DP Tool Club 12/CD_ASCQ_12_0294.iso/maj/2084/gakusei.txt

Text File | 1993-12-25 | 66KB | 1,998 lines

GAKUSEI

Japanese language tutorial

version 1.1

Copyright (C) 1992-1993  Barham Software.  All rights reserved.

Portions copyright LifeBoat Software.
Portions copyright Pete I. Kvitek.
Demo II is a trademark of LifeBoat Software.
Dan Bricklin's is a registered trademark of Daniel Bricklin.

************************************************************************
***                                                                  ***
*** THIS FILE IS A SIMPLE ASCII VERSION OF THE GAKUSEI USER'S GUIDE. ***
*** REGISTERED USERS WILL RECEIVE A BEAUTIFULLY FORMATTED            ***
*** AND INDEXED VERSION.                                             ***
***                                                                  ***
***                                                                  ***
************************************************************************

            Gakusei is created by:

            Barham Software
            15507 S. Normandie Ave. #245
            Gardena, CA 90247-4028

            CompuServe:  70700,2225
            Internet:  [e-mail]
    -1-

DISCLAIMER - AGREEMENT Users of Gakusei  must
accept this disclaimer of warranty: "Gakusei is supplied as is.
Barham Software (the author) disclaims all warranties,
expressed or implied, including, without limitation, the warranties
of merchantability and of fitness for any purpose. The author
assumes no liability for damages, direct or consequential, which
may result from the use of Gakusei ."

Gakusei is a "shareware program" and is provided at no charge
to the user for evaluation.  Feel free to share it with your friends,
but please do not give it away altered or as part of another
system.  The essence of "user-supported" software is to provide
personal computer users with quality software without high
prices, and yet to provide incentive for programmers to continue
to develop new products.  If you find this program useful and find
that you are using Gakusei  and continue to use Gakusei  after a
reasonable trial period, you must make a registration payment of
$55 to Barham Software.  You will be sent additional lessons
when your payment is received.

The $55 registration fee will license one copy for use on any one
computer at any one time.  You must treat this software just like
a book.  An example is that this software may be used by any
number of people and may be freely moved from one computer
location to another, so long as there is no possibility of it being
used at one location while it's being used at another; just as a
book cannot be read by two different persons at the same time.

Commercial users of Gakusei must register and pay for their
copies of Gakusei within 30 days of first use or their license is
withdrawn.  Site-License arrangements may be made by
contacting Barham Software.

Anyone distributing Gakusei for any kind of remuneration must
first contact Barham Software at the address above for
authorization. This authorization will be automatically granted to
distributors recognized by the Association of Shareware
Professionals (ASP) as adhering to its guidelines for shareware
distributors, and such distributors may begin offering Gakusei
immediately.  (However, Barham Software must still be advised
so that the distributor can be kept up-to-date with the latest
version of Gakusei .)

You are encouraged to pass a demonstration copy of Gakusei
along to your friends for evaluation.  Please encourage them to
register their copy if they find that they can use it.  All registered
users will receive a copy of the latest version of the Gakusei
system.

    -2-

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1.  INTRODUCTION    4
2.  SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS    6
3.  INSTALLATION    7
4.  STARTING GAKUSEI    9
5.  BROWSER    10
6.  LESSONS    12
7.  EXERCISES    14
8.  DICTIONARY    18
9.  LESSON GLOSSARY    22
10.  JAPANESE KEYBOARD    23
11.  PRINTING    24
12.  EXITING GAKUSEI    27
13.  CUSTOMIZING THE SYLLABUS    27
14.  TROUBLESHOOTING    28
15.  PRODUCT INFORMATION AND REGISTRATION    33
Appendix A:  TEXTBOOK COMPATIBILITY CHART    35
Appendix B:  PRINTER COMPATIBILITY CHART    38
APPENDIX C:  SYLLABUS    40


ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

I would like to thank the following people for
their friendship, insight, encouragement, or assistance:
Kazuhiro Hirata, Tatsumi Takayama, and their co-workers
at Fuji Xerox in Iwatsuki, Japan.

Lena Zaytseva (Botic, Russia), for being an alpha test
"guinea pig" prior to 1.0 release.

Cheryl Nesbitt and Sayuri Teruya, for reviewing Gakusei.

Yuko Kawanishi, Hisae Nakanishi and Rikio Terachi, for
teaching me in El Camino College and UCLA
classrooms.

Ryuji Kobayashi (Hiroshima, Japan) and Masaki Takamatsu,
for subjecting themselves to my terrible English
tutoring.

Diane Kimiko Uchima Windell, for using Gakusei to "figure
out" the Japanese she heard her parents and
grandparents speak while growing up in Hawaii.

    -3-

1.  INTRODUCTION

Irasshaimase, and welcome to Gakusei!  Gakusei
1.1 is a DOS-based elementary Japanese
grammar and usage tutorial that runs on IBM PCs
and compatibles. If you are starting to study
Japanese from scratch, Gakusei will give you a
taste of grammar.  If you teach elementary
Japanese, you might consider using Gakusei to
supplement your other teaching materials.

Gakusei has been reviewed by native and fluent
Japanese speakers, and every effort has been
made to ensure grammatical accuracy.  Keep in
mind, however, that grammar is only one piece of
the linguistic puzzle.  Japanese, like every
language, has its own grammar rules, spoken and
written styles, slang, dialects, and modern and
archaic vocabulary.  In addition, Japanese is
notorious for its distinct politeness levels, and for
the variations between male and female speech.
Most of the Japanese you see in Gakusei is
"standard politeness", which is often called the
DESU-MASU form in textbooks. (If you don't know
what DESU and MASU are, don't worry!  You will
know after you do lessons 5 and 9!)

Some of the Japanese in Gakusei may sound
"odd" or "funny" to a native Japanese ear, but it
will certainly be understandable.  The best way to
know what is "in" and what is "out" in Japanese is
to seek out opportunities to practice reading it,
writing it, and speaking it with others. A computer
program cannot substitute for real-life experience.

Gakusei does not provide translation, use multi-
media affects, teach stroke order, or explicitly
teach any Kanji.  Nor does it provide extensive
cultural, historical, or geographical information on
Japan, except where needed, for example in
except where it is needed, for example, in
teaching the various ways of referring to family
members, depending on whether they are your
own family members or somebody else's family
members.

We have responded to initial user feedback from
1.0 and made Gakusei 1.1 a little easier to install
and use.  The entire 1.1 demo now contains 20
lessons, not 6.  Kanji has been added. So many of
you have asked for a bigger display font. We
apologize for not providing a bigger display font in
1.1. This feature will be addressed first in any
future version.

    -4-

Feature Summary

The 30 Gakusei lessons cover a broad range of
material, including: an introduction to kana; a
sampling of onomatopoeia; usage of the DESU
copula and the ARIMASU-IMASU verbs of
existence; usage of WA and GA; formation of the
dictionary, -MASU, -TE, and -NAI verb forms, NA
adjectives and true adjectives, numbers,
arithmetic, counters, and much, much more.

Roomaji, Hiragana, and Katakana are used
starting in lesson 1.  Kanji is used starting in
lesson 16.

The exercises at the end of each lesson will ask
you to type answers using the "virtual" kana
keyboards in Gakusei.  Although you do not HAVE
to use the keyboards, they may help reinforce
your kana learning.

