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- Subject: Linux NET-2 HOWTO (part 3/3)
- Newsgroups: comp.os.linux.announce,comp.os.linux.help,comp.os.linux.admin,news.answers,comp.answers
- From: terryd@extro.ucc.su.oz.au (Terry Dawson)
- Date: Fri, 18 Nov 1994 17:13:11 GMT
-
- Archive-name: linux/howto/networking/part3
- Last-modified: 18 Nov 94
-
-
- ---This is part 3/3---
-
- compress
- to enable van Jacobsen header compression (cslip)
-
- Naturally these are mutually exclusive, you can use one or the other.
- For more information on the other options available, refer to the man
- pages.
-
-
- 11.2.1.4. Configuring the /etc/slip.login file.
-
- After sliplogin has searched the /etc/slip.hosts and found a matching
- entry, it will attempt to execute the /etc/slip.login file to actually
- configure the slip interface with its ip address and netmask.
-
- The sample /etc/slip.login file supplied with the sliplogin package
- looks like this:
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- #!/bin/sh -
- #
- # @(#)slip.login 5.1 (Berkeley) 7/1/90
- #
- # generic login file for a slip line. sliplogin invokes this with
- # the parameters:
- # 1 2 3 4 5 6 7-n
- # slipunit ttyspeed loginname local-addr remote-addr mask opt-args
- #
- /sbin/ifconfig $1 $4 pointopoint $5 mtu 1500 -trailers up
- /sbin/route add $5
- exit 0
-
-
-
-
- You will note that this script simply uses the ifconfig and route
- commands to configure the slip device with its ipaddress, remote ip
- address and netmask, and creates a route for the remote address via
- the slip device. Just the same as you would if you were using the
- slattach command.
-
-
- 11.2.1.5. Configuring the /etc/slip.logout file.
-
- When the call drops out, you want to ensure that the serial device is
- restored to its normal state so that future callers will be able to
- login correctly. This is achieved with the use of the
- /etc/slip.logout file. It is quite simple, and again, I'll present the
- sample included in the sliplogin package.
-
-
-
- #!/bin/sh -
- #
- # slip.logout
- #
- /sbin/ifconfig $1 down
- /sbin/route del $5
- exit 0
-
-
-
-
- All it does is `down' the interface and delete the manual route
- previously created.
-
-
- 11.2.2. Slip Server using dip.
-
- Let me start by saying that some of the information below came from
- the dip man pages, where how to run Linux as a slip server is briefly
- documented.
-
- To configure Linux as a slip server, you need to create some special
- slip accounts for users, where dip (in slave mode) is used as the
- login shell. Fred suggests that he has a convention of having all of
- his slip accounts begin with a capital `S', eg `Sfredm'.
-
- Because the login program won't accept arguments to the login shell,
- you will need to create a small program that looks like the following:
-
-
-
-
-
- /* dip-i.c - from a mail message of Karl kkeyte@esoc.bitnet */
- int main()
- {
- execlp("dip", "dip", "-i", (char *) 0);
- }
-
-
-
-
- Compile it with: gcc -O dip-i.c -o dip-i
-
- Give it permissions 555. I recommend calling it /usr/bin/dip-i as
- shown below.
-
- A sample /etc/passwd entry for a slip user looks like:
-
-
-
- Sfredm:ij/SMxiTlGVCo:1004:10:UUNET:/tmp:/usr/bin/dip-i
- ^^ ^^ ^^ ^^ ^^ ^^ ^^
- | | | | | | \__ shell program running
- | | | | | | dip -i as login shell
- | | | | | \_______ Home directory
- | | | | \_____________ User Full Name
- | | | \__________________ User Group ID
- | | \______________________ User ID
- | \________________________________ Encrypted User Password
- \___________________________________________ Slip User Login Name
-
-
-
-
- After the user logs in, the login(1) program, if it finds and verifies
- the user ok, will execute the shell program dip-i which will execute
- the dip command in input mode (-i). dip now scans the
- /etc/net/diphosts file for an entry for the given user name.
- Therefore, each slip user must also have an entry in
- /etc/net/diphosts.
-
- You will have to re-read section `Proxy Arp' to arrange for your
- machine to proxy arp for the slip users who will be using your system
- if you want them to have access to any network that your server
- machine might be connected to.
-
-
- 11.2.2.1. Configuring /etc/net/diphosts
-
- /etc/net/diphosts is used by dip to lookup preset configurations for
- remote hosts. These remote hosts might be users dialing into your
- linux machine, or they might be for machines that you dial into with
- your linux machine.
