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GNU Info File | 1992-02-15 | 48.2 KB | 1,277 lines

This is Info file gcc.info, produced by Makeinfo-1.43 from the input file gcc.texi. This file documents the use and the internals of the GNU compiler. Copyright (C) 1988, 1989, 1992 Free Software Foundation, Inc. Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of this manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice are preserved on all copies. Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of this manual under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided also that the section entitled "GNU General Public License" is included exactly as in the original, and provided that the entire resulting derived work is distributed under the terms of a permission notice identical to this one. Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this manual into another language, under the above conditions for modified versions, except that the section entitled "GNU General Public License" and this permission notice may be included in translations approved by the Free Software Foundation instead of in the original English. File: gcc.info, Node: Warning Options, Next: Debugging Options, Prev: Dialect Options, Up: Invoking GCC Options to Request or Suppress Warnings ======================================= Warnings are diagnostic messages that report constructions which are not inherently erroneous but which are risky or suggest there may have been an error. You can request many specific warnings with options beginning `-W', for example `-Wimplicit' to request warnings on implicit declarations. Each of these specific warning options also has a negative form beginning `-Wno-' to turn off warnings; for example, `-Wno-implicit'. This manual lists only one of the two forms, whichever is not the default. These options control the amount and kinds of warnings produced by GNU CC: `-fsyntax-only' Check the code for syntax errors, but don't emit any output. `-w' Inhibit all warning messages. `-pedantic' Issue all the warnings demanded by strict ANSI standard C; reject all programs that use forbidden extensions. Valid ANSI standard C programs should compile properly with or without this option (though a rare few will require `-ansi'). However, without this option, certain GNU extensions and traditional C features are supported as well. With this option, they are rejected. `-pedantic' does not cause warning messages for use of the alternate keywords whose names begin and end with `__'. Pedantic warnings are also disabled in the expression that follows `__extension__'. However, only system header files should use these escape routes; application programs should avoid them. *Note Alternate Keywords::. This option is not intended to be useful; it exists only to satisfy pedants who would otherwise claim that GNU CC fails to support the ANSI standard. Some users try to use `-pedantic' to check programs for strict ANSI C conformance. They soon find that it does not do quite what they want: it finds some non-ANSI practices, but not all--only those for which ANSI C *requires* a diagnostic. A feature to report any failure to conform to ANSI C might be useful in some instances, but would require considerable additional work and would be quite different from `-pedantic'. We recommend, rather, that users take advantage of the extensions of GNU C and disregard the limitations of other compilers. Aside from certain supercomputers and obsolete small machines, there is less and less reason ever to use any other C compiler other than for bootstrapping GNU CC. `-pedantic-errors' Like `-pedantic', except that errors are produced rather than warnings. `-W' Print extra warning messages for these events: * A nonvolatile automatic variable might be changed by a call to `longjmp'. These warnings as well are possible only in optimizing compilation. The compiler sees only the calls to `setjmp'. It cannot know where `longjmp' will be called; in fact, a signal handler could call it at any point in the code. As a result, you may get a warning even when there is in fact no problem because `longjmp' cannot in fact be called at the place which would cause a problem. * A function can return either with or without a value. (Falling off the end of the function body is considered returning without a value.) For example, this function would evoke such a warning: foo (a) { if (a > 0) return a; } * An expression-statement contains no side effects. * An unsigned value is compared against zero with `>' or `<='. `-Wimplicit' Warn whenever a function or parameter is implicitly declared. `-Wreturn-type' Warn whenever a function is defined with a return-type that defaults to `int'. Also warn about any `return' statement with no return-value in a function whose return-type is not `void'. `-Wunused' Warn whenever a local variable is unused aside from its declaration, whenever a function is declared static but never defined, and whenever a statement computes a result that is explicitly not used. `-Wswitch' Warn whenever a `switch' statement has an index of enumeral type and lacks a `case' for one or more of the named codes of that enumeration. (The presence of a `default' label prevents this warning.) `case' labels outside the enumeration range also provoke warnings when this option is