The Gakusei dictionary summarizes the forms of
verbs and true adjectives that you see in the
lessons and exercises.

If you have a compatible printer, you can print a
screen shot of any of the Japanese you see on
your screen.

Romanized Japanese

Gakusei uses the conventions listed below in its
presentation of Romanized Japanese.  These
conventions may differ from those of your textbook
or dictionary:

Long vowels are represented with doubled
vowels.  Some learning aids use a long
bar over a vowel to represent a long
vowel.

The syllables starting with t are spelled as
ta, chi, tsu, te to.  Some learning aids use
ta, ti, tu, te, to.

The syllables starting with s are spelled as
sa, shi, su, se, so.  Some learning aids
use sa, si, su, se, so.

The syllables starting with r are spelled as
ra, ri, ru, re, ro.  Some learning aids use
la, li, lu, le, lo.

    -5-

Keyboard Layout

The Hiragana and Katakana keyboard layouts are
designed to match as closely as possible the
keyboard layouts on Japanese word processing
equipment.

You should note that the character for "mu" is
located on the += (plus, equal) key on the upper
right corner of the main keyboard. "-" for Katakana
long vowels is located on the :; (colon, semicolon)
key.  For further information, read the section
KEYBOARD.


2.  SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS

Gakusei is especially designed to run on low-end,
older PC hardware.  For further details, see
section 2, SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS.

Your IBM PC or compatible needs a minimum of
640 KB of memory, a hard disk with 3 Mb
available, and a monochrome display with an EGA
or VGA /SVGA display adapter.  DOS 3.3 or later
must be installed.  If you have a CGA or Hercules
adapter, it is not compatible.

If you want to print lesson or exercise screens with
Japanese characters, you will need an Epson LQ
or compatible dot matrix printer with a 32K buffer,
or an HPLJ 2 or compatible laser printer.  Gakusei
assumes that your printer is on port LPT1, which
is the configuration on most PCs. Please read
section 14, TROUBLESHOOTING/Problems
with Printing, section 11, PRINTING, and
APPENDIX B: PRINTER COMPATIBILITY
CHART, for more details on printing hardware.

It is not recommended that you run Gakusei from
a full-screen DOS shell in MS-Windows.  If you do
decide to run it in this manner, keep in mind that to
print a screen, you must use the Shift-
PrintScreen key combination instead of the
PrintScreen key alone.

Certain older adapters do not fully implement EGA
BIOS services (e.g., Renaissance 1.00a by
Appian Technology) and will not run Gakusei.

    -6-

3.  INSTALLATION

If you obtained the shareware version of Gakusei
1.1 in 2 separate 360K diskettes, each should
come with its own installation utility
(INSTALL.EXE).

If there are no INSTALL.EXE files on the
diskettes, follow the Manual Installation
instructions below for EACH diskette.

If INSTALL.EXE is on the diskettes, follow the
Automatic Installation instructions below for EACH
diskette. The default target directory for installation
is C:\GAKUSEI.

On the 2-disk version, the names of the self-
extractors are GAKU11V1.EXE and
GAKU11V2.EXE. If you are installing both
volumes of the shareware version from a single
diskette, or you are installing the full version, the
name of the self-extractor is GAKU11.EXE (as
shown below).


Manual Installation

To manually install Gakusei into the location of
your choice, pick a directory name (in this example
it will be C:\TUTORIAL), and type the following:

C:\> mkdir c:\tutorial
(make target directory if it doesn't exist)

C:\> cd c:\tutorial
(go to target directory)

C:\> del *.*
(delete previous Gakusei files, if you've installed before)

C:\TUTORIAL> copy a:gaku11.exe *.*
(copy extractor from a: drive if diskette is in a: drive)
    OR

C:\TUTORIAL> copy b:gaku11.exe *.*
(copy extractor from b:drive if diskette is in b:drive)

C:\TUTORIAL> gaku11.exe
(extract software)

C:\TUTORIAL> del gaku11.exe
(delete extractor - installation is complete)

    -7-

Automatic Installation

If you inserted the installation diskette into drive
A:, type

C:\> A:
(switch to the A drive)

A:\> install
(start installation from the A drive)
If you inserted the installation diskette into drive
B:, type

C:\> B:
(switch to the B drive)

B:\> install

(start installation from the B drive)

You will see the following message:

Default installation directory is C:\GAKUSEI
Enter an installation directory and press
ENTER, or press ENTER to accept the default.
===>

After you have entered a directory or accepted the
default, you will see the following message
Target path is <your path>, type Y if OK:

To complete the installation, enter

Y

Most (but not all) PCs and compatibles address
their 5.25" diskette drives as the A: drives, and
their 3.5" diskette drives as the B: drives.  If your
drives are reversed, you will still be able to install
Gakusei from either type of diskette.

You must run INSTALL.EXE from the disk drive
into which you inserted the installation disk.  If an
older version of Gakusei is already installed on
your hard disk and you entered its location as your
installation directory, the older files will
automatically be deleted.

If you have a printer, you should read section 11,
PRINTING, before you proceed with starting the
tutorial.

    -8-

4.  STARTING GAKUSEI

From the command line, switch to the directory
where Gakusei is installed:

C:\> cd gakusei
(go to installation directory)

Then start the tutorial:

C:\GAKUSEI> gakusei

When Gakusei starts, you will see a copyright
notice by Sage Software, Inc. for Dan Bricklin
Demo II. (Demo II is now a product of  LifeBoat
Software.)  This screen mentions the ability to
abort the program by typing CTRL-Break.  Ignore
this possibility.  If you exit Gakusei with CTRL-
Break, your computer's memory will be left
fragmented, and you may have to reboot in order
to run another large application. The only way you
should exit Gakusei is to  follow the on screen
prompts of ESC, then END.

When you see the Sage copyright notice, press
the Enter key.

The screen will go blank for a moment as the
tutorial initializes.  The first screen you will then
see says "Irasshaimase". ("Irasshaimase" is a
polite Japanese expression that means,
"Welcome!")  When you press the Enter key, the
next screen you will see is the Browser.

    -9-

5.  BROWSER

The Browser contains the lesson syllabus, or table
of contents.

Viewing the Lesson Syllabus

The lesson that you see on the first line is either
the very first lesson in the syllabus, or the last
lesson that you viewed.  If you are running
Gakusei for the first time, it will not have any
previous "memory" of the lesson that you most
recently viewed, so the Browser starts with the
first lesson listed in the syllabus.  For subsequent
times, Gakusei will record a "bookmark" so that
you will not have to scroll down a long list of
lessons each time you use the Browser.

The Down-Arrow or PageDown keys will scroll
the lessons forward and the Up-Arrow or PageUp
keys will scroll the lessons backward.

Choosing a Lesson

Use the Enter key to select the lesson on the first
line of the Browser.  The first line is marked on the
right end by two left arrows.  When you have your
lesson of choice positioned on that first line, you
can start that lesson by pressing the Enter key.
You may read the lessons in any order and as
many times as you want.  Volume 1 of 1.1
shareware version comes with lessons 16-20.
Volume 2 contains lessons 1-15.

Configuring your Printer

If you wish to check your printer configuration,
press Shift-F7, then ESC  or F7 to leave the
configuration screen.  If you have just installed
Gakusei and you are running Gakusei for the first
time, now is a good time to set the configuration of
your printer.  See section 11, PRINTING.