-
- The general format for /etc/net/diphosts is as follows:
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- Suwalt::145.71.34.1:SLIP uwalt:CSLIP,1006
- ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^
- | | | | | \___ MTU
- | | | | \_________ protocol (SLIP, CSLIP,
- | | | | KISS)
- | | | \___________________ comment field
- | | \________________________________ IP address of the other
- | | side, or host.domain.name
- | \___________________________________ unused (compat. with passwd)
- \________________________________________ login name (as returned by
- getpwuid(getuid()))
-
-
-
-
- An example /etc/net/diphosts entry for a remote slip user might be:
-
-
-
- Sfredm::145.71.34.1:SLIP uwalt:SLIP,296
-
-
-
-
- which specifies a slip link with MTU of 296, or
-
-
-
- Sfredm::145.71.34.1:SLIP uwalt:CSLIP,1006
-
-
-
-
- which specifies a cslip-capable link with MTU of 1006.
-
- When a user logs in, they will receive a normal login, and password
- prompt, at which they should enter their slip-login userid and
- password. If they check out ok, then the user will see no special
- messages, they should just change into slip mode at their end, and
- then they should be able to connect ok, and be configured with the
- parameters from the diphosts file.
-
-
- 11.3. Using the Automounter Daemon - AMD.
-
- This section has been supplied by Mitch DSouza, and I've included it
- with minimal editing, as he supplied it. Thanks Mitch.
-
-
- 11.3.1. What is an automounter, and why would I use one ?
-
- An automounter provides a convenient means of mounting filesystems on
- demand, i.e. when requried. This will reduce both the server and the
- client load, and provides a great deal of flexibility even with non-
- NFS mounts. It also offers a redundancy mechanism whereby a mount
- point will automatically switch to a secondary server should a primary
- one be unavailable. A rather useful mount called the union mount gives
- the automounter the ability to merge the contents of multiple
- directories into a single directory. The documentation msut be read
- thoroughly to make full use of its extensive capabilities.
-
- A few important points must be remembered - (in no particular order):
-
-
- o amd maps are not compatible with Sun maps, which in turn are not
- compatible with HP maps ad infinitum. The point here however is
- that amd is freely available and compatible with all the systems
- mentioned above and more, thus giving you the ability to share maps
- if amd is installed throughout your network. Mitch uses it with a
- mixture of Linux/Dec/NeXt/Sun machines.
-
- o Sun automount maps can be converted to amd style maps by using the
- perl script in the contrib directory - automount2amd.pl.
-
- o You must have the portmapper running before starting amd.
-
- o UFS mounts do not timeout.
-
- o UFS mounts, in the case of Linux only, have been extended to deal
- with all varieties of native filesystems (i.e. minix, ext, ext2,
- xiafs ...) with the default being minix. This undocumented feature
- is accessed in the opts option like:
-
-
- ..., opts:=type=msdos,conv=auto
-
-
-
-
- o Do not mount over existing directories unless you use a direct
- automount option, otherwise it is like mounting your disk on /home
- when some user directory is /home/fred.
-
- o Always turn on full logging with the `-x all' option to amd if you
- have any troubles. Check also what the command:
-
-
- % amq -ms
-
-
-
-
- reports, as it will indicate problems as they occur.
-
- o GNU getopt() is too clever for its own good sometimes. You should
- always use `--' before the non-options e.g.
-
-
- # /etc/amd -x all -l syslog -a /amd -- /net /etc/amd.net
-
-
-
-
-
- 11.3.2. Where to get AMD, the automounter daemon.
-
- amd can be obtained from:
-
- sunsite.unc.edu
-
-
- /pub/Linux/system/Misc/mount/amd920824upl67.tar.gz
-
-
-
-
- This contains ready-to-run binaries, full sources and documentation in
- texinfo format.
-
-
-
-
- 11.3.3. An example AMD configuration.
-
- You do not configure the automounter from the /etc/fstab file, which
- you will already be using to contain information about your
- fileystems, instead it is command line driven.
-
- To mount two nfs filesystems using your /etc/fstab file you would use
- two entries that looked like:
-
-
-
- server-1:/export/disk /nfs/server-1 nfs defaults
- server-2:/export/disk /nfs/server-2 nfs defaults
-
-
-
-
- i.e. you were nfs mounting server-1 and server-2 on your linux disk on
- the /nfs/server-1 and /nfs/server-2 directories.
