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                                 Novell DOS 7
                                 White Paper
                                 August 1993

                              Table of Contents

     The Growing Requirement for Networking
                 2

     Evolution of DOS
               3

          DOS 3.0--File Sharing
                    4
          DOS 5.0--Memory Management
                    4
          DOS 6.0--Disk Management
                    5
          Novell DOS 7--Extending the Lead
                    5

     Novell DOS 7 Enhancements and New Technologies
               6

          DOS Protected Mode Services
                    6
          Multitasking
                    7
          Extended Functionality and Ease of Use
                    8
          Disk Performance and Management
                    8
          Data Security
                    8
          Microsoft Windows Support
                    9
          CD-ROM Extensions
                    9
          Configuration
                    9

     Novell DOS 7 Networking Enhancements
               9

          Integrated Networking
                   10
          Desktop Server
                   10
          NetWare Universal Client
                   11
          Network Management
                   11
          Security
                   11
          Network Installation and Configuration
                   12

     Summary
              12

Introduction

     The evolution of personal computing and the evolution of DOS
are tightly interwoven. As the original operating system for the
IBM PC, DOS was the first and only operating system used by
millions of computer users. Introduced more than a decade ago, DOS
has become a familiar and popular interface. According to
International Data Corporation (IDC), DOS continues to command the
largest installed base of any software product in history--with
well over 100 million users.

     As the processing power of personal computers has increased,
more complex and powerful operating systems have been introduced.
These operating systems were expected to encroach on the DOS
installed base. Yet DOS sales have remained strong. The percentage
of UNIX and OS/2 shipments is increasing gradually. For the most
part, however, this growth is occurring at the expense of
proprietary systems. According to the Gartner Group, DOS will
account for 70 percent of 1993 estimated personal computer
shipments. MS Windows, which runs on top of DOS, accounts for about
one half of this estimate.

     Figure 1--1993 Estimated Computer Shipments

     Throughout the past decade, DOS has had to evolve to keep pace
with new hardware. Digital Research dramatically accelerated the
technological evolution of DOS in 1990 with the introduction of DR
DOS 5.0. DR DOS provided users features which enabled them to
exploit the computing hardware on the desktop. Since that time, the
two leading DOS suppliers, Novell and Microsoft*, have incorporated
many new features that help users leverage their investment in
desktop computing. Dozens of software companies have developed
innovative utilities and add-on products that enhance the DOS
environment and make it easier to use. Most importantly, DOS
supports over 30,000 applications, spanning a wide range of
industries.

     DOS represents a huge installed base of users who find that
this operating system meets their computing needs. Many
organizations have a significant investment in DOS
software--applications, utilities and development tools--and in DOS
training. As a result, these organizations are not motivated to
incur the cost of moving to a new operating system, developing and
implementing new applications, enhancing hardware, and retraining
users. These organizations are constantly seeking to extend the
capabilities of DOS to help them boost performance and enhance the
productivity of their personal computer users. As a result, new
versions of DOS that offer technology advancements have met with
wide user acceptance.

     The power and performance of DOS is also important to MS
Windows users because MS Windows runs on top of the environment
created by DOS. The functionality and performance of the underlying
operating system directly impacts the performance of MS Windows. As
a result, MS Windows users continue to demand "a better DOS" as a
foundation for their MS Windows environment.

The Growing Requirement for Networking

     During the past decade, DOS technology enhancements have
focused on delivering higher performance and increased personal
productivity. With the proliferation of local area networks (LANs)
in the 1990s, however, DOS users are now turning their attention to
networking. The dominant trend of the 1990s is the interconnection
of information resources into distributed, enterprise information
systems, or networks. Networking enables users to communicate,
share information and access expensive resources and peripherals.
Networks add value to the organization by supporting the
collaborative process.

     As the leader in PC networking, Novell is keenly aware of the
major role networks play in the computing systems of the 1990s.
NetWare has become the standard for enterprise computing by
providing an infrastructure that serves a variety of client systems
and provides connectivity to existing host systems and to a
multitude of other networking services. The ability to access a
managed and manageable network enables the collaborative process.
This is the value that NetWare brings to its customers.

     Novell's goal is to develop a computer network that, like the
telephone network, provides a wide range of services while
remaining transparent to users. Toward that goal, Novell is
evolving an integrated network computing architecture based on
NetWare. Novell's client operating systems, Novell DOS 7 and
UnixWare, are critical components of that architecture. As a
result, network integration is a critical requirement for these
systems. By providing the most advanced client operating systems
with the highest level of network support and integration, Novell
provides the foundation for the computing systems of the 1990s.