used. `-Wcomment' Warn whenever a comment-start sequence `/*' appears in a comment. `-Wtrigraphs' Warn if any trigraphs are encountered (assuming they are enabled). `-Wformat' Check calls to `printf' and `scanf', etc., to make sure that the arguments supplied have types appropriate to the format string specified. `-Wchar-subscripts' Warn if an array subscript has type `char'. This is a common cause of error, as programmers often forget that this type is signed on some machines. `-Wuninitialized' An automatic variable is used without first being initialized. These warnings are possible only in optimizing compilation, because they require data flow information that is computed only when optimizing. If you don't specify `-O', you simply won't get these warnings. These warnings occur only for variables that are candidates for register allocation. Therefore, they do not occur for a variable that is declared `volatile', or whose address is taken, or whose size is other than 1, 2, 4 or 8 bytes. Also, they do not occur for structures, unions or arrays, even when they are in registers. Note that there may be no warning about a variable that is used only to compute a value that itself is never used, because such computations may be deleted by data flow analysis before the warnings are printed. These warnings are made optional because GNU CC is not smart enough to see all the reasons why the code might be correct despite appearing to have an error. Here is one example of how this can happen: { int x; switch (y) { case 1: x = 1; break; case 2: x = 4; break; case 3: x = 5; } foo (x); } If the value of `y' is always 1, 2 or 3, then `x' is always initialized, but GNU CC doesn't know this. Here is another common case: { int save_y; if (change_y) save_y = y, y = new_y; ... if (change_y) y = save_y; } This has no bug because `save_y' is used only if it is set. Some spurious warnings can be avoided if you declare as `volatile' all the functions you use that never return. *Note Function Attributes::. `-Wall' All of the above `-W' options combined. These are all the options which pertain to usage that we recommend avoiding and that we believe is easy to avoid, even in conjunction with macros. The remaining `-W...' options are not implied by `-Wall' because they warn about constructions that we consider reasonable to use, on occasion, in clean programs. `-Wtraditional' Warn about certain constructs that behave differently in traditional and ANSI C. * Macro arguments occurring within string constants in the macro body. These would substitute the argument in traditional C, but are part of the constant in ANSI C. * A function declared external in one block and then used after the end of the block. * A `switch' statement has an operand of type `long'. `-Wshadow' Warn whenever a local variable shadows another local variable. `-Wid-clash-LEN' Warn whenever two distinct identifiers match in the first LEN characters. This may help you prepare a program that will compile with certain obsolete, brain-damaged compilers. `-Wpointer-arith' Warn about anything that depends on the "size of" a function type or of `void'. GNU C assigns these types a size of 1, for convenience in calculations with `void *' pointers and pointers to functions. `-Wcast-qual' Warn whenever a pointer is cast so as to remove a type qualifier from the target type. For example, warn if a `const char *' is cast to an ordinary `char *'. `-Wcast-align' Warn whenever a pointer is cast such that the required alignment of the target is increased. For example, warn if a `char *' is cast to an `int *' on machines where integers can only be accessed at two- or four-byte boundaries. `-Wwrite-strings' Give string constants the type `const char[LENGTH]' so that copying the address of one into a non-`const' `char *' pointer will get a warning. These warnings will help you find at compile time code that can try to write into a string constant, but only if you have been very careful about using `const' in declarations and prototypes. Otherwise, it will just be a nuisance; this is why we did not make `-Wall' request these warnings. `-Wconversion' Warn if a prototype causes a type conversion that is different from what would happen to the same argument in the absence of a prototype. This includes conversions of fixed point to floating and vice versa, and conversions changing the width or signedness of a fixed point argument except when the same as the default promotion. `-Waggregate-return' Warn if any functions that return structures or unions are defined or called. (In languages where you can return an array, this also elicits a warning.) `-Wstrict-prototypes' Warn if a function is declared or defined without specifying the argument types. (An old-style function definition is permitted without a warning if preceded by a declaration which specifies the argument types.) `-Wmissing-prototypes' Warn if a global function is defined without a previous prototype declaration. This warning is issued even if the definition itself provides a prototype. The aim is to detect global functions that fail to be declared in header files. `-Wredundant-decls' Warn if anything is declared more than once in the same scope, even in cases where multiple declaration is valid and changes nothing. `-Wnested-externs' Warn if an `extern' declaration is encountered