-
- After commenting out, or deleting the above lines from your /etc/fstab
- file, you could amd to perform the same task with the following
- syntax:
-
-
-
- /etc/amd -x all -l syslog -a /amd -- /nfs /etc/amd.server
- | | | | | | | | | | | | |
- | | | | | | | | | | | | |
- `------' `----' `-------' `-----' -' `--' `-------------'
- | | | | | | |
- (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7)
-
-
-
-
- Where:
-
-
- 1. The full amd binary path (obviously optional) depending on your
- $PATH setting, so just `amd' may be specified here.
-
- 2. `-x all' means turn full logging on. Read the documentation for the
- other logging levels
-
- 3. `-l syslog' means log the message via the syslog daemon. This could
- mean put it to a file, dump it, or pass it, to an unused tty
- console. This (syslog) can be changed to the name of a file, i.e.
- `-l foo' will record to a file called foo.
-
- 4. `-a /amd' means use the /amd directory as a temporary place for
- automount points. This directory is created automatically by amd
- and should be removed before starting amd in your /etc/rc scripts.
-
- 5. `--' means tell getopt() to stop attempting to parse the rest of
- the command line for options. This is especially useful when
- specifying the `type:=' options on the command line, otherwise
- getopt() tries to decode it incorrectly.
-
- 6. `/nfs' is the real nfs mount point. Again this is automatically
- created and should not generally contain subdirectories unless the
- `type:=direct' option is used.
-
- 7. The amd map (i.e. a file) named `amd.server' contains the lines:
-
-
- # /etc/amd.server
- /defaults opts:=rw;type:=nfs
- server-1 rhost:=server-1;rfs:=/export/disk
- server-2 rhost:=server-2;rfs:=/export/disk
-
-
-
-
-
- Once started and successfully running, you can query the status of the
- mounts with the command:
-
-
-
- % amq -ms
-
-
-
-
- Now if you say:
-
-
-
- % ls /nfs
-
-
-
-
- you should see no files. However the command:
-
-
-
- % ls /nfs/server-1
-
-
-
-
- will mount the host `server-1' automatically. voila! amd is running.
- After the default timeout has expired, this will automatically be
- unmounted. Your /etc/password file could contain entries like:
-
-
-
- ...
- linus:EncPass:10:0:God:/nfs/server-1/home/linus:/bin/sh
- mitch:EncPass:20:10:Mitch DSouza:/nfs/server-1/home/mitch:/bin/tcsh
- matt:EncPass:20:10:Matt Welsh:/nfs/server-1/home/matt:/bin/csh
-
-
-
-
- which would mean that when Linus, Matt, or Mitch are logged in, their
- home directory will be remotely mounted from the appropriate server,
- and umounted when they log out.
-
-
- 11.4. Using Linux as a router
-
- Linux will function just fine as a router. You should run a routing
- daemon such as gated, or if you have simple routing requirements use
- hard coded routes. If you are using a late version kernel (1.1.*) then
- you should ensure that you have answered `y' to:
-
-
-
-
- IP forwarding/gatewaying (CONFIG_IP_FORWARD) [y] y
-
-
-
-
- when building your kernel.
-
- Olaf Kirch's Network Administrators Guide discusses network design and
- routing issues, and you should read it for more information. A
- reference to it is in the "Related Documentation" section of this
- document.
-
-
- 12. Experimental and Developmental modules.
-
- There are a number of people developing new features and modules for
- the Linux networking code. Some of these are in quite an advanced
- state (read working), and it is these that I intend to include in this
- section until they are standard release code, when they will be moved
- forward.
-
-
- 12.1. AX.25 - A protocol used by Amateur Radio Operators.
-
- The AX.25 protocol is used by Amateur Radio Operators worldwide. It
- offers both connected and connectionless modes of operation, and is
- used either by itself for point-point links, or to carry other
- protocols such as tcp/ip and netrom.
-
- It is similar to X.25 level 2 in structure, with some extensions to
- make it more useful in the amateur radio environment.
-
- Alan Cox has developed some kernel based AX.25 software support for
- Linux and these are available in ALPHA form for you to try. Alan's
- code supports both KISS based TNC's (Terminal Node Controllers), and
- the Z8530 SCC driver.
-
- The User programs contain a P.M.S. (Personal Message System), a beacon
- facility, a line mode connect program, and `listen' an example of how
- to capture all AX.25 frames at RAW interface level.
-
- Be sure to read /usr/local/ax25/README as it contains more complete
- information regarding this software.
-
-
- 12.1.1. Where to obtain the AX.25 software.
