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- CruX
- Data Analysis and Visualization
-
- Version 1.53
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- Copyright 1991 - 1994
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- Disclaimer of Warranty
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- This program and manual are provided "as is" without
- warranty of any kind, either expressed or implied,
- including, but not limited to, the implied warranties
- of merchantability and fitness of purpose. The user of
- this software and manual assumes all risks.
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- TABLE OF CONTENTS
- 1.0 INTRODUCTION 4
- 1.1 APPLICATION DESCRIPTION 4
- 1.2 HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS 5
- 1.3 INSTALLATION 5
- 1.4 CRUX OPERATION AND USER INTERFACE 7
- 1.4.1 The Command Line 7
- 1.4.2 Menus and Dialogs 8
- 1.4.3 Special Keys 9
- 2.0 THE CRUX SPREADSHEET 10
- 2.1 Description 10
- 2.2 Navigating the Spreadsheet 10
- 2.3 Working with Data 11
- 2.3.1 Data Types 11
- 2.3.2 Data Entry and Generation 16
- 2.3.3 Formula Expressions 13
- 2.3.4 Working with Data Blocks 16
- 2.4 Editing 17
- 2.4.1 Block Editing 17
- 2.5 Data Files 18
- 2.5.1 Saving Your Data 18
- 2.5.2 Reading CruX Data Files 18
- 2.5.3 Importing Data from Other Sources 19
- 2.5.4 Exporting CruX Data to Other Programs 20
- 2.5.5 Other File Commands 21
- 2.6 Display and Conversions 22
- 2.6.1 Display 22
- 2.6.2 Conversions 22
- 2.7 Data and Curve Fitting 23
- 2.7.1 Equation Fitting 23
- 2.7.2 Spline Fitting 24
- 2.7.3 Smoothing 24
- 2.8 Other Data Manipulations 25
- 2.8.1 Extraction 25
- 2.8.2 Sorting 25
- 2.8.3 Transposition 25
- 2.8.4 Data Table Generation 26
- 2.8.5 Regular Grid Generation 27
- 2.8.6 Integration and Summation 28
- 2.8.7 Differentiation 28
- 2.8.8 Summary Statistics 28
- 3.0 CRUX UTILITIES 29
- 3.1 Macro Recording and Playback 29
- 3.2 Printer Setup 30
- 4.0 DATA GRAPHING AND DISPLAY 31
- 4.1 Selecting Graph Type and Data Columns 31
- 4.1.1 2-Dimensional Graphs 31
- 4.1.2 3-Dimensional Graphs 32
- 4.1.3 Graph Templates 33
- 4.2 Graph Editing 33
- 4.2.1 Graph and Legend Positioning 34
- 4.2.2 Data Zooming 34
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- 4.2.3 2-Dimensional Graphs 35
- 4.2.3.1 Data Point Editing 35
- 4.2.3.2 Data Formulas 36
- 4.2.3.3 Line Attributes 36
- 4.2.3.4 Symbol Attributes 37
- 4.2.3.5 Error Bars 38
- 4.2.3.6 Text Annotation 38
- 4.2.4 3-Dimensional Graphs 39
- 4.2.4.1 Line Attributes 39
- 4.2.4.2 Contour - Surface Z Levels 39
- 4.2.5 Graph Formatting 40
- 4.2.5.1 Axis Labels 40
- 4.2.5.2 Axis Range 40
- 4.2.5.3 Axis Format 40
- 4.2.5.4 Grid Selection 41
- 4.2.5.5 Graph Background and Border 41
- 4.2.5.6 Legend Display 41
- 4.3 Graph Templates 42
- 4.3.1 Saving and Loading Templates 42
- 4.3.2 Removing a Template 42
- 4.3.3 Setting a Default Template 42
- 4.4 Graph Files 44
- 4.4.1 Saving and Loading Graph files 44
- 4.5 Miscellaneous Graph Format Functions 45
- 4.5.1 Graph Selection 45
- 4.5.2 Data Clipping 45
- 4.5.3 Titles 45
- 4.5.4 Page Layout 45
- 5.0 PAGE COMPOSITION AND PRINTING 46
- 5.1 Graph Positioning Layout 46
- 5.2 Page Selection 46
- 5.3 Output Device Selection 47
- 5.4 Page Printing 47
- 6.0 SUMMARY OF CRUX FILE TYPES 48
- APPENDIX A - ASCII Data File Format 49
- APPENDIX B - Keyboard Mouse Emulation 51
- APPENDIX C - Formula Evaluation Error 52
- Strings
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- CruX - User Guide
-
-
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- 1.0 INTRODUCTION
-
- 1.1 APPLICATION DESCRIPTION
-
-
- CruX is a program for data analysis and visualization. It
- consists of a data series oriented spreadsheet for numerical
- editing and analysis, and graphic display components for viewing,
- manipulating and printing your plots.
-
- CruX's main features include...
-
- Column Oriented Spreadsheet
- ∙ Series oriented data referencing
- ∙ Full-featured spreadsheet navigation and editing
- ∙ Algebraic style equation syntax
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- Data Manipulation Functions
- ∙ Series generation and calculations
- ∙ Data smoothing, fitting and 2-D interpolation
- ∙ Index and Frequency Sorting
- ∙ Matrix operations
- ∙ Editing - block move, copy, delete
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- Technical Graphs
- ∙ Line, Scatter, Chain, Area, Polar, Bar, Pie, Contour &
- Surface plots
- ∙ Mouse data zooming, editing, sizing, and positioning
- ∙ Multiple variable position axes - Linear & Logarithmic
- ∙ Error bars in vertical and horizontal directions
- ∙ Selectable line styles, thickness and colors
- ∙ Selectable symbols with variable sizes, colors, and fill
- patterns
- ∙ Text annotation of data points
- ∙ Scalable, rotatable fonts
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- Technical Graphs (continued)
- ∙ User controllable legends
- ∙ Multiple plots per printed page
- ∙ Graph and Page-Layout templates
- ∙ Broad range of supported printers
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- File Management
- ∙ Import/Export multi-column ASCII files allowing data
- exchange with virtually any program
- ∙ Import Lotus worksheets directly
- ∙ CruX's own compact binary format
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- CruX - User Guide
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- 1.2 HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS
-
- CruX will run on any IBM compatible PC, XT, AT, 386 or higher
- processor with at least 512 KB of memory. One of the standard
- graphics adapters (CGA, ATT, EGA, VGA, 8514, PC3270 or Hercules)
- is required to display graphs. A hard disk is recommended but
- not required. Additionally CruX will use Extended or Expanded
- memory, if available, as high speed storage for overlays. If a
- math co-processor is present, it will speed up calculations (very
- dramatically for some functions), but it is not necessary.
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- 1.3 INSTALLATION
-
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- To install CruX, insert the diskette labeled SETUP into a floppy
- drive and run the SETUP.EXE program. CruX is distributed in a
- compressed file format and you must run the setup program to
- install it.. A complete installation of CruX should include the
- following files:
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- - File Name - - Description -
- README.TXT Introductory ASCII text file
- CRUX.EXE CruX program
- CRUX.HLP CruX help file
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- Screen Display Driver and Font Files...
- EGAVGA.BGI EGA/VGA display driver
- HERC.BGI Hercules " "
- CGA.BGI CGA " "
- IBM8514.BGI IBM 8514 " "
- PC3270.BGI IBM 3270 " "
- ATT.BGI AT&T " "
- SANS.CHR A sans-serif font (Helvetica)
- TRIP.CHR A serif font (Times)
- BOLD.CHR Additional font
- EURO.CHR " "
- GOTH.CHR " "
- LCOM.CHR " "
- LITT.CHR " "
- SCRI.CHR " "
- SIMP.CHR " "
- TSCR.CHR " "
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- CruX - User Guide
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- Printer Driver Files...
- $DJ.BGI HP DeskJet (B&W) driver
- $DJC.BGI HP DeskJet (Color) "
- $FX.BGI Epson 9-pin/compat."
- $HP7470.BGI HP 7470 plotter "
- $HP7475.BGI HP 7475 plotter "
- $HP7550.BGI HP 7550 plotter "
- $HP7585.BGI HP 7585 plotter "
- $IBMQ.BGI IBM Quietwriter "
- $LJ.BGI HP LaserJet II "
- $LJ3R.BGI HP LaserJet III "
- $LQ.BGI Epson 24-pin/compat. "
- $PJ.BGI HP PaintJet "
- $PP24.BGI IBM Proprinter X24 "
- $PS.BGI Postscript "
- $LJ.INI HP LaserJet II Font Info
- $LJ3R.INI HP LaserJet III Font Info
- $PS.INI PostScript Printer Info
- GDHEAD.PS Postscript graph prologue
- TXHEAD.PS Postscript text prologue
-
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- After CruX is installed, the above listed files will be in the
- destination directory you specified in the setup program. Then
- to run, change to this directory and type CRUX at the DOS prompt.
- Or, if the CruX directory is on your DOS path, it can be run from
- any directory.
-
- CruX creates some temporary files when printing a graph. To
- optionally tell CruX where to place these temporary files use the
- DOS SET command to specify a drive and directory. For example,
- inserting the line
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- SET TEMP=D:\SCRATCH
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- into your AUTOEXEC.BAT file tells CruX to use the SCRATCH
- directory on your D: drive for all its temporary files. This
- will dramatically improve performance if you are running CruX
- from a floppy. And if you have a RAM disk, using it as the TEMP
- location will improve performance even if CruX is running from a
- hard disk.
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- If you wish to minimize the amount of disk space used by CruX,
- you may delete any .BGI and/or .INI files associated with
- displays or printers you do not wish to use. See the list of
- files and descriptions above to determine which files you do not
- need.