within an function. `-Wno-parentheses' Disable warnings that parentheses are suggested around an expression. `-Werror' Make all warnings into errors. File: gcc.info, Node: Debugging Options, Next: Optimize Options, Prev: Warning Options, Up: Invoking GCC Options for Debugging Your Program or GNU CC ============================================ GNU CC has various special options that are used for debugging either your program or GCC: `-g' Produce debugging information in the operating system's native format (stabs or COFF or DWARF). GDB can work with this debugging information. On most systems that use stabs format, `-g' enables use of extra debugging information that only GDB can use; this extra information makes debugging work better in GDB but will probably make DBX crash or refuse to read the program. If you want to control for certain whether to generate the extra information, use `-gstabs+' or `-gstabs' (see below). Unlike most other C compilers, GNU CC allows you to use `-g' with `-O'. The shortcuts taken by optimized code may occasionally produce surprising results: some variables you declared may not exist at all; flow of control may briefly move where you did not expect it; some statements may not be executed because they compute constant results or their values were already at hand; some statements may execute in different places because they were moved out of loops. Nevertheless it proves possible to debug optimized output. This makes it reasonable to use the optimizer for programs that might have bugs. The following options are useful when GNU CC is generated with the capability for more than one debugging format. `-ggdb' Produce debugging information in the native format (if that is supported), including GDB extensions if at all possible. `-gstabs' Produce debugging information in stabs format (if that is supported), without GDB extensions. This is the format used by DBX on most BSD systems. `-gstabs+' Produce debugging information in stabs format (if that is supported), using GDB extensions. The use of these extensions is likely to make DBX crash or refuse to read the program. `-gcoff' Produce debugging information in COFF format (if that is supported). This is the format used by SDB on COFF systems. `-gdwarf' Produce debugging information in DWARF format (if that is supported). This is the format used by SDB on systems that use DWARF. `-gLEVEL' `-ggdbLEVEL' `-gstabsLEVEL' `-gcoffLEVEL' `-gdwarfLEVEL' Request debugging information and also use LEVEL to specify how much information. The default level is 2. Level 1 produces minimal information, enough for making backtraces in parts of the program that you don't plan to debug. This includes descriptions of functions and external variables, but no information about local variables and no line numbers. Level 3 includes extra information, such as all the macro definitions present in the program. Some debuggers support macro expansion when you use `-g3'. `-p' Generate extra code to write profile information suitable for the analysis program `prof'. `-pg' Generate extra code to write profile information suitable for the analysis program `gprof'. `-a' Generate extra code to write profile information for basic blocks, which will record the number of times each basic block is executed. This data could be analyzed by a program like `tcov'. Note, however, that the format of the data is not what `tcov' expects. Eventually GNU `gprof' should be extended to process this data. `-dLETTERS' Says to make debugging dumps during compilation at times specified by LETTERS. This is used for debugging the compiler. The file names for most of the dumps are made by appending a word to the source file name (e.g. `foo.c.rtl' or `foo.c.jump'). Here are the possible letters for use in LETTERS, and their meanings: `M' Dump all macro definitions, at the end of preprocessing, and write no output. `N' Dump all macro names, at the end of preprocessing. `D' Dump all macro definitions, at the end of preprocessing, in addition to normal output. `y' Dump debugging information during parsing, to standard error. `r' Dump after RTL generation, to `FILE.rtl'. `x' Just generate RTL for a function instead of compiling it. Usually used with `r'. `j' Dump after first jump optimization, to `FILE.jump'. `s' Dump after CSE (including the jump optimization that sometimes follows CSE), to `FILE.cse'. `L' Dump after loop optimization, to `FILE.loop'. `t' Dump after the second CSE pass (including the jump optimization that sometimes follows CSE), to `FILE.cse2'. `f' Dump after flow analysis, to `FILE.flow'. `c' Dump after instruction combination, to `FILE.combine'. `S' Dump after the first instruction scheduling pass, to `FILE.sched'. `l' Dump after local register allocation, to `FILE.lreg'. `g' Dump after global register allocation, to `FILE.greg'. `R' Dump after the second instruction scheduling pass, to `FILE.sched2'. `J' Dump after last jump optimization, to `FILE.jump2'. `d' Dump after delayed branch scheduling, to `FILE.dbr'. `k' Dump after conversion from registers to stack, to `FILE.stack'. `a' Produce all the dumps listed above. `m' Print statistics on memory usage, at the end of the run, to standard error. `p' Annotate the assembler output with a comment indicating which pattern and alternative was used. `-fpretend-float' When