-
- The AX.25 software is available from:
-
- sunacm.swan.ac.uk
-
-
- /pub/misc/Linux/Radio/*
-
-
-
-
- You will find a number of directories, each containing different
- versions of the code. Since it is closely linked with the kernel code,
- you will need to ensure that you choose the version appropriate for
- the kernel version you are running. The following table shows the
- mapping between the two:
-
-
-
-
- AX25007 Prehistoric
- AX25010 Obsolete
- AX25012 for release 1.0.* kernels and higher
- AX25016 for release 1.1.5 kernels
- AX25017 for release 1.1.6 kernels
- AX25018
- AX25021
- AX25022 for release 1.1.28 kernels
-
-
-
-
- In each directory you will find at least two files, one called
- something like krnl022.tgz, and the other called something like
- user022.tgz. These are the kernel software, and the user programs
- respectively.
-
-
- 12.1.2. Installing the AX.25 software.
-
- The software comes in two parts, the kernel drivers, and the user
- programs.
-
-
- 12.1.2.1. The kernel drivers.
-
- To install the kernel drivers, do the following:
-
-
-
- # cd /usr/src
- # gzip -dc krnl022.tgz | tar xvf -
-
-
-
-
- you will need to uncomment the CONFIG_AX25 define in the
- /usr/src/linux/config.in file.
-
- You should then:
-
-
-
- # cd /usr/src/linux
- # make config
- # make dep;make
-
-
-
-
- Be sure to answer `yes' when you are asked if you should include the
- AX.25 support in the make config step. You will also need to answer
- `yes' to inluding SLIP if you want the AX.25 code to support a KISS
- TNC.
-
-
- 12.1.2.2. The user programs.
-
- To install the user programs you should try:
-
-
-
- # cd /
- # gzip -dc user022.tgz | tar xvvof -
-
-
- You should then:
-
-
-
- # cd /usr/local/ax25/src
- # make install
-
-
-
-
-
- 12.1.3. Configuring and using the AX.25 software.
-
- Configuring an AX.25 port is very similar to configuring a slip
- device. The AX.25 software has been designed to work with a TNC in
- kiss mode. You will need to have the TNC preconfigured and connected.
-
- You use the axattach program in much the same way as you would use the
- slattach program. For example:
-
-
-
- # /usr/local/ax25/bin/axattach -s 4800 /dev/cua1 VK2KTJ &
-
-
-
-
- would configure your /dev/cua1 serial device to be a kiss interface at
- 4800 bps, with the hardware address VK2KTJ.
-
- You would then use the ifconfig program to configure the ip address
- and netmask as for an ethernet device:
-
-
-
- # /sbin/ifconfig sl0 44.136.8.5
- # /sbin/ifconfig sl0 netmask 255.255.255.0
- # /sbin/ifconfig sl0 broadcast 44.136.8.255
- # /sbin/ifconfig sl0 arp mtu 257 up
-
-
-
-
- To test it out, try the following:
-
-
-
- /usr/local/ax25/bin/call VK2DAY via VK2RVT
-
-
-
-
- The call program is a linemode terminal program for making ax.25
- calls. It recognises lines that start with ` ' as command lines. The
- ` .' command will close the connection.
-
- You also need to configure some items such as the window to use. This
- necessitates editing only one file. Edit the /usr/local/ax25/etc/ports
- file. This is an ascii file containing one line for each AX.25 port.
- You must have the entries in this file in the same order as you
- configure your AX.25 interfaces.
-
- The format is as follows:
-
-
-
- callsign baudrate window frequency
-
-
-
-
- At this stage not much of this information is used, it will be picked
- up and used in later developments.
-
- I haven't had a chance to try this code out yet. Please refer to the
- man pages in /usr/local/ax25/man and the README file in
- /usr/local/ax25 for more information.
-
-
- 12.2. Z8530 SCC driver.
-
- The Zilog Z8530 SCC provides Synchronous/Asynchronous, HDLC, NRZI
- encoding and other capabilities. There are a number of peripheral
- cards that use the Z850 as the basis of their design. A driver has
- been written by Joerg Reuter, <dl1bke@melaten.ihf.rwth-aachen.de>, and
- is available on:
-
- ftp.ucsd.edu
-
-
- /hamradio/packet/tcpip/incoming/sccdrv-1.4a.dl1bke.tar.gz
-
-
-
-
- Please read the README file that accompanies the driver for more
- details.
-
-
- 12.3. Ottawa PI/PI2 card driver.
-
- The Ottawa PI card is a Z8530 SCC based card for IBM PC type machines
- that is in common usage by Amateur Radio operators worldwide. While it
- is most commonly used by Amateur Radio Operators, it could be pressed
- into service in other fields where it is desirable to have the
- features of a Z8530. It supports a high speed half duplex (single DMA
- channel) port, and a low speed (<19.2kbps interrupt driven) full
- duplex port. The PI2 is a new version of the card that supports an on
- board radio modem, and improved hardware design.
