT.CHR " " SCRI.CHR " " SIMP.CHR " " TSCR.CHR " " 5 CruX - User Guide Printer Driver Files... $DJ.BGI HP DeskJet (B&W) driver $DJC.BGI HP DeskJet (Color) " $FX.BGI Epson 9-pin/compat." $HP7470.BGI HP 7470 plotter " $HP7475.BGI HP 7475 plotter " $HP7550.BGI HP 7550 plotter " $HP7585.BGI HP 7585 plotter " $IBMQ.BGI IBM Quietwriter " $LJ.BGI HP LaserJet II " $LJ3R.BGI HP LaserJet III " $LQ.BGI Epson 24-pin/compat. " $PJ.BGI HP PaintJet " $PP24.BGI IBM Proprinter X24 " $PS.BGI Postscript " $LJ.INI HP LaserJet II Font Info $LJ3R.INI HP LaserJet III Font Info $PS.INI PostScript Printer Info GDHEAD.PS Postscript graph prologue TXHEAD.PS Postscript text prologue After CruX is installed, the above listed files will be in the destination directory you specified in the setup program. Then to run, change to this directory and type CRUX at the DOS prompt. Or, if the CruX directory is on your DOS path, it can be run from any directory. CruX creates some temporary files when printing a graph. To optionally tell CruX where to place these temporary files use the DOS SET command to specify a drive and directory. For example, inserting the line SET TEMP=D:\SCRATCH into your AUTOEXEC.BAT file tells CruX to use the SCRATCH directory on your D: drive for all its temporary files. This will dramatically improve performance if you are running CruX from a floppy. And if you have a RAM disk, using it as the TEMP location will improve performance even if CruX is running from a hard disk. If you wish to minimize the amount of disk space used by CruX, you may delete any .BGI and/or .INI files associated with displays or printers you do not wish to use. See the list of files and descriptions above to determine which files you do not need. 6 CruX - User Guide 1.4 CRUX OPERATION AND USER INTERFACE 1.4.1 The Command Line To run CruX, simply enter CRUX at the DOS command prompt, and press <Enter>. CruX can also be started with a number of command line options and arguments. The command line syntax is: CRUX [options] [file] where options consists of one or more of the following preceded by "-" or "/". B - Use BIOS for screen writes to prevent snow (Default is direct screen writes) C[1 or 0] - 0 monochrome display, 1 color (Default is color) O[X,E or D] - Swap overlays to eXtended, Expanded memory or Disk (Default is disk) L[filename] - Read graph Layout file M[filename] - Read/execute Macro D[delay] - Delay between execution of successive Macro steps (milliseconds) A[filename] - Import ASCII file T[filename] - Read graph Template file ? - Display a usage message A filename argument with no options is treated as a CruX data/graph file. Multiple arguments can be combined on the command line, for instance CRUX -OX -T format.tpl -A test32.dat calib.cxd -M mymacro.mac starts CruX using extended memory for overlay swapping, loads a graph template from format.tpl, reads the ASCII text file test32.dat, loads the CruX data file calib.cxd and performs the sequence of recorded keystroke commands stored in mymacro.mac. This capability makes CruX especially useful for automated batch file operation when large amounts of data need to be processed and printed. The command line shown above could read raw data stored in test32.dat, perform calculations on this data using additional information stored in calib.cxd and print a graph 7 CruX - User Guide using the format information stored in format.tpl without any user intervention. NOTE:When using a macro on the command line, be aware of the order of the command line arguments. For instance, in the example given above, if "-M mymacro.mac" appeared before "calib.cxd" the macro would begin executing before the data in file calib.cxd had been loaded. 1.4.2 Menus and Dialogs All CruX screen displays have a row of menu selections across the top. To activate any of the menu choices, press the highlighted letter of the command in combination with the <Alt> key; e.g. to access the File menu, press <Alt>F. A command can be chosen from the resulting drop down menu by pressing its associated command character, or moving the selection bar with the cursor keys and pressing <Enter> when the desired command is highlighted. Alternatively, a mouse can be used to pick menu selections. Press the left mouse button on a menu bar selection, move the mouse cursor over the desired command in the resulting drop down menu, and release the mouse button to perform the desired action. In many of the drop down menus "short-cut" or "hot-keys" are displayed at the right side of the menu. These key combinations directly perform the same action as the menu item selected by other means. The result of most menu selections is a dialog box composed of controls. A control is an entry field, pick list or button. The <Tab> and <Shift><Tab> keys are used to move between controls. To show the contents of a pick list press <Alt><down>. Choose an item from the resulting list by moving to it with the arrow keys and hitting <Enter>, or pressing the corresponding command character. Command character selections can also be made when the pick list is "closed". Buttons are activated by tabbing to the desired button and hitting <Enter>. There is always one button that is highlighted regardless of where you are in the dialog. This default button will be executed when you press <Enter> (if you are not in an "opened" pick list). When a dialog first appears, the "OK" button is usually the default. Pressing <Esc> at any time will close the dialog ignoring any changes you may have already made. Of course, you can also use a mouse to navigate around a dialog. Simply click on the desired control to move to it. Open pick lists by clicking on the down arrow immediately to its right. To activate a button, click it. 8 CruX - User Guide 1.4.3 Special Keys When you are entering text or numbers in an edit field of a dialog, a number of keys perform special actions. These are summarized below. - Key - - Action - <right> Move right one character <left> Move left one character <Home> Go to start of entry field <End> Go to end of entry field <Del> Delete character under cursor <Backspace> Delete character to left of cursor <Ctrl Backspace> Clear entire edit field <Ins> Toggle character insert mode <Ctrl-C> Copy edit field to buffer <Ctrl-V> Paste buffer at current position These same edit key commands are also available whenever you are entering text or numeric values. 9 CruX - User Guide 2.0 THE CRUX SPREADSHEET 2.1 Description CruX includes a powerful series-oriented spreadsheet with the standard row and column layout. Each column of a CruX spreadsheet is considered to be a series of related data values; e.g. temperature, time, stock price, voltage, etc. Each column has a heading that the user can define. Besides being descriptive, this heading is used to automatically label graph axes and to produce legends. CruX allows 128 columns, each of which can contain up to 12,000 values, dependent on memory constraints. On a 640 KB equipped PC, CruX can typically work with 50,000 or more data values at once. 2.2 Navigating the Spreadsheet Navigating through the CruX spreadsheet is accomplished primarily with the cursor direction keys. The current location in the spreadsheet is indicated by a highlighted cell. Cursor keys and their resultant actions are: - Key - - Result - <up> Move up one cell <down> Down one cell <right> Right one cell <left> Left one cell <PgDn> Down one screen <PgUp> Up one screen <Ctrl><right> or <Tab> Right one screen <Ctrl><left> or <Shift><Tab> Left one screen <Home> Goto cell A1 <F5> Goto a user specified cell In addition to the movement commands above, the <End> key can be used in combination with the cursor keys to speed navigation around large blocks of data. Preceding a cursor direction key with the <End> key moves the cell cursor directly to the next block boundary cell in the indicated direction. - Key Combination - - Result - <End>,<up> Move up to the next block boundary <End>,<down> Down to the next block boundary <End>,<right> Right to the next block boundary <End>,<left> Left to the next block boundary <End>,<Home> Goto last cell (actually, this is the intersection of the last row and the last column containing any data) 10 CruX - User Guide You can also move the cell cursor to any visible cell with a mouse - simply click the left mouse button on the desired cell. 2.3 Working with Data 2.3.1 Data Types Spreadsheet cells can contain either numeric (floating point) or text data. Numeric and text data are displayed in different colors to distinguish between data values and text cells containing numbers. Text and data cells can be freely inter- mixed; any "data only" operation simply ignores text cells, and any "text only" operation ignores data cells. Numerical values can also be used to represent dates and times. CruX works with dates internally as the number of days since December 31, 1899. You can also convert to and from a short-hand date representation of yymmdd, where yy is the last two digits of the year, mm is the month and dd is the day. The yymmdd format is preferable when entering dates from the keyboard, while the day count is needed to calculate the number of days from, for instance, January 5, 1957. Time is represented internally as a fractional part of a day, starting at midnight. However, as with dates, you can enter time values in a more convenient short-hand notation. The alternative time entry form is hhmmss (hh is hours, mm minutes, ss seconds). Date and time values can be converted between their two alternate forms using the Utilities menu commands. 