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-
-
- EMACS(1) EMACS(1)
-
-
- N✓NA✓AM✓ME✓E
- emacs - GNU project Emacs
-
- S✓SY✓YN✓NO✓OP✓PS✓SI✓IS✓S
- e✓em✓ma✓ac✓cs✓s [ _✓c_✓o_✓m_✓m_✓a_✓n_✓d_✓-_✓l_✓i_✓n_✓e _✓s_✓w_✓i_✓t_✓c_✓h_✓e_✓s ] [ _✓f_✓i_✓l_✓e _✓._✓._✓. ]
-
- D✓DE✓ES✓SC✓CR✓RI✓IP✓PT✓TI✓IO✓ON✓N
- _✓G_✓N_✓U _✓E_✓m_✓a_✓c_✓s is a new version of _✓E_✓m_✓a_✓c_✓s_✓, written by the author
- of the original (PDP-10) _✓E_✓m_✓a_✓c_✓s_✓, Richard Stallman. Its
- user functionality encompasses everything other _✓E_✓m_✓a_✓c_✓s edi-
- tors do, and it is easily extensible since its editing
- commands are written in Lisp.
-
- _✓E_✓m_✓a_✓c_✓s has an extensive interactive help facility, but the
- facility assumes that you know how to manipulate _✓E_✓m_✓a_✓c_✓s
- windows and buffers. CTRL-h (backspace or CTRL-h) enters
- the Help facility. Help Tutorial (CTRL-h t) requests an
- interactive tutorial which can teach beginners the funda-
- mentals of _✓E_✓m_✓a_✓c_✓s in a few minutes. Help Apropos (CTRL-h
- a) helps you find a command given its functionality, Help
- Character (CTRL-h c) describes a given character's effect,
- and Help Function (CTRL-h f) describes a given Lisp func-
- tion specified by name.
-
- _✓E_✓m_✓a_✓c_✓s_✓'_✓s Undo can undo several steps of modification to
- your buffers, so it is easy to recover from editing mis-
- takes.
-
- _✓G_✓N_✓U _✓E_✓m_✓a_✓c_✓s_✓'_✓s many special packages handle mail reading
- (RMail) and sending (Mail), outline editing (Outline),
- compiling (Compile), running subshells within _✓E_✓m_✓a_✓c_✓s win-
- dows (Shell), running a Lisp read-eval-print loop (Lisp-
- Interaction-Mode), and automated psychotherapy (Doctor).
-
- There is an extensive reference manual, but users of other
- Emacses should have little trouble adapting even without a
- copy. Users new to _✓E_✓m_✓a_✓c_✓s will be able to use basic fea-
- tures fairly rapidly by studying the tutorial and using
- the self-documentation features.
-
- Emacs Options
-
- The following options are of general interest:
-
- _✓f_✓i_✓l_✓e Edit _✓f_✓i_✓l_✓e_✓.
-
- +✓+_✓n_✓u_✓m_✓b_✓e_✓r Go to the line specified by _✓n_✓u_✓m_✓b_✓e_✓r (do not insert
- a space between the "+" sign and the number).
-
- -✓-q✓q Do not load an init file.
-
- -✓-u✓u _✓u_✓s_✓e_✓r Load _✓u_✓s_✓e_✓r_✓'_✓s init file.
-
- -✓-t✓t _✓f_✓i_✓l_✓e Use specified _✓f_✓i_✓l_✓e as the terminal instead of
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-
-
- 1990 November 13 1
-
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-
-
-
- EMACS(1) EMACS(1)
-
-
- using stdin/stdout. This must be the first argu-
- ment specified in the command line.
-
- The following options are lisp-oriented (these options are
- processed in the order encountered):
-
- -✓-f✓f _✓f_✓u_✓n_✓c_✓t_✓i_✓o_✓n
- Execute the lisp function _✓f_✓u_✓n_✓c_✓t_✓i_✓o_✓n_✓.
-
- -✓-l✓l _✓f_✓i_✓l_✓e Load the lisp code in the file _✓f_✓i_✓l_✓e_✓.