-
- A driver for this card has been written by David Perry,
- <dp@hydra.carleton.edu>, and is available from:
-
- hydra.carleton.ca
-
-
- /pub/hamradio/packet/tcpip/linux/pi2-0.5ALPHA.tgz
-
-
-
-
- Please read the README file that accompanes the driver for more
- details.
-
-
- 12.4. NIS - Sun Network Information System.
-
- There are in fact two NIS implementations being distributed. Firstly
- there is a rudimentary implementation in the standard libc ditribution
- which however requires binding to servers via ypbind before use. A
- more clean implementation tending towards the NIS+ implementation is
- called NYS, is written by Peter Eriksson, <pen@lysator.liu.se> and is
- available from:
-
- ftp.funet.fi
-
-
- /pub/OS/Linux/BETA/NYS/nys-0.26.tar.gz
-
-
-
-
- An NIS style server can be retrieved from:
-
- ftp.funet.fi
-
-
- /pub/OS/Linux/BETA/NYS/ypserv-0.5.tar.gz
-
-
-
-
- Check there are no newer versions, as this information might now be
- slightly dated.
-
- Both of these are fully functional and they have been used extensively
- with no troubles to query Sun servers for NIS information like
- passwd/hosts/group etc. and don't require binding to arbitrary
- servers. In fact they allow you to specify servers for services and
- have the ability to select a yp/dns/file option for name/passwd/etc.
- resolution of specific services. They are extremely easy to set up,
- and recommended for client machines integrating into larger networks.
-
- Clearly your network daemons and clients need to be recompiled to link
- with the shared library libnsl.so to make use of the YP facilities.
- This is fairly trivial and an NYS package of all network clients and
- daemons is currently being compiled.
-
- If you have more detailed information on NIS, please email me.
-
-
- 12.5. snmp agent.
-
- There is an experimental snmp agent for linux, ported by Erik
- Schoenfelder, <schoenfr@ibr.cs.tu-bs.de>.
-
- It is available from:
-
- ftp.ibr.cs.tu-bs.de
-
-
- /pub/local/cmu-snmp2.1.2l2.tar.gz
-
-
-
-
- Please read the file called cmu-snmp2.1.2l2.README, as it contains
- information that you will need to know about the package.
-
- This package provides a nearly complete MIB-II variable set. At this
- stage though, you can only read variables, not set them.
-
- nstat.tar.gz contains a formatter of the output from /proc/net/snmp
- called nstat.
-
- You will need to be running either a new version kernel, or apply
- patches to your kernel source. Details are in the README file.
-
- 12.6. Experimental ARCNet driver
-
- There have been a number of people looking for a driver for ARCNet
- cards. ARCNet cards provide only rates of about 2Mbps, but are
- capable of being supported via longer length cables than for 10base2
- (thinnet) type lans. ARCNet cards are also likely to be fairly cheap,
- as many businesses are gradually replacing their ARCNet networks with
- other lan types.
-
- Avery Pennarun <apenwarr@tourism.807-city.on.ca> has produced an
- experimental ARCNet driver for Linux. It is ALPHA which means you
- should try it knowing that it probably still contains many errors and
- might even cause you other problems like kernel hangs.
-
- The source code and kernel patch for the driver are available at:
-
- sunsite.unc.edu
-
-
- /pub/Linux/system/Network/drivers/arcnet-0.12.tar.gz
-
-
-
-
- Note: For ease of patching you will require kernel version 1.1.51 as
- this is what the patch was made against, though it might also work
- either 1.1.45 and up.
-
- There are some known bugs, you can obtain details of these by reading
- the top of the arcnet.c file.
-
- Avery is now at the stage where he needs people to try the driver to
- discover any bugs or problems that he hasn't been able to find, and to
- guage how well it works in other environments. Avery will happily
- accept any reports via the NET channel, or by email to home at either
- <apenwarr@tourism.807-city.on.ca>, or <Avery.Pennarun@NorLinK.Com>.
- Avery has problems with News, so bug reports via any of the Linux
- newsgroups might not make it to him. Avery wants to know not only if
- you have problems, but also if you have success.