Initializing your Printer

To initialize your printer for Japanese character
printing, press F7.  If your printer is not yet
configured, the printer configuration menu will
appear where you must choose a printer type.
See section 11, PRINTING.

    -10-

Printing the Syllabus

You can get a printed copy of the syllabus by
exiting Gakusei back to DOS and using DOS print
or DOS copy to print the file "syllabus".

C:\> cd c:\gakusei
(go to installation directory)

C:\GAKUSEI>copy syllabus lpt1
(print the syllabus file)

Viewing the Lesson Glossary

From the Browser you can view the Glossary.
Press the F3 key to view the Glossary.  Press F3
again or ESC when done.

Leaving the Browser

The ESC key will pop up the exit window.  When
the exit window is open, pressing the End key will
make the tutorial return to DOS.

    -11-

6.  LESSONS

Gakusei lessons are narrow in scope, limited to
one new concept if possible.  A single chapter in a
textbook, on the other hand, might be quite long,
and may introduce as many as six new concepts.

The lessons use a mixture of Roomaji and Kana in
its presentations.  Kanji is added starting in lesson
16.

Presentation style changes slightly between the
first 15 lessons (lessons 1-15) and second set of
15 lessons(16-30).  In the first set of 15 lessons,
emphasized lesson items are often highlighted or
blinking, or both. In the second set of 15 lessons,
emphasized items have highlighted boxes drawn
around them. Kanji appear highlighted.

When you see a lesson that is of interest to you,
position the lesson so that it appears on the first
line of the browser, which has the two left arrows
on the right end of the line.  When you press the
Enter key, you will start the lesson.

Notice that a typical lesson page has indications
for the lesson number in the upper left corner, the
lesson subject in the top center, and the lesson
page number at the upper right.  In addition, there
are indications at the bottom of the screen for
help, quit, next activity, and the character input
mode.

Some lessons run short animation sequences.  In
those brief time intervals during which the
animations run, key presses will be ignored.

Help

When you press F1, a help screen appears.  The
help screen contains a condensed version of the
information in this document.  The help screen
disappears when you press F1 again or ESC.

Go to Beginning/End of Lesson

From any page in the lesson, you can return to the
beginning of that lesson by pressing Home, and you
can skip to the end of the lesson by pressing End.

View Next Page

To view the next page of a lesson, or see the next
part of an animation, press Enter or Page Down.

    -12-

View Previous Page

To view the previous page of a lesson, press
Backspace or Page Up.

Use Dictionary

You can access the dictionary by pressing F2.
When you are done with the dictionary and want to
return to the lesson, press F2 again.

View Lesson Glossary

Press F3 to view the Glossary.  Use Page Up key
to page ahead in the lesson glossary; use Page
Down key to page backwards.  Press F3 again or
ESC to leave the Glossary and return to the
lesson.

View Syllabary Charts

Press F4 to view the Hiragana and Katakana
charts.  Page through the charts using Enter or
Page Down.  Press F4 again or ESC to turn off
the syllabary help charts and resume the lesson.

Configure or Initialize Printer

To review the existing printer configuration, press
Shift-F7.  If the printer is already configured, turn
on the printer, then on the computer keyboard,
press F7 to initialize it.  See section 11,
PRINTING.

Skip to Exercise

If you don't want to read the lesson, but just skip
ahead to the exercise, press the End key, then
Enter.

End of the Lesson

The last page or last few pages will summarize the
concepts presented in the lesson and any
vocabulary that was introduced.  A "LAST PAGE"
indicator blinks to indicate that the lesson is
complete.  When you are viewing the lesson page
with the "LAST PAGE" indicator, you will start an
exercise when you next press the Enter key.
Once you start the exercise, you cannot return
directly to the lesson.

Leave the Lesson

You may leave the lesson at any time by pressing
the ESC key, then End key.  When you leave the
lesson you will return to the Browser.

    -13-
7.  EXERCISES

You will start an exercise when you've reached the
last page of a lesson and you press the Enter key
again.  Once you start an exercise, you cannot go
directly back to the lesson.  To go back to the
lesson, you have to leave the exercise, and
choose the lesson again from the browser.

The exercises are short drills designed to give you
vocabulary and grammar practice and allow you to
practice using the Hiragana and Katakana
keyboards.  They are designed to reinforce what
was in the lesson.

Currently there is no feature to save exercise work
to file and reload it at a later time.  When you
leave the exercise, your work is not saved.

Typically, a 'multiple-character-mode' exercise will
have you type responses in Roomaji in the first
column; in the second column you will need to use
F10 to select Hiragana or Katakana mode.

A highlight bar will appear on the display where
the exercise expects input.  A highlight bar will
remain on any field that you typed in or passed
over.  A new highlight bar will appear wherever
you advance the active input field.

Exercises 26-30 may ask you to input the Kanji for
digits 1 through 9.  To do this, use Roomaji input
mode, and use the number keys that correspond
to the Kanji digits.  To enter 10, type Roomaji
mode colon (:).  To enter 100, type Roomaji mode
uppercase A.

The instructions in exercises 26-30 tell you to
switch back and forth between Roomaji and
Hiragana mode for entering Japanese counters in
each field.  This is the "difficult" way to do these
exercises.  An easier way is to first use Roomaji
mode and fill in the Kanji in each field; then, switch
to Hiragana mode, go back to the first field, and
add on any necessary Hiragana to your answers.

Help

When you press F1, a help screen appears.  The
help screen contains a condensed version of the
information in this document.  The help screen
disappears when you press F1 again or ESC.

    -14-

Exercise Editing Operations

Move to Next Fill-in Question

Press the Enter key or Tab key to advance
to the next fill-in question.  As you keep
hitting an advance key, the exercise will
automatically move the cursor to the
beginning of the next question.

After you fill in the last exercise field on a
page, pressing Enter will turn to the next
page in the exercise.  When you have
reached the last field in the exercise and
press Enter again, you will hear a 'thud'.

Move to Next Page of Exercise

If  you have advanced to the last question on
a page, press Enter to move to the next
page.

Move to Top of Exercise Page

If you have advanced to the last question on
a page, press Tab to circle back to the top of
the same page.

Move to Previous Fill-in Question

If you find that you made a mistake in a
previous question, type Shift-Tab to move
back one question.  Press Shift-Tab
repeatedly and you will backspace through
the fields.  As you Shift-Tab through the
fields that you filled in, you will notice that the
highlight bars turn off.  They will reappear
when you Enter or Tab over the fields again.
Your input is not altered until you move to a
field, erase your input with BackSpace and
retype it.  Your input is not lost until you leave
the exercise and return to the Browser.

Move to Previous Exercise Page

 If you type Shift-Tab at the top of an
exercise page, you will return to the previous
page in the exercise.  If you Shift-Tab all the
way back to the first field on the first page,
then type Shift-Tab again, you will hear a
'thud'.

    -15-

Preview / Review Exercise Page

You can peek ahead to the next page of the
exercise by pressing the PageDown key, and
you can review the previous page of the
exercise by pressing the PageUp key.  These
two keys do NOT move the active input field;
to move the active input field you must use
the Enter and Shift-Tab keys.  A warning will
blink on the screen if you are viewing a page
that is different from the page where you last
typed input.  If you press the PageDown key
and hear a 'thud', this means you have
reached the last page of that exercise.  If you
press the PageUp key and hear the 'thud',
you have reached the first page.