     As the power of personal computer hardware continues to
increase, users will continue to demand a better DOS--one that
meets their growing demands, while continuing to support their
current solutions. Networking must play an important role in the
future of DOS technology.

     This paper describes Novell's latest DOS release, Novell DOS
7, and the role it plays in advancing the DOS standard and
integrating DOS into the networked environment. This integration
enables DOS to support the collaborative process, which brings
added value to NetWare.

Evolution of DOS

     To better understand the real benefits of Novell DOS 7, the
latest generation of DOS, it is useful to examine the evolution of
DOS. Earlier generations are distinguished by the major areas of
functional improvements they provided to address the requirements
of their times.

     Figure 2--Generations of DOS

     The continuing evolution of DOS has enabled personal computer
users to maximize their investment in computing hardware and
software. The next major step is tight integration of networking
with the operating system.

     DOS 3.0--File Sharing

     We will begin with the third generation of DOS. MS-DOS 3.1 was
the first version of DOS to provide system-level support for shared
file access. This was in response to requirements generated by the
emergence of personal computer networks. Hand in hand with file
sharing were other significant improvements. Version 3 raised the
maximum disk partition limit from 20 Mb to 32 Mb to support larger
hard disks than previous releases. Version 3.3 allowed multiple 32
Mb partitions and Compaq's proprietary version 3.31 increased the
partition size to 512 Mb. DR DOS version 3.31 from Digital
Research, released in 1988, provided Compaq DOS 3.31 compatibility.

     DOS 5.0--Memory Management

     The fourth generation of DOS is most notable for making
support for larger hard disks (introduced by Compaq in DOS 3.31)
more widely available. Because DOS 4.0 offered no other major
enhancements, our discussion moves forward to the fifth generation.
In 1990, DR DOS 5.0 from Digital Research set the standard by
incorporating an interactive installation program and integrated
memory management. These new features represented a significant
advance in DOS technology. With this product, Digital Research
created a new retail end-user market for DOS. Customers began to
purchase DR DOS 5.0 as an upgrade to the DOS that came installed on
their computers. Microsoft followed the lead of Digital Research in
1991 by introducing similar features in MS-DOS 5.0.

     The fifth generation of DOS distinguished itself from previous
versions by enabling the operating system to use memory management.
This key enhancement solved a major problem facing personal
computer users. Because applications had grown significantly in
size, and device and network drivers and TSR utilities were
becoming a larger part of the DOS user's environment, they had to
compete for the first 640 Kb of RAM, called "conventional" memory.
There simply was not enough space for all of them to reside in
conventional memory along with the operating system. This
restricted application functionality and limited the user's ability
to take advantage of new drivers and utilities.

     With DR DOS 5.0, personal computer users were able to use
supporting hardware on 8086, 80286 or the memory paging
capabilities of the 80386 microprocessor to relocate device
drivers, TSRs and portions of the operating system outside of the
first 640 Kb. This freed a considerable amount of conventional
memory, making it available for larger, more sophisticated
application programs. Memory management was of particular
importance to networked computers because of the memory required
for network device drivers and TSRs. These drivers and TSRs could
now be located in "upper memory" between 640 Kb and 1 Mb. This
freed up conventional memory allowing larger application programs
to run in the networked environment.

     DOS 6.0--Disk Management

     As application programs grew in sophistication, they became
larger in size, requiring not only additional RAM, but also
increased hard disk capacity. In addition, as users became more
sophisticated they began to use more applications and utilities,
further increasing the need to maximize available hard disk
storage.

     The introduction of MS Windows intensified the need for
additional disk capacity. MS Windows itself requires additional
hard disk space, and MS Windows applications are significantly
larger than their DOS counterparts.

     The growing popularity of laptop and notebook computers
presented personal computer users with another problem. Users
needed additional hard disk capacity to store their applications,
TSRs and utilities. Laptops and notebook computers, however, had a
limited amount of disk capacity available.

     The sixth generation of DOS solved these two problems by
integrating disk management utilities. DR DOS 6.0, launched in
1991, was the first DOS to include dynamic disk compression that
effectively doubled the available space of hard disks. With disk
compression, personal computer users could take advantage of larger
DOS and MS Windows applications without the expense of adding hard
disk capacity; and laptop and notebook computer users were no
longer constrained by insufficient disk space. Additional utilities
provided file recovery for safety, and defragmentation for improved
disk performance. MS-DOS 6.0, which shipped in March 1993, also
included a disk compression utility as its primary feature.