-
-
- 12.7. Experimental Token Ring driver
-
- An experimental Token Ring driver is being developed by Peter De
- Schrijver <stud11@cc4.kuleuven.ac.be>. His latest version, at the time
- of writing was available at:
-
- sunsite.unc.edu
-
-
- /pub/Linux/Incoming/linux-1.1.44-TR.tar.gz
-
-
-
-
-
- 12.8. V.35 interface board
-
- V.35 is a C.C.I.T.T. standard interface that provides a high speed
- balanced serial interface suitable for speeds up to about 2 Mbps. The
- use of differential pair balanced transmission allows the V.35
- interface to support longer cables than can the more familiar
- V.24/RS232C type interface and higher data rates.
-
- Pete Kruckenberg <kruckenb@sal.cs.utah.edu> located a company that
- supplies V.35 interface hardware for ISA bus machines. The company is
- also developing a Linux driver for this card that is nearing Beta
- testing stage. This would allow you to directly connect your Linux
- machine to a 48/56kbps synchronous leased line. The card supports
- multiple protocols and allows for interface speeds of up to 12 Mbps.
-
- More information is available from:
-
- ftp.std.com
-
-
- pub/sdl/n2
-
-
-
-
- or you can email Dale Dhillon <sdl@world.std.com>
-
-
- 12.9. Slip Management Suite
-
- Matthew Dillon, dillon@apollo.west.oic.com has assembled a suite of
- programs for managing slip connections, both incoming and outgoing.
- Some of the software's features are automatic dialling out, automatic
- redial on failure, and shifting between slip connections on a single
- serial port.
-
- Matt has tested the code with version 1.1.x kernels, but says it
- should also compile and run ok with version 1.0.x kernels.
-
- You can obtain the software from: ftp.west.oic.com
- (ftp://ftp.west.oic.com/pub/linux/dillon_src/dslip203.tgz) or from:
- sunsite.unc.edu
- (ftp://sunsite.unc.edu/pub/Linux/system/Network/serial/dslip203.tgz)
-
-
- 12.10. tcpdump utility
-
- Adam Caldwell <acaldwel@103mort2.cs.ohiou.edu> has ported the tcpdump
- to linux. tcpdump allows you to take traces of network activity by
- intercepting the datagrams on their way in and out of your machine.
- This is useful for diagnosing difficult to identify network problems.
-
- Both binary and sources are available, and version 3.0 has been tested
- on kernel versions 0.99.15, 1.0.8 and 1.1.28.
-
- You can find the source and binaries at: 103mor2.cs.ohiou.edu
- (ftp://103mort2.cs.ohiou.edu/linux/tcpdump-3.0-linux-src.tar.gz) or
- from: sunsite.unc.edu
- (ftp://sunsite.unc.edu/pub/Linux/system/Network/tcpdump-3.0-linux-
- src.tar.gz)
-
-
-
- 13. Some Frequently Asked Questions, with brief Answers.
-
- Following are some questions and answers that are commonly asked.
-
-
- 13.1. General questions:
-
-
-
- I have only a dialin terminal access to a machine on the net, can I
- use
- this as a network connection ?" Yes you can, take a look at
- TERM. TERM allows you you to run network connections over a
- normal terminal session. It requires some modifications to the
- network applications to work with it, but binaries and sources
- are available for the most common ones already. take a look at
- the TERM-HOWTO (http://sunsite.unc.edu/mdw/HOWTO/Term-
- HOWTO.html) for lots more information.
-
-
- I want to build my own standalone network, what addresses do I use
- ?
- RFC1597 has specifically reserved some IP addresses for private
- networks. You should use these as they prevent anything nasty
- happening if you accidentally get connected to the Internet. The
- addresses reserved are:
-
-
- 10.0.0.0 - 10.255.255.255
- 172.16.0.0 - 172.31.255.255
- 192.168.0.0 - 192.168.255.255
-
-
-
-
- Note, reserved network addresses are of classes A, B and C, so you
- are not restricted in your network design or size. Since you won't
- be connecting to the Internet it doesn't matter if you use the same
- address as some other group or network, just so long as the
- addresses you use are unique within your network.
-
-
- If sunacm.swan.ac.uk is down, how do I get the files specified ?
- `sunacm' is mirrored on:
-
- ftp.Uni-Mainz.DE
-
-
- /pub/Linux/packages/Net2Debugged
-
-
-
-
-
- How do I know what version of kernel/net code I am running ?
- The network code and kernel now have synchronised version
- numbers, so try:
-
- uname -a
-
- or:
-
- cat /proc/version
-
-
- 13.2. Error messages:
-
-
-
- I keep getting the error `eth0: transmit timed out'. What does this
- mean?
- This usually means that your Ethernet cable is unplugged, or
- that the setup parameters for your card (I/O address, IRQ, etc.)