2.3.2 Data Entry and Generation You can enter data directly into the CruX spreadsheet by moving the cursor to the desired cell and typing the numbers or text. However, if you wanted the series of whole numbers from 1 to 1000 this could take a while. An easier way is to use the Data / Generate command. The Data / Generate command presents a dialog box requesting a Starting and Ending Value, the Number of Values to generate, a Point Spacing method and a Cell Location. Upon providing values for these parameters and pressing <Enter>, the results of the data generation are stored starting at the cell specified. For a Linear Point Spacing, the increment between successive rows in the destination column is calculated as (End Value - Start Value)/(Number of Values). Logarithmic Point Spacing produces a uniform separation between points when plotted on a 11 CruX - User Guide log scale. The multiplication factor of separation successive logarithmically spaced points is: (log10(End Value) - log10(Start Value)) 10 --------------------------------------------- (Number of Values) 12 CruX - User Guide 2.3.3 Formula Expressions CruX has a full set of calculational tools for evaluating mathematical expressions. Additionally, access is provided to some of the built-in CruX operations such as data generation and fitting through formula expressions. Formulas are composed of column references, such as A, CE, etc. combined with the following operators, functions and defined constants: - Math - - Operation - + add - subtract * multiply / divide % modulo divide ^ exponentiation - Logical - - Resultant - > 1 if x greater than y, else 0 < 1 if x less than y, else 0 - Function - - Operation - ABS(x) absolute value BESJ0(x) Bessel func first kind, order 0 BESJ1(x) Bessel func first kind, order 1 BESY0(x) Bessel func second kind, order 0 BESY1(x) Bessel func second kind, order 1 ACOS(x) arc cosine ASIN(x) arc sine ATAN(x) arc tangent ATAN2(x) arc tangent of x/y COS(x) cosine COSH(x) hyperbolic cosine EXP(x) exponential function ERF(x) error Function FAC(x) factorial GAMMA(x) gamma function GAMMAI(a,x) incomplete Gamma function GAMMALN(x) log of Gamma function IBETA(a,b,x) incomplete Beta function LOG(x) natural logarithm LOG10(x) base 10 logarithm MAX(x,y) maximum of x and y MIN(x,y) minimum of x and y RAND(x) random number in range 0 to argument ROUND(x) round to nearest whole number SIN(x) sine SINH(x) hyperbolic sine SQR(x) square SQRT(x) square root TAN(x) tangent 13 CruX - User Guide TANH(x) hyperbolic tangent TCHEB(n,x) Chebyshev polynoial of degree n for x TRUNC(x) whole part of number - Variables & Constants - - Value - PI 3.141592653589793238 @ value of current cell Note: Trigonometric functions take arguments in either radians or degrees as set by the Utilities / Angle Units command Formulae are case insensitive in terms of both column and operator reference; blank space is ignored. Some formula examples are: 1.5^X * sin(X) 2*pi*R abs(@) ((ab + RAND(5.0)) / ( 10^aa - e*1000.0)) * b^Y abs ( TRUNC(b)) Formula calculations are applied to spreadsheet data series using the Data / Formula command. CruX formulas define one data series, or column, in terms of other existing columns using the mathematical operators and function references. The results of the formula evaluation are stored in the current column. Formula calculations progress from low to high row numbers down the spreadsheet generating a resultant value for every row containing valid data references. If one of the referenced columns contains an non-data cell (i.e. text or empty), the cell at the corresponding row in the result column is empty; if evaluating the formula using the contents of a row produces a computational error, an error string is displayed in the result cell (See Appendix C for a full description of evaluation error strings). Other expressions that can be used as formulas are the equivalent of data generation or fitting menu commands. These appear in a column's formula field when you invoke these commands through menu selections, or they can be entered directly into the column formula field. They are particulary useful when you want to recalculate a column that was created as the result of one of these commands. DATAGEN( Row, StartVal, EndVal, NumVals, LinearLog) Equivalent to Data / Generate Row - Starting row number StartVal - Starting cell value EndVal - End cell value NumVals - Number of cells to generate LinearLog - 0 for linear spacing, 1 for logarithmic 14 CruX - User Guide FITLINEAR( Xcol, Ycol ) Equivalent to Curve Fit / Linear Xcol - X data column Ycol - Y data column FITPOLY( Xcol, Ycol, Order ) Equivalent to Curve Fit / Polynomial Xcol - X data column Ycol - Y data column Order - Order of fitted polynomial FITLOG( Xcol, Ycol ) Equivalent to Curve Fit / Logarithmic Xcol - X data column Ycol - Y data column FITEXP( Xcol, Ycol ) Equivalent to Curve Fit / Exponential Xcol - X data column Ycol - Y data column FITSPLINE( Xcol, Ycol, IntrpCol ) Equivalent to Curve Fit / Spline Xcol - X data column Ycol - Y data column IntrpCol - Interpolant data column SMOOTH( Datacol, SmoothNum ) Equivalent to Curve Fit / Smooth DataCol - Column of data to smooth SmoothNum - Degree of smoothing: 1 = 5 point smooth 2 = 7 " " 3 = 9 4 = 11 5 = 13 When you use the Data / Formula command, you are presented with a dialog box indicating the results column, and an area in which to type a formula. After pressing <Enter>, CruX performs the calculations and updates the spreadsheet. If you later wish to edit or re-evaluate the stored formula, it can be accessed with the Data / Formula command. CruX does not automatically re-evaluate a formula if the columns it references change in value. The Data / Recalculate command can be used to quickly recalculate the contents of a selected range of columns. Column formulae are re-evaluated from left to right. A formula entered directly into a cell stores the result of that evaluated expression in the cell, but the formula text itself is not stored. 15 CruX - User Guide 2.3.4 Working with Data Blocks Most of the CruX spreadsheet commands, such as data graphing, editing, curve fitting, etc., operate on a block of columns, rows or cells. There are several ways you can express data block selections to CruX. If no other selection is active, CruX considers the current cell to be the selected data block. To select a larger block of data, position the cell cursor at one corner of the block, press the <Ins> key, move the cursor to the opposite corner of the block, and press the <Ins> key again to toggle selection expansion off. While selection mode is on, SELECT appears in the lower right corner of the screen. When selection mode is again off, the cursor can be moved without affecting the selected block. To select a different data block, simply press <Ins> again. If you wish to deselect a block without selecting a new one, press the <Ins> key twice in succession on the same cell. Data block selections can also be made with a mouse. Press the left mouse button on one corner of the block, and while holding the button down, "drag" the mouse to the opposite block corner and release. If a boundary of the block of data you wish to select is outside the presently displayed range, moving the mouse to the edge of the screen automatically scrolls the display in that direction. Clicking twice on the same cell, "double clicking", deselects any block. Sometimes CruX asks you for a range of columns or a range of rows. At these times it is not necessary to, for instance, select all the rows in the range of columns of interest; a single row is sufficient. Likewise for a range of rows. Whenever you want to perform some operation on a cell range, there are two ways of communicating this selection to CruX. You can select the cell range and/or position the cell cursor prior to invoking the CruX menu command, as discussed above. CruX tries to interpret cell selections and cell cursor placement "intelligently" for all commands that require them. Or you can pick a menu command and make your cell selections from inside the resulting dialog box. Suppose you want to delete a range of cells. You type <Alt>E D A to bring you to the cell range deletion dialog box. But you forgot to pre-select the range of cells you intended to delete! No problem. At the cell range prompt press <Ctrl><left> or <Ctrl><right>, or click on the Select button with the mouse. The dialog box disappears, and the cell range/position prompt from the dialog is copied to the spreadsheet status line. You are now free to select the desired cell block using any of the methods discussed above. When you are satisfied with your selection, 16 CruX - User Guide press <Enter> or click the right mouse button again to restore the dialog box and continue with the delete command. This technique works whenever you are being prompted for a cell, column or row range, or a cell location. 