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- CruX - User Guide
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- 1.4 CRUX OPERATION AND USER INTERFACE
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- 1.4.1 The Command Line
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- To run CruX, simply enter CRUX at the DOS command prompt, and
- press <Enter>. CruX can also be started with a number of command
- line options and arguments.
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- The command line syntax is:
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- CRUX [options] [file]
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- where options consists of one or more of the following preceded
- by "-" or "/".
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- B - Use BIOS for screen writes to prevent snow
- (Default is direct screen writes)
- C[1 or 0] - 0 monochrome display, 1 color (Default is
- color)
- O[X,E or D] - Swap overlays to eXtended, Expanded memory
- or Disk (Default is disk)
- L[filename] - Read graph Layout file
- M[filename] - Read/execute Macro
- D[delay] - Delay between execution of successive Macro
- steps (milliseconds)
- A[filename] - Import ASCII file
- T[filename] - Read graph Template file
- ? - Display a usage message
-
- A filename argument with no options is treated as a CruX
- data/graph file.
-
- Multiple arguments can be combined on the command line, for
- instance
-
- CRUX -OX -T format.tpl -A test32.dat calib.cxd -M mymacro.mac
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- starts CruX using extended memory for overlay swapping, loads a
- graph template from format.tpl, reads the ASCII text file
- test32.dat, loads the CruX data file calib.cxd and performs the
- sequence of recorded keystroke commands stored in mymacro.mac.
-
- This capability makes CruX especially useful for automated batch
- file operation when large amounts of data need to be processed
- and printed. The command line shown above could read raw data
- stored in test32.dat, perform calculations on this data using
- additional information stored in calib.cxd and print a graph
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- using the format information stored in format.tpl without any
- user intervention.
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- NOTE:When using a macro on the command line, be aware of the
- order of the command line arguments. For instance, in
- the example given above, if "-M mymacro.mac" appeared
- before "calib.cxd" the macro would begin executing
- before the data in file calib.cxd had been loaded.
-
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- 1.4.2 Menus and Dialogs
-
- All CruX screen displays have a row of menu selections across the
- top. To activate any of the menu choices, press the highlighted
- letter of the command in combination with the <Alt> key; e.g. to
- access the File menu, press <Alt>F. A command can be chosen from
- the resulting drop down menu by pressing its associated command
- character, or moving the selection bar with the cursor keys and
- pressing <Enter> when the desired command is highlighted.
-
- Alternatively, a mouse can be used to pick menu selections.
- Press the left mouse button on a menu bar selection, move the
- mouse cursor over the desired command in the resulting drop down
- menu, and release the mouse button to perform the desired action.
-
- In many of the drop down menus "short-cut" or "hot-keys" are
- displayed at the right side of the menu. These key combinations
- directly perform the same action as the menu item selected by
- other means.
-
- The result of most menu selections is a dialog box composed of
- controls. A control is an entry field, pick list or button. The
- <Tab> and <Shift><Tab> keys are used to move between controls.
-
- To show the contents of a pick list press <Alt><down>. Choose an
- item from the resulting list by moving to it with the arrow keys
- and hitting <Enter>, or pressing the corresponding command
- character. Command character selections can also be made when
- the pick list is "closed".
-
- Buttons are activated by tabbing to the desired button and
- hitting <Enter>. There is always one button that is highlighted
- regardless of where you are in the dialog. This default button
- will be executed when you press <Enter> (if you are not in an
- "opened" pick list). When a dialog first appears, the "OK"
- button is usually the default. Pressing <Esc> at any time will
- close the dialog ignoring any changes you may have already made.
-
- Of course, you can also use a mouse to navigate around a dialog.
- Simply click on the desired control to move to it. Open pick
- lists by clicking on the down arrow immediately to its right. To
- activate a button, click it.
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- 1.4.3 Special Keys
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- When you are entering text or numbers in an edit field of a
- dialog, a number of keys perform special actions. These are
- summarized below.
-
- - Key - - Action -
- <right> Move right one character
- <left> Move left one character
- <Home> Go to start of entry field
- <End> Go to end of entry field
- <Del> Delete character under cursor
- <Backspace> Delete character to left of cursor
- <Ctrl Backspace> Clear entire edit field
- <Ins> Toggle character insert mode
- <Ctrl-C> Copy edit field to buffer
- <Ctrl-V> Paste buffer at current position
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- These same edit key commands are also available whenever you are
- entering text or numeric values.
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- 2.0 THE CRUX SPREADSHEET
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- 2.1 Description
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- CruX includes a powerful series-oriented spreadsheet with the
- standard row and column layout. Each column of a CruX
- spreadsheet is considered to be a series of related data values;
- e.g. temperature, time, stock price, voltage, etc. Each column
- has a heading that the user can define. Besides being
- descriptive, this heading is used to automatically label graph
- axes and to produce legends. CruX allows 128 columns, each of
- which can contain up to 12,000 values, dependent on memory
- constraints. On a 640 KB equipped PC, CruX can typically work
- with 50,000 or more data values at once.
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- 2.2 Navigating the Spreadsheet
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- Navigating through the CruX spreadsheet is accomplished primarily
- with the cursor direction keys. The current location in the
- spreadsheet is indicated by a highlighted cell. Cursor keys and
- their resultant actions are:
-
- - Key - - Result -
- <up> Move up one cell
- <down> Down one cell
- <right> Right one cell
- <left> Left one cell
- <PgDn> Down one screen
- <PgUp> Up one screen
- <Ctrl><right> or <Tab> Right one screen
- <Ctrl><left> or <Shift><Tab> Left one screen
- <Home> Goto cell A1
- <F5> Goto a user specified cell
-
-
- In addition to the movement commands above, the <End> key can be
- used in combination with the cursor keys to speed navigation
- around large blocks of data. Preceding a cursor direction key
- with the <End> key moves the cell cursor directly to the next
- block boundary cell in the indicated direction.
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- - Key Combination - - Result -
- <End>,<up> Move up to the next block boundary
- <End>,<down> Down to the next block boundary
- <End>,<right> Right to the next block boundary
- <End>,<left> Left to the next block boundary
- <End>,<Home> Goto last cell (actually, this is the
- intersection of the last row and the last column
- containing any data)
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- You can also move the cell cursor to any visible cell with a
- mouse - simply click the left mouse button on the desired cell.
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- 2.3 Working with Data
-
- 2.3.1 Data Types
-
- Spreadsheet cells can contain either numeric (floating point) or
- text data. Numeric and text data are displayed in different
- colors to distinguish between data values and text cells
- containing numbers. Text and data cells can be freely inter-
- mixed; any "data only" operation simply ignores text cells, and
- any "text only" operation ignores data cells.
-
- Numerical values can also be used to represent dates and times.
- CruX works with dates internally as the number of days since
- December 31, 1899. You can also convert to and from a short-hand
- date representation of yymmdd, where yy is the last two digits of
- the year, mm is the month and dd is the day. The yymmdd format
- is preferable when entering dates from the keyboard, while the
- day count is needed to calculate the number of days from, for
- instance, January 5, 1957.
-
- Time is represented internally as a fractional part of a day,
- starting at midnight. However, as with dates, you can enter time
- values in a more convenient short-hand notation. The alternative
- time entry form is hhmmss (hh is hours, mm minutes, ss seconds).
-
- Date and time values can be converted between their two alternate
- forms using the Utilities menu commands.
-
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- 2.3.2 Data Entry and Generation
-
- You can enter data directly into the CruX spreadsheet by
- moving the cursor to the desired cell and typing the numbers
- or text. However, if you wanted the series of whole numbers
- from 1 to 1000 this could take a while. An easier way is to
- use the Data / Generate command.
-
- The Data / Generate command presents a dialog box requesting a
- Starting and Ending Value, the Number of Values to generate, a
- Point Spacing method and a Cell Location. Upon providing
- values for these parameters and pressing <Enter>, the results
- of the data generation are stored starting at the cell
- specified.
-
- For a Linear Point Spacing, the increment between successive
- rows in the destination column is calculated as (End Value -
- Start Value)/(Number of Values). Logarithmic Point Spacing
- produces a uniform separation between points when plotted on a
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- log scale. The multiplication factor of separation successive
- logarithmically spaced points is:
-
- (log10(End Value) - log10(Start Value))
- 10
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- (Number of Values)
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- 2.3.3 Formula Expressions
-
- CruX has a full set of calculational tools for evaluating
- mathematical expressions. Additionally, access is provided to
- some of the built-in CruX operations such as data generation and
- fitting through formula expressions.
-
- Formulas are composed of column references, such as A, CE, etc.