- are not set correctly. Check the messages at boot time and make
- sure that your card is recognized with the correct Ethernet
- address. If it is, check that there is no conflict with any
- other hardware in your machine, eg you might have a soundblaster
- sharing the same IRQ or i/o control port.
-
- I get errors `check Ethernet cable' when using the network.
- You probably have your Ethernet card configured incorrectly.
- Double check the settings in /usr/src/linux/drivers/net/CONFIG.
- If this checks out ok, you may in fact have a cabling problem,
- check the cables are plugged in securely.
-
-
-
- 13.3. Routing questions:
-
-
-
- Why do I get the message `obselete route request' when I use the
- route command ?
- You are using a version of route that is older than your kernel.
- You should upgrade to a newer version of route. Refer to the
- "The network configuration tool suite" section of this document
- for information on where to obtain the tool set.
-
-
- Why do I get a `network unreachable' message when I try and net-
- work?
- This message means that yours, or some other, machine doesn't
- know how to route to the host that you are attempting to ping or
- connect to. If it occurs for all hosts that you try, then it is
- probable that you don't have your default route set up properly,
- reread the `routing' section.
-
-
- I can ping my server/gateway, but can't ping or connect to anyone
- remote.
- This is probably due to a routing problem. Reread the `routing'
- section in this document. If this looks ok, then make sure that
- the host you are attempting to connect to has a route to you. If
- you are a dialin user then this is a common cause of problems,
- ensure that your server is either running a routing program like
- gated or routed, or that it is `prox arping' for you, otherwise
- you will be able to get datagrams to the remote host, but it
- won't know how to return datagrams to you.
-
-
-
- 13.4. Using Linux with fileservers/NFS:
-
-
-
- How do I use my existing Novell fileserver with my Linux machine ?
- If you have the Novell NFS Daemon code then it is easy, just NFS
- mount the Novell volume that you wish to use. If you don't, and
- you are really desperate to be able to do this, and you have a
- spare pc machine laying about, you are in luck. You can run a
- program called Stan's Own Server on the spare PC. First,
- configure the pc as a novell workstation with maps to the
- directories you want to nfs mount, then run SOS, and export
- those drive maps. SOS is available from
- spdcc.com:pub/sos/sossexe.zoo
-
-
- Files get corrupted when running NFS over a network.
- Certain vendors (Sun primarily) shipped many machines running
- NFS without UDP checksums. Great on ethernet, suicide otherwise.
- UDP checksums can be enabled on most file servers. Linux has it
- enabled by default from pl13 onwards - but both ends need to
- have it enabled...
-
-
- Why are my NFS files all read only ?
- The Linux NFS server defaults to read only. RTFM the `exports'
- and nfsd manual pages. With non Linux servers you may also need
- to alter /etc/exports
-
-
-
- 13.5. slip questions:
-
-
-
- What do I do if I don't know my slip servers address ?
- dip doesn't really need to know the address of your slip server
- for slip to function. The remote option was added as a
- convenience so that dip could automate the ifconfig and route
- commands for you. If you don't know, and cannot find out the
- address of your slip server then Peter D. Junger
- Junger@samsara.law.cwru.edu has suggested that he simply used
- his own address wherever a dip script called for a remote
- address. This is a small kludge but it works ok, as the server's
- address never actually appears in the slip headers anyway.
-
-
- `dip' only works for root. How do I make it work for others?
- dip needs to be suid root to perform some of the tasks necessary
- to do its job, so check that the file permissions of dip are
- 6750. On some systems dip is actually a symbolic link to another
- file, such as dip.uri, if this is how yours is setup then make
- the change to that file instead. Something like `chmod 6750 dip'
- should work ok. Check also that dip is owned by root: `chown
- root:dip dip'.
-
-
- With SLIP I can ping my server, and other hosts, but telnet or ftp
- don't
- work." This is most likely caused by a disagreement on the use
- of header compression between your server and your machine.
- Double check that both ends either are, or are not, using
- compression. They must match.
-
-
- How can I hang up the phone line when I'm done using SLIP?
- If you use dip to dial out on the SLIP line, just `dip -k'
- should do the trick. If not, try to kill the dip process that is
- running. When dip dies it should hang up the call. To give it
- the best chance to clean up after itself, try killing the
- process in the following sequence: `kill <pid>', `kill -hup
- <pid>', and finally, if the dip process still refuses to die,
- try `kill -9 <pid>'. The same philosophy should be applied to
- all unix processes that you are attempting to kill.
-
-
- I see a lot of overrun errors on my slip port, why ?