2.4 Editing To change the value of a single spreadsheet cell, you can position the cursor on that cell and type the new value. Or, if you press F2, CruX copies the contents of the cell to the status line near the top of the screen where you can use the cursor direction keys and other edit commands to change the cell contents. (See "CRUX OPERATIONS AND USER INTERFACE - Menus and Dialogs" above.) 2.4.1 Block Editing Other spreadsheet editing functions are accessible from the Edit pulldown menu for working with groups of cells. The Edit / Insert menu selection allows you to add a new column or row into an existing data set. A new column is inserted at the current cell cursor location moving the current column and all higher numbered columns to the right. Similarly, inserting a new row at the current cell cursor location moves the current row and all higher numbered rows down. The Edit / Delete commands remove groups of cells from the spreadsheet. Cells can be removed in ranges of columns with the Edit / Delete / Column Range command. The selected column range is removed from the spreadsheet, with higher numbered columns shifting to the left to fill the formerly occupied space. Use Edit / Delete / Row to remove a range of rows and shift higher numbered rows up. The Edit / Delete / Cell Range command also shifts higher numbered rows up to fill the vacancy left by deleted cells, but only in the selected column range. To erase the contents of a range of cells without changing the position of neighboring spreadsheet data use the Edit Kill command. A block of cells can be copied from one location to another with the Edit / Copy command. The selected spreadsheet cells are copied to a new location leaving the original cells unchanged. Edit / Move transfers cells from one location to another. The selected spreadsheet cells are moved to a new location; the original cells are deleted with no rearrangement of adjacent cells. The last command under the Edit menu is Go to. This moves the spreadsheet cell cursor directly to a cell location. You are prompted for a cell column : row address. 17 CruX - User Guide 2.5 Data Files 2.5.1 Saving Your Data Once you've generated your data, you probably want to save it to a file for future reference. CruX saves the spreadsheet contents and format information in a compact format that transfers quickly to and from disk. Use the File / Save command to save the spreadsheet to disk overwriting the current file with new contents. This command is useful for saving incremental changes during extended editing sessions. If the spreadsheet you are working on does not have a name, you are prompted to provide one. If you want to save the spreadsheet to a different file, use File / Save As to supply a new name. 2.5.2 Reading CruX Data Files To read the contents of a previously saved CruX spreadsheet or graph file, use the File / Open command. A dialog box appears with a default filename template of *.cx? displayed in the Data File Name field. You can type a file name over the supplied default, or if you press <Enter>, a list of files with CXD and CXG extensions will be displayed. Data files have an extension of CXD, while graph files have an extension of CXG. Opening a CXD file loads data into the spreadsheet cells. Opening a CXG file also loads data into the spreadsheet, but then immediately displays a graph based on that data. (Creating graphs and saving graph files are topics discussed in section 4.3) To select one of the displayed files, move the highlight to the desired filename with the cursor keys, and press <Enter>. If the list of files is larger than will fit in the selection box, pressing <PgDn> will display the next "page" of file names. At the end of the file list are directory entries; selecting a directory with the <Enter> key moves to that directory and displays a new list of files from that directory. Once you have made a file selection, you are returned to the Open File dialog box. Now pressing <Enter> will clear the current spreadsheet and load the new CruX data file from disk. If you have made any changes since you last wrote your data to a file, you are reminded to save your spreadsheet before loading the new one. You can merge the contents of a data file into the current spreadsheet by using File / Merge. This command loads a data 18 CruX - User Guide file from disk starting at a specified location in the current spreadsheet. Current values are not lost, unless the specified merge location causes the new information to overwrite existing data. 2.5.3 Importing Data from Other Sources CruX also reads data files created by other programs. You can import Lotus format spreadsheet files from 1-2-3, Symphony, or many other spreadsheet programs that support the .WKS file format. ASCII text data files from database programs, numerical analyses or experimental data can also be directly read. When importing a Lotus format file, you are prompted for a range of cells to read. If you are not sure of the cell range you want, just use the default range provided and remove unwanted cells later. A more widely compatible file exchange format is delimited ASCII. When reading an ASCII text file, you need to specify what character(s) are used to separate data values on a line (i.e. commas, spaces, tabs, etc.). For instance, you might have an ASCII file that looked like this: 0.00,12.32 128 0.50,14.76 134 1.00,16.47 154 1.50,15.11 192 You would then enter ", " or " ," (don't type the quotation marks) as the Data Delimiters in the File / Import / ASCII dialog box. CruX would then read the file and store 0.00 in cell A1, 12.32 in cell B1, 128 in C1, 0.50 in A2 and so on. For data values separated by one or more spaces, just enter a single space. Another commonly used delimiter is the tab character; to specify it type "\t". As in the example above, you can have multiple delimiters. If some of your data is delimited by spaces, some by commas, and some by tabs enter " ,\t". Additional ASCII file reading features are documented in Appendix A. This section tells you how to include plot titles and column labels in an ASCII file, how to handle missing data values, and other information. 19 CruX - User Guide Both ASCII and Lotus files can also be merged into the current spreadsheet similarly to CruX files as discussed above. NOTE on File Name Templates: You can use filename template to display files matching your own criteria. Any valid DOS file specifier is allowed. For example:.. - File template - - Will list - *.* All files *.dat Files with a "DAT" extension ab*.dat Files whose names start with "AB" and have a "DAT" extension RUN3?5.DAT Files with any character in the position between "3" and "5" such as RUN305.DAT, RUN315.DAT, RUN3W5.DAT, etc. 2.5.4 Exporting CruX Data to Other Programs Data from the CruX spreadsheet can be exported to a file for transfer to database programs, other analysis programs or word processors by use of the File / Export command. This will write the spreadsheet to a file in delimited ASCII format. You are prompted for a delimiter string, just as in the File / Import / ASCII dialog box, which will be written into the file to separate adjacent data values on a line. 20 CruX - User Guide 2.5.5 Other File Commands The other commands found in the File pulldown menu are summarized below: File / Change Dir Display the current working drive and directory. Change to a new directory by moving to it and pressing <Enter>, or double- clicking with the mouse. File / Printer Setup Specify the type of printer you are to use for printing text and plots, and how it is connected to your PC. File / COM Port Set the communication parameters for ports COM1 and COM2. This is only of interest if you are using a printer connected to one of these ports. File / Print Print a spreadsheet cell range to a selected print device (or file). You have the option to print in 80 or 132 column mode, and whether or not to include borders (i.e. row and column labels). File / DOS Shell This command exits to DOS, where you can perform any standard DOS function or run other programs (subject to memory constraints). When you are ready to return to CruX, type "EXIT" at the DOS prompt. File / Quit This command will exit CruX and return you to DOS. You are prompted to save your data if any changes to the spreadsheet have occurred. 21 CruX - User Guide 2.6 Display and Conversions 2.6.1 Display The display format of the numerical data in the spreadsheet is controlled with the View / Column Format command. A dialog box is presented allowing you to specify the number of decimal digits, column width, use of scientific notation, etc. The heading displayed above each spreadsheet column can be edited using the View / Column Heading command. This text is also used as the default axis and legend labels on graphs. If your PC supports more than the standard 25 lines of screen text, you can display up to 50 lines by changing the setting in the Utility / Screen Size dialog. The display screen colors can be customized using the Utility / Screen Colors command. Any color or screen size changes are remembered when you exit the program and are used for all subsequent sessions. 