     Novell DOS 7--Extending the Lead

     As DR DOS set the standard for the fifth and sixth generations
of DOS, Novell continues to lead the way with Novell DOS 7. The
features incorporated into Novell DOS 7, and the benefits they
provide its users, will ensure that DOS remains a viable and highly
functional environment for years to come.

     One of the major capabilities of Novell DOS 7 is the
integration of networking into the product itself. This networking
capability meets the needs of existing NetWare users and PC users
who are becoming networked for the first time. Novell DOS 7 also
advances the standard for DOS with multitasking and protected mode
extensions, while maintaining full compatibility with the vast
installed base of DOS and MS Windows applications. The technology
enhancements in Novell DOS 7 deliver faster performance and greater
power for personal computer users.

Novell DOS 7 Enhancements and New Technologies

     This section describes the major DOS technology advancements
of Novell DOS 7. These include memory management enhancements,
multitasking, and improvements in disk management, performance and
safety. Novell DOS 7 also enhances workstation security to allow it
to be configurable per user, defining access rights to various
resources during specified hours. These improvements are described
in more detail in the remainder of this section.

     In addition to these DOS enhancements is the integration of
networking with DOS. Networking enhancements are described in the
"Novell DOS 7 Networking Enhancements" section.

     DOS Protected Mode Services

     As discussed earlier, the memory management capabilities
introduced in DOS 5 solved a major problem. It enabled users to
free conventional memory by moving drivers, TSRs and portions of
the operating system into upper and high memory. Yet memory
constraints have continued to be a concern for personal computer
users. While DOS 5 provided over 620 Kb of application memory,
utilities soon began to eat up that memory. For example, DOS disk
compression utilities use up 40 to 50 Kb of memory.

     Figure 3--DOS Protected Mode Services API

     The DPMS API allows device drivers and TSRs to reside in
extended memory and execute in protected mode on 286, 386, 486
computers. This frees conventional memory for larger application
programs.

     Novell DOS 7 addresses this problem with the DOS Protected
Mode Services (DPMS) API. This API enables developers to create
device drivers, TSRs and other system extensions that can take
advantage of protected mode to reside in and execute from extended
memory. The result is a feature-rich environment in which users can
take advantage of multiple drivers and utilities, and still have
enough room for very large applications. DPMS drivers can run in
conventional memory on 8086 machines allowing developers to cater
to the whole market with one driver.

     Novell DOS 7 includes disk cache, disk compression, Desktop
Server and CD-ROM extensions that take advantage of DPMS and use
very little conventional or upper memory. As a result, users can
benefit from these advanced utilities and still retain enough
memory for even the largest DOS applications--without disabling any
of their system extensions.

     DPMS is not tied to Novell DOS 7 or other Novell DOS products.
It is compatible with other versions of DOS, including previous
versions of DR DOS and MS-DOS. DPMS is fully compatible with MS
Windows in all of its operating modes, and users benefit from
having more memory for their DOS sessions with DPMS. Novell has
released the DPMS specification to the industry to allow
third-party vendors to produce their own DPMS programs and
distribute them free of royalty charges.

     Multitasking

     For most users the personal computer has become a
multi-purpose business tool, enabling them to generate documents,
spreadsheets and business presentations, as well as send mail and
access data stored on other computers. Most users have several
application programs they use regularly--and they find they must
switch from one program to another, for example, interrupting work
on a spreadsheet to send an electronic mail message or to print a
word processing document. Multitasking is an important,
productivity-enhancing feature that enables users to load and run
more than one application at a time. Users can switch quickly and
easily among applications, without quitting one application and
loading another.

     Novell DOS 7 provides a highly efficient, pre-emptive
multitasking scheme that allows users to run several DOS programs
simultaneously, without the resource overhead typically associated
with these environments. With a pre-emptive kernel, a running task
can be interrupted by a higher priority task, thereby allowing the
most efficient use of processing resources. Novell DOS 7
multitasking supports existing DOS applications--that is, users are
not required to purchase special "multitasking" applications to
take advantage of this capability.

     The multitasker offers extensive multitasking support. Unlike
some other environments that offer multitasking, the Novell DOS 7
multitasker does not suspend graphics applications when they are
switched into the background. Graphics programs continue to
run--for example, printing in the background--to ensure high levels
of productivity for users. The multitasker supports multiple
extended DOS applications and MS Windows. The multitasking API
provides functions for shared memory, inter-process communications
through pipes, queues and semaphores, and program execution
control.