- combined with the following operators, functions and defined
- constants:
-
- - Math - - Operation -
- + add
- - subtract
- * multiply
- / divide
- % modulo divide
- ^ exponentiation
-
- - Logical - - Resultant -
- > 1 if x greater than y, else 0
- < 1 if x less than y, else 0
-
- - Function - - Operation -
- ABS(x) absolute value
- BESJ0(x) Bessel func first kind, order 0
- BESJ1(x) Bessel func first kind, order 1
- BESY0(x) Bessel func second kind, order 0
- BESY1(x) Bessel func second kind, order 1
- ACOS(x) arc cosine
- ASIN(x) arc sine
- ATAN(x) arc tangent
- ATAN2(x) arc tangent of x/y
- COS(x) cosine
- COSH(x) hyperbolic cosine
- EXP(x) exponential function
- ERF(x) error Function
- FAC(x) factorial
- GAMMA(x) gamma function
- GAMMAI(a,x) incomplete Gamma function
- GAMMALN(x) log of Gamma function
- IBETA(a,b,x) incomplete Beta function
- LOG(x) natural logarithm
- LOG10(x) base 10 logarithm
- MAX(x,y) maximum of x and y
- MIN(x,y) minimum of x and y
- RAND(x) random number in range 0 to argument
- ROUND(x) round to nearest whole number
- SIN(x) sine
- SINH(x) hyperbolic sine
- SQR(x) square
- SQRT(x) square root
- TAN(x) tangent
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- TANH(x) hyperbolic tangent
- TCHEB(n,x) Chebyshev polynoial of degree n for x
- TRUNC(x) whole part of number
-
- - Variables & Constants - - Value -
- PI 3.141592653589793238
- @ value of current cell
-
- Note: Trigonometric functions take arguments in either radians or
- degrees as set by the Utilities / Angle Units command
-
- Formulae are case insensitive in terms of both column and
- operator reference; blank space is ignored. Some formula
- examples are:
-
- 1.5^X * sin(X)
- 2*pi*R
- abs(@)
- ((ab + RAND(5.0)) / ( 10^aa - e*1000.0)) * b^Y
- abs ( TRUNC(b))
-
- Formula calculations are applied to spreadsheet data series
- using the Data / Formula command. CruX formulas define one
- data series, or column, in terms of other existing columns
- using the mathematical operators and function references. The
- results of the formula evaluation are stored in the current
- column.
-
- Formula calculations progress from low to high row numbers
- down the spreadsheet generating a resultant value for every
- row containing valid data references. If one of the
- referenced columns contains an non-data cell (i.e. text or
- empty), the cell at the corresponding row in the result column
- is empty; if evaluating the formula using the contents of a
- row produces a computational error, an error string is
- displayed in the result cell (See Appendix C for a full
- description of evaluation error strings).
-
- Other expressions that can be used as formulas are the equivalent
- of data generation or fitting menu commands. These appear in a
- column's formula field when you invoke these commands through
- menu selections, or they can be entered directly into the column
- formula field. They are particulary useful when you want to
- recalculate a column that was created as the result of one of
- these commands.
-
- DATAGEN( Row, StartVal, EndVal, NumVals, LinearLog)
- Equivalent to Data / Generate
- Row - Starting row number
- StartVal - Starting cell value
- EndVal - End cell value
- NumVals - Number of cells to generate
- LinearLog - 0 for linear spacing, 1 for logarithmic
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- FITLINEAR( Xcol, Ycol )
- Equivalent to Curve Fit / Linear
- Xcol - X data column
- Ycol - Y data column
-
- FITPOLY( Xcol, Ycol, Order )
- Equivalent to Curve Fit / Polynomial
- Xcol - X data column
- Ycol - Y data column
- Order - Order of fitted polynomial
-
- FITLOG( Xcol, Ycol )
- Equivalent to Curve Fit / Logarithmic
- Xcol - X data column
- Ycol - Y data column
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- FITEXP( Xcol, Ycol )
- Equivalent to Curve Fit / Exponential
- Xcol - X data column
- Ycol - Y data column
-
- FITSPLINE( Xcol, Ycol, IntrpCol )
- Equivalent to Curve Fit / Spline
- Xcol - X data column
- Ycol - Y data column
- IntrpCol - Interpolant data column
-
- SMOOTH( Datacol, SmoothNum )
- Equivalent to Curve Fit / Smooth
- DataCol - Column of data to smooth
- SmoothNum - Degree of smoothing:
- 1 = 5 point smooth
- 2 = 7 " "
- 3 = 9
- 4 = 11
- 5 = 13
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- When you use the Data / Formula command, you are presented with a
- dialog box indicating the results column, and an area in which to
- type a formula. After pressing <Enter>, CruX performs the
- calculations and updates the spreadsheet.
-
- If you later wish to edit or re-evaluate the stored formula, it
- can be accessed with the Data / Formula command. CruX does not
- automatically re-evaluate a formula if the columns it references
- change in value.
-
- The Data / Recalculate command can be used to quickly recalculate
- the contents of a selected range of columns. Column formulae are
- re-evaluated from left to right.
-
- A formula entered directly into a cell stores the result of
- that evaluated expression in the cell, but the formula text
- itself is not stored.
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- 2.3.4 Working with Data Blocks
-
- Most of the CruX spreadsheet commands, such as data graphing,
- editing, curve fitting, etc., operate on a block of columns, rows
- or cells. There are several ways you can express data block
- selections to CruX.
-
- If no other selection is active, CruX considers the current cell
- to be the selected data block. To select a larger block of data,
- position the cell cursor at one corner of the block, press the
- <Ins> key, move the cursor to the opposite corner of the block,
- and press the <Ins> key again to toggle selection expansion off.
-
- While selection mode is on, SELECT appears in the lower right
- corner of the screen. When selection mode is again off, the
- cursor can be moved without affecting the selected block. To
- select a different data block, simply press <Ins> again. If you
- wish to deselect a block without selecting a new one, press the
- <Ins> key twice in succession on the same cell.
-
- Data block selections can also be made with a mouse. Press the
- left mouse button on one corner of the block, and while holding
- the button down, "drag" the mouse to the opposite block corner
- and release. If a boundary of the block of data you wish to
- select is outside the presently displayed range, moving the mouse
- to the edge of the screen automatically scrolls the display in
- that direction. Clicking twice on the same cell, "double
- clicking", deselects any block.
-
- Sometimes CruX asks you for a range of columns or a range of
- rows. At these times it is not necessary to, for instance,
- select all the rows in the range of columns of interest; a single
- row is sufficient. Likewise for a range of rows.
-
- Whenever you want to perform some operation on a cell range,
- there are two ways of communicating this selection to CruX. You
- can select the cell range and/or position the cell cursor prior
- to invoking the CruX menu command, as discussed above. CruX
- tries to interpret cell selections and cell cursor placement
- "intelligently" for all commands that require them. Or you can
- pick a menu command and make your cell selections from inside the
- resulting dialog box.
-
- Suppose you want to delete a range of cells. You type <Alt>E D A
- to bring you to the cell range deletion dialog box. But you
- forgot to pre-select the range of cells you intended to delete!
- No problem. At the cell range prompt press <Ctrl><left> or
- <Ctrl><right>, or click on the Select button with the mouse. The
- dialog box disappears, and the cell range/position prompt from
- the dialog is copied to the spreadsheet status line. You are now
- free to select the desired cell block using any of the methods
- discussed above. When you are satisfied with your selection,
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- press <Enter> or click the right mouse button again to restore
- the dialog box and continue with the delete command. This
- technique works whenever you are being prompted for a cell,
- column or row range, or a cell location.
-
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- 2.4 Editing
-
- To change the value of a single spreadsheet cell, you can
- position the cursor on that cell and type the new value. Or, if
- you press F2, CruX copies the contents of the cell to the status
- line near the top of the screen where you can use the cursor
- direction keys and other edit commands to change the cell
- contents. (See "CRUX OPERATIONS AND USER INTERFACE - Menus and
- Dialogs" above.)
-
-
- 2.4.1 Block Editing
-
- Other spreadsheet editing functions are accessible from the Edit
- pulldown menu for working with groups of cells.
-
- The Edit / Insert menu selection allows you to add a new column
- or row into an existing data set. A new column is inserted at
- the current cell cursor location moving the current column and
- all higher numbered columns to the right. Similarly, inserting a
- new row at the current cell cursor location moves the current row
- and all higher numbered rows down.
-
- The Edit / Delete commands remove groups of cells from the
- spreadsheet. Cells can be removed in ranges of columns with the
- Edit / Delete / Column Range command. The selected column range
- is removed from the spreadsheet, with higher numbered columns
- shifting to the left to fill the formerly occupied space. Use
- Edit / Delete / Row to remove a range of rows and shift higher
- numbered rows up. The Edit / Delete / Cell Range command also
- shifts higher numbered rows up to fill the vacancy left by
- deleted cells, but only in the selected column range. To erase
- the contents of a range of cells without changing the position of
- neighboring spreadsheet data use the Edit Kill command.
-
- A block of cells can be copied from one location to another with
- the Edit / Copy command. The selected spreadsheet cells are
- copied to a new location leaving the original cells unchanged.
-
- Edit / Move transfers cells from one location to another. The
- selected spreadsheet cells are moved to a new location; the
- original cells are deleted with no rearrangement of adjacent
- cells.
-
- The last command under the Edit menu is Go to. This moves the
- spreadsheet cell cursor directly to a cell location. You are
- prompted for a cell column : row address.
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- 2.5 Data Files
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- 2.5.1 Saving Your Data
-
- Once you've generated your data, you probably want to save it
- to a file for future reference. CruX saves the spreadsheet
- contents and format information in a compact format that
- transfers quickly to and from disk. Use the File / Save
- command to save the spreadsheet to disk overwriting the
- current file with new contents. This command is useful for
- saving incremental changes during extended editing sessions.
- If the spreadsheet you are working on does not have a name,
- you are prompted to provide one.
-
- If you want to save the spreadsheet to a different file, use
- File / Save As to supply a new name.
-
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- 2.5.2 Reading CruX Data Files
-
- To read the contents of a previously saved CruX spreadsheet or
- graph file, use the File / Open command. A dialog box appears
- with a default filename template of *.cx? displayed in the Data
- File Name field. You can type a file name over the supplied
- default, or if you press <Enter>, a list of files with CXD and
- CXG extensions will be displayed. Data files have an extension
- of CXD, while graph files have an extension of CXG.
-
- Opening a CXD file loads data into the spreadsheet cells.