2.6.2 Conversions CruX can perform a number of conversions on your data to simplify working with dates and times, interaction with other programs and graph display. Cells contents can be converted from numerical values to text strings and vice versa with the Utility / Number to Text and Utility / Text to Number commands. Dates can be converted between Day Counts and yymmdd Date values with the Utility / Day Count to Date and Utility / Date to Day Count commands. Similarly, time values can be converted back and forth between Time Fractions and hhmmss Time values with the Utility / Time to HrMinSec and Utility / HrMinSec to Time commands. (See "Working with Data - Data Types" for a discussion of date and time formats). 22 CruX - User Guide 2.7 Data and Curve Fitting 2.7.1 Equation Fitting CruX can fit data from any source to a number of "curve fit" relations. How well do the thousands of data points from an experiment really follow a linear trend? Or perhaps a low order polynomial is a better fit. With CruX you can explore these and other possible relationships. To fit data to a straight line, use the Curve Fit / Linear command. You are prompted for a X and Y Data Column and a Destination Column. The resulting straight line fitted data points corresponding to the original X data values are stored in the Destination Column cells. The fitting equation describing the slope and intercept of the fitted line is placed in a cell immediately below the last data value in the Destination Column along with the Standard Errors of the fitted coefficients and the Coefficient of Determination. The Curve Fit / Polynomial command fits data to a polynomial of up to 8th degree in much the same way as linear curve fitting. You are prompted for the same X and a Y Data Column and a Destination Column, but in addition you are asked to provide the order of the fitting polynomial equation. The resulting polynomial expression and fitting information is stored in the Destination Column. Logarithmic and exponential data fitting is performed similarly by the Curve Fit / Logarithmic and Curve Fit / Exponential commands. 23 CruX - User Guide 2.7.2 Spline Fitting The final curve fitting function in Crux is Spline, or "natural cubic spline" fitting. Spline fitting performs somewhat differently than the other data fitting functions discussed above. A spline fit passes through all data points with "smooth" transitions in between. Therefore, a spline fit is only useful for interpolating between existing data points. In fact, it often behaves pathologically outside of this range. When you select the Curve Fit / Spline command you are prompted for the same X and Y Data Column and a Destination Column as with the other data fitting commands. But additionally, you need to specify an Interpolant Column. Values in the Interpolant Column specify X values at which to calculate spline interpolated Y values to be stored in the Destination Column. The Interpolant Column will typically contain many more points than the X Data Column. There is no resultant formula or correlation statistics from a spline fit. 2.7.3 Smoothing Sampled data with "noise" can be smoothed by the Savitsky-Golay technique with the Data / Smooth command. This technique uses convolution where each data point is recalculated as a weighted average of its original value and the surrounding data points. The degree of smoothing is determined by the number of neighboring data points used to calculate the new smoothed value. The greater the number of points used, the smoother the resulting data. When smoothing a data set, some points at the beginning and end of the source data are "lost" to the smoothing process. A 5 point smooth "consumes" two points at the beginning and end of the data set; a 7 point smooth consumes three points at each end; a 9 point smooth consumes 4, etc. The smoothed data values are stored starting in a new user specified column. The original data is unchanged. 24 CruX - User Guide 2.8 Other Data Manipulations CruX has a number of data manipulation commands useful for rearranging, sorting and generating blocks of data. 2.8.1 Extraction If you have experimentally acquired and imported a large file into CruX that has more data points than are necessary, you can extract a representative subset of this data block to a new area of the spreadsheet. The Data / Extract command extracts values from a selected cell range by skipping a specified number of cells in each column. The extracted values are stored starting in a new user specified location. The original cells are unchanged. 2.8.2 Sorting Key Sort: A cell range may be sorted according to the values in a key index column using the Data / Key Sort command. The selected range of cells are sorted in ascending or descending order using the values in the key column as an index for all the cells in that row . The data is sorted "in place" in the selected block requiring no extra columns. Frequency Sort: You can sort the data from a column by frequency of occurrence with the Data / Frequency Sort command. The number of data values in a column falling into specified "bin" ranges are tabulated and stored into a new specified column. The bin range values are provided in a separate column. For example, the result of a Frequency Sort on column A using bin values from column B and storing the results into C are: A B C 1 1.1 0.5 0 zero values of A < 0.5 2 1.3 1.0 0 zero values>= 0.5 and < 1.0 3 1.6 1.5 3 three values>= 1.0 and < 1.5 4 1.5 2.0 2 two values>= 1.5 and < 2.0 5 2.0 3 three values>= 2.0 6 2.3 7 2.1 2.8.3 Transposition Use the Data / Transpose command to matrix transpose a block of cells. The selected block of cells is transposed in place. 25 CruX - User Guide 2.8.4 Data Table Generation In order to generate a table of data over multiple columns you can issue a Formula / Generate command in each individual column, or you can use the Data / Table Generation command on a range of columns simultaneously. This command is similar to generating a data series with a Data / Formula command, except that multiple columns of data are produced. The input formula expresses the mathematical relationship between the columns to be generated and existing columns as usual, but with the addition of a new parameter "#", which represents a value from a specified spreadsheet row. To generate a Table, you must supply a range of cells to place generated values in, and a Series Data Row in this range. The Series Data Row is a row of data values that spans the width of the table to be generated. Wherever # appears in the formula, the numerical value of the table Series Data Row in the associated column is substituted. For example the formula: 2*# - A produces the following table: A B C D 1 3.0 5.0 6.0 <--Series Data Row ****************** 2 2.0 * 4.0 8.0 10.0 * 3 3.0 * 3.0 7.0 9.0 * 4 4.0 * 2.0 6.0 8.0 * 5 5.0 * 1.0 5.0 7.0 * ****************** ****** * * Range of Table Generation ****** 26 CruX - User Guide 2.8.5 Regular Grid Generation You would like to produce a contour plot of a data set, but your data was obtained by a sampling of Z values at random X,Y locations. How can you translate the data into a regular X,Y grid of contour values? That's what the Data / Regular Grid command is for! The Data / Regular Grid command produces a regular grid of Z values as a function of X and Y from three columns of randomly arranged X, Y and Z data triplets. You are prompted for a X Data Range, Y Data Range and Z Data Range. In each of the given rows, the Z value is assumed to be a function of the X and Y values. The values in these ranges need not be in any particular order. Additionally, you are prompted for a Regular Grid Dest. Range and a Regular Grid X Row and Regular Grid Y Column. The Regular Grid Dest. Range is the range of cells into which the "regularized" grid of Z values will be written. These regularized Z values will correspond to the X and Y values in the Regular Grid X Row and Regular Grid Y Column. For example: A B C D E F G H 1 0.5 5.3 35.9 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 2 1.2 4.2 48.6 1.0 ********************** 3 3.3 3.8 47.1 2.0 * E2:H8 is the range * 4 2.7 2.1 36.4 3.0 * into which the * 5 4.3 1.9 25.0 4.0 * "regularized" Z * 6 3.8 5.3 33.2 5.0 * values will be * 7 1.9 6.3 47.2 6.0 * written. * 8 2.2 4.1 22.3 7.0 ********************** /\ /\ /\ /\ | | | -- Regular Y Grid Column X Y Z Data Data Data Column Column Column The values in the Regular Grid are computed by examing every X,Y,Z data triplet for each cell in the destination grid. The radial distance of the X,Y,Z triplet from the the cell location is computed and it's Z value contributes to a weighted average used to determine the Regular Grid Z value. A percent complete window keeps you informed of the calculation's status. 27 CruX - User Guide 2.8.6 Integration and Summation CruX can perform definite integration over a range of cells with the Data / Integrate command. CruX uses values from a dx Data Range and a Y Data Range, and the trapezoidal rule to calculate an integral. The intervals between Y, dx values do not need to be uniform; you can use a smaller dx step where your function is changing rapidly to obtain better accuracy. The results are stored in a user specified destination column. Straight summation can be performed on a column as well with Data / Summation. 