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- >From: HAVANAMOON@cup.portal.com (Havana - Moon)
- >Newsgroups: rec.radio.shortwave
- >Subject: Re: A question of numbers (2nd try)
- >Message-ID: <27058@cup.portal.com>
- >Date: 18 Feb 90 13:19:56 GMT
- >References: <1007.25dc2025@ubvms.cc.buffalo.edu>
- >Distribution: usa,world
- >Organization: The Portal System (TM)
- >Lines: 101
-
- This material has been posted previously - but is a good
- basic introduction to "The Numbers" - so . . .
-
-
- In response to recent questions about the "Numbers"
- Stations, their origin and purpose, the following summary
- captures the high points.
-
- "Spy Numbers Transmissions" are a shortwave oddity which have
- been around for the last 25 years. They are commonly heard
- in English, German, Spanish and the Slavic languages and take
- the form of four and five digit groups of numbers which are
- preceded by a three digit "identifier" and a "group count"
- which corresponds to the number of number groups transmitted
- in the crypt. They are generally broadcast by a mechanical-
- sounding YL, although Morse code (CW) "cut number" transmissions
- are also frequently reported, as are phonetic alphabet trans-
- missions. Several distinctly different formats have been
- noted.
-
- The "who" and "why" aspects of these transmissions are,
- for the most part, unknown. Their mysterious nature has
- resulted in their common characterization as 'spy' trans-
- missions. Information on the "where" aspects below.
-
- The spy theory has been enhanced over the years by the FCC's
- inconsistent position in response to numerous inquiries by
- the Shortwave Listening community.
-
- If you've never heard a numbers transmission, tune your
- radio to 11468 kHz any Saturday at 4pm EST (2100 UTC).
- You'll almost certainly hear a 'classic' numbers transmission
- which will run from 15-30 minutes. The signal from this
- Saturday transmission is very powerful and can be heard
- across the United States.
-
- In regards the "where" - a number of sites have been identified
- in recent years, notably in Warrenton and Remington, VA and
- Miami, FL. In addition, with the aid of sophisticated RDF
- (radio direction finding) equipment and the invaluable assist-
- ance of highly authoritative and professional resources, several
- new transmission sites have been positively identified over the
- past several months, including sites in Nicaragua, Honduras, El
- Salvador, Cuba and Cozumel.
-
- One particularly dangerous station has been interfering with
- air to ground traffic on 6577 kHz, a frequency allocated to inter-
- national aeronautical communications in the busy Caribbean sector.
- On at least one monitored transmission, the air traffic controller
- at ARINC moved the pilot to an alternate frequency as the numbers
- transmission was totally blocking the frequency from effective use.
- This regular transmission can be heard on Mondays at 0200 UTC
- (Sunday night local US time) across most of the US.
-
- A recently identified Cuban site (Guineo) is believed to ba a major
- transmitter site used by DGI (Cuban Intelligence).
-
- There has been some suggestion that the numbers are a form of
- 'one-time-pad' - a crude but unbreakable form of encryption
- (unless you've got the key, that is) - if that's the case,
- it's very curious to note that the same five-digit groups are
- often seen to repeat over and over again in the very same
- crypt - and that the same transmissions are seen to
- repeat from week to week, and from month to month -
- so often, in fact, that tape breaks are sometimes noted. When
- spliced back together, the sloppy handling sometimes results in
- truncated 5-digit groups - the end result being amixture of 4
- and 5 digit groups in the very same transmission!
-
- These facts would tend to point one away from the one-time-pad
- concept and support a couple of other theories - suggesting that
- the numbers are NOT a cipher, but rather a code unto themselves,
- and that much of this traffic is 'dummy' in nature - broadcast
- simply to keep a frequency open over a long period of time.
-
- In addition, most five-digit Spanish numbers transmissions are
- very badly over-modulated, resulting in numerous spurs up and
- down frequency. When broadcast under such conditions, the
- numbers (6) seis and (7) siete are almost indistinguishable,
- making it impossible to copy a crypt without numerous errors.
-
- It is worth noting that the four-digit Spanish and English
- transmissions do not reflect this same technical ineptitude.
-
- There are a number of reference materials available which provide
- detailed information about cryptography and cryptanalysis, in
- general, and numbers crypts, specifically. I'd be happy to provide
- anyone interested with a list of books.
-
- Only two publications I know of are currently available which
- provide regular coverage of numbers, clandestine, pirate and
- other interesting transmissions. The ACE Bulletin (monthly news-
- letter of the Association of Clandestine Enthusiasts - PO Box
- 11201, Department KK, Shawnee Mission, KS 66207 $16/yr) and the Umbra
- et Lux Newsletter (a newsletter devoted to SIGINT, covert radio
- and related topics - 10606-8 Camino Ruiz, Department KK, Suite
- 174, San Diego, CA 92126 $18/yr).
-
- Havana Moon