- Opening a CXG file also loads data into the spreadsheet, but then
- immediately displays a graph based on that data. (Creating
- graphs and saving graph files are topics discussed in section
- 4.3)
-
- To select one of the displayed files, move the highlight to the
- desired filename with the cursor keys, and press <Enter>. If the
- list of files is larger than will fit in the selection box,
- pressing <PgDn> will display the next "page" of file names. At
- the end of the file list are directory entries; selecting a
- directory with the <Enter> key moves to that directory and
- displays a new list of files from that directory.
-
- Once you have made a file selection, you are returned to the Open
- File dialog box. Now pressing <Enter> will clear the current
- spreadsheet and load the new CruX data file from disk. If you
- have made any changes since you last wrote your data to a file,
- you are reminded to save your spreadsheet before loading the new
- one.
-
- You can merge the contents of a data file into the current
- spreadsheet by using File / Merge. This command loads a data
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- file from disk starting at a specified location in the current
- spreadsheet. Current values are not lost, unless the specified
- merge location causes the new information to overwrite
- existing data.
-
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- 2.5.3 Importing Data from Other Sources
-
- CruX also reads data files created by other programs. You can
- import Lotus format spreadsheet files from 1-2-3, Symphony, or
- many other spreadsheet programs that support the .WKS file
- format. ASCII text data files from database programs, numerical
- analyses or experimental data can also be directly read.
-
- When importing a Lotus format file, you are prompted for a range
- of cells to read. If you are not sure of the cell range you
- want, just use the default range provided and remove unwanted
- cells later.
-
- A more widely compatible file exchange format is delimited ASCII.
- When reading an ASCII text file, you need to specify what
- character(s) are used to separate data values on a line (i.e.
- commas, spaces, tabs, etc.). For instance, you might have an
- ASCII file that looked like this:
-
- 0.00,12.32 128
- 0.50,14.76 134
- 1.00,16.47 154
- 1.50,15.11 192
-
- You would then enter ", " or " ," (don't type the quotation
- marks) as the Data Delimiters in the File / Import / ASCII dialog
- box. CruX would then read the file and store 0.00 in cell A1,
- 12.32 in cell B1, 128 in C1, 0.50 in A2 and so on.
-
- For data values separated by one or more spaces, just enter a
- single space. Another commonly used delimiter is the tab
- character; to specify it type "\t". As in the example above,
- you can have multiple delimiters. If some of your data is
- delimited by spaces, some by commas, and some by tabs enter
- " ,\t".
-
- Additional ASCII file reading features are documented in
- Appendix A. This section tells you how to include plot titles
- and column labels in an ASCII file, how to handle missing data
- values, and other information.
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- Both ASCII and Lotus files can also be merged into the current
- spreadsheet similarly to CruX files as discussed above.
-
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- NOTE on File Name Templates:
- You can use filename template to display files matching your
- own criteria. Any valid DOS file specifier is allowed. For
- example:..
-
- - File template - - Will list -
- *.* All files
- *.dat Files with a "DAT" extension
- ab*.dat Files whose names start with "AB" and have
- a "DAT" extension
- RUN3?5.DAT Files with any character in the position
- between "3" and "5" such as RUN305.DAT,
- RUN315.DAT, RUN3W5.DAT, etc.
-
-
- 2.5.4 Exporting CruX Data to Other Programs
-
- Data from the CruX spreadsheet can be exported to a file for
- transfer to database programs, other analysis programs or word
- processors by use of the File / Export command. This will
- write the spreadsheet to a file in delimited ASCII format.
- You are prompted for a delimiter string, just as in the File /
- Import / ASCII dialog box, which will be written into the file
- to separate adjacent data values on a line.
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- 2.5.5 Other File Commands
-
- The other commands found in the File pulldown menu are summarized
- below:
-
- File / Change Dir
- Display the current working drive and directory. Change to a
- new directory by moving to it and pressing <Enter>, or double-
- clicking with the mouse.
-
- File / Printer Setup
- Specify the type of printer you are to use for printing
- text and plots, and how it is connected to your PC.
-
- File / COM Port
- Set the communication parameters for ports COM1 and COM2.
- This is only of interest if you are using a printer
- connected to one of these ports.
-
- File / Print
- Print a spreadsheet cell range to a selected print device
- (or file). You have the option to print in 80 or 132
- column mode, and whether or not to include borders (i.e.
- row and column labels).
-
- File / DOS Shell
- This command exits to DOS, where you can perform any
- standard DOS function or run other programs (subject to
- memory constraints). When you are ready to return to CruX,
- type "EXIT" at the DOS prompt.
-
- File / Quit
- This command will exit CruX and return you to DOS. You are
- prompted to save your data if any changes to the
- spreadsheet have occurred.
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- 2.6 Display and Conversions
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- 2.6.1 Display
-
- The display format of the numerical data in the spreadsheet is
- controlled with the View / Column Format command. A dialog
- box is presented allowing you to specify the number of decimal
- digits, column width, use of scientific notation, etc.
-
- The heading displayed above each spreadsheet column can be
- edited using the View / Column Heading command. This text is
- also used as the default axis and legend labels on graphs.
-
- If your PC supports more than the standard 25 lines of screen
- text, you can display up to 50 lines by changing the setting in
- the Utility / Screen Size dialog.
-
- The display screen colors can be customized using the Utility /
- Screen Colors command. Any color or screen size changes are
- remembered when you exit the program and are used for all
- subsequent sessions.
-
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- 2.6.2 Conversions
-
- CruX can perform a number of conversions on your data to simplify
- working with dates and times, interaction with other programs and
- graph display.
-
- Cells contents can be converted from numerical values to text
- strings and vice versa with the Utility / Number to Text and
- Utility / Text to Number commands.
-
- Dates can be converted between Day Counts and yymmdd Date values
- with the Utility / Day Count to Date and Utility / Date to Day
- Count commands.
-
- Similarly, time values can be converted back and forth between
- Time Fractions and hhmmss Time values with the Utility / Time to
- HrMinSec and Utility / HrMinSec to Time commands. (See "Working
- with Data - Data Types" for a discussion of date and time
- formats).
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- 2.7 Data and Curve Fitting
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- 2.7.1 Equation Fitting
- CruX can fit data from any source to a number of "curve fit"
- relations. How well do the thousands of data points from an
- experiment really follow a linear trend? Or perhaps a low order
- polynomial is a better fit. With CruX you can explore these and
- other possible relationships.
-
- To fit data to a straight line, use the Curve Fit / Linear
- command. You are prompted for a X and Y Data Column and a
- Destination Column. The resulting straight line fitted data
- points corresponding to the original X data values are stored
- in the Destination Column cells. The fitting equation
- describing the slope and intercept of the fitted line is
- placed in a cell immediately below the last data value in the
- Destination Column along with the Standard Errors of the
- fitted coefficients and the Coefficient of Determination.
-
- The Curve Fit / Polynomial command fits data to a polynomial of
- up to 8th degree in much the same way as linear curve fitting.
- You are prompted for the same X and a Y Data Column and a
- Destination Column, but in addition you are asked to provide the
- order of the fitting polynomial equation. The resulting
- polynomial expression and fitting information is stored in the
- Destination Column.
-
- Logarithmic and exponential data fitting is performed similarly
- by the Curve Fit / Logarithmic and Curve Fit / Exponential
- commands.
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- 2.7.2 Spline Fitting
-
- The final curve fitting function in Crux is Spline, or "natural
- cubic spline" fitting. Spline fitting performs somewhat
- differently than the other data fitting functions discussed
- above. A spline fit passes through all data points with "smooth"
- transitions in between. Therefore, a spline fit is only useful
- for interpolating between existing data points. In fact, it
- often behaves pathologically outside of this range.
-
- When you select the Curve Fit / Spline command you are prompted
- for the same X and Y Data Column and a Destination Column as with
- the other data fitting commands. But additionally, you need to
- specify an Interpolant Column. Values in the Interpolant Column
- specify X values at which to calculate spline interpolated Y
- values to be stored in the Destination Column. The Interpolant
- Column will typically contain many more points than the X Data
- Column.
-
- There is no resultant formula or correlation statistics from a
- spline fit.
-
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- 2.7.3 Smoothing
-
- Sampled data with "noise" can be smoothed by the Savitsky-Golay
- technique with the Data / Smooth command. This technique uses
- convolution where each data point is recalculated as a weighted
- average of its original value and the surrounding data points.
- The degree of smoothing is determined by the number of
- neighboring data points used to calculate the new smoothed value.
- The greater the number of points used, the smoother the resulting
- data.
-
- When smoothing a data set, some points at the beginning and
- end of the source data are "lost" to the smoothing process. A
- 5 point smooth "consumes" two points at the beginning and end
- of the data set; a 7 point smooth consumes three points at
- each end; a 9 point smooth consumes 4, etc.
-
- The smoothed data values are stored starting in a new user
- specified column. The original data is unchanged.
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- 2.8 Other Data Manipulations
-
- CruX has a number of data manipulation commands useful for
- rearranging, sorting and generating blocks of data.
-
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- 2.8.1 Extraction
-
- If you have experimentally acquired and imported a large file
- into CruX that has more data points than are necessary, you
- can extract a representative subset of this data block to a
- new area of the spreadsheet. The Data / Extract command
- extracts values from a selected cell range by skipping a
- specified number of cells in each column. The extracted
- values are stored starting in a new user specified location.
- The original cells are unchanged.
-
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- 2.8.2 Sorting
-
- Key Sort: A cell range may be sorted according to the values
- in a key index column using the Data / Key Sort command. The
- selected range of cells are sorted in ascending or descending
- order using the values in the key column as an index for all
- the cells in that row . The data is sorted "in place" in the
- selected block requiring no extra columns.