2.8.7 Differentiation The 1st order approximation of the derivative is available in CruX through the Data / Differentiate command. You are prompted for a dx Data Range and a dy Data Range, with the results placed in a user specified column. As with integration, the intervals between dx, dy values do not need to be uniform. 2.8.8 Summary Statistics A number of summary statistics can be easily calculated for a column with the Data / Statistics command; minimum, maximum, range, mean, variance, standard deviation, mode, standard error of the mean, skewness and kurtosis. The results are stored as text cells at the end of the column for which the statistics are calculated. 28 CruX - User Guide 3.0 CRUX UTILITIES 3.1 Macro Recording and Playback One of CruX's more powerful features is a macro record/playback capability. Any sequence of keystrokes/mouse events can be recorded as a macro file. These keystrokes can later be re-played from the macro file to repeat the same operations. The macro file also records the process of exiting CruX, which is useful when creating a batch file to process multiple data files. The macro Recorder is turned on with the Utilities / Macro Record command. You are prompted for a file in which to store the macro. Recording begins immediately after you have specified the file name, and continues until turned off by re- issuing the Utilities / Record Macro command, or you exit CruX. During the macro recording sesion RECORDING is displayed in the lower right area of the screen. To play back a previously recorded macro, use Utilities / Playback Macro. You are prompted for a macro file name, and a delay time. The delay time is the number of milliseconds CruX waits after reading each keystroke from the macro file. Playback begins immediately after you select the file, and continues to the end of the macro. Another useful way of playing a macro is with the command line switch -M <macro filename> (See "CRUX OPERATION AND USER INTERFACE - The Command Line" above). 29 CruX - User Guide 3.2 Printer Setup The output device for printing CruX text and graphs is selected with the File / Printer Setup command from the Spreadsheet screen, or with the Graph / Printer Setup command from the Page Layout screen. Through this dialog you can also specify the print resolution and destination of the printing commands. Select a printer or plotter from the list of 14 supported devices. This list includes laser printers, PostScript, color printers and pen plotters. If you don't see your particular printer, check the documentation supplied by your printer manufacturer to see if it is compatible with one of the listed devices. All of these devices support multiple resolution modes, with the exception of the PostScript device which uses print instructions that are independent of output resolution. The available resolution choices are: Low - Fastest printing. Medium - Quick printing, better quality. High - Publication quality output, but slowest. A destination port for the print commands CruX generates needs to be specified. This destination can be one of the physical ports on your computer to which a printer is attached, or a disk file. Print commands stored as a file are useful for including CruX output in other documents. The available choices for Port are: LPTA: (1) - Parallel port 1 LPTB: (2) - Parallel port 2 COM1: - Serial port 1 COM2: - Serial port 2 File - You are prompted for a file name If you are using a printer connected to port COM1 or COM2, use the File / COM Port command to set the communication parameters for these ports. 30 CruX - User Guide 4.0 DATA GRAPHING AND DISPLAY Once you have all your calculations, data editing and curve fitting completed, you might like to display your data graphically. CruX provides a number of graph types and editing commands to give you true presentation quality plots. Some of CruX's graphical capabilities discussed in the following sections are : ∙ Multiple graphs with up to 20 curves per graph and 1000's of data points. ∙ 2-Dimensional (X versus Y) and 3-Dimensional (Contour and Surface) graphs. ∙ Pie and Bar graphs. ∙ Extensive control of display characteristics. ∙ Overlaying new curves on existing graphs. ∙ Positioning multiple graphs on the hardcopy output page in a true WYSIWYG (What You See Is What You Get) display. ∙ Saving and restoring display and print configurations . 4.1 Selecting Graph Type and Data Columns 4.1.1 2-Dimensional Graphs To produce a graph of your data, first select a graph type from the Gallery pulldown menu. If for example, you select Gallery / Scatter, you are presented with a dialog box prompting for X and Y Data Columns. Values from these columns will be plotted as a series of symbols at the X, Y coordinates found in each row of the selected range. If you specify more than one column for X and multiple columns for Y, the first X column will be paired with the first Y column, the 2nd X with the 2nd Y, etc. If there are more Y columns than X columns, all the "extra" Y columns will be paired with the last X column. If this is not the first graph defined, you are additionally asked whether to overlay these curve(s) on one of the existing graphs. Upon completing the entries in the dialog box and pressing <Enter>, you are presented with an automatically scaled graph of your data displayed on the Graph Edit screen. This screen has a new set of menu commands across the top which we will be exploring in the next section. For now, let's return to the Gallery pulldown menu and examine the rest of the graph types available in CruX. 31 CruX - User Guide To produce a graph where your data points are connected by straight lines without any symbols, use the Gallery / Line command. Or, if you would like both symbols and connecting lines, use Gallery / Chain. For a bar graph, use Gallery / Bar. With this graph, if you specify multiple Y columns for a single X the Y vertical bars are grouped together at the X location. Use the Gallery / Pie command to produce a pie graph. The "x" values specify the offset from the center of the pie for each slice in radius percentage; e.g. 0 positions the tip of the slice at the center of the pie, 50 moves the slice tip out to 50 percent of the pie radius. 4.1.2 3-Dimensional Graphs Contour and Surface are completely different graph types. (Remember the Data / Table Generate and Data / Regular Grid commands? Well, here's where we'll be using those results.) Both the Gallery / Contour and Gallery / Surfacecommands prompt for a range of cells containing X (horizontal axis), Y (vertical axis) and Z ("elevation") data. For a Contour graph the Number of Contours can also be specified in this dialog. If you pre-select a block of cells (with either the mouse or keyboard) the default ranges for the X Axis Data is the first row in the selected block of cells, the Y Axis Data is the first column, and the Z values are the remainder. For example, if the range of cells from A1 through E6 are selected, the X, Y and Z regions would be automatically selected as shown: A B C D E 1 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 < -- X Axis Data Values 2 1.0 ******************* 3 2.0 * Z "elevation" * 4 3.0 * surface values * 5 4.0 * in range B2:E6 * 6 5.0 ******************* /\ -- Y Axis Data NOTE:Contour and Surface graphs can not be overlaid. 32 CruX - User Guide 4.1.3 Graph Templates Once you've decided on a graph type, line and symbols styles, colors, fonts, etc. CruX can save this information and apply it to a new set of data. (We'll see how to save Graph Templates in the next section). The stored set of graph specifications is a Graph Template and can be applied to a data set by use of the Gallery / Graph Template command. This command produces a graph formatted with all display parameters set to the Template specification including axis ranges, Symbol and Line specifications, title and label text, etc. In short, the only thing that is different is the actual data values. To use a previously saved template, use the Gallery / Select Template command to load a template file. Template file selections are displayed in a file dialog box. The template file you choose will now be displayed in the Gallery pulldown menu preceded by "T =". To use this template, pick this selection from the menu and respond to the subsequent dialogs as usual. The only command in the Gallery pulldown menu we haven't mentioned is Graph Edit. This command is only available if you previously created a graph with one of the other Gallery commands. Selecting this command takes us to the Graph Edit screen, which we will now explore in the following sections. 4.2 Graph Editing The Graph Edit screen allows you to... ∙ Re-size and position the graph and graph legend ∙ Move, add, delete and format axes ∙ Zoom in or out to view data ranges of interest ∙ Change the view point for Surface plots. ∙ Change the graph line, symbol, grid axis and other plot attributes ∙ Edit data points and formulas graphically ∙ Edit and add text annotations to a data point ∙ Save and recall graphs and graph templates Access to these and other CruX capabilities are through the same menu and dialog interface as used in the spreadsheet screen. In addition, the Graph Edit screen features an additional menu bar for quick access to frequently used functions such as Select, Zoom, Unzoom, etc. The left portion of the menu bar shows which one of up to five graphs you are presently viewing. The status bar at the bottom of the screen displays the current Template file, and when in the Data view mode, shows the coordinates of the mouse cursor. 