View Answer

You can check your answer against the
tutorial answer by pressing the F8 key.  The
answer box that pops open will contain an
appropriate response to the current question
(the question at which you are typing input).
Close the answer box by pressing F8 again
or by pressing ESC.   If you move along to
another question, the answer box does NOT
automatically update itself.  You must
'refresh' the answer box by closing it, then
reopening it.

Change Input Character Set

The F10 key toggles the input mode between
Roomaji, Hiragana, and Katakana in all parts
of the tutorial. You should leave the tutorial in
"Roomaji" mode unless an exercise
specifically asks for Hiragana or Katakana
input.

Use Dictionary

You can access the dictionary by pressing F2.
When you are done with the dictionary and want to
return to the exercise, press F2 again.

View Lesson Glossary

Press F3 to view the lesson glossary.  Use Page
Up key to page ahead in the lesson glossary; use
Page Down key to page backwards.  Press F3
again or ESC to leave the lesson glossary and
return to the exercise.

    -16-

View Syllabary Charts

Press F4 to view the Hiragana and Katakana
charts.  Page through the charts using Enter or
Page Down.  Press F4 again or ESC to turn off
the charts and resume the exercise.

View Keyboard Screens

Press F5 to view the screens.  Page through the
charts using Enter or Page Down.  Press F5
again or ESC to turn off the charts and resume the
exercise.

Configure or Initialize Printer

To review the existing printer configuration, press
Shift-F7.  If the printer is already configured, turn
on the printer, then press F7 to initialize it.   See
section 11, PRINTING.

Exit Exercise

Press ESC for the Exit Window.  The exit window
that pops up will say to press the End key to exit
back to the browser.  If you do not want to leave
the exercise at this point, press ESC again to
resume the exercise. If you want printed copies of
your work, be sure and print them out before you
leave the exercise.  The exercise will exit back to
the lesson browser.  If you forgot to reset the input
mode back to 'Roomaji', a reminder window will
appear on the browser screen, and you can reset
it in the browser.

    -17-

8.  DICTIONARY

The dictionary is a very powerful, timesaving tool.
The dictionary can look up words and conjugate
verbs and true adjectives.  The search word must
be in dictionary form.

With the look up feature, the search word that you
enter can be either Japanese or English.  You can
enter the Japanese word in either Roomaji or in
Hiragana (assuming that the word has been stored
in the dictionary with its Hiragana spelling).  With
the conjugate feature you can view a matched
verb or adjective in many forms which use those
conjugations.  You can even view the conjugations
of irregular verbs such as kuru and -suru.

The dictionary will display up to eighteen words
that match your search word.

Conventions Used in the Dictionary

Search words that have been found will appear in
the 'match' area of the display.  Starting from the
left side of the display, a match record will list the
Japanese word in Roomaji, the word in Hiragana,
the English meaning, and the part of speech to
which the word belongs.  These parts of speech
are listed here with how they are indicated in the
match area.



    Noun                                            Noun
    True Adjective                                  True Adjective
    Adjectival Noun                                 Adjectival Noun
    Non-conjugating Verbs (-iru, -eru)              Minor Vb
    Conjugating Verbs ending in -tsu                Major Vb 1 - TSU
    Conjugating Verbs ending in -u                  Major Vb 1 - U
    Conjugating Verbs ending in -ru                 Major Vb 1- RU
    Conjugating Verbs ending in -nu,-mu,-bu         Major Vb 2 - /N/M/BU
    Conjugating Verbs ending in -ku                 Major Vb 3 - KU
    Conjugating Verb -iku with irregular -TE form    Major Vb 3 Irr -TE
    Conjugating Verbs ending in -gu                 Major Vb 4 - GU
    Conjugating Verbs ending in -su                 Major Vb 5 - SU
    Chinese (suru) Verb                             Irreg Verb SURU
    kuru                                            Irreg Verb KURU

    -18-

Past tense forms of verbs listed in the verb
conjugations are interchangably indicated with
PAST and PERFECT.  Present tense verbs are
interchangably indicated with PRESENT and
IMPERFECT.

Affirmative forms of verbs listed in the
conjugations are interchangably indicated with A ,
AFF, and AFFIRMATIVE.  Negative verbs are
interchangably indicated with N, NEG, and
NEGATIVE.

Many Chinese, or SURU verbs, can optionally be
represented with a direct object relational between
the noun portion and the SURU portion.    The
convention used in Gakusei is to not use the
direct object representation.

   benkyoo o suru    Do not use this
form of the SURU verb for searching.

   benkyoo suru      Use this form of
the SURU verb for searching.

Accessing and Leaving the Dictionary

You can access the dictionary from any lesson or
exercise by pressing the F2 key.  When you are
finished with the dictionary, return to your lesson
or exercise by pressing F2 again.

Help

When you press F1, a help screen appears.  The
help screen contains a condensed version of the
information in this section.  The help screen
disappears when you press F1 again or ESC.

Configure or Initialize Printer

To review the existing printer configuration, press
Shift-F7.  If the printer is already configured, turn
on the printer, then press F7 to initialize it.  See
section 11, PRINTING.

    -19-

Finding a Word

The small bar near the top of the dictionary screen
is where your search word is entered and
displayed.  You will see a blinking cursor next to
Word: on this word bar.  You can now enter your
search word.  When you press Enter, the
dictionary searches for matches.  When it finds
any matches, the dictionary shows the matches in
the match area  as shown:

        Word:  read
yomu     to read          Major Vb 2 -/N/M/BU

If there is more than 1 match for the word, the first
match will be highlighted and the other matches
will appear beneath it.  The tutorial will display a
maximum of 18 matches in the match area.  If
more than 18 matches are found, Gakusei will
display the first 18 and display the message

                More than 18 matches were found.
Please restrict your search.

appearing immediately below the search word
field.

Choosing a word

To choose a word, use the Up- and Down-Arrow
keys to scroll among the matches.   Figure 1
shows a dictionary match area with "kaeru" as the
search word.  (The Hiragana is not shown in the
match records.)

+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
|                                                                           |
|                   Word:  kaeru                                            |
|                                                                           |
| kaeru        to change, convert, alter       Minor Vb                     |
|                                                                           |
| kaeru        to return home, go back         Major Vb 1 -RU               |
|                                                                           |
| kaeru        frog                            Noun                         |
|                                                                           |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
          Figure 1. Dictionary Returned Multiple Matches

After you have scrolled to your match choice,
press Enter.

    -20-

Expanding a Word

After you have chosen a dictionary match with the
Enter key, use the Enter or Page Down key to
view the conjugation of the word.