-
- Frequency Sort: You can sort the data from a column by
- frequency of occurrence with the Data / Frequency Sort
- command. The number of data values in a column falling into
- specified "bin" ranges are tabulated and stored into a new
- specified column. The bin range values are provided in a
- separate column.
-
- For example, the result of a Frequency Sort on column A using
- bin values from column B and storing the results into C are:
-
- A B C
- 1 1.1 0.5 0 zero values of A < 0.5
- 2 1.3 1.0 0 zero values>= 0.5 and < 1.0
- 3 1.6 1.5 3 three values>= 1.0 and < 1.5
- 4 1.5 2.0 2 two values>= 1.5 and < 2.0
- 5 2.0 3 three values>= 2.0
- 6 2.3
- 7 2.1
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- 2.8.3 Transposition
-
- Use the Data / Transpose command to matrix transpose a block of
- cells. The selected block of cells is transposed in place.
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- 2.8.4 Data Table Generation
-
- In order to generate a table of data over multiple columns you
- can issue a Formula / Generate command in each individual
- column, or you can use the Data / Table Generation command on
- a range of columns simultaneously.
-
- This command is similar to generating a data series with a
- Data / Formula command, except that multiple columns of data
- are produced. The input formula expresses the mathematical
- relationship between the columns to be generated and existing
- columns as usual, but with the addition of a new parameter
- "#", which represents a value from a specified spreadsheet
- row.
-
- To generate a Table, you must supply a range of cells to place
- generated values in, and a Series Data Row in this range. The
- Series Data Row is a row of data values that spans the width
- of the table to be generated. Wherever # appears in the
- formula, the numerical value of the table Series Data Row in
- the associated column is substituted.
-
- For example the formula: 2*# - A produces the following table:
-
- A B C D
- 1 3.0 5.0 6.0 <--Series Data Row
- ******************
- 2 2.0 * 4.0 8.0 10.0 *
- 3 3.0 * 3.0 7.0 9.0 *
- 4 4.0 * 2.0 6.0 8.0 *
- 5 5.0 * 1.0 5.0 7.0 *
- ******************
- ******
- * * Range of Table Generation
- ******
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- 2.8.5 Regular Grid Generation
-
- You would like to produce a contour plot of a data set, but your
- data was obtained by a sampling of Z values at random X,Y
- locations. How can you translate the data into a regular X,Y
- grid of contour values? That's what the Data / Regular Grid
- command is for!
-
- The Data / Regular Grid command produces a regular grid of Z
- values as a function of X and Y from three columns of randomly
- arranged X, Y and Z data triplets.
-
- You are prompted for a X Data Range, Y Data Range and Z Data
- Range. In each of the given rows, the Z value is assumed to
- be a function of the X and Y values. The values in these
- ranges need not be in any particular order.
-
- Additionally, you are prompted for a Regular Grid Dest. Range
- and a Regular Grid X Row and Regular Grid Y Column. The
- Regular Grid Dest. Range is the range of cells into which the
- "regularized" grid of Z values will be written. These
- regularized Z values will correspond to the X and Y values in
- the Regular Grid X Row and Regular Grid Y Column.
-
- For example:
- A B C D E F G H
- 1 0.5 5.3 35.9 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0
- 2 1.2 4.2 48.6 1.0 **********************
- 3 3.3 3.8 47.1 2.0 * E2:H8 is the range *
- 4 2.7 2.1 36.4 3.0 * into which the *
- 5 4.3 1.9 25.0 4.0 * "regularized" Z *
- 6 3.8 5.3 33.2 5.0 * values will be *
- 7 1.9 6.3 47.2 6.0 * written. *
- 8 2.2 4.1 22.3 7.0 **********************
- /\ /\ /\ /\
- | | | -- Regular Y Grid Column
- X Y Z
- Data Data Data
- Column Column Column
-
-
- The values in the Regular Grid are computed by examing every
- X,Y,Z data triplet for each cell in the destination grid. The
- radial distance of the X,Y,Z triplet from the the cell location
- is computed and it's Z value contributes to a weighted average
- used to determine the Regular Grid Z value. A percent complete
- window keeps you informed of the calculation's status.
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- 2.8.6 Integration and Summation
-
- CruX can perform definite integration over a range of cells
- with the Data / Integrate command. CruX uses values from a dx
- Data Range and a Y Data Range, and the trapezoidal rule to
- calculate an integral. The intervals between Y, dx values do
- not need to be uniform; you can use a smaller dx step where
- your function is changing rapidly to obtain better accuracy.
- The results are stored in a user specified destination column.
- Straight summation can be performed on a column as well with
- Data / Summation.
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- 2.8.7 Differentiation
-
- The 1st order approximation of the derivative is available in
- CruX through the Data / Differentiate command. You are
- prompted for a dx Data Range and a dy Data Range, with the
- results placed in a user specified column. As with
- integration, the intervals between dx, dy values do not need
- to be uniform.
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- 2.8.8 Summary Statistics
-
- A number of summary statistics can be easily calculated for a
- column with the Data / Statistics command; minimum, maximum,
- range, mean, variance, standard deviation, mode, standard error
- of the mean, skewness and kurtosis. The results are stored as
- text cells at the end of the column for which the statistics are
- calculated.
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- 3.0 CRUX UTILITIES
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- 3.1 Macro Recording and Playback
-
- One of CruX's more powerful features is a macro record/playback
- capability. Any sequence of keystrokes/mouse events can be
- recorded as a macro file. These keystrokes can later be re-played
- from the macro file to repeat the same operations. The macro
- file also records the process of exiting CruX, which is useful
- when creating a batch file to process multiple data files.
-
- The macro Recorder is turned on with the Utilities / Macro
- Record command. You are prompted for a file in which to store
- the macro. Recording begins immediately after you have
- specified the file name, and continues until turned off by re-
- issuing the Utilities / Record Macro command, or you exit
- CruX. During the macro recording sesion RECORDING is
- displayed in the lower right area of the screen.
-
- To play back a previously recorded macro, use Utilities /
- Playback Macro. You are prompted for a macro file name, and a
- delay time. The delay time is the number of milliseconds CruX
- waits after reading each keystroke from the macro file.
-
- Playback begins immediately after you select the file, and
- continues to the end of the macro. Another useful way of
- playing a macro is with the command line switch -M <macro
- filename> (See "CRUX OPERATION AND USER INTERFACE - The
- Command Line" above).
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- 3.2 Printer Setup
-
- The output device for printing CruX text and graphs is selected
- with the File / Printer Setup command from the Spreadsheet
- screen, or with the Graph / Printer Setup command from the Page
- Layout screen. Through this dialog you can also specify the
- print resolution and destination of the printing commands.
-
- Select a printer or plotter from the list of 14 supported
- devices. This list includes laser printers, PostScript, color
- printers and pen plotters. If you don't see your particular
- printer, check the documentation supplied by your printer
- manufacturer to see if it is compatible with one of the listed
- devices.
-
- All of these devices support multiple resolution modes, with the
- exception of the PostScript device which uses print instructions
- that are independent of output resolution. The available
- resolution choices are:
-
- Low - Fastest printing.
- Medium - Quick printing, better quality.
- High - Publication quality output, but slowest.
-
- A destination port for the print commands CruX generates needs to
- be specified. This destination can be one of the physical ports
- on your computer to which a printer is attached, or a disk file.
- Print commands stored as a file are useful for including CruX
- output in other documents. The available choices for Port are:
-
- LPTA: (1) - Parallel port 1
- LPTB: (2) - Parallel port 2
- COM1: - Serial port 1
- COM2: - Serial port 2
- File - You are prompted for a file name
-
- If you are using a printer connected to port COM1 or COM2, use
- the File / COM Port command to set the communication
- parameters for these ports.
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- 4.0 DATA GRAPHING AND DISPLAY
-
- Once you have all your calculations, data editing and curve
- fitting completed, you might like to display your data
- graphically. CruX provides a number of graph types and editing
- commands to give you true presentation quality plots.
-
- Some of CruX's graphical capabilities discussed in the following
- sections are :
-
- ∙ Multiple graphs with up to 20 curves per graph and 1000's of
- data points.
- ∙ 2-Dimensional (X versus Y) and 3-Dimensional (Contour and
- Surface) graphs.
- ∙ Pie and Bar graphs.
- ∙ Extensive control of display characteristics.
- ∙ Overlaying new curves on existing graphs.
- ∙ Positioning multiple graphs on the hardcopy output page in a
- true WYSIWYG (What You See Is What You Get) display.
- ∙ Saving and restoring display and print configurations .
-
-
-
- 4.1 Selecting Graph Type and Data Columns
-
-
- 4.1.1 2-Dimensional Graphs
-
- To produce a graph of your data, first select a graph type
- from the Gallery pulldown menu. If for example, you select
- Gallery / Scatter, you are presented with a dialog box
- prompting for X and Y Data Columns. Values from these columns
- will be plotted as a series of symbols at the X, Y coordinates
- found in each row of the selected range.
-
- If you specify more than one column for X and multiple columns
- for Y, the first X column will be paired with the first Y
- column, the 2nd X with the 2nd Y, etc. If there are more Y
- columns than X columns, all the "extra" Y columns will be
- paired with the last X column.
-
- If this is not the first graph defined, you are additionally
- asked whether to overlay these curve(s) on one of the
- existing graphs.
-
- Upon completing the entries in the dialog box and pressing
- <Enter>, you are presented with an automatically scaled graph
- of your data displayed on the Graph Edit screen. This screen
- has a new set of menu commands across the top which we will be
- exploring in the next section. For now, let's return to the
- Gallery pulldown menu and examine the rest of the graph types
- available in CruX.