33 CruX - User Guide 4.2.1 Graph and Legend Positioning CruX allows you to directly manipulate the placement and size of the principal graph elements with a pointing device when in Select mode (the default upon entering the Graph Edit screen). To change to Select mode, click on Select in lower menu bar, or type <Alt>S. The graph size and position with respect to the graph "frame" can be set using the mouse. If you don't have a mouse, you can use the cursor keys; see Appendix B for information on how to use the cursor keypad as an emulated mouse. This allows you to change the size of the graph in relation to its legend, and with respect to other graphs when combining multiple graphs on a printed page. The legend can be positioned relative to the graph for clearer display of data points. To select either the graph or the legend for re-positioning, click on it with the left mouse button. A selection rectangle appears around the graph's data region with a Re-size box in the lower left corner. By clicking and dragging inside this border, you can re-position the graph. When you click and drag in the Re-size box, the upper left corner of the graph selection rectangle is anchored and the size of the graph may be changed. To deselect the graph, click anywhere outside the selection rectangle and the border disappears. To re-position the graph legend, click on it as for the graph data region. Click and drag inside the legend selection rectangle to move it. 4.2.2 Data Zooming CruX allows you to "zoom in" on a data region of interest using a mouse or cursor keys. Select Zoom from the secondary menu bar with the mouse, or by pressing <Alt>Z. Then use the mouse or cursor keys to draw a rectangle around the data region you want to see in greater detail. The graph will be re-displayed with new axis ranges reflecting the reduced display area. To "zoom out", or expand the displayed data range, use the Unzoom command, or type <Alt>N to switch to un-zoom mode. The re-scaled axes' values are compressed to fit within the selected rectangular area. Select View All from the lower menu bar (<Alt>V) to set the X, Y (and Z) axes to include all the data points in the view area. 34 CruX - User Guide 4.2.3 2-Dimensional Graphs 4.2.3.1 Data Point Editing To enable Data Point Editing, choose the Point item in the menu bar. Notice that in Point mode the mouse cursor changes to a cross hair symbol and the X and Y coordinates are displayed in the status bar at the bottom of the screen (except for Pie graphs). To change the data values of a point, select a data point symbol with the left mouse button, and then click and drag it to a new location. The corresponding spreadsheet cell contents are automatically updated. NOTE :If you want to edit a data point, but no symbol is displayed for it (i.e. it is a Line or Area graph), you need to first set a symbol type with the Curves / Symbol Attributes command. When you are satisfied with your data and want to restore the previous curve attributes use the Curves / Symbol Attributes command to return the symbol type to "-None-". To add a new data point to a data series, use the Data / Point Insert command to turn point insertion mode on. Then, select a point with the left mouse button to define the series, and click with the right mouse button where you want the new point. The new point is inserted into the spreadsheet series ahead of the currently selected point. If you want to insert a new point after the selected point, hold down the <Shift> key while clicking the right mouse button. Points can be removed from a curve in two different ways. First, select a point with the left mouse button. (If no point is selected the menu items for point deletion are disabled.) Use the Data / Delete Point command to completely remove the X and Y components from the spreadsheet, leaving no gap in the spreadsheet data columns or the graph curve. Alternatively, the Data / Kill Point command deletes only the Y component of a data point leaving the X component unaffected. This does leave a gap in the spreadsheet Y column and in the graph curve. Note that this command also leaves unaffected any other curves that may be using the same X data column. Using the Data / Delete Point might remove a X component in use by other curves causing a X-Y mismatch in successive points. 35 CruX - User Guide For Pie graphs these commands behave differently. Select a pie slice as you would a data point symbol; notice that the selection rectangle is sized to completely enclose the slice. Moving the selected slice affects only the pie slice offset from the center - the size of the slice remains unchanged. Slices can not be added to a pie, but they may be "Killed". When a slice is Killed, the pie total is recalculated so there is never a missing slice. 4.2.3.2 Data Formulas You can inspect and modify column formulas for the X and Y components of a curve directly from the Graph Edit view when in Data Point editing mode. First, specify which curve's formulas you wish to edit by selecting a data point in a curve, or selecting a line/symbol marker in the legend. (If no point is selected the menu items for working with curve formulae are disabled.) Use Data / X Column Formula to edit the X component of the selected curve and Data / Y Column Formula for the vertical component. Exiting either dialog box with OK recalculates the formula and updates the spreadsheet. The curve is also immediately redisplayed. To quickly recalculate both the X and Y components of a curve use the Data / Recalc Curve command. This command is particularly useful for restoring a curve to its original state after rearranging data points. 4.2.3.3 Line Attributes The Curves / Line Area Attribs command allows you to specify the line attributes of any curve in the current graph. You are presented with a multiple-line dialog box, each line of which shows the current Line and Area attributes of a curve. To move from one field to the next horizontally, use the <Tab> and <Shift><Tab> keys; to move vertically use the <up> and <down> arrow keys. If there are more than five curves in the graph, you can scroll new curve information into the dialog box with the <PgUp> and <PgDn> keys. Some of the fields, such as Thickness, contain a numerical entry; to change the value simply type in a new number. If you enter a value that is too large or too small, an informative message is displayed telling you the allowable range. Other attributes, such as Style, are controlled with list boxes. When you have completed making all your changes, close the dialog, and the graph is immediately re-displayed with your changes. 36 CruX - User Guide The Line / Area attributes are: Style Select from list of Solid, Dashed, Dotted, or Chain-Dashed Thickness Enter values from 0 through 30 Color Select from color palette (varies depending on video card in use) Fill Ptrn Select from list of None, Solid, Line, LtSlash, BkSlash, LtBkSlash, CrossHatch, Interleave, WideDot, and CloseDot 4.2.3.4 Symbol Attributes The Curves / Symbols command is used similarly to control the display characteristics of curve marker symbols. The Symbol attributes are: Type Select from list of None, Circle, Square, Triangle, Inverted-Triangle and Diamond. Size Enter values from 0 through 15 Color Select from color palette Fill Ptrn Select from list of None, Solid, Line, LtSlash, BkSlash, LtBkSlash, CrossHatch, Interleave, WideDot, and CloseDot Freq Enter value for interval number of data points that display a symbol (i.e. a value of 3 draws a symbol only for every 3rd data point) 37 CruX - User Guide 4.2.3.5 Error Bars To attach or change error bars for a curve, use the Curve / Error Bars command. You are presented with a dialog box prompting for a X and Y Error Bar Column for each curve. This column in the spreadsheet is used as the error bar displacement from the base data point. The sign of the values in this column are ignored when displaying the error bar marks. The line specifications for the error bar marks are the same as in the Curve / Line dialog. 4.2.3.6 Text Annotation To add a text annotation to a data point, you must first associate a Text Annotation Column with a curve. Use the Curves / Column Annotation command to do this. CruX will use any text in this column as annotations for the specified curve, and will store any changes or additions to the annotations there as well. To add an annotation to a particular data point, select the point and choose Curves / Pt. Annotation. (If no point is selected the point annotation menu item is disabled.) A dialog box is displayed allowing you to enter text, change font and text size, and control other attributes of the annotation. To edit a text annotation, select the text with the left mouse button, then click on it with the right button. The location of the annotation text may be changed by clicking and dragging directly with the mouse 38 CruX - User Guide 4.2.4 3-Dimensional Graphs When editing the graph characteristics of a Contour or Surface graph, most of the menu choices are the same and produce the same results. However, some elements of 3-D graphs are essentially different than line graphs and CruX handles them differently. 