- The older network tools incorrectly report number of packets
- compressed as the number of packets overrun. This has been
- corrected, and shouldn't occur of you are running the new
- version kernel and tools. If it still is it probably indicates
- that your machine isn't keeping up with the rate of data
- incoming. If you are not using 16550AFN UARTs then you should
- upgrade to them. 16450, or 8250 generate an interrupt for every
- character they receive and are therefore very reliant on the
- processor to be able to find time to stop what it is doing an
- collect the character from them to ensure none get lost. The
- 16500AFN has a 16 character FIFO, and they only generate
- interrupts when the FIFO is nearly full, or when they have had
- character waiting, this means that less interrupts get generated
- for the same amount of data, and that less time is spent
- servicing your serial port. If you want to use multiple serial
- ports you should mandatorily upgrade to 16550AFN UARTs anyway.
-
-
- Can I use two slip interfaces ?
- Yes. If you have, for example, three machines which you would
- like to interconnect, then you most certainly could use two slip
- interfaces on one machine and connect each of the other machines
- to it. Simply configure the second interface as you did the
- first. NOTE that the second interface will require a different
- IP address to the first. You may need to play with the routing a
- bit to get it to do what you want, but it should work.
-
-
- I have a multiport i/o card, how do I use more than 4 slip ports ?
- The kernel slip comes with a default of a maximum of 4 slip
- devices configured, this is set in the
- /usr/src/linux/drivers/net/slip.h file. To increase it, say to
- 16, change the #define SL_NRUNIT to 16, in place of the 4 that
- will be there. You also need to edit
- /usr/src/linux/drivers/net/Space.c and add sections for sl4, sl5
- etc. You can copy the existing driver definition as a template
- to make it easier. You will need to recompile the kernel for the
- change to take effect.
-
-
-
- 14. Known Bugs.
-
- The Linux networking code is still an evolving thing. It still has
- bugs though they are becoming less frequently reported now. The Linux
- Networking News (http://iifeak.swan.ac.uk/NetNews.html) is a World
- Wide Web page maintained by Alan Cox which contains information on the
- status of the NET-3 networking code. You can obtain information on
- what is known and what isn't, by reading the
- /usr/src/linux/net/inet/README file that accompanies the kernel
- source, or by joining the NET channel.
-
-
- 15. Copyright Message.
-
- The NET-2-HOWTO is copyright by Terry Dawson and Matt Welsh. A
- verbatim copy of this document may be reproduced and distributed in
- any medium, physical or electronic without permission of the authors.
- Translations are similarly permitted without express permission if
- such translations include a notice stating who performed the
- translation, and that it is a translation. Commercial redistribution
- is allowed and encouraged, however, the authors would like to be
- notified of any such distributions.
-
- Short quotes may be used without prior consent by the authors.
- Derivative works and partial distributions of the NET-2-HOWTO must
- include either a verbatim copy of this file, or make a verbatim copy
- of this file available. If the latter is the case, a pointer to the
- verbatim copy must be stated at a clearly visible place.
-
- In short, we wish to promote dissemination of this information through
- as many channels as possible. However, we wish to retain copyright on
- this HOWTO document, and would like to be notified of any plans to
- redistribute it. Further we desire that ALL information provided in
- this HOWTO be disseminated.
-
- If you have any questions relating to the conditions of this
- copyright, please contact Matt Welsh, the Linux HOWTO coordinator, at:
- mdw@sunsite.unc.edu
- 16. Miscellaneous, and Acknowledgements.
-
- This HOWTO has been completely rewritten using the new smgl tools that
- Matt Welsh put together. The tools seem to work just fine, and they
- are pretty simple to use. There are so many people who have
- contributed comments and suggestions for this update that I have
- forgotten who you are. Thanks.
-
- Please, if you have any comments or suggestions then mail them to me.
- I'm fairly busy these days, so I might not get back to you straight
- away, but I will certainly consider any suggestion you have.
-
- The Linux networking code has come a long way, and it hasn't been an
- easy trip, but the developers, all of them, have done an excellent job
- in getting together something that is functional, versatile, flexible,
- and free for us to use. We all owe them a great debt of thanks. Linus,
- Ross, Fred, Alan, the Alpha/Beta testers, the tools developers, and
- those offering moral support have all contributed to the code as it is
- today.
-
- For those that have an itch they want to scratch, happy hacking, here
- it is.
-
- 73
-
- Terry Dawson, vk2ktj.
-
- <terryd@extro.ucc.su.oz.au>, or <terry@orac.dn.telecom.com.au>
-
-