     Novell DOS 7 multitasking increases hardware utilization by
allowing the computer to continue processing one job while the user
moves on to another. And it allows developers to use Novell DOS 7
as a platform for numerous application areas that require
multitasking. These include monitoring and process control
environments.

     Extended Functionality and Ease of Use

     Traditionally, only the more technically sophisticated users
have been able to take advantage of such utilities as disk
compression and optimization, disk caching and memory management.
This is because these utilities had to be purchased and installed
separately, and many users found them difficult to use. Novell DOS
7 integrates an extensive set of DOS utilities with the operating
system. Installing and using them is greatly simplified, and
operation is easy because the utilities use a common interface. As
a result, all levels of users--from the novice to the most
advanced--can take advantage of the enhanced performance that these
utilities provide.

     Novell has greatly enhanced the user documentation included
with Novell DOS 7. On-line documentation with hypertext links
provides a quick and easy reference to answer users' questions. The
printed documentation offers a clear and concise guide to general
computing concepts.

     Ease of use and end user choice have been enhanced with the
provision of both full screen DOS and MS Windows versions of the
advanced utilities supplied with Novell DOS 7. This allows the end
user to remain within their preferred environment when using these
features.

     Disk Performance and Management

     Novell DOS 7 includes advanced disk utilities that increase
disk capacity and enhance performance. It includes fully integrated
disk compression software to double the usable capacity of both
hard drives and removable media, such as floppy disks.

     Advanced disk caching, disk optimization, and undelete are
included to enhance disk performance and protect data from
accidental deletion. The system extensions for disk caching and
compression use DPMS to minimize their use of application memory.

     Data Security

     Because of the critical nature of data stored on personal
computers and LANs, protecting that data is a major concern of
personal computer users. To satisfy the need for data security,
Novell DOS 7 includes Fifth Generation's industry-leading utilities
for backup and virus protection. FastBack Express and Search &
Destroy are included in both DOS and MS Windows versions ensuring
ease of use in both of these environments.

     Microsoft Windows Support

     Novell DOS 7 fully supports MS Windows and, in fact, offers a
better foundation for the MS Windows environment than does MS-DOS
6.0. The MS Windows versions of FastBack Express (the integrated
backup utility) and Search & Destroy (the built-in anti-virus
utility) enable users to back up files and run virus scans using
familiar MS Windows operations. The networking utilities, discussed
in the following section, also employ the MS Windows interface to
ease network administration and workgroup management, ensure
consistency and minimize training for MS Windows users.

     Novell DOS 7 disk compression is proving invaluable for MS
Windows users who need to maximize their hard disk capacity to make
room for MS Windows applications, which are significantly larger
than their DOS counterparts. In addition, by maximizing the amount
of free upper and conventional memory through DPMS, Novell DOS 7
allows MS Windows to run optimally in a feature-rich environment.

     CD-ROM Extensions

     CD-ROM drives are quickly gaining a place on many PCs. As
users increase their usage of multimedia applications that include
graphics, photographs and video, CD-ROM drives will become a
requirement. To support user needs for CD-ROM, Novell DOS 7 has
incorporated an MSCDEX 2.2 compatible redirector that provides
access to CD-ROM media. Unlike MSCDEX, the CD-ROM redirector uses
DPMS, leaving more conventional memory available for applications.

     Configuration

     Novell DOS 7 enhances CONFIG.SYS and batch file processing to
make system configurations more flexible. Prompt statements,
conditional commands, and menuing enable users to support multiple
boot-time and run-time scenarios within a single configuration or
batch file.

Novell DOS 7 Networking Enhancements

     As previously discussed, Novell is evolving an integrated
network computing architecture based on NetWare, and Novell DOS 7
is a critical component of that architecture. As a result, Novell
DOS 7 includes a number of enhanced networking capabilities.

     Integrated Networking

     Novell DOS 7 is the first DOS that fully integrates desktop
networking. Novell believes that integrated networking will be the
major feature that defines the seventh generation of DOS. By
incorporating networking functionality, Novell DOS 7 provides
customers a fully functional, highly integrated desktop networking
environment.

     Novell DOS 7 provides peer-to-peer services, which allow it to
share workgroup resources with other computers running Novell's
Desktop Server, the built-in peer-to-peer network "server"
capability. This makes networking accessible to the emerging class
of first-time network users, and cost-conscious workgroups. Novell
DOS 7 addresses their needs with a simple, yet reliable and
efficient solution. It is also the best DOS client operating system
for NetWare with the latest client technology for access to all
NetWare and Desktop Servers.