4.2.4.1 Line Attributes The Curve / Line Attributes command for a Contour graph, or Surface / Mesh Attributes for a Surface graph, allows you to change line characteristics similarly to a line graph, but these line attributes now apply to the various contour level curves or mesh lines instead of to X-Y curves. 4.2.4.2 Contour - Surface Z Levels You can edit the number of Z levels and their respective values to completely control the alter the appearance of the plot contour lines. The Curve / Number Contours command prompts for the number of contour levels the range of Z values in the contour graph are divided into. The new contour level values are evenly distributed across the minimum to the maximum Z value range with the interval calculated as: (Maximum Z - Minimum Z) / (Number of Contour Levels - 1). The Surface/ Surface Type command selects the type of surface representation as well as the number of Z levels used when rendering the surface . Some surface types automatically set the number of Z levels; e.g. choosing Top/Bottom Area sets the Number of Z Levels to 2. Individual Z level range values can be changed with the Contour / Level Values or Surface / Level Values commands. All the Z level values are displayed in a dialog where they can be edited directly. Changed values will also be reflected in the legend. 39 CruX - User Guide 4.2.5 Graph Formatting NOTE:The graph editing and formatting capabilities discussed in the following sections apply similarily to both 2 and 3 dimensional graphs. Differences are noted wherever they apply. Since CruX graphs can have multiple X and/or Y axis, you specify which axis you want to modify with the X-Y Axis / Current Axis command. The current axis value is shown to the right of the pulldown menu selection. (Multiple axes not available for Surface graphs). 4.2.5.1 Axis Labels The label associated with an axis can be changed with the X (or Y) Axis / Label command. You are presented with a dialog box that allows you to change the axis label text, font and size. The X-Y Axis / Number Format command allows you to change the character font, size and numerical format used to display numeric labels on either of the axes. 4.2.5.2 Axis Range The actual values of the axis minimum, maximum and label intervals are accessed with the X-Y Axis / Values command. Besides the value of the axis endpoints, the dialog box has fields for Major and Minor Tick intervals. Major Tick intervals have labels, Minor Ticks have just tick marks. The X-Y Axis / Full Scale command reset the axis values to include all the data points in the current graph. The axis maximum, minimum and interval values are automatically recalculated. (The View All command on the lower menu bar invokes the Axis / Full Scale command for both the X and Y axes simultaneously) 4.2.5.3 Axis Format (Not available for Surface graphs) An axis' format, including position, linear or logarithmic scale type and tick mark display can be changed with the X-Y Axis / Format command. The location of an axis can be specified as a 40 CruX - User Guide percent of the orthogonal axis length, or in character units (points) from an edge of the data region. When changing the axis scale to a new type, e.g. from Linear to Logarithmic, the axis maximum, minimum and interval values are automatically recalculated. New axes can be added to a graph for illustrative purposes with the X-Y Axis / Add New command. This new axis can be modified with the X-Y Axis commands just as any other axis after selecting it as the Current Axis. 4.2.5.4 Grid Selection The Graph / Grid Format command allows you to specify whether or not you want a grid displayed at the major and/or minor intervals, and the line characteristics used to draw the grid lines for X, Y and Z axes. 4.2.5.5 Graph Background and Border The Graph / Background and Border command allows you to control the color and fill pattern of the graph data area background and line characteristics of the data area border. For Surface graphs, these attributes are separately accessible for each of the three background planes. 4.2.5.6 Legend Display The Legend / Options command allows you to specify whether or not you want a legend, and if the legend should have a border. Change the Legend Header text, font and size with the Legend / Header command. The text of legend entries is editable with the Legend / Text command. The text of each legend label may be changed individually; the font and size of the legend text is specified as a block. 41 CruX - User Guide 4.3 Graph Templates A powerful feature of CruX is the ability to save to disk, and re-apply to new data, two levels of graph formatting information, or Graph Templates. 4.3.1 Saving and Loading Templates When you wish to save the "look" of a graph (i.e. line and symbol selection, axis range and labels, etc.) for future recall, use Template / Save. You are prompted for a file name into which the Graph Template is saved. To load a Graph Template specification from disk and apply it to the currently selected graph, use Template / Load, which will prompt for a template file name. 4.3.2 Removing a Template If you want to remove the graph template attributes that were just loaded from a template file and applied to the current graph, use the Template / Remove. The graph display is returned to the state previous to applying the template. (This command is only available when a graph's template has been changed after initial creation; you can not remove the graph' s original Template.) 4.3.3 Setting a Default Template The Default Template is the graph format specification applied to each newly created graph. This information is applied at one of two different levels depending on the graph type selected with the Gallery pulldown menu. If the graph selected from Gallery is one of the six base graph types (i.e. Line, Scatter, Chain, Bar, Contour or Surface), the Default Template defines the font, character sizes, grid type and color and all other "data independent" display parameters. CruX still auto scales the X, Y and Z axes to the full data range, and legend text is determined by the Column Headings and graph type. However, if the Template Graph is selected from Gallery (shown in the pulldown menu as "T=<filename>" where "filename" is the name of the template file), everything but the actual data values will be set as in the Default Template specification. This does includes X and Y axis ranges, and title and legend text. 42 CruX - User Guide The Template / Default Template command saves the currently active graph format (loaded from a Template file or specified with menu commands) as the Default Template. 43 CruX - User Guide 4.4 Graph Files A convenient means of saving a complete graph specification, including a reference to data displayed by the graph, is provided in Graph files. A Graph file is essentially a combination of a CruX data file name, a graph template, and the relationship between them; i.e. which spreadsheet columns are plotted using the template. 4.4.1 Saving and Loading Graph files When you wish to save a complete graph specification for future recall, use Graph / Save Graph. You are prompted for a file name into which the Graph file is saved. To load a Graph file from disk, use Graph / Save Graph, which will prompt for a graph file name. This will change the contents of the spreadsheet, so you will be reminded to save any changes to the currentl spreadsheet before loading the new Graph file. Graph files may also be opened using File / Open from the spreadsheet screen, or by giving the Graph file name on the DOS command line when starting CruX. 44 CruX - User Guide 4.5 Miscellaneous Graph Format Functions 4.5.1 Graph Selection CruX can maintain up to five graphs in memory at once. To switch the Graph Edit screen to display one of these graphs, use the Graph / Select Current Graph command. You are prompted for the number of the graph you wish to view, with the number of currently available graphs indicated. If you want to remove a graph from memory use the Graph / Delete Graph command. You are prompted for the number of a graph to delete. Higher numbered graphs move down to lower numbers to fill any gap created in the graph list numerical sequence. 4.5.2 Data Clipping By default, CruX clips all data points to the region defined by the X and Y axis range limits. If, however, you wish to allow curves or data symbols to be drawn outside the limits of the axes the Graph / Data Clipping command allows you to enlarge the region in which data points are displayed. You can also reduce the clipping region if desired. 4.5.3 Titles Up to three lines of text can be displayed as a graph title. The title text, font and size can be edited individually with the Graph / Graph Title command. 4.5.4 Page Layout When your graph(s) are ready to be printed, the Graph / Page Layout command switches CruX to the WYSIWYG page layout and print preview screen. This screen allows you to select and position graph(s) in Page Preview layout mode, and is discussed further in the Page Composition and Printing section. 