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bytes(3pm)                            Perl Programmers Reference Guide                            bytes(3pm)



NAME
       bytes - Perl pragma to force byte semantics rather than character semantics

SYNOPSIS
           use bytes;
           ... chr(...);       # or bytes::chr
           ... index(...);     # or bytes::index
           ... length(...);    # or bytes::length
           ... ord(...);       # or bytes::ord
           ... rindex(...);    # or bytes::rindex
           ... substr(...);    # or bytes::substr
           no bytes;

DESCRIPTION
       The "use bytes" pragma disables character semantics for the rest of the lexical scope in which it
       appears.  "no bytes" can be used to reverse the effect of "use bytes" within the current lexical
       scope.

       Perl normally assumes character semantics in the presence of character data (i.e. data that has come
       from a source that has been marked as being of a particular character encoding). When "use bytes" is
       in effect, the encoding is temporarily ignored, and each string is treated as a series of bytes.

       As an example, when Perl sees "$x = chr(400)", it encodes the character in UTF-8 and stores it in $x.
       Then it is marked as character data, so, for instance, "length $x" returns 1. However, in the scope
       of the "bytes" pragma, $x is treated as a series of bytes - the bytes that make up the UTF8 encoding
       - and "length $x" returns 2:

           $x = chr(400);
           print "Length is ", length $x, "\n";     # "Length is 1"
           printf "Contents are %vd\n", $x;         # "Contents are 400"
           {
               use bytes; # or "require bytes; bytes::length()"
               print "Length is ", length $x, "\n"; # "Length is 2"
               printf "Contents are %vd\n", $x;     # "Contents are 198.144"
           }

       chr(), ord(), substr(), index() and rindex() behave similarly.

       For more on the implications and differences between character semantics and byte semantics, see per-luniintro perluniintro
       luniintro and perlunicode.

LIMITATIONS
       bytes::substr() does not work as an lvalue().

SEE ALSO
       perluniintro, perlunicode, utf8



perl v5.8.9                                      2001-09-21                                       bytes(3pm)