+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| yomu                  to read                         Major Vb 2 -/N/M/BU |
|                                                                           |
|                     Word: yomu                                            |
|                                                                           |
|                     USAGES OF DICTIONARY FORM                             |
|                                                                           |
|  INTENTIONAL IMPERFECT              INTENTIONAL PERFECT                   |
|                                                                           |
|A yomu tsumori desu                  yomu tsumori deshita                  |
|N yomu tsumori dewa arimasen         yomu tsumori dewa arimasen deshita    |
|                                                                           |
|  POTENTIAL IMPERFECT                POTENTIAL PERFECT                     |
|                                                                           |
|A yomu koto ga dekimasu              yomu koto ga dekimashita              |
|N yomu koto ga dekimasen             yomu koto ga dekimasen deshita        |
|                                                                           |
|  AFF EXPECTATION IMPERFECT  AFF EXPECTATION PERFECT      IN ORDER TO      |
|                                                                           |
|  yomu hazu desu             yomu hazu deshita            yomu tame ni     |
|                                                                           |
|  NARA AFF CONDITIONAL       SECONDHAND INFO              PROBABLE FUTURE  |
|                                                                           |
|  yomu nara                  yomu soo desu                yomu deshoo      |
|                                                                    INPUT  |
|F1 HELP F2 Return to lesson Page Up, Page Down Conjugate Selection  Roomaji|
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
          Figure 2. Dictionary Form of Verb Expansion

Stopping a word expansion

When you are finished viewing the word
expansion, press ESC once to clear the expansion
from the display.  The dictionary screen then
shows the dictionary matches for your last search
request.  You can scroll and choose another
match at this point.

Entering another search word

Press ESC again to clear the existing matches off
the display.  At this point you can enter another
word in the word search bar.

    -21-

9.  LESSON GLOSSARY

If you want to know more about a specific
grammatical concept, or certain usage, search for
it in the Glossary.  Finding more references to a
topic of interest will point you to the appropriate
lessons that cover that particular topic.

Viewing the Glossary

From the Browser, a lesson, or exercise, press
F3.

Searching the Glossary

Use the Enter or Page Down key to page forward
in the Glossary.  Use Backspace and Page Up to
page backward.

Printing the Glossary

You can get a printed copy of the Glossary by
exiting Gakusei back to DOS and using DOS print
or DOS copy to print the file "topic.ind".

C:\> cd c:\gakusei
(go to installation directory)

C:\GAKUSEI>copy topic.ind lpt1
(print the glossary file)

Leave the Glossary
Press F3 again or ESC to leave the Glossary.

    -22-

10. JAPANESE KEYBOARD

Within the exercises, it is possible to type
Roomaji, Hiragana, or Katakana characters.  The
tutorial maintains an indicator in the lower right
corner of the display that tells you which character
set is the "active" input character set.  You can
switch between the Roomaji, Hiragana, and
Katakana character sets by pressing F10.  The
tutorial initializes with "Roomaji"; if you keep
pressing F10 you will see the indicator change to
"Hiragana", "Katakana", then back to "Roomaji".

The keyboard should remain in Roomaji mode
until an exercise asks you to type your answers in
Hiragana or Katakana.  At that time it is
appropriate to switch the input mode by pressing
F10.  Whenever you need to see pictures of the
keyboards, press F5.

 To type a 2-dotted voiced Japanese character,
type <char>, R-Shift-<char>. To type a 1-circle
character, type <char>, L-Shift-<char>.  To type a
subscript character, type <ALT>-<subscript char>.
The subscript chars are: 'tsu', 'ya', 'yu', and 'yo'.
Katakana has additional subscripts 'a', 'i', 'u', 'e',
and 'o'.  To type a Katakana long vowel symbol,
press <ALT>-<;> (ALT + semicolon/colon key).

Exercises 26-30 ask for Kanji input for numbers.
To enter the digits from 1 through 9, simply type
the corresponding number keys while in Roomaji
input mode.  To enter the Kanji for 10, type
colon(:).  To enter Kanji for 100, type uppercase A.

                   examples:
   word:            in Hiragana input mode, you would type:
   jitensha         d , Right-Shift d , w , y , d , ALT 6
   kekkon           ' (comma/quote key), ALT z , b , y
   juppun           d , Right-Shift d , ALT 7 , ALT z , 1 , Left-Shift 1, y
                      in Katakana input mode, you would type:
   koohii           b , ALT ; , v, ALT ;
   fasshon          1 , ALT 2 , ALT z ,  d , ALT 8 , y
   cheen            a , ALT 3 , ALT ; , y

    -23-

11.  PRINTING

Gakusei is designed to be used with Epson LQ
compatible dot matrix printers equipped with 32K
memory buffers, and with HPLJ 2 compatible laser
printers. Gakusei assumes that your printer port is
LPT1.

If you have a dot-matrix printer, check the glossary
of your printer manual under "buffer", "RAM", or
"download font".  Most dot matrix printer
manufacturers sell add-on memory as a printer
accessory. The only make/model known to-date
that does not require the add-on memory is the
Star-Micronics NX-2420 Rainbow.

Settings on your printer

The dip switches or menu settings on your printer
must be configured to accept Gakusei's Japanese
character download font.

Dot matrix printers (Epson-LQ / compatibles)

Make sure that your dip switches or menu settings
are configured as follows:

-- Epson escape sequences (may be called
"standard mode" in your printer manual)
-- printer RAM is set as a download buffer, not
input buffer
-- Character table type is set as graphics, not
italics
-- character set mode is U.S.A.
-- LQ font selection

example: Star-Micronics NX-2420 Rainbow printer required settings are:

A-1    emulation        ON        (standard mode is Epson)
A-2    RAM Usage        OFF        (sets RAM as download buffer)
D-1    character table    ON        (graphics character mode)
D-2-4    character set        ON ON ON    (USA character set)
E-1-4    Tms-Roman        ON ON ON ON    (Times-Roman LQ font selection)

A valid printer configuration sheet would like this:

CURRENT EDS SETTINGS

Bank        A        B        C        D         E
Switch       1 2 3 4 5       1 2 3 4 5       1 2 3 4 5       1 2 3 4 5  1 2 3 4 5
ON       *   * * *       * * * * *           * * *       * * * * *  * * * * *
OFF         *                          * *

    -24-

example:   Panasonic KPX-1123 printer required settings are:
R1    R2    R3    COLUMN:
ON    OFF    OFF    C2            (mode is Epson graphic)
ON    ON    OFF    C2            (Courier font selection)
OFF    ON    OFF    C1            (USA character set)
BLINK    OFF    OFF    C1            (download buffer enabled)  *

* Panasonic KPX-1123 needs a 32K add-on memory chip

A valid printer configuration sheet would look like this:

INITIAL SETUP condition
    * Emulation mode        : LQ-850 Graphic
    * Default font            : Courier
    * Int'l char set        : USA
    * Download buffer        : Enable
    * Cut sheet feeder        : OFF
    * Buzzer sound            : ON
    * Zero font            : 0
    * Alt. Graphic Mode        : OFF
    * Data length            : 8
    * Image direction        : Uni-direction
    * Skip perforation        : OFF
    * Automatic LF            : OFF
    * Automatic CR            : OFF
    * P.O detector            : ON

LQ-850 is a trademark of EPSON America, Inc.

Laser Printers (HPLJ 2 and compatibles)

For HPLJ2 compatible users, check the following
settings on your laser printer:

*    HPLJ2 emulation mode
*    at least .5 MB RAM

No additional printer menu setup should be
required.

Choosing a printer type

Once you have configured your printer with the
settings that Gakusei needs, you must let Gakusei
know what printer type you want to use.

If Gakusei is not running on your PC, go ahead
and start the tutorial (section 4).  Start the printer
setup menu by pressing Shift-F7.  If you have a
dot-matrix printer, you will want to select Epson
LQ or compatible in the printer setup menu.  If
you have a laser printer, you will probably want to
select HPLJ or compatible, although some laser
printers emulate Epson escape sequences.

    -25-

Your computer may hang, or your printer could
start spewing paper if you configure the wrong
type of printer.  To recover from such a situation,
turn off your printer.  When control returns to the
tutorial, turn the printer back on and reconfigure by
typing Shift-F7.

Viewing your printer setup

If you want to view or review your printer choice,
press Shift-F7.   A highlight bar will appear across
your choice.  After a new installation, the highlight
bar will appear across the printer type None.  Use
the Up-Arrow or Down-Arrow key to scroll to a
printer type.  Press Enter to save the selection.
Press F7 or ESC to exit the printer setup menu.

Initializing the Printer

Make sure that your printer is turned on and that it
is properly connected.  Give a laser printer
adequate time to "warm up".  Press the F7 key to
initialize the printer with the Japanese character
font.

A printer choice reminder will pop up on the
screen after you press F7.  Press F7 again to
proceed with initialization of the printer, or press
ESC to cancel printer initialization.

The initialization may take a while on some laser
printer models.  Be patient and expect to wait
several seconds before the tutorial screen returns.

Your computer may hang, or your printer could
start spewing paper if you configure the wrong
type of printer.  To recover from such a situation,
turn off your printer.  When control returns to the
tutorial, turn the printer back on and reconfigure by
typing Shift-F7.

There should be an audible beep when
initialization is complete.

If your printer is not turned on when you press F7,
you may see the DOS prompt,

   Write fault error writing device LPT1
   Abort, Retry, Ignore, Fail? >

If you cannot turn on the printer for any reason,
type A to abort. If your printer is available, turn it
on and type R to retry.  The tutorial will continue
where it left off.

    -26-

Printing a lesson or exercise page

After the printer has been properly initialized,
press the PrintScreen key to get a screen dump
of the current lesson or exercise screen visible on
your display.  If you are running Gakusei from
DOS full-screen mode in Windows, you must
press Shift-PrintScreen to print the display.

If you forget to initialize your printer before you
use PrintScreen, you will see IBM Graphics
characters appear on your output where Japanese
characters would normally appear.

Browser and lesson glossary screens should
not be printed out with PrintScreen; if you
wish to print the information in the browser or
lesson glossary, you should exit Gakusei and
print the flles "syllabus" or "topic.ind".

There are times when a user may switch to using
a different type of printer.  If you've already
configured this tutorial to print, say, Epson LQ,
and you've switched to a printer that prints HPLJ
2, you can reconfigure the tutorial to use the new
printer.  See Choosing a Printer Type.


12.  EXITING GAKUSEI

If you are in a lesson or exercise, the exit function
will return you to the browser.  Leave the lesson or
exercise by pressing ESC, then End.  If you are in
the browser, you exit Gakusei, back to DOS, by
pressing the same keys: ESC, then End.

If you are leaving from an exercise, be sure to
print the work you want to be printed before you
exit. (See section 11, PRINTING.)

Do NOT use Control-Break to exit the tutorial.
This may cause a hang or other strange results.


13.  CUSTOMIZING THE SYLLABUS

See Appendix A, Textbook Compatibility Chart, for
information on matching your classroom textbook
with the Gakusei syllabus.  Compatibility charts
are shown for three textbooks.

    -27-

14.  TROUBLESHOOTING

Loading Problems

-- Gakusei hangs the PC while loading.
-- Some very old EGA video adapters may not
implement the full BIOS video function set that
Gakusei needs.  This is extremely rare; to date,
we have encountered this problem only once.

You can isolate the hang to the Gakusei video
driver by taking the following steps:

*    reboot your PC
*    change to the Gakusei directory
*    in the Gakusei directory, type
        japvideo
*    if the machine hangs at this point, your video
adapter probably does not fully implement the
EGA BIOS services.  Please let Barham
Software know what make and model video
adapter is in your PC.
*    If the machine does not hang, type
        japvideo -d
    and inform Barham Software that you are
experiencing a hang of unknown origin.

Display Problems

-- Gakusei dialog boxes have a funny gray
"see-through" color and they don't completely
cover the screen text underneath the dialog.
Or, there are odd gray patches on otherwise
black areas of some screens.

On the PC in which this problem was discovered,
a Trident SVGA adapter was installed, and
CONFIG.SYS loaded

   device=C:\DOS\ANSI.SYS.

The CONFIG.SYS file was edited to use Trident's
ANSI driver:

  device=C:\TVGA\TVGAUTIL\TANSI.SYS

Changing from the DOS driver to the driver
designed for the particular video hardware fixed
the problem.  This is another rare problem and has
been encountered to-date only once.

    -28-

-- Japanese characters appear on the display
as IBM graphics characters or English
characters.

Gakusei 1.1 has been enhanced to do adapter
compatiblity diagnostics and provide video
codepage support. If you see IBM graphics
characters on your screen in spite of these
additions, please inform us.

-- Screens appear dark.

Some VGA/SVGA adapters configured as
EGA/monochrome do not "emulate" this
configuration especially well.  A true EGA adapter
and monochrome display deal with the screen
contrast correctly.  If you have a color monitor but
run it in monochrome mode, use the color!

Keyboard Problems

-- Character set indicator does not match what
I am typing.

There are some rare places in the tutorial where
pressing the F10 key at the wrong time could
potentially get the character set mode "out of
sync".  If this should occur, exit the tutorial and
enter it again.  As long as you follow the general
guideline to leave the character set mode as
"Roomaji" until an exercise requests a different
mode, you will not experience this problem.

Printing Problems

-- Japanese characters do not print; English
letter output looks OK but instead of printing
Japanese characters, English or IBM graphic
characters are printed.

1) You might have forgotten to initialize your
printer by pressing the F7 key. If you turned off
your printer and turned it on again while you were
running Gakusei, you need to initialize the printer
again!

2) The printer might not have enough memory
installed to accept the downloaded font.

3) The printer configuration may be incorrect.
 Refer to Section 11.

-- I don't get any readable printout at all.

Is your printer port on LPT1?

    -29-

Checking Out New Printing Hardware

Please make sure that your printer, printer cable,
and I/O board components are in good working
order before trying to print from Gakusei.  In other
words, if any component has not previously been
used or is untested, you should verify that it works
before trying to print from Gakusei.

In particular, if you have any new components,
please verify the following on your system:

1) The printer cable has a 25-pin connector at one
end.  The I/O connector on the PC has 25 holes.

2) The printer cable has a solid "wedge" at one
end. The I/O connector on the printer has a slot
into which the wedge will fit.

3) The printer is configured with factory defaults.
You will eventually reconfigure the printer, but for
now,  test it with the factory defaults.  Check your
printer manual for information on how to reset your
printer with factory defaults.

Each time you complete attaching a cable and a
printer to your PC, you will perform a Print Screen
test:

1) Turn on your printer.

2) Turn on the PC;  there should be a slight
audible noise as the PC resets the printer.

3) When the PC has completed booting, make
sure there is no application running, and make
sure that a DOS prompt (e.g., C:\>) is available.

4) Press the Enter key a few times.

5) Press the Print Screen key.

6) The printer should print out a copy of what
appears on the screen of your PC.
Refer to the following chart while fault-isolating a
printing problem.  The basic idea is to keep trying
different components until DOS print screen
works.  If your system has a mixture of new and
old components, it is probably safe to assume a
new component is not working until you prove
otherwise.

    -30-

PRINTER
CABLE
I/O BOARD
ACTIONS TO TRY

1
new
new
new
Do the Print Screen test. If it succeeds, go to 6.  If it fails, make sure the I/O
board is correctly jumpered. (Usually you do not have to change jumpers.)
Make sure the board is seated tightly inside the PC.  You must lean hard on the
board as you push it into the adapter slot.  Reattach the cable and printer.
Repeat the test.  If it fails, go to 2; otherwise, go to 6.


2
new
used
new
Substitute a different cable for the new cable.  Preferably, it should be a known
working cable.  Do the Print Screen test.  If it succeeds, then there is something
wrong with the original cable.  Use the working cable, and go to 6.  If the test
fails, go to 3.


3
used
used
new
Substitute a known working printer for the new untested printer.  Attach the
working printer to the used cable.  Do the Print Screen test.  If it succeeds, then
there is something wrong with the new untested printer or how its parallel
interface is set up.  Refer to your new printer manual or contact your new printer
vendor.  If the test fails, then there may be something wrong with your I/O
board.  Go to 4.


4
used
used
used
Take the known working printer and used cable to a different PC, preferably,
one that is known to have previously worked with a printer.   Attach the cable
and printer to the alternate PC.  Do the Print Screen test.  If it succeeds, there is
a high probability that there is something wrong with the I/O board in the original
PC.  Replace that board.  If the test failed, go to 5.


5
used
used
used
The DOS Print Screen function works on any PC that is correctly connected to
a printer.  If it is not working on your PC, ask your local PC expert to look at
your system.

    -31-

6

Once the DOS Print Screen function has succeeded, you have verified that
your printing hardware works.  At this point, you may now configure your printer
with the required settings for Gakusei.


Other Printing Problems

-- Printer starts spewing out paper after
pressing the F7 key.

1) Immediately turn off the printer.  Control should
return to the tutorial.

2) In Gakusei, type Shift-F7 to return to the
Gakusei printer setup menu, and verify your
choice of printer.  Make sure the choice is correct.
If it is, exit Gakusei back to DOS.

3) Verify that the configuration settings on your
printer are correct.  In particular, verify that  the
printer mode is Epson, not IBM, and verify that the
buffer mode is set for download.

4) Verify that your printer has sufficient RAM
memory to download a font.  Check your printer
manual.  With few exceptions, dot matrix printers
need the add-on memory accessory!   Even if your
configuration sheet indicates that your download
buffer is enabled, the setting is useless if the
printer does not have the extra memory installed.

5) When you have checked that the printer is set
up correctly, start Gakusei again, and initialize the
printer with F7.  Enter a lesson, then press F4 to
view the Hiragana chart, then press Print Screen
to print the chart.  Verify that Japanese characters
appear and that the columns of the chart are
straight.  If the printing problem persists, please
notify us.

    -32-

15.  PRODUCT INFORMATION AND REGISTRATION

The Gakusei 1.1 demo contains lessons 1-20 (a
total of 20 lessons).  The registered version
contains 30 lessons.

Pricing

For INDIVIDUALS, Gakusei 1.1 is $55.00.

If you are a CompuServe member, you can
purchase Gakusei through the shareware
registration service and have it billed to your
account. The shipping and handling fee when
purchased through this service is $10.00. This fee
includes any applicable state sales tax.  Run GO
SWREG on CompuServe for complete information
on this service.

To order directly from Barham Software, add $4
for shipping and handling if you are in the U.S. or
Canada; add $7 if elsewhere.  Payment must be in
U.S. dollars.

California residents must also add applicable sales
tax for $55 ($4.54 assuming 8.25% sales tax rate).

Users who purchased Gakusei 1.0 after 1.1
release can upgrade to 1.1 for $15 plus the
aforementioned handling and sales taxes ($1.24
assuming 8.25% sales tax rate).

For EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS that want to
use Gakusei, a site license is available.  The
maximum that an educational institution would pay
for Gakusei 1.1 is $300.00 (plus postage,
handling, and any applicable sales tax).

1 license:        $  55.00
2 licenses:        $  95.00
3 licenses:        $125.00
4-10 licenses:        $150.00-$300.00

($25/add'l license, to a maximum of $300 total)
more than 10 licenses at a single site:    $300.00

(A "site" is a single location, such as a language
lab, where the licenses are purchased by a single
user, such as a university department.)

    -33-

Registration

Registered users receive 30 lessons, a kana
keyboard reference chart, and a printed and
formatted user's manual.   As a registered user,
you will also receive FREE software updates and
bug fixes, and GREAT pricing on upgrades!

When you register, please help us by telling us
about any problems you may have encountered in
the installation or operation of the tutorial.

To register as a user, tear off and use the Product
Registration Form at the end of this manual.

Documentation

This manual is available on the distribution
diskette or self-extractor in plain ASCII
(Gakusei.txt) format.  Users who register will
receive a formatted and printed manual.

Other Information

Sorry, we cannot accept credit cards, and
CompuServe orders must be submitted directly
to CompuServe, not to us.

Technical Support

If you have problems running Gakusei, you can
contact Barham Software for technical support at
our phone number, 1-800-RAN-EASY(1-800-726-
3279).  From outside the U.S.A, call 1-310-327-
4862. Leave your name, area code and phone
number, the time you called, and please leave a
detailed message describing the problem. We will
return your phone call as soon as possible. You
can also e-mail us at our CompuServe address
70700,2225.  From Internet, the address is
[e-mail].

    -34-

Appendix A:  TEXTBOOK COMPATIBILITY CHART

The following tables are guides for students and teachers on how to
supplement textbook material with lessons from Gakusei.  Tables are
shown for three Japanese textbooks.

Textbook:  Learn Japanese, Volumes 1, 2    Authors: Young, Nakajima-Okano

TEXTBOOK CHAPTER    TEXTBOOK CHAPTER
    GAKUSEI LESSON        GAKUSEI  LESSON
2    1, 2, 3, 4    9.4.9    23
3.4.7    20        9.4.11    25
3.4.8    12        9.4.12 (deshita)    15
3.4.10    12        11.4.4    21, 23
3.4.11    18        12.4.2    26
3.4.13    28        12.4.5    10, 18, 24
4.4.1. 4.4.2    15    12.4.6    18
4.4.3, 4,4,4    19    12.4.8    29
4.4.5    20        12.4.9    23
4.4.6    18        13.4.4    27, 28
4.4.7    12        13.4.6    26, 27
4.4.9    24
4.4.10    20        1.4.9 (volume II)    28
5.4.2, 5.4.6    19    1.4.17    27
5.4.3    8, 19        1.4.19    26
5.4.4    11, 18, 19    1.4.21    22
7.4.2    8, 19        2.4.3    28
7.4.3    8        2.4.13    28
7.4.4    16        4.4.3    6, 30
8.4.3, 8.4.5    21    4.4.22    28
8.4.4    9, 25        4.4.23    28
8.4.6    13        5.4.2    16
8.4.7    20        5.4.14    23
8.4.8    24        7.4.17    29
9.4.2    12        8.4.13    25
9.4.5    20        8.4.16    29
9.4.6    14        9.4.2    19
9.4.9, 9.4.10    25    9.4.7    30
9.4.5    20        11.4.5    10
9.4.6    14