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- To produce a graph where your data points are connected by
- straight lines without any symbols, use the Gallery / Line
- command. Or, if you would like both symbols and connecting
- lines, use Gallery / Chain.
-
- For a bar graph, use Gallery / Bar. With this graph, if you
- specify multiple Y columns for a single X the Y vertical bars are
- grouped together at the X location.
-
- Use the Gallery / Pie command to produce a pie graph. The "x"
- values specify the offset from the center of the pie for each
- slice in radius percentage; e.g. 0 positions the tip of the slice
- at the center of the pie, 50 moves the slice tip out to 50
- percent of the pie radius.
-
-
- 4.1.2 3-Dimensional Graphs
-
- Contour and Surface are completely different graph types.
- (Remember the Data / Table Generate and Data / Regular Grid
- commands? Well, here's where we'll be using those results.)
- Both the Gallery / Contour and Gallery / Surfacecommands
- prompt for a range of cells containing X (horizontal axis), Y
- (vertical axis) and Z ("elevation") data. For a Contour graph
- the Number of Contours can also be specified in this dialog.
-
- If you pre-select a block of cells (with either the mouse or
- keyboard) the default ranges for the X Axis Data is the first
- row in the selected block of cells, the Y Axis Data is the
- first column, and the Z values are the remainder.
-
- For example, if the range of cells from A1 through E6 are
- selected, the X, Y and Z regions would be automatically
- selected as shown:
- A B C D E
- 1 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 < -- X Axis Data
- Values
- 2 1.0 *******************
- 3 2.0 * Z "elevation" *
- 4 3.0 * surface values *
- 5 4.0 * in range B2:E6 *
- 6 5.0 *******************
- /\
- -- Y Axis Data
-
- NOTE:Contour and Surface graphs can not be overlaid.
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- 4.1.3 Graph Templates
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- Once you've decided on a graph type, line and symbols styles,
- colors, fonts, etc. CruX can save this information and apply it
- to a new set of data. (We'll see how to save Graph Templates in
- the next section).
-
- The stored set of graph specifications is a Graph Template and
- can be applied to a data set by use of the Gallery / Graph
- Template command. This command produces a graph formatted with
- all display parameters set to the Template specification
- including axis ranges, Symbol and Line specifications, title and
- label text, etc. In short, the only thing that is different is
- the actual data values.
-
- To use a previously saved template, use the Gallery / Select
- Template command to load a template file. Template file
- selections are displayed in a file dialog box. The template file
- you choose will now be displayed in the Gallery pulldown menu
- preceded by "T =". To use this template, pick this selection
- from the menu and respond to the subsequent dialogs as usual.
-
- The only command in the Gallery pulldown menu we haven't
- mentioned is Graph Edit. This command is only available if you
- previously created a graph with one of the other Gallery
- commands. Selecting this command takes us to the Graph Edit
- screen, which we will now explore in the following sections.
-
- 4.2 Graph Editing
-
- The Graph Edit screen allows you to...
-
- ∙ Re-size and position the graph and graph legend
- ∙ Move, add, delete and format axes
- ∙ Zoom in or out to view data ranges of interest
- ∙ Change the view point for Surface plots.
- ∙ Change the graph line, symbol, grid axis and other plot
- attributes
- ∙ Edit data points and formulas graphically
- ∙ Edit and add text annotations to a data point
- ∙ Save and recall graphs and graph templates
-
- Access to these and other CruX capabilities are through the same
- menu and dialog interface as used in the spreadsheet screen. In
- addition, the Graph Edit screen features an additional menu bar
- for quick access to frequently used functions such as Select,
- Zoom, Unzoom, etc.
-
- The left portion of the menu bar shows which one of up to five
- graphs you are presently viewing. The status bar at the bottom
- of the screen displays the current Template file, and when in the
- Data view mode, shows the coordinates of the mouse cursor.
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- 4.2.1 Graph and Legend Positioning
-
- CruX allows you to directly manipulate the placement and size of
- the principal graph elements with a pointing device when in
- Select mode (the default upon entering the Graph Edit screen).
- To change to Select mode, click on Select in lower menu bar, or
- type <Alt>S.
-
- The graph size and position with respect to the graph "frame" can
- be set using the mouse. If you don't have a mouse, you can use
- the cursor keys; see Appendix B for information on how to use the
- cursor keypad as an emulated mouse. This allows you to change
- the size of the graph in relation to its legend, and with respect
- to other graphs when combining multiple graphs on a printed page.
- The legend can be positioned relative to the graph for clearer
- display of data points.
-
- To select either the graph or the legend for re-positioning,
- click on it with the left mouse button. A selection rectangle
- appears around the graph's data region with a Re-size box in the
- lower left corner. By clicking and dragging inside this border,
- you can re-position the graph. When you click and drag in the
- Re-size box, the upper left corner of the graph selection
- rectangle is anchored and the size of the graph may be changed.
- To deselect the graph, click anywhere outside the selection
- rectangle and the border disappears.
-
- To re-position the graph legend, click on it as for the graph
- data region. Click and drag inside the legend selection
- rectangle to move it.
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- 4.2.2 Data Zooming
-
- CruX allows you to "zoom in" on a data region of interest using a
- mouse or cursor keys. Select Zoom from the secondary menu bar
- with the mouse, or by pressing <Alt>Z. Then use the mouse or
- cursor keys to draw a rectangle around the data region you want
- to see in greater detail. The graph will be re-displayed with
- new axis ranges reflecting the reduced display area.
-
- To "zoom out", or expand the displayed data range, use the Unzoom
- command, or type <Alt>N to switch to un-zoom mode. The re-scaled
- axes' values are compressed to fit within the selected
- rectangular area.
-
- Select View All from the lower menu bar (<Alt>V) to set the X, Y
- (and Z) axes to include all the data points in the view area.
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- 4.2.3.1 Data Point Editing
-
- To enable Data Point Editing, choose the Point item in the menu
- bar. Notice that in Point mode the mouse cursor changes to a
- cross hair symbol and the X and Y coordinates are displayed in
- the status bar at the bottom of the screen (except for Pie
- graphs).
-
- To change the data values of a point, select a data point symbol
- with the left mouse button, and then click and drag it to a new
- location. The corresponding spreadsheet cell contents are
- automatically updated.
-
- NOTE :If you want to edit a data point, but no symbol is
- displayed for it (i.e. it is a Line or Area graph), you
- need to first set a symbol type with the Curves /
- Symbol Attributes command. When you are satisfied with
- your data and want to restore the previous curve
- attributes use the Curves / Symbol Attributes command
- to return the symbol type to "-None-".
-
-
- To add a new data point to a data series, use the Data / Point
- Insert command to turn point insertion mode on. Then, select a
- point with the left mouse button to define the series, and click
- with the right mouse button where you want the new point. The
- new point is inserted into the spreadsheet series ahead of the
- currently selected point. If you want to insert a new point
- after the selected point, hold down the <Shift> key while
- clicking the right mouse button.
-
- Points can be removed from a curve in two different ways. First,
- select a point with the left mouse button. (If no point is
- selected the menu items for point deletion are disabled.) Use
- the Data / Delete Point command to completely remove the X and Y
- components from the spreadsheet, leaving no gap in the
- spreadsheet data columns or the graph curve.
-
- Alternatively, the Data / Kill Point command deletes only the Y
- component of a data point leaving the X component unaffected.
- This does leave a gap in the spreadsheet Y column and in the
- graph curve. Note that this command also leaves unaffected any
- other curves that may be using the same X data column. Using the
- Data / Delete Point might remove a X component in use by other
- curves causing a X-Y mismatch in successive points.
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- For Pie graphs these commands behave differently. Select a pie
- slice as you would a data point symbol; notice that the selection
- rectangle is sized to completely enclose the slice. Moving the
- selected slice affects only the pie slice offset from the center
- - the size of the slice remains unchanged. Slices can not be
- added to a pie, but they may be "Killed". When a slice is
- Killed, the pie total is recalculated so there is never a missing
- slice.
-
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- 4.2.3.2 Data Formulas
-
- You can inspect and modify column formulas for the X and Y
- components of a curve directly from the Graph Edit view when in
- Data Point editing mode. First, specify which curve's formulas
- you wish to edit by selecting a data point in a curve, or
- selecting a line/symbol marker in the legend. (If no point is
- selected the menu items for working with curve formulae are
- disabled.) Use Data / X Column Formula to edit the X component
- of the selected curve and Data / Y Column Formula for the
- vertical component. Exiting either dialog box with OK
- recalculates the formula and updates the spreadsheet. The curve
- is also immediately redisplayed.
-
- To quickly recalculate both the X and Y components of a curve use
- the Data / Recalc Curve command. This command is particularly
- useful for restoring a curve to its original state after
- rearranging data points.
-
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- 4.2.3.3 Line Attributes
-
- The Curves / Line Area Attribs command allows you to specify the
- line attributes of any curve in the current graph.
-
- You are presented with a multiple-line dialog box, each line of
- which shows the current Line and Area attributes of a curve. To
- move from one field to the next horizontally, use the <Tab> and
- <Shift><Tab> keys; to move vertically use the <up> and <down>
- arrow keys. If there are more than five curves in the graph, you
- can scroll new curve information into the dialog box with the
- <PgUp> and <PgDn> keys.
-
- Some of the fields, such as Thickness, contain a numerical entry;
- to change the value simply type in a new number. If you enter a
- value that is too large or too small, an informative message is
- displayed telling you the allowable range. Other attributes,
- such as Style, are controlled with list boxes.
-
- When you have completed making all your changes, close the
- dialog, and the graph is immediately re-displayed with your
- changes.
