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MODULI(5) BSD File Formats Manual MODULI(5)
NAME
moduli -- Diffie Hellman moduli
DESCRIPTION
The /etc/moduli file contains prime numbers and generators for use by sshd(8) in the Diffie-Hellman
Group Exchange key exchange method.
New moduli may be generated with ssh-keygen(1) using a two-step process. An initial candidate
generation pass, using ssh-keygen -G, calculates numbers that are likely to be useful. A second
primality testing pass, using ssh-keygen -T provides a high degree of assurance that the numbers are
prime and are safe for use in Diffie Hellman operations by sshd(8). This moduli format is used as the
output from each pass.
The file consists of newline-separated records, one per modulus, containing seven space separated
fields. These fields are as follows:
timestamp The time that the modulus was last processed as YYYYMMDDHHMMSS.
type Decimal number specifying the internal structure of the prime modulus. Supported
types are:
0 Unknown, not tested
2 "Safe" prime; (p-1)/2 is also prime.
4 Sophie Germain; (p+1)*2 is also prime.
Moduli candidates initially produced by ssh-keygen(1) are Sophie Germain primes
(type 4). Futher primality testing with ssh-keygen(1) produces safe prime moduli
(type 2) that are ready for use in sshd(8). Other types are not used by OpenSSH.
tests Decimal number indicating the type of primality tests that the number has been sub-jected subjected
jected to represented as a bitmask of the following values:
0x00 Not tested
0x01 Composite number - not prime.
0x02 Sieve of Eratosthenes
0x04 Probabalistic Miller-Rabin primality tests.
The ssh-keygen(1) moduli candidate generation uses the Sieve of Eratosthenes (flag
0x02). Subsequent ssh-keygen(1) primality tests are Miller-Rabin tests (flag 0x04).
trials Decimal number indicating of primaility trials that have been performed on the modu-lus. modulus.
lus.
size Decimal number indicating the size of the prime in bits.
generator The recommended generator for use with this modulus (hexadecimal).
modulus The modulus itself in hexadecimal.
When performing Diffie Hellman Group Exchange, sshd(8) first estimates the size of the modulus required
to produce enough Diffie Hellman output to sufficiently key the selected symmetric cipher. sshd(8)
then randomly selects a modulus from /etc/moduli that best meets the size requirement.
SEE ALSO
ssh-keygen(1), sshd(8),
Diffie-Hellman Group Exchange for the Secure Shell (SSH) Transport Layer Protocol, RFC 4419, 2006.
BSD May 12, 2010 BSD
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