-
- The following options are useful when running _✓E_✓m_✓a_✓c_✓s as a
- batch editor:
-
- -✓-b✓ba✓at✓tc✓ch✓h _✓c_✓o_✓m_✓m_✓a_✓n_✓d_✓f_✓i_✓l_✓e
- Edit in batch mode using the commands found in
- _✓c_✓o_✓m_✓m_✓a_✓n_✓d_✓f_✓i_✓l_✓e_✓. The editor will send messages to
- stdout. This option must be the first in the
- argument list.
-
- -✓-k✓ki✓il✓ll✓l Exit _✓E_✓m_✓a_✓c_✓s while in batch mode.
-
- Using Emacs with X
-
- _✓E_✓m_✓a_✓c_✓s has been tailored to work well with the X window
- system. If you run _✓E_✓m_✓a_✓c_✓s from under X windows, it will
- create its own X window to display in. You will probably
- want to start the editor as a background process so that
- you can continue using your original window.
-
- _✓E_✓m_✓a_✓c_✓s can be started with the following X switches:
-
- -✓-r✓rn✓n _✓n_✓a_✓m_✓e
- Specifies the program name which should be used
- when looking up defaults in the user's X
- resources. This must be the first option speci-
- fied in the command line.
-
- -✓-w✓wn✓n _✓n_✓a_✓m_✓e
- Specifies the name which should be assigned to the
- _✓E_✓m_✓a_✓c_✓s window.
-
- -✓-r✓r Display the _✓E_✓m_✓a_✓c_✓s window in reverse video.
-
- -✓-i✓i Use the "kitchen sink" bitmap icon when iconifying
- the _✓E_✓m_✓a_✓c_✓s window.
-
- -✓-f✓fo✓on✓nt✓t _✓f_✓o_✓n_✓t_✓, -✓-f✓fn✓n _✓f_✓o_✓n_✓t
- Set the _✓E_✓m_✓a_✓c_✓s window's font to that specified by
- _✓f_✓o_✓n_✓t_✓. You will find the various _✓X fonts in the
- _✓/_✓u_✓s_✓r_✓/_✓l_✓i_✓b_✓/_✓X_✓1_✓1_✓/_✓f_✓o_✓n_✓t_✓s directory. Note that _✓E_✓m_✓a_✓c_✓s
- will only accept fixed width fonts. Under the X11
- Release 4 font-naming conventions, any font with
- the value "m" or "c" in the eleventh field of the
-
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- 1990 November 13 2
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- EMACS(1) EMACS(1)
-
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- font name is a fixed width font. Furthermore,
- fonts whose name are of the form _✓w_✓i_✓d_✓t_✓hx_✓h_✓e_✓i_✓g_✓h_✓t are
- generally fixed width, as is the font _✓f_✓i_✓x_✓e_✓d. See
- _✓x_✓l_✓s_✓f_✓o_✓n_✓t_✓s(1) for more information.
-
- When you specify a font, be sure to put a space
- between the switch and the font name.
-
- -✓-b✓b _✓p_✓i_✓x_✓e_✓l_✓s
- Set the _✓E_✓m_✓a_✓c_✓s window's border width to the number
- of pixels specified by _✓p_✓i_✓x_✓e_✓l_✓s_✓. Defaults to one
- pixel on each side of the window.
-
- -✓-i✓ib✓b _✓p_✓i_✓x_✓e_✓l_✓s
- Set the window's internal border width to the num-
- ber of pixels specified by _✓p_✓i_✓x_✓e_✓l_✓s_✓. Defaults to
- one pixel of padding on each side of the window.
-
-
- -✓-w✓w _✓g_✓e_✓o_✓m_✓e_✓t_✓r_✓y_✓, -✓-g✓ge✓eo✓om✓me✓et✓tr✓ry✓y _✓g_✓e_✓o_✓m_✓e_✓t_✓r_✓y
- Set the _✓E_✓m_✓a_✓c_✓s window's width, height, and position
- as specified. The geometry specification is in
- the standard X format; see _✓X(1) for more informa-
- tion. The width and height are specified in char-
- acters; the default is 80 by 24.
-
-
- -✓-f✓fg✓g _✓c_✓o_✓l_✓o_✓r
- On color displays, sets the color of the text.
-
- See the file _✓/_✓u_✓s_✓r_✓/_✓l_✓i_✓b_✓/_✓X_✓1_✓1_✓/_✓r_✓g_✓b_✓._✓t_✓x_✓t for a list of
- valid color names.
-
- -✓-b✓bg✓g _✓c_✓o_✓l_✓o_✓r
- On color displays, sets the color of the window's
- background.
-
- -✓-b✓bd✓d _✓c_✓o_✓l_✓o_✓r
- On color displays, sets the color of the window's
- border.
-
- -✓-c✓cr✓r _✓c_✓o_✓l_✓o_✓r
- On color displays, sets the color of the window's
- text cursor.
-
- -✓-m✓ms✓s _✓c_✓o_✓l_✓o_✓r
- On color displays, sets the color of the window's
- mouse cursor.
-
- -✓-d✓d _✓d_✓i_✓s_✓p_✓l_✓a_✓y_✓n_✓a_✓m_✓e_✓, -✓-d✓di✓is✓sp✓pl✓la✓ay✓y _✓d_✓i_✓s_✓p_✓l_✓a_✓y_✓n_✓a_✓m_✓e
- Create the _✓E_✓m_✓a_✓c_✓s window on the display specified
- by _✓d_✓i_✓s_✓p_✓l_✓a_✓y_✓n_✓a_✓m_✓e. Must be the first option speci-
- fied in the command line.
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- -✓-n✓nw✓w Tells _✓E_✓m_✓a_✓c_✓s not to use its special interface to X.
- If you use this switch when invoking _✓E_✓m_✓a_✓c_✓s from an
- _✓x_✓t_✓e_✓r_✓m(1) window, display is done in that window.
- This must be the first option specified in the
- command line.
-
- You can set _✓X default values for your _✓E_✓m_✓a_✓c_✓s windows in
- your _✓._✓X_✓r_✓e_✓s_✓o_✓u_✓r_✓c_✓e_✓s file (see _✓x_✓r_✓d_✓b(1)). Use the following
- format:
-
- emacs.keyword:value
-
- where _✓v_✓a_✓l_✓u_✓e specifies the default value of _✓k_✓e_✓y_✓w_✓o_✓r_✓d_✓. _✓E_✓m_✓a_✓c_✓s
- lets you set default values for the following keywords:
-
- f✓fo✓on✓nt✓t (✓(class F✓Fo✓on✓nt✓t)✓)
- Sets the window's text font.
-
- r✓re✓ev✓ve✓er✓rs✓se✓eV✓Vi✓id✓de✓eo✓o (✓(class R✓Re✓ev✓ve✓er✓rs✓se✓eV✓Vi✓id✓de✓eo✓o)✓)
- If _✓r_✓e_✓v_✓e_✓r_✓s_✓e_✓V_✓i_✓d_✓e_✓o_✓'_✓s value is set to _✓o_✓n_✓, the window
- will be displayed in reverse video.
-
- b✓bi✓it✓tm✓ma✓ap✓pI✓Ic✓co✓on✓n (✓(class B✓Bi✓it✓tm✓ma✓ap✓pI✓Ic✓co✓on✓n)✓)
- If _✓b_✓i_✓t_✓m_✓a_✓p_✓I_✓c_✓o_✓n_✓'_✓s value is set to _✓o_✓n_✓, the window
- will iconify into the "kitchen sink."
-
- b✓bo✓or✓rd✓de✓er✓rW✓Wi✓id✓dt✓th✓h (✓(class B✓Bo✓or✓rd✓de✓er✓rW✓Wi✓id✓dt✓th✓h)✓)
- Sets the window's border width in pixels.
-
- i✓in✓nt✓te✓er✓rn✓na✓al✓lB✓Bo✓or✓rd✓de✓er✓r (✓(class B✓Bo✓or✓rd✓de✓er✓rW✓Wi✓id✓dt✓th✓h)✓)
- Sets the window's internal border width in pixels.
-
- f✓fo✓or✓re✓eg✓gr✓ro✓ou✓un✓nd✓d (✓(class F✓Fo✓or✓re✓eg✓gr✓ro✓ou✓un✓nd✓d)✓)
- For color displays, sets the window's text color.
-
- b✓ba✓ac✓ck✓kg✓gr✓ro✓ou✓un✓nd✓d (✓(class B✓Ba✓ac✓ck✓kg✓gr✓ro✓ou✓un✓nd✓d)✓)
- For color displays, sets the window's background
- color.
-
- b✓bo✓or✓rd✓de✓er✓rC✓Co✓ol✓lo✓or✓r (✓(class B✓Bo✓or✓rd✓de✓er✓rC✓Co✓ol✓lo✓or✓r)✓)
- For color displays, sets the color of the window's
- border.
-
- c✓cu✓ur✓rs✓so✓or✓rC✓Co✓ol✓lo✓or✓r (✓(class F✓Fo✓or✓re✓eg✓gr✓ro✓ou✓un✓nd✓d)✓)
- For color displays, sets the color of the window's
- text cursor.
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- p✓po✓oi✓in✓nt✓te✓er✓rC✓Co✓ol✓lo✓or✓r (✓(class F✓Fo✓or✓re✓eg✓gr✓ro✓ou✓un✓nd✓d)✓)
- For color displays, sets the color of the window's
- mouse cursor.
-
- g✓ge✓eo✓om✓me✓et✓tr✓ry✓y (✓(class G✓Ge✓eo✓om✓me✓et✓tr✓ry✓y)✓)
- Sets the geometry of the _✓E_✓m_✓a_✓c_✓s window (as
- described above).
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- t✓ti✓it✓tl✓le✓e (✓(class T✓Ti✓it✓tl✓le✓e)✓)
- Sets the title of the _✓E_✓m_✓a_✓c_✓s window.
-
- i✓ic✓co✓on✓nN✓Na✓am✓me✓e (✓(class T✓Ti✓it✓tl✓le✓e)✓)
- Sets the icon name for the _✓E_✓m_✓a_✓c_✓s window icon.
-
- If you try to set color values while using a black and
- white display, the window's characteristics will default
- as follows: the foreground color will be set to black, the
- background color will be set to white, the border color
- will be set to grey, and the text and mouse cursors will
- be set to black.
-
- Using the Mouse
-
- The following lists the mouse button bindings for the
- _✓E_✓m_✓a_✓c_✓s window under X11.
-
- MOUSE BUTTON FUNCTION
- left Set point.
- middle Paste text.
- right Cut text into X cut buffer.
- SHIFT-middle Cut text into X cut buffer.
- SHIFT-right Paste text.
- CTRL-middle Cut text into X cut buffer and kill
- it.
- CTRL-right Select this window, then split it
- into two windows. Same as typing
- CTRL-x 2.
- CTRL-SHIFT-left X buffer menu--hold the buttons and
- keys down, wait for menu to appear,
- select buffer, and release. Move
- mouse out of menu and release to can-
- cel.
- CTRL-SHIFT-middle X help menu--pop up index card menu
- for Emacs help.
- CTRL-SHIFT-right Select window with mouse, and delete
- all other windows. Same as typing
- CTRL-x 1.
-
-
- M✓MA✓AN✓NU✓UA✓AL✓LS✓S
- You can order printed copies of the GNU Emacs Manual for
- $15.00/copy postpaid from the Free Software Foundation,
- which develops GNU software (contact them for quantity
- prices on the manual). Their address is:
- Free Software Foundation
- 675 Mass Ave.
- Cambridge, MA 02139
- Your local Emacs maintainer might also have copies avail-
- able. As with all software and publications from FSF,
- everyone is permitted to make and distribute copies of the
- Emacs manual. The TeX source to the manual is also
- included in the Emacs source distribution.
-
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- EMACS(1) EMACS(1)
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- F✓FI✓IL✓LE✓ES✓S
- /usr/local/emacs/src - C source files and object files
-
- /usr/local/emacs/lisp - Lisp source files and compiled
- files that define most editing commands. Some are
- preloaded; others are autoloaded from this directory when
- used.
-
- /usr/local/emacs/man - sources for the Emacs reference
- manual.
-
- /usr/local/emacs/etc - various programs that are used with
- GNU Emacs, and some files of information.
-
- /usr/local/emacs/etc/DOC.* - contains the documentation
- strings for the Lisp primitives and preloaded Lisp func-
- tions of GNU Emacs. They are stored here to reduce the
- size of Emacs proper.
-
- /usr/local/emacs/etc/DIFF discusses GNU Emacs vs. Twenex
- Emacs;
- /usr/local/emacs/etc/CCADIFF discusses GNU Emacs vs. CCA
- Emacs;
- /usr/local/emacs/etc/GOSDIFF discusses GNU Emacs vs.
- Gosling Emacs.