running a cross-compiler, pretend that the target machine uses the same floating point format as the host machine. This causes incorrect output of the actual floating constants, but the actual instruction sequence will probably be the same as GNU CC would make when running on the target machine. `-save-temps' Store the usual "temporary" intermediate files permanently; place them in the current directory and name them based on the source file. Thus, compiling `foo.c' with `-c -save-temps' would produce files `foo.cpp' and `foo.s', as well as `foo.o'. File: gcc.info, Node: Optimize Options, Next: Preprocessor Options, Prev: Debugging Options, Up: Invoking GCC Options That Control Optimization ================================= These options control various sorts of optimizations: `-O' Optimize. Optimizing compilation takes somewhat more time, and a lot more memory for a large function. Without `-O', the compiler's goal is to reduce the cost of compilation and to make debugging produce the expected results. Statements are independent: if you stop the program with a breakpoint between statements, you can then assign a new value to any variable or change the program counter to any other statement in the function and get exactly the results you would expect from the source code. Without `-O', only variables declared `register' are allocated in registers. The resulting compiled code is a little worse than produced by PCC without `-O'. With `-O', the compiler tries to reduce code size and execution time. When `-O' is specified, `-fthread-jumps' and `-fdelayed-branch' are turned on. On some machines other flags may also be turned on. `-O2' Highly optimize. All supported optimizations that do not involve a space-speed tradeoff are performed. As compared to `-O', this option will increase both compilation time and the performance of the generated code. All `-fFLAG' options that control optimization are turned on when `-O2' is specified, except for `-funroll-loops' and `-funroll-all-loops'. Options of the form `-fFLAG' specify machine-independent flags. Most flags have both positive and negative forms; the negative form of `-ffoo' would be `-fno-foo'. In the table below, only one of the forms is listed--the one which is not the default. You can figure out the other form by either removing `no-' or adding it. `-ffloat-store' Do not store floating point variables in registers. This prevents undesirable excess precision on machines such as the 68000 where the floating registers (of the 68881) keep more precision than a `double' is supposed to have. For most programs, the excess precision does only good, but a few programs rely on the precise definition of IEEE floating point. Use `-ffloat-store' for such programs. `-fno-defer-pop' Always pop the arguments to each function call as soon as that function returns. For machines which must pop arguments after a function call, the compiler normally lets arguments accumulate on the stack for several function calls and pops them all at once. `-fforce-mem' Force memory operands to be copied into registers before doing arithmetic on them. This may produce better code by making all memory references potential common subexpressions. When they are not common subexpressions, instruction combination should eliminate the separate register-load. I am interested in hearing about the difference this makes. `-fforce-addr' Force memory address constants to be copied into registers before doing arithmetic on them. This may produce better code just as `-fforce-mem' may. I am interested in hearing about the difference this makes. `-fomit-frame-pointer' Don't keep the frame pointer in a register for functions that don't need one. This avoids the instructions to save, set up and restore frame pointers; it also makes an extra register available in many functions. *It also makes debugging impossible on some machines.* On some machines, such as the Vax, this flag has no effect, because the standard calling sequence automatically handles the frame pointer and nothing is saved by pretending it doesn't exist. The machine-description macro `FRAME_POINTER_REQUIRED' controls whether a target machine supports this flag. *Note Registers::. `-finline' Pay attention to the `inline' keyword. Normally the negation of this option `-fno-inline' is used to keep the compiler from expanding any functions inline. However, the opposite effect may be desirable when compiling without optimization, since inline expansion is turned off in that case. `-finline-functions' Integrate all simple functions into their callers. The compiler heuristically decides which functions are simple enough to be worth integrating in this way. If all calls to a given function are integrated, and the function is declared `static', then the function is normally not output as assembler code in its own right. `-fcaller-saves' Enable values to be allocated in registers that will be clobbered by function calls, by emitting extra instructions to save and restore the registers around such calls. Such allocation is done only when it seems to result in better code than would otherwise be produced. This option is enabled by default on certain machines, usually those which have no call-preserved registers to use instead. `-fkeep-inline-functions' Even if all calls to a given function are