     Figure 4--Resource Sharing for Workgroups

     Novell DOS 7 offers built-in peer-to-peer networking, giving
small organizations and workgroups within larger organizations a
simple, low-cost networking solution.

     Desktop Server

     As the advantages of networking become more widely known, many
small businesses are entering the network computing market. Many of
these newcomers have little or no experience in network computing
technology. The Novell Desktop Server offers these users a means of
sharing data and resources on a peer-to-peer basis, without the
need for traditional dedicated file servers. Any user on the
network can share files, printers and other resources with any
other user. With the incorporation of the Desktop Server, Novell
DOS 7 is an easy-to-use, yet robust and reliable desktop network
operating system that is ideal for workgroups or first-time network
users.

     Peer-to-peer networking is also an excellent low-cost solution
for workgroups within a larger NetWare environment. With the
Desktop Server, organizations can offer small workgroups the
flexibility and control of peer-to-peer networking while still
permitting access to NetWare services when they are required. The
Desktop Server is fully integrated with the NetWare environment. It
uses the same network drivers, network interface cards, transports
and client utilities as NetWare, so it is fully compatible and
manageable within the organization's existing network.

     Novell plans to extend desktop networking by implementing the
Desktop Server on a variety of client operating systems. This will
allow all clients access to workgroup resources, regardless of the
operating system or hardware platform. The Novell DOS 7 Desktop
Server is the first step towards a heterogeneous peer networking
environment.

     NetWare Universal Client

     The NetWare Universal Client is a network redirector that
allows Novell DOS 7 to access resources on any NetWare 2.x, 3.x and
4.0 file server, or any computer running Novell's Desktop Server.
This permits users to access enterprise-wide as well as workgroup
resources through a single common interface. As a result, users
interact with the network--for example, mapping files and
drives--in the same manner, whether they are accessing resources
within a peer-to-peer network or a more traditional NetWare server.

     Network Management

     In any environment that allows resources to be shared, those
resources must be managed for security and efficiency. Thus network
management is a major concern for MIS managers and system
administrators. Novell DOS 7 includes an industry standard SNMP
agent, Management Information Base (MIB) and diagnostic responder.
These allow Novell DOS 7 workstations to be easily identified and
administered from remote locations. Built-in SNMP network
management ensures that Novell DOS 7 computers are manageable
within an enterprise by a variety of Novell or third party
management consoles. For ease of use, all Novell DOS 7 network
management utilities can be accessed through a full-screen DOS or
MS Windows interface.

Security

     In both standalone PC environments and network environments,
protecting sensitive information from unauthorized access is
essential. Novell DOS 7 extends the built-in security features of
DR DOS 6.0 to provide a NetWare compatible security model. It
includes secure disk partitions as well as file and directory
passwords. Novell DOS 7 security allows the owner or system
administrator to limit user access to specified hours and restrict
access to floppy drives, parallel and serial ports. The security
enhancements also support one-time login, where access to both the
PC and the network is protected by a single password.

     Network Installation and Configuration

     Novell DOS 7 includes a network installation and configuration
capability that eliminates the need for an administrator to go to
each personal computer in the network to install or upgrade the
operating system software and configure it to meet network
requirements. Network installation dramatically reduces the time
and effort previously required to install and administer networks
of all sizes. And it provides centralized control. Because
installation and configuration are completely transparent, the end
user can enjoy all the new features of Novell DOS 7 without any
additional effort on their part.

     Network installation and configuration gives organizations
greater control of the network and the end-user computing
environment. The system administrator can fine tune the various
operating system features to control how users access and use them.
In addition, the system administrator can prevent access to any
features that the organization does not want deployed. For example,
the system administrator can disable peer-to-peer networking or
disk compression so that selected users cannot use this capability.

Summary

     Novell DOS 7 includes a number of major enhancements to DOS
including integrated NetWare client support, peer-to-peer
networking, a network management agent, network installation and
configuration, pre-emptive multitasking, enhanced memory
management, enhanced desktop security and a suite of protected mode
drivers. As a result, Novell DOS 7 will appeal to a wide variety of
DOS users, including:

     t    Users who need additional operating system capability to
exploit the power of their desktop hardware

     t    First-time network users

     t    Experienced Novell NetWare users

     Novell DOS 7 represents Novell's commitment to provide
responsible leadership to both the DOS and the network industries.
Once again, Novell has created the most advanced DOS, which will
provide the benchmark for future versions while allowing users to
preserve their investments in application software and hardware.

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