    -35-

Textbook:  Colloquial Japanese        Author:  Inamoto, Noboru

TEXTBOOK CHAPTER          TEXTBOOK CHAPTER
    GAKUSEI LESSON            GAKUSEI LESSON
1     1, 2, 3, 4        11 (Polite and abrupt)    9, 30
2 (desu)    5,  21        12 (NA and nouns)    16
2 (kore, sore, are)    7    12 (MO as ALSO)    24
2 (true adjectives)    21    13 (-te form - connective)    22
3 (quasi adjective)    14    13 (past tense adjective)    23
3 (kono, sono, ano)    13    14 (compound sentence)    16, 22
3 (possessive)    14    14 (... NI NARU form)    25
3 (Supplement 1)    26    14 (adverbial form adj)    21, 25
4 (direct object)    12    17 (abrupt negative)    30
4 (-te form + KUDASAI)    22    18 (past tense adjective)    23
4 (-te form + IMASU)    31
4 (GA relational)    8, 17
5 ( ..NI ARIMASU)    19
5 (Supplement 2 - people)    27
6 (numeral classifiers)    23
6 (negative of adjective)    21
7 (MO...MO)    24
8 (Conjugating Verbs)    6
8 (E relational)    10
8 (KUDASAI)    22
8 (Supplement 8 - time)    28
9 (noun + o suru)    12
9 (kara relational = from)    29
10 (NO nominalizer)    14
10 (DE relational - means)    18

    -36-

Textbook:  Modern Japanese        Author:  Han, Mieko Shimizu

TEXTBOOK CHAPTER         TEXTBOOK CHAPTER
    GAKUSEI LESSON                GAKUSEI LESSON
1        5        12.1 ue, shita, naka    19
1.4, 1.6    5        12.2 ga arimasu    19
1.11        9        12.3 ni (location of exist..)    19
1.12        18        12.6 de    16, 22
2.7 mo        24        12.7 wa replacing ga    19
2.9 ADJECTIVES    21        12.11 -tsu (general counter)    26
2.10 ADVERBS    9, 25        13.1 koko, soko, asoko    11
3.1 kore, sore, are    7    13.2 -kute        21
3.4 de wa arimasen    5    13.3 COPULA NOUNS    16
4.1 kono, sono, and ano    13    13.4 soba, mae        19
4.2 no        14        13.5 ... ga imasu    19
4.3 Adjectives as Noun ...    21    13.6 -nin (people)    27
5.1 Adjective + desu    21    14.6 Color Words    23
5.2 -ku arimasen     21    14.8 ga    8
5.4 de        18        14.10 no        14
5.5 o        12        14.11 Numbers 100-    26
5.6 Particle Sequence    18    15.1 - katta        23
5.8 ga (but)    20        15.2 - ku arimasen deshita    23
6.4 -te kudasai    22        15.4 ga miemashita    12
6.5 motto (yukkuri)    25    16.3 -te Forms of Verbs 22 (1)
6.6 -mashita    15        16.4 moo        25
7.1 dare    17        16.7 kirei ni        25
7.8 Numbers: 0-10    26    17.2 zenzen        9, 25
8.5 de    18    17.8 jikan    27, 28
9.1 How to Tell Time    28    17.9 gurai        29
9.2 gozen and gogo    28    17.11 -te (and)    22
9.3 Numbers up to 100    26    18.1 dono gurai    29
9.4 minutes    28        19.6 motte (iku, kuru only)
9.5 ni        28        20.3 hoo    10, 19
9.6 goro    28        25.5 -nai (nai only)    30
9.9 Compound Verbs    12
10.9 ga (emphasis)    8
11.1-11.4 - mashita...    15
11.6 e    10
11.8 de (means of trans..)    18
11.9 ...kara...made    29

    -37-

Appendix B:  PRINTER COMPATIBILITY
CHART

The first dot-matrix printer table shown below lists
the dot-matrix printers that have to date have been
verified to work with Gakusei. The second table
lists incompatible dot-matrix printers. Sample
printer configuration sheets for some of the
compatible dot-matrix printers are illustrated in
section 11, PRINTING.

If you are unsure whether or not your printer is
compatible with Gakusei, please check your

printer manual and check with the manufacturer
about add-on memory.  Keep in mind that the
amount of base memory supplied in a printer may
vary from model to model, even from the same
manufacturer.


Verified Compatible Dot Matrix Printers

printer make-model
base memory
32K buffer accessory

Citizen GSX-240
8K
required

Epson LQ 850/1050
8K
required

Panasonic KX-P1123
10K
required

Star Micronics NX-2420 Rainbow
60K
not required

    -38-

Incompatible Dot Matrix Printers

printer make-model
base memory
Reason for incompatibility

Amstrad LQ 3500i
7K
According to Amstrad Tech Support in the U.K., a 32K buffer accessory is not available.

Star Micronics NX-2410
16K
Printer is discontinued.  The availability of a 32K buffer for existing models is limited.

Barham Software does not specifically endorse any
printer hardware manufacturers. In the July, 1993 issue
of Computer Shopper, on page 713, JBI Products and
Technology advertised 32K memory buffers for the
24-pin dot-matrix printers listed below for
$21.95 + $1.50 shipping.  For more information,
call JBI at 1-(217)-324-3082.

Printer Manufacturer
Models

Panasonic (KXP)
1123, 1124, 1124i, 1524, 1654, 2123, 2124, 2624

Citizen (GSX)
130, 140, 140+, 145, 240

Tandy (DMP)
240

    -39-

Appendix C: SYLLABUS
  1   Introduction to Hiragana I.
  2   Introduction to Hiragana II.
  3   Introduction to Katakana I.
  4   Introduction to Katakana II.
  5   Copula desu, dewa arimasen, desu ka.
  6   Major, minor, irregular verb categories.  Dictionary forms.
  7   Nominal demonstratives for things.  kore, sore, are.
  8   Interrogative nouns nan, dore.  Usages of WA and GA.
  9   Polite verb form -masu, -masen. Second bases.
 10   E relational as direction indicator.
 11   Nominal demonstratives for places.  koko, soko, asoko, doko
 12   O relational for direct object. Interrogative noun nani.
 13   Prenominal demonstratives kono, sono, ano. Interrogative dono.
 14   NO relational, possessives, noun modifiers, NO as noun substitute.
 15   Polite past Copula and Verbs.
 16   Adjectival Nouns (Na), relational NA, DE form of Copula DESU.
 17   Interrogative nouns DARE and DONATA (who).
 18   DE relational as location indicator and means indicator.
 19   <subject> GA ARIMASU/IMASU.  NI relational for existence location.
 20   Sentence Interjectives and Connectives.
 21   True adjectives -ai, -ii, -oi, -ui. Negative, adverbial forms.
 22   -TE form of verbs. Connecting verbs. -TE KUDASAI polite request form.
 23   True adjectives past tense.  Colors.  Quantity nouns, adjectives.
 24   MO and KA relationals; MO, KA, and DEMO with interrogative nouns.
 25   Adverbs.  Adverbial Demonstratives.
 26   Japanese and Chinese numbers. Simple arithmetic.
 27   Counters.  Interrogative nouns for counters.
 28   Telling time. Morning, afternoon. NI and GORO relationals.
 29   MADE, KARA relationals; intervals.  MO relational with numbers.
 30   Negative present abrupt of verb.  -NAI form.  Negative polite request.

    -40-

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