integrated, and the function is declared `static', nevertheless output a separate run-time callable version of the function. `-fno-function-cse' Do not put function addresses in registers; make each instruction that calls a constant function contain the function's address explicitly. This option results in less efficient code, but some strange hacks that alter the assembler output may be confused by the optimizations performed when this option is not used. The following options control specific optimizations. The `-O2' option turns on all of these optimizations except `-funroll-loops' and `-funroll-all-loops'. The `-O' option usually turns on the `-fthread-jumps' and `-fdelayed-branch' options, but specific machines may change the default optimizations. You can use the following flags in the rare cases when "fine-tuning" of optimizations to be performed is desired. `-fstrength-reduce' Perform the optimizations of loop strength reduction and elimination of iteration variables. `-fthread-jumps' Perform optimizations where we check to see if a jump branches to a location where another comparison subsumed by the first is found. If so, the first branch is redirected to either the destination of the second branch or a point immediately following it, depending on whether the condition is known to be true or false. `-fcse-follow-jumps' In common subexpression elimination, scan through jump instructions in certain cases. This is not as powerful as completely global CSE, but not as slow either. `-frerun-cse-after-loop' Re-run common subexpression elimination after loop optimizations has been performed. `-fexpensive-optimizations' Perform a number of minor optimizations that are relatively expensive. `-fdelayed-branch' If supported for the target machine, attempt to reorder instructions to exploit instruction slots available after delayed branch instructions. `-fschedule-insns' If supported for the target machine, attempt to reorder instructions to eliminate execution stalls due to required data being unavailable. This helps machines that have slow floating point or memory load instructions by allowing other instructions to be issued until the result of the load or floating point instruction is required. `-fschedule-insns2' Similar to `-fschedule-insns', but requests an additional pass of instruction scheduling after register allocation has been done. This is especially useful on machines with a relatively small number of registers and where memory load instructions take more than one cycle. `-funroll-loops' Perform the optimization of loop unrolling. This is only done for loops whose number of iterations can be determined at compile time or run time. `-funroll-loop' implies `-fstrength-reduce' and `-frerun-cse-after-loop'. `-funroll-all-loops' Perform the optimization of loop unrolling. This is done for all loops and usually makes programs run more slowly. `-funroll-all-loops' implies `-fstrength-reduce' and `-frerun-cse-after-loop'. `-fno-peephole' Disable any machine-specific peephole optimizations. File: gcc.info, Node: Preprocessor Options, Next: Link Options, Prev: Optimize Options, Up: Invoking GCC Options Controlling the Preprocessor ==================================== These options control the C preprocessor, which is run on each C source file before actual compilation. If you use the `-E' option, nothing is done except preprocessing. Some of these options make sense only together with `-E' because they cause the preprocessor output to be unsuitable for actual compilation. `-include FILE' Process FILE as input before processing the regular input file. In effect, the contents of FILE are compiled first. Any `-D' and `-U' options on the command line are always processed before `-include FILE', regardless of the order in which they are written. All the `-include' and `-imacros' options are processed in the order in which they are written. `-imacros FILE' Process FILE as input, discarding the resulting output, before processing the regular input file. Because the output generated from FILE is discarded, the only effect of `-imacros FILE' is to make the macros defined in FILE available for use in the main input. Any `-D' and `-U' options on the command line are always processed before `-imacros FILE', regardless of the order in which they are written. All the `-include' and `-imacros' options are processed in the order in which they are written. `-nostdinc' Do not search the standard system directories for header files. Only the directories you have specified with `-I' options (and the current directory, if appropriate) are searched. *Note Directory Options::, for information on `-I'. By using both `-nostdinc' and `-I-', you can limit the include-file search path to only those directories you specify explicitly. `-undef' Do not predefine any nonstandard macros. (Including architecture flags). `-E' Run only the C preprocessor. Preprocess all the C source files specified and output the results to standard output or to the specified output file. `-C' Tell the preprocessor not to discard comments. Used with the `-E' option. `-P' Tell the preprocessor not to generate `#line' commands. Used with the `-E' option. `-M' Tell the preprocessor to output a rule suitable for `make' describing the dependencies of each object file. For each source file, the preprocessor outputