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- FIPS Frequently Asked Questions
- -------------------------------
-
- Here are some questions that people asked me by email. This file may
- help you with some common problems. Please read it carefully before sending
- mail. If you want to know what FIPS is all about, read the file README.1ST.
-
- There are answers to the following questions:
-
-
- Q01. Since you can split partitions with FIPS, it should also be possible
- to merge partitions, right?
-
- Q02. Can I reverse the changes that FIPS made to my harddisk?
-
- Q03. What if I did not keep the root and boot sector? Can I still undo the
- partition split?
-
- Q04. I heard that the cluster size depends on the partition size and that
- space usage is better with a small cluster size. Can I use FIPS to
- decrease the cluster size of my hard disk?
-
- Q05. I want to split a large partition into three or four smaller ones.
- Can I use FIPS multiple times?
-
- Q06. FIPS creates a second primary DOS partition by default. Is this allowed?
-
- Q07. FIPS complains 'Partition Table Corrupt - end: partition ...'. What
- should I do?
-
- Q08. FIPS displays an error message and refuses to work. What should I do?
-
-
- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
- Q01. Since you can split partitions with FIPS, it should also be possible
- to merge partitions, right?
-
- A01.a
- -----
- NOT IN GENERAL. I don't want to go into technical details, just so much:
- Every DOS formatted partition has a file allocation table (FAT) that holds
- entries for every cluster of the partition. Usually one FAT is not large
- enough to hold the information for both partitions, so that partitions can
- not be easily joined. It is feasible, but I'm certainly not the one who is
- going to do this, unless somebody is willing to pay a large sum of money
- for it ;-)
- So far I do not know of any software that does this and is available to
- the public.
-
- A01.b
- -----
- YES, if you split the partitions with FIPS before. As you may expect,
- the problem with the FAT does not exist in that case, since it was origi-
- nally formatted large enough. In fact the only thing required is resto-
- ring the original root and boot sector (it does not matter how the data
- on the partition changed in the meantime). This can be done with the
- program 'restorrb' which comes with FIPS. Please consider the following:
-
- - You must have the original image of the root and boot sector. For this
- you _must_ save them to a floppy disk when FIPS offers that.
-
- - You must not format the first partition in the meantime (because then
- a new FAT is generated which is probably too small).
-
- - The data on the second partition (the one that was generated by FIPS)
- is lost, of course. The data on the first partition is preserved.
-
-
- ---------
-
- Q02. Can I reverse the changes that FIPS made to my harddisk?
-
- A02.
- ----
- Yes, see answer A01.b. Make sure that you keep the original root and boot
- sectors that you can save to floppy disk with FIPS.
-
-
- ---------
-
- Q03. What if I did not keep the root and boot sector? Can I still undo the
- partition split?
-
- A03.
- ----
- Difficult. For the moment, your only option is to read the file TECHINFO.TXT
- to learn about the hard disk structures, recalculate the old partition
- and format info by hand and use a disk editor the change them. You must
- roughly proceed as follows (I will call the partition that was split off
- of the original partition the 'second' partition, the remaining part of
- the original partition the 'first' one):
-
-
- 1. Make sure there is no important data left on the second partition,
- since it will be deleted. Make copies of all root and boot sectors
- (on floppy disk!) in case you make a mistake. Also make sure that
- you have a bootable DOS floppy with the disk editor on it. Backup
- your data!
-
- 2. Choose 'edit physical drive' and 'edit partition table' in the disk
- editor menu (assuming that your disk editor supports this).
-
- 3. Examine the table to make sure which two partitions you want to merge.
-
- 4. Take end head, cylinder, sector from the second partition and enter the
- values in the corresponding fields of the first partition.
-
- 5. Add the number of sectors of the first partition to the number of sectors
- of the second and enter the new value in the number of sectors field
- of the first partition.
-
- 6. Delete the entry for the second partition completely (overwrite with
- zeroes).
-
- 7. Look for the boot sector of the first partition and enter the new no.
- of sectors in the no. of sectors field in the boot sector.
-
-
- Please make sure you know what you are doing. I can't take any responsibi-
- lity if you mess up your hard disk. Read the TECHINFO.TXT file carefully.
-
-
- ---------
-
- Q04. I heard that the cluster size depends on the partition size and that
- space usage is better with a small cluster size. Can I use FIPS to
- decrease the cluster size of my hard disk?
-
- A04.
- ----
- In the partition that you split off of the original partition, the cluster
- size is automatically adapted to the new size when you format it. In the
- original partition, you can not change the cluster size without reformat-
- ting and thereby deleting all data.
-
- If your new partition is big enough, you might copy the data to the new
- partition and format the old one, but be aware of two things:
-
- 1. You will not be able to reverse the partition split afterwards (see A1.a).
-
- 2. Newer format programs check to see if the partition has already been
- formatted and in this case will preserve the format (to make data re-
- covery easier in case the formatting was a mistake). You might have
- to trick the format program into thinking that the partition is new.
- Possibly the /u switch will do this (I have no possibility to check
- this, please let me know if it works), but if not, you might have to use
- a disk editor and overwrite the boot sector of the partition with zeroes
- to invalidate it.
-
- The usual cluster size of a partition is roughly as follows:
-
- 0 - 32KB 512 Bytes
- 32 - 64KB 1024 Bytes
- 64 - 128KB 2048 Bytes
- 128 - 256KB 4096 Bytes
- 256 - 512KB 8192 Bytes
- 512 -1024KB 16384 Bytes
-
-
- ---------
-
- Q05. I want to split a large partition into three or four smaller ones.
- Can I use FIPS multiple times?
-
- A05.
- ----
- Yes. You must format the newly created partitions between successive uses
- of FIPS. Regarding the cluster size, consider the following example:
-
- - Suppose you want to split a 1GB hard disk into four partitions of
- 256K each.
-
- - The original partition is formatted with a cluster size of 16KB.
-
- - The first split is into 256KB / 768KB. The cluster size of the first
- partition remains 16KB, although 4KB would be enough. It can only be
- changed by reformatting, see A04.
-
- - The new partition of 768KB is formatted, still with a cluster size of 16KB.
-
- - The second split is made into 256KB / 256KB / 512KB.
-
- - The third partition is formatted with a cluster size of 8KB.
-
- - The third split is made into 256KB / 256KB / 256KB / 256KB.
-
- - The fourth partition is formatted with a cluster size of 4KB.
-
- - So now you have the cluster sizes 16K - 16K - 8K - 4K.
-
- - Since the second and third partition are still empty, it is possible
- to reformat them to a cluster size of 4K. See A04. for details on
- reformatting.
-
-
- ---------
-
- Q06. FIPS creates a second primary DOS partition by default. Is this allowed?
-
-
- A06.
- ----
- See the section 'What FIPS does' in FIPS.DOC for a discussion of this
- issue.
-
-
- ---------
-
- Q07. FIPS complains 'Partition Table Corrupt - end: partition ...'. What
- should I do?
-
- A07.
- ----
- There are several things that may cause this, and I'm currently trying
- to adapt FIPS to several special configurations. Please send me the FIPS
- debug script produced with the -d switch, so I can tell you more. The more
- debug scripts I get, the more likely it is that I can correct the problem.
-
-
- ---------
-
- Q08. FIPS displays an error message and refuses to work. What should I do?
-
- A08.
- ----
- Although this is already addressed in FIPS.DOC, I can not emphasize it
- enough: If you send me email, please include the _DEBUG SCRIPT_ that you can
- produce with the -d switch. If you don't, I will have to ask you for it,
- and it will take longer to solve your problem.
-