45 CruX - User Guide 5.0 PAGE COMPOSITION AND PRINTING 5.1 Graph Positioning Layout When you select Page Layout from the Graph pulldown menu, a WYSIWYG page composition screen is displayed. The Preview Page is on the left displaying the last viewed graph(s) as the page would be printed; other available graphs are to the right. The position of a graph on the Preview Page is controlled with the mouse or cursor keys in the same way the graph and legend locations were changed in the Graph Edit screen. To remove a graph from the Preview Page, click on it to select it, and then drag it off to the right. To change the size of a graph, click and drag in the graph's Re-size box. Add a graph to the Preview Page by dragging it onto the page. Only the graphs that are completely on the Preview Page will be printed. Occasionally, when rearranging graphs on the Page Layout screen, the background of a graph may be drawn in an unexpected color. This is most likely to happen when a graph is only partially on the Preview Page. To redisplay the screen correctly select Refresh from the menu. Page Layouts can be saved and restored much like Graph Templates. From the Layout menu choose Save or Save As to store the present graph arrangement as a Layout file. Open a Layout file to instantly position your graphs as previously saved. 5.2 Page Selection Three different page size/orientations are supported by CruX. The Page Orientation selection from the Layout pulldown menu shows the available choices: Half-Page - Print selected graph(s) on one half of a portrait oriented page. Print area dimensions are typically 8.0" horizontally, 5.0" vertically. Portrait - Print selected graph(s) in a full page portrait orientation. Page dimensions are approximately 8.0" horizontally, 10.0" vertically. Landscape - Print selected graph(s) in a full page landscape orientation. Page dimensions are 10.0" horizontally, 8.0" vertically. When a change is made to the Page Orientation, the Preview Page updates accordingly. 46 CruX - User Guide 5.3 Output Device Selection The Graph / Printer Setup dialog is the same as that described above in the Files section. It is duplicated in the Page Layout screen for convenience. 5.4 Page Printing The Graph / Print command sends the page image to the selected output device. A dialog box is displayed showing the print mode and destination and a cancel message. A status indicator at the top of the screen shows the progress of the print operation. 47 CruX - User Guide 6.0 SUMMARY OF CRUX FILE TYPES CruX recognizes a number of file formats, some unique to CruX and others that can be read and written by many other programs. Spreadsheet data files are normally stored in a compact format unique to CruX which has a default file extension of CXD. Worksheet files produced by Lotus 1-2-3 compatible programs can be read directly into the CruX spreadsheet. These files typically have an extension of WKS or WK? (where "?" is a number), but can vary depending on the program that produced the file. Consult the documentation of the program which produced the file if you are unsure. All the file types read and written by CruX are briefly summarized below: - File Ext. - - Description - CXD CruX unique data file containing numeric, and text data with spreadsheet display format information. CXG CruX unique data file containing full graph specification including a full file/path to a data file (.CXD). TPL Graph Template file containing graph Line, Symbol, Area, etc. information as well as axis and title specifications. LYO Page Layout file containing graph size and position information. WK? WKS or WK1, WK2, etc. spreadsheet data files produced by a Lotus compatible program. PRN Any ASCII delimited data file that can be read or written by (default)CruX . The actual file extension is irrelevant, PRN is merely supplied as a default. See Appendix A for detailed information. INI CruX initialization file containing screen size, color assignments, registration IDs and other miscellaneous information. 48 APPENDIX A - ASCII Data File Format CruX can read ASCII files containing numeric and text entries directly into the spreadsheet. Multiple values on a single line in a file are stored in the same row of the spreadsheet. These row values are separated in the ASCII file by user specified delimiter character(s). A missing row value is signified with an asterisk as a "place holder". For example, when using a comma delimiter and the third of six values in a row is missing, the corresponding line in the file would look like: 1.22, 34.98, *, 54.66, Time = 45.0 sec, 1.03e-6 /\ -- Missing Value Notice that extra space characters are allowed between data values even if the space character is not specified as a data delimiter. In fact, for this example, you would not want to use a blank as a delimiter since it would incorrectly break up the text comment in column 5. When your ASCII file includes text and numeric values, CruX automatically determines the type of data stored in a cell. If the character string read from the ASCII file contains only numbers, it will be stored as a numeric value.; if the string contains any alphabetic characters, it will be stored as text. If some rows contain more data values than other rows, it is not necessary to "pad" the ends of the shorter rows with asterisks. More than just cell data can be contained in an ASCII import file. CruX will optionally recognize up to the first three lines of a text file as a graph title(s) if the first character on the line is an asterisk "*". If any title lines are present in the file, i.e. any of the first 1-3 lines start with "*", then the next line will be read as column headings. NOTE:To avoid the possibility of confusing the first row of data in an ASCII file as title text if the first value of that row happens to be empty (as signified with an "*"), proceed possible empty values with a space. As noted above, space characters are always allowed even if they are not specified as a data delimiter. Column headings are separated by either a tab or # character; the Data Delimiter as entered in the File Import dialog box is not used to parse heading text. This means that if you are using spaces or commas as data delimiters, individual column headings may still contain comma and space characters. However, "#" and tab characters can never be part of the column heading text. An empty column header is specified with "@@". The ASCII file format used by CruX for importing data into the spreadsheet is summarized below: CruX ASCII file format Example: - Line - - Contents- 1 *title line1 text 2 *title line2 3 *title line3 4 (column heading 1)(tab or #)(heading 2)(tab or #)... 5 (value a1)(delimiter)(value b1)(delimiter)(value c1)... 6 (value a2)(delimiter)(value b2).... . . . . . . Lines 1-4 are optional. You may have 0-3 title lines beginning with "*". However, if you have 1-3 title lines, the line after the last title line is read as a column heading line. Delimiters between cell values may be space or comma, or any other character specified in the File / Import / ASCII dialog. A blank column heading may be specified with "@@". APPENDIX B - Keyboard Mouse Emulation If CruX does not detect a mouse attached to your computer, it will emulate mouse functions through the use of the cursor direction keys and numeric keypad while in graphics mode (i.e. the Graph Edit and Page Layout screens). The emulated mouse cursor is displayed as an arrow head similar to that of an actual mouse cursor. Mouse movement is directly emulated by the cursor direction keys, <up>, <down>, <left> and <right>. The distance the emulated cursor moves with each press of a direction key can be controlled by the <+> and <-> keys on the numeric keypad. Pressing <+> increases the cursor displacement produced by the direction keys, while <-> decreases it. The left mouse button is emulated by the <Ins> key on the numeric keypad (Num Lock must be off). One press and release of the <Ins> key is equivalent to depressing the left mouse button; a second press and release of the <Ins> key is treated as a left mouse button release. In this manner you can "click" on an item by pressing the <Ins> key twice, and you can "drag" an item by pressing the <Ins> key once and then using the direction keys to move it. APPENDIX C - Formula Evaluation Error Strings If a computational error is produced as a result of evaluating a CruX formula expression, a descriptive error string is placed in the result cell. The following table explains the relationship between the result of a calculation and the corresponding error string. String Description Example DOMAIN Argument was not log(-1) in domain of function. OVERFLOW Argument would produce exp(1000) a function result greater than MAXDOUBLE. UNDERFLOW Argument would produce exp(-1000) a function result less than MinDOUBLE. TLOSS Argument would produce sin(10e70) a function result with total loss of significant digits. SINGULARITY Argument would result . pow(0, -2) in a singularity ERROR General error category, usually a/0.0 divide by zero. CruX Software 224 N. 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