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- The Line / Area attributes are:
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- Style Select from list of Solid, Dashed, Dotted, or
- Chain-Dashed
- Thickness Enter values from 0 through 30
- Color Select from color palette (varies depending on
- video card in use)
- Fill Ptrn Select from list of None, Solid, Line, LtSlash,
- BkSlash, LtBkSlash, CrossHatch, Interleave,
- WideDot, and CloseDot
-
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- 4.2.3.4 Symbol Attributes
-
- The Curves / Symbols command is used similarly to control the
- display characteristics of curve marker symbols. The Symbol
- attributes are:
-
- Type Select from list of None, Circle, Square,
- Triangle, Inverted-Triangle and Diamond.
- Size Enter values from 0 through 15
- Color Select from color palette
- Fill Ptrn Select from list of None, Solid, Line, LtSlash,
- BkSlash, LtBkSlash, CrossHatch, Interleave,
- WideDot, and CloseDot
- Freq Enter value for interval number of data points
- that display a symbol (i.e. a value of 3 draws
- a symbol only for every 3rd data point)
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- 4.2.3.5 Error Bars
-
- To attach or change error bars for a curve, use the Curve /
- Error Bars command. You are presented with a dialog box
- prompting for a X and Y Error Bar Column for each curve. This
- column in the spreadsheet is used as the error bar
- displacement from the base data point. The sign of the values
- in this column are ignored when displaying the error bar
- marks.
-
- The line specifications for the error bar marks are the same
- as in the Curve / Line dialog.
-
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- 4.2.3.6 Text Annotation
-
- To add a text annotation to a data point, you must first
- associate a Text Annotation Column with a curve. Use the Curves
- / Column Annotation command to do this. CruX will use any text
- in this column as annotations for the specified curve, and will
- store any changes or additions to the annotations there as well.
-
- To add an annotation to a particular data point, select the point
- and choose Curves / Pt. Annotation. (If no point is selected the
- point annotation menu item is disabled.) A dialog box is
- displayed allowing you to enter text, change font and text size,
- and control other attributes of the annotation. To edit a text
- annotation, select the text with the left mouse button, then
- click on it with the right button.
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- The location of the annotation text may be changed by clicking
- and dragging directly with the mouse
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- 4.2.4 3-Dimensional Graphs
-
- When editing the graph characteristics of a Contour or Surface
- graph, most of the menu choices are the same and produce the same
- results. However, some elements of 3-D graphs are essentially
- different than line graphs and CruX handles them differently.
-
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- 4.2.4.1 Line Attributes
-
- The Curve / Line Attributes command for a Contour graph, or
- Surface / Mesh Attributes for a Surface graph, allows you to
- change line characteristics similarly to a line graph, but these
- line attributes now apply to the various contour level curves or
- mesh lines instead of to X-Y curves.
-
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- 4.2.4.2 Contour - Surface Z Levels
-
- You can edit the number of Z levels and their respective values
- to completely control the alter the appearance of the plot
- contour lines.
-
- The Curve / Number Contours command prompts for the number of
- contour levels the range of Z values in the contour graph are
- divided into. The new contour level values are evenly
- distributed across the minimum to the maximum Z value range with
- the interval calculated as:
-
- (Maximum Z - Minimum Z) / (Number of Contour Levels - 1).
-
- The Surface/ Surface Type command selects the type of surface
- representation as well as the number of Z levels used when
- rendering the surface . Some surface types automatically set the
- number of Z levels; e.g. choosing Top/Bottom Area sets the Number
- of Z Levels to 2.
-
- Individual Z level range values can be changed with the
- Contour / Level Values or Surface / Level Values commands.
- All the Z level values are displayed in a dialog where they
- can be edited directly. Changed values will also be reflected
- in the legend.
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- 4.2.5 Graph Formatting
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- NOTE:The graph editing and formatting capabilities discussed
- in the following sections apply similarily to both 2
- and 3 dimensional graphs. Differences are noted
- wherever they apply.
-
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- Since CruX graphs can have multiple X and/or Y axis, you specify
- which axis you want to modify with the X-Y Axis / Current Axis
- command. The current axis value is shown to the right of the
- pulldown menu selection. (Multiple axes not available for
- Surface graphs).
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- 4.2.5.1 Axis Labels
-
- The label associated with an axis can be changed with the X (or
- Y) Axis / Label command. You are presented with a dialog box
- that allows you to change the axis label text, font and size.
-
- The X-Y Axis / Number Format command allows you to change the
- character font, size and numerical format used to display numeric
- labels on either of the axes.
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- 4.2.5.2 Axis Range
-
- The actual values of the axis minimum, maximum and label
- intervals are accessed with the X-Y Axis / Values command.
- Besides the value of the axis endpoints, the dialog box has
- fields for Major and Minor Tick intervals. Major Tick intervals
- have labels, Minor Ticks have just tick marks.
-
- The X-Y Axis / Full Scale command reset the axis values to
- include all the data points in the current graph. The axis
- maximum, minimum and interval values are automatically
- recalculated. (The View All command on the lower menu bar
- invokes the Axis / Full Scale command for both the X and Y axes
- simultaneously)
-
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- 4.2.5.3 Axis Format
- (Not available for Surface graphs)
-
- An axis' format, including position, linear or logarithmic scale
- type and tick mark display can be changed with the X-Y Axis /
- Format command. The location of an axis can be specified as a
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- percent of the orthogonal axis length, or in character units
- (points) from an edge of the data region. When changing the axis
- scale to a new type, e.g. from Linear to Logarithmic, the axis
- maximum, minimum and interval values are automatically
- recalculated.
-
- New axes can be added to a graph for illustrative purposes with
- the X-Y Axis / Add New command. This new axis can be modified
- with the X-Y Axis commands just as any other axis after selecting
- it as the Current Axis.
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- 4.2.5.4 Grid Selection
-
- The Graph / Grid Format command allows you to specify whether or
- not you want a grid displayed at the major and/or minor
- intervals, and the line characteristics used to draw the grid
- lines for X, Y and Z axes.
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- 4.2.5.5 Graph Background and Border
-
- The Graph / Background and Border command allows you to control
- the color and fill pattern of the graph data area background and
- line characteristics of the data area border. For Surface
- graphs, these attributes are separately accessible for each of
- the three background planes.
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- 4.2.5.6 Legend Display
-
- The Legend / Options command allows you to specify whether or not
- you want a legend, and if the legend should have a border.
-
- Change the Legend Header text, font and size with the Legend /
- Header command. The text of legend entries is editable with
- the Legend / Text command. The text of each legend label may
- be changed individually; the font and size of the legend text
- is specified as a block.
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- 4.3 Graph Templates
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-
- A powerful feature of CruX is the ability to save to disk, and
- re-apply to new data, two levels of graph formatting information,
- or Graph Templates.
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- 4.3.1 Saving and Loading Templates
-
- When you wish to save the "look" of a graph (i.e. line and
- symbol selection, axis range and labels, etc.) for future
- recall, use Template / Save. You are prompted for a file name
- into which the Graph Template is saved.
-
- To load a Graph Template specification from disk and apply it
- to the currently selected graph, use Template / Load, which
- will prompt for a template file name.
-
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- 4.3.2 Removing a Template
-
- If you want to remove the graph template attributes that were
- just loaded from a template file and applied to the current
- graph, use the Template / Remove. The graph display is
- returned to the state previous to applying the template.
- (This command is only available when a graph's template has
- been changed after initial creation; you can not remove the
- graph' s original Template.)
-
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- 4.3.3 Setting a Default Template
-
- The Default Template is the graph format specification applied
- to each newly created graph. This information is applied at
- one of two different levels depending on the graph type
- selected with the Gallery pulldown menu.
-
- If the graph selected from Gallery is one of the six base
- graph types (i.e. Line, Scatter, Chain, Bar, Contour or
- Surface), the Default Template defines the font, character
- sizes, grid type and color and all other "data independent"
- display parameters. CruX still auto scales the X, Y and Z
- axes to the full data range, and legend text is determined by
- the Column Headings and graph type.
-
- However, if the Template Graph is selected from Gallery (shown in
- the pulldown menu as "T=<filename>" where "filename" is the name
- of the template file), everything but the actual data values will
- be set as in the Default Template specification. This does
- includes X and Y axis ranges, and title and legend text.
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- The Template / Default Template command saves the currently
- active graph format (loaded from a Template file or specified
- with menu commands) as the Default Template.
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- A convenient means of saving a complete graph specification,
- including a reference to data displayed by the graph, is provided
- in Graph files. A Graph file is essentially a combination of a
- CruX data file name, a graph template, and the relationship
- between them; i.e. which spreadsheet columns are plotted using
- the template.
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- 4.4.1 Saving and Loading Graph files
-
- When you wish to save a complete graph specification for future
- recall, use Graph / Save Graph. You are prompted for a file name
- into which the Graph file is saved.
-
- To load a Graph file from disk, use Graph / Save Graph, which
- will prompt for a graph file name. This will change the
- contents of the spreadsheet, so you will be reminded to save
- any changes to the currentl spreadsheet before loading the new
- Graph file. Graph files may also be opened using File / Open
- from the spreadsheet screen, or by giving the Graph file name
- on the DOS command line when starting CruX.
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- 4.5 Miscellaneous Graph Format Functions
-
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- 4.5.1 Graph Selection
-
- CruX can maintain up to five graphs in memory at once. To switch
- the Graph Edit screen to display one of these graphs, use the
- Graph / Select Current Graph command. You are prompted for the
- number of the graph you wish to view, with the number of
- currently available graphs indicated.
-
- If you want to remove a graph from memory use the Graph /
- Delete Graph command. You are prompted for the number of a
- graph to delete. Higher numbered graphs move down to lower
- numbers to fill any gap created in the graph list numerical
- sequence.
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- 4.5.2 Data Clipping
-
- By default, CruX clips all data points to the region defined by
- the X and Y axis range limits. If, however, you wish to allow
- curves or data symbols to be drawn outside the limits of the axes
- the Graph / Data Clipping command allows you to enlarge the
- region in which data points are displayed. You can also reduce
- the clipping region if desired.
-
-
- 4.5.3 Titles
-
- Up to three lines of text can be displayed as a graph title. The
- title text, font and size can be edited individually with the
- Graph / Graph Title command.
-
-
- 4.5.4 Page Layout
-
- When your graph(s) are ready to be printed, the Graph / Page
- Layout command switches CruX to the WYSIWYG page layout and print
- preview screen. This screen allows you to select and position
- graph(s) in Page Preview layout mode, and is discussed further in
- the Page Composition and Printing section.
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- 5.0 PAGE COMPOSITION AND PRINTING
-
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- 5.1 Graph Positioning Layout
-
- When you select Page Layout from the Graph pulldown menu, a
- WYSIWYG page composition screen is displayed. The Preview Page
- is on the left displaying the last viewed graph(s) as the page
- would be printed; other available graphs are to the right.
-
- The position of a graph on the Preview Page is controlled with
- the mouse or cursor keys in the same way the graph and legend
- locations were changed in the Graph Edit screen.
-
- To remove a graph from the Preview Page, click on it to select
- it, and then drag it off to the right. To change the size of a
- graph, click and drag in the graph's Re-size box. Add a graph to
- the Preview Page by dragging it onto the page. Only the graphs
- that are completely on the Preview Page will be printed.
-
- Occasionally, when rearranging graphs on the Page Layout screen,
- the background of a graph may be drawn in an unexpected color.
- This is most likely to happen when a graph is only partially on
- the Preview Page. To redisplay the screen correctly select
- Refresh from the menu.
-
- Page Layouts can be saved and restored much like Graph Templates.
- From the Layout menu choose Save or Save As to store the present
- graph arrangement as a Layout file. Open a Layout file to
- instantly position your graphs as previously saved.
-
-
- 5.2 Page Selection
-
- Three different page size/orientations are supported by CruX.
- The Page Orientation selection from the Layout pulldown menu
- shows the available choices:
-
- Half-Page - Print selected graph(s) on one half of a
- portrait oriented page. Print area dimensions
- are typically 8.0" horizontally, 5.0"
- vertically.
-
- Portrait - Print selected graph(s) in a full page portrait
- orientation. Page dimensions are approximately
- 8.0" horizontally, 10.0" vertically.
-
- Landscape - Print selected graph(s) in a full page
- landscape orientation. Page dimensions are
- 10.0" horizontally, 8.0" vertically.
-
- When a change is made to the Page Orientation, the Preview Page
- updates accordingly.
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- 5.3 Output Device Selection
-
- The Graph / Printer Setup dialog is the same as that described
- above in the Files section. It is duplicated in the Page Layout
- screen for convenience.
-
-
-
- 5.4 Page Printing
-
- The Graph / Print command sends the page image to the selected
- output device. A dialog box is displayed showing the print mode
- and destination and a cancel message. A status indicator at the
- top of the screen shows the progress of the print operation.
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- 6.0 SUMMARY OF CRUX FILE TYPES
-
-
- CruX recognizes a number of file formats, some unique to CruX and
- others that can be read and written by many other programs.
- Spreadsheet data files are normally stored in a compact format
- unique to CruX which has a default file extension of CXD.
-
- Worksheet files produced by Lotus 1-2-3 compatible programs can
- be read directly into the CruX spreadsheet. These files
- typically have an extension of WKS or WK? (where "?" is a
- number), but can vary depending on the program that produced the
- file. Consult the documentation of the program which produced
- the file if you are unsure.
-
- All the file types read and written by CruX are briefly
- summarized below:
-
-
- - File Ext. - - Description -
- CXD CruX unique data file containing numeric, and
- text data with spreadsheet display format
- information.
-
- CXG CruX unique data file containing full graph
- specification including a full file/path to a
- data file (.CXD).
-
- TPL Graph Template file containing graph Line,
- Symbol, Area, etc. information as well as
- axis and title specifications.
-
- LYO Page Layout file containing graph size and
- position information.
-
- WK? WKS or WK1, WK2, etc. spreadsheet data files
- produced by a Lotus compatible program.
-
- PRN Any ASCII delimited data file that can be
- read or written by (default)CruX . The
- actual file extension is irrelevant, PRN is
- merely supplied as a default. See Appendix A
- for detailed information.
-
- INI CruX initialization file containing screen
- size, color assignments, registration IDs and
- other miscellaneous information.
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- APPENDIX A - ASCII Data File Format
-
-
- CruX can read ASCII files containing numeric and text entries
- directly into the spreadsheet. Multiple values on a single line
- in a file are stored in the same row of the spreadsheet. These
- row values are separated in the ASCII file by user specified
- delimiter character(s).
-
- A missing row value is signified with an asterisk as a "place
- holder". For example, when using a comma delimiter and the third
- of six values in a row is missing, the corresponding line in the
- file would look like:
-
-
- 1.22, 34.98, *, 54.66, Time = 45.0 sec, 1.03e-6
- /\
- -- Missing Value
-
-
- Notice that extra space characters are allowed between data
- values even if the space character is not specified as a data
- delimiter. In fact, for this example, you would not want to use
- a blank as a delimiter since it would incorrectly break up the
- text comment in column 5.
-
- When your ASCII file includes text and numeric values, CruX
- automatically determines the type of data stored in a cell. If
- the character string read from the ASCII file contains only
- numbers, it will be stored as a numeric value.; if the string
- contains any alphabetic characters, it will be stored as text.
-
- If some rows contain more data values than other rows, it is not
- necessary to "pad" the ends of the shorter rows with asterisks.
-
- More than just cell data can be contained in an ASCII import
- file. CruX will optionally recognize up to the first three lines
- of a text file as a graph title(s) if the first character on the
- line is an asterisk "*". If any title lines are present in the
- file, i.e. any of the first 1-3 lines start with "*", then the
- next line will be read as column headings.
-
- NOTE:To avoid the possibility of confusing the first row of
- data in an ASCII file as title text if the first value
- of that row happens to be empty (as signified with an
- "*"), proceed possible empty values with a space. As
- noted above, space characters are always allowed even
- if they are not specified as a data delimiter.
-
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- Column headings are separated by either a tab or # character;
- the Data Delimiter as entered in the File Import dialog box is
- not used to parse heading text. This means that if you are using
- spaces or commas as data delimiters, individual column headings
- may still contain comma and space characters. However, "#" and
- tab characters can never be part of the column heading text. An
- empty column header is specified with "@@".
-
-
- The ASCII file format used by CruX for importing data into the
- spreadsheet is summarized below:
-
- CruX ASCII file format Example:
-
- - Line - - Contents-
- 1 *title line1 text
- 2 *title line2
- 3 *title line3
- 4 (column heading 1)(tab or #)(heading 2)(tab or #)...
- 5 (value a1)(delimiter)(value b1)(delimiter)(value
- c1)...
- 6 (value a2)(delimiter)(value b2)....
- . .
- . .
- . .
-
- Lines 1-4 are optional. You may have 0-3 title lines beginning
- with "*". However, if you have 1-3 title lines, the line after
- the last title line is read as a column heading line. Delimiters
- between cell values may be space or comma, or any other character
- specified in the File / Import / ASCII dialog. A blank column
- heading may be specified with "@@".
-
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- APPENDIX B - Keyboard Mouse Emulation
-
-
- If CruX does not detect a mouse attached to your computer, it
- will emulate mouse functions through the use of the cursor
- direction keys and numeric keypad while in graphics mode (i.e.
- the Graph Edit and Page Layout screens). The emulated mouse
- cursor is displayed as an arrow head similar to that of an actual
- mouse cursor.
-
- Mouse movement is directly emulated by the cursor direction keys,
- <up>, <down>, <left> and <right>. The distance the emulated
- cursor moves with each press of a direction key can be controlled
- by the <+> and <-> keys on the numeric keypad. Pressing <+>
- increases the cursor displacement produced by the direction keys,
- while <-> decreases it.
-
- The left mouse button is emulated by the <Ins> key on the numeric
- keypad (Num Lock must be off). One press and release of the
- <Ins> key is equivalent to depressing the left mouse button; a
- second press and release of the <Ins> key is treated as a left
- mouse button release. In this manner you can "click" on an item
- by pressing the <Ins> key twice, and you can "drag" an item by
- pressing the <Ins> key once and then using the direction keys to
- move it.
-
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- APPENDIX C - Formula Evaluation Error Strings
-
- If a computational error is produced as a result of evaluating a
- CruX formula expression, a descriptive error string is placed in
- the result cell. The following table explains the relationship
- between the result of a calculation and the corresponding error
- string.
-
-
- String Description Example
-
- DOMAIN Argument was not log(-1)
- in domain of function.
-
- OVERFLOW Argument would produce exp(1000)
- a function result greater
- than MAXDOUBLE.
-
- UNDERFLOW Argument would produce exp(-1000)
- a function result less
- than MinDOUBLE.
-
- TLOSS Argument would produce sin(10e70)
- a function result with
- total loss of significant digits.
-
- SINGULARITY Argument would result . pow(0, -2)
- in a singularity
-
- ERROR General error category, usually a/0.0
- divide by zero.
-
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- CruX Software
- 224 N. Franklin St.
- Stoughton, WI 53589
- CompuServe: 70703,1554
- (608) 873-6181