home *** CD-ROM | disk | FTP | other *** search
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- ▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄
- ░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░
- ▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀
-
- ┬─┬─────┐
- │ │ │
- │ ├─────┘ ┌┬──┐ ┬┬──┐ ┬┬ ┌─┬┬─┐ ┬ ┬┬
- │ │ │├──┤ │├─┬┘ ││ ││ └──┤│
- ┴─┴ ┴┴ ┴ ┴┴ ┴─ ┴┴ ┴┴ └──┴┘
- ▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄
- ░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░░
- ▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀
-
-
- ┌────┐
- │PgDn│
- └────┘
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- Binary data is made up 1's and 0's. PARITY is a term used to describe the
- number of 1's in a binary number. If the total number of 1's is an EVEN number,
- then the PARITY of that binary number is EVEN. If the total number of 1's is an
- ODD number then the PARITY of that binary number is ODD. That seems pretty
- straight forward!
-
- A PARITY Bit is used is ASYNCH (NON-synchronous) communications to detect
- errors. The PARITY bit is created automatically by the Modem and is placed
- right after the Stop bit (which is not counted when PARITY is being
- determined!).
-
-
-
-
- ┌────┐
- │PgDn│
- └────┘
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- This generated PARITY bit can be either a 1 or a 0 depending on a couple of
- considerations:
-
- 1. The Type of PARITY selected
-
- 2. The actual PARITY of the binary number that is being transmitted.
-
-
-
-
-
- ┌────┐
- │PgDn│
- └────┘
-
-
-
-
- ┌────────────────────────────────────────┐
- │ Let's look at a specific binary number │
- ├────────────────────────────────────────┤
- │ ┌───┬────────────┬───┐ │
- │ │ │ │ │ │
- │ │ 1 │ 1111001 │ 0 │ │
- │ │ │ │ │ │
- │ └───┴────────────┴───┘ │
- │ ■ ■ ■ ■ │
- │ ■ └────┬─────┘ ■ │
- │ STOP │ START │
- │ BIT ■ BIT │
- │ 7 │
- │ DATA BITS │
- └────────────────────────────────────────┘
-
-
- ┌────┐
- │PgDn│
- └────┘
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- Now then, let's say that we have set our protocol to 7-E-1 which you will
- recall means, 7 Data Bits, Even PARITY, and 1 Stop Bit. Count the number of 1's
- in the Data Bit. If you came up with 5, go to the head of the class! Since 5 is
- an ODD number, the PARITY bit will need to be a 1 to keep the PARITY EVEN.
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- ┌────┐
- │PgDn│
- └────┘
-
-
-
-
- ┌────────────────────────────────────────┐
- │ Let's look at a specific binary number │
- ├────────────────────────────────────────┤
- │ │
- │ ┌───┬───┬────────────┬───┐ │
- │ │ │ │ │ │ │
- │ │ 1 │ 1 │ 1111001 │ 0 │ │
- │ │ │ │ │ │ │
- │ └───┴───┴────────────┴───┘ │
- │ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ │
- │ ■ │ └────┬─────┘ ■ │
- │ STOP │ ■ START │
- │ BIT │ 7 BIT │
- │ ■ DATA BITS │
- │ PARITY BIT │
- └────────────────────────────────────────┘
-
- ┌────┐
- │PgDn│
- └────┘
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- The Data Bit was ODD, so a 1 PARITY bit is added to make the number EVEN (5 + 1
- = 6). Incidentally, the original Data Bit could be sent without the PARITY bit
- if we were set for 7-N-1 (7 Data bits, NO PARITY, and 1 Stop Bit).
-
- PARITY and ERROR DETECTION
-
- We have already discussed the fact that binary data is made up 1's and 0's.
- PARITY is a term that is used to describe the number of 1's in a binary number.
- If the total number of 1's is an EVEN number, then the Parity of that binary
- number is EVEN. If the total number of 1's is an ODD number then the Parity of
- that binary number is ODD. That seems pretty straight forward!
-
-
-
- ┌────┐
- │PgDn│
- └────┘
- Remember, a Parity Bit is used is ASYNCH communications to detect errors. The
- Parity bit is created automatically by the Modem and is placed right after the
- Stop bit (which is not counted when Parity is being determined!). This
- generated Parity bit can be either a 1 or a 0 depending on a couple of
- considerations: the Type of Parity selected and the actual Parity of the binary
- number that is being transmitted. Let's look at a specific binary number:
-
- ┌────────────────────────────────────────┐
- │ ┌───┬────────────┬───┐ │
- │ │ │ │ │ │
- │ │ 1 │ 1111001 │ 0 │ │
- │ │ │ │ │ │
- │ └───┴────────────┴───┘ │
- │ ▀ ▀▀───┬────▀▀ ▀ │
- │ ▀ │ ▀ │
- │ STOP │ START │
- │ BIT │ BIT │
- │ 7 │
- │ DATA BITS │
- └────────────────────────────────────────┘
-
- ┌────┐
- │PgDn│
- └────┘
-
-
- Now then, let's say that we have set our protocol to 7-E-1 which you will
- recall means, 7 Data Bits, Even Parity, and 1 Stop Bit. Count the number of 1's
- in the Data Bit. If you came up with 5, go to the head of the class! Since 5 is
- an ODD number, the Parity bit will need to be a 1 to keep the Parity EVEN.
-
- ┌────────────────────────────────────────────┐
- │ ┌───┬───┬────────────┬───┐ │
- │ │ │ │ │ │ │
- │ │ 1 │ 1 │ 1111001 │ 0 │ │
- │ │ │ │ │ │ │
- │ └───┴───┴────────────┴───┘ │
- │ ▀ ▀ ▀▀───┬────▀▀ ▀ │
- │ ▀ ▀ │ ▀ │
- │ STOP │ 7 START │
- │ BIT │ DATA BITS BIT │
- │ │ │
- │ PARITY BIT │
- └────────────────────────────────────────────┘
-
- ┌────┐
- │PgDn│
- └────┘
-
-
-
-
-
- The Data Bit was ODD, so a 1 Parity bit is added to make the number EVEN (5 + 1
- = 6). Incidentally, the original Data Bit could be sent without the PARITY bit
- if we were set for 7-N-1 (7 Data bits, NO Parity, and 1 Stop Bit).
-
- So how does this all come together? Both ends of the COMMunications link must
- use the same Parity (translate that to SAME PROTOCOL). If you are calling a
- Bulletin Board and DOWNloading a file, your computer checks each Byte as it is
- received. If a Byte is received which has the wrong Parity, an Error is
- detected and your Computer sends a message back to the BBS demanding that it
- re-send that messed up Byte.
-
- You've probably seen your D/L Pause briefly while error correction is taking
- place. Using today's sophisticated File transfer protocols, if an error is
- generated it is usually due to line noise.
-