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1993-05-23
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USING APRS FOR SPACE COMMUNICATIONS
The Automatic Packet Reporting System could be a solution to the effective
use of orbiting terrestrial style packet radio digipeaters in the amateur
satellite program. To date there have been three standard AX.25 1200 baud FM
transponders flown in space. The first was on the Space Shuttle STS-35, the
second was on the space station MIR, and the third has been via the FM
transponder mode of AO-21. The problem with a space based digipeater is the
total saturation on the uplink channel which makes the use of a normal
CONNECTED protocol impractical. For the SAREX robot QSO mode, a total of five
successive and successful packet transmissions were required to constitute a
successful contact. Of an estimated thousands of uplink stations, only about
250 were successful. Recognizing the stringent requirements for success using
the CONNECTED protocol, provision was also made to recognize those stations
which were successful in getting only one packet heard onboard the shuttle.
Over 700 stations successfully completed single uplink packets.
APRS takes advantage of this unconnected, one packet, mode to demonstrate
successful uplinks to the shuttle. In addition, however, it capitalizes on the
most fascinating aspect of the amateur radio hobby, and that is the display on
a map of the location of those stations. Historically, almost every aspect of
HAM radio communications has as its root, the interest in the location of other
stations. Look at DX maps, countries worked, counties worked, grid squares,
mobile chatter; everyone is quite interested in where other stations are.
If, instead of every station attempting to CONNECT with the Space Shuttle,
all stations were encouraged to simply insert his/her LAT/LONG as the first 19
characters of his beacon text, everyone within the satellite footprint would
not only see when he made a successful uplink, but also where he was. Since
the shuttle is a rapidly moving object, the locations of successful uplink
stations will move progressively along the ground track. The weakest
successful stations will almost certainly be immediately below the spacecraft.
Stronger and more viable groundstations can show up further to the side of the
ground track. If there is a skew in the spacecraft antenna pattern, the
pattern of successful uplink stations on the map will clearly make that
evident. The exact format of an APRS position report is as follows:
Beacon Text: !DDMM.HHN/DDDMM.HHW/CQ comments etc.....
For example: !3959.11N/07629.12W/Naval Academy Radio Club
To implement this experiment on the next shuttle mission, it would only
take a single AMSAT news bulletin to ask all stations to insert their LAT/LONG
in their beacon text. No changes onboard the shuttle or MIR would be required.
Those stations that had APRS could then watch the successful uplink stations
plotted in real time. Even without real time APRS, a replay of a captured text
file containing all the successful uplink packets would still give an excellent
map display after the fact. Analysis of antenna pointing anomolies on every
orbit could be accomplished with ease. On future missions, the UI beacon frame
might completely replace the current CONNECTED robot mode. Without all of the
connect requests, acks, and retries at least a five fold increase in the number
of successful uplinks would be realized, and the data exchanged would be more
meaningful by a similar factor.
To demonstrate the expected results of this experiment, I have created a
track history file that can be replayed using the Ctrl-R command. Simply
replay the SHUTTLE.HST file and watch the contacts appear as the shuttle moves
across the country. You may enhance the demonstration by selecting to see only
the Shuttle, STS-99, or by turning off TAGS using the Alt-T command to reduce
the clutter of callsigns on the display. The replay can be speeded up or
slowed down by hitting the F or S keys. Obviously, in this SHUTTLE.hst file, I
assumed that the Shuttle had its TNC connected to a GPS navigation receiver so
that it was also beaconing its position once per minute in the APRS format.
This capability also demonstrates the practicality of using a space based
AX.25 digipeater for routine position and status reporting. Imagine a
constellation of three AX.25 digipeater satellites all on one FM channel. It
would not matter what satellite was in view, or when. Mobile and portable
stations could beacon their position once every 5 minutes and be tracked
nationwide! Just using 1200 baud AFSK, up to 1000 stations could probably be
supported just in the US and have a reasonable chance of getting a position
report through at least once every 3 hours! Going to 9600 baud FSK would
support almost 8000 users.