- /usr/local/emacs/etc/SERVICE lists people offering various
- services to assist users of GNU Emacs, including educa-
- tion, troubleshooting, porting and customization.
- These files also have information useful to anyone wishing
- to write programs in the Emacs Lisp extension language,
- which has not yet been fully documented.
-
- /usr/local/emacs/info - files for the Info documentation
- browser (a subsystem of Emacs) to refer to. Currently not
- much of Unix is documented here, but the complete text of
- the Emacs reference manual is included in a convenient
- tree structured form.
-
- /usr/local/emacs/lock - holds lock files that are made for
- all files being modified in Emacs, to prevent simultaneous
- modification of one file by two users.
-
- /usr/local/emacs/cpp - the GNU cpp, needed for building
- Emacs on certain versions of Unix where the standard cpp
- cannot handle long names for macros.
-
- /usr/local/emacs/shortnames - facilities for translating
- long names to short names in C code, needed for building
- Emacs on certain versions of Unix where the C compiler
- cannot handle long names for functions or variables.
-
- /usr/lib/X11/rgb.txt - list of valid X color names.
-
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- EMACS(1) EMACS(1)
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- B✓BU✓UG✓GS✓S
- There is a mailing list, bug-gnu-emacs@prep.ai.mit.edu on
- the internet (ucbvax!prep.ai.mit.edu!bug-gnu-emacs on
- UUCPnet), for reporting Emacs bugs and fixes. But before
- reporting something as a bug, please try to be sure that
- it really is a bug, not a misunderstanding or a deliberate
- feature. We ask you to read the section ``Reporting Emacs
- Bugs'' near the end of the reference manual (or Info sys-
- tem) for hints on how and when to report bugs. Also,
- include the version number of the Emacs you are running in
- _✓e_✓v_✓e_✓r_✓y bug report that you send in.
-
- Do not expect a personal answer to a bug report. The pur-
- pose of reporting bugs is to get them fixed for everyone
- in the next release, if possible. For personal assis-
- tance, look in the SERVICE file (see above) for a list of
- people who offer it.
-
- Please do not send anything but bug reports to this mail-
- ing list. Send requests to be added to mailing lists to
- the special list info-gnu-emacs-request@prep.ai.mit.edu
- (or the corresponding UUCP address). For more information
- about Emacs mailing lists, see the file
- /usr/local/emacs/etc/MAILINGLISTS. Bugs tend actually to
- be fixed if they can be isolated, so it is in your inter-
- est to report them in such a way that they can be easily
- reproduced.
-
- Bugs that I know about are: shell will not work with pro-
- grams running in Raw mode on some Unix versions.
-
- U✓UN✓NR✓RE✓ES✓ST✓TR✓RI✓IC✓CT✓TI✓IO✓ON✓NS✓S
- _✓E_✓m_✓a_✓c_✓s is free; anyone may redistribute copies of _✓E_✓m_✓a_✓c_✓s to
- anyone under the terms stated in the _✓E_✓m_✓a_✓c_✓s General Public
- License, a copy of which accompanies each copy of _✓E_✓m_✓a_✓c_✓s
- and which also appears in the reference manual.
-
- Copies of _✓E_✓m_✓a_✓c_✓s may sometimes be received packaged with
- distributions of Unix systems, but it is never included in
- the scope of any license covering those systems. Such
- inclusion violates the terms on which distribution is per-
- mitted. In fact, the primary purpose of the General Pub-
- lic License is to prohibit anyone from attaching any other
- restrictions to redistribution of _✓E_✓m_✓a_✓c_✓s_✓.
-
- Richard Stallman encourages you to improve and extend
- _✓E_✓m_✓a_✓c_✓s_✓, and urges that you contribute your extensions to
- the GNU library. Eventually GNU (Gnu's Not Unix) will be
- a complete replacement for Berkeley Unix. Everyone will
- be able to use the GNU system for free.
-
- S✓SE✓EE✓E A✓AL✓LS✓SO✓O
- X(1), xlsfonts(1), xterm(1), xrdb(1)
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-
-
- A✓AU✓UT✓TH✓HO✓OR✓RS✓S
- _✓E_✓m_✓a_✓c_✓s was written by Richard Stallman and the Free Soft-
- ware Foundation. Joachim Martillo and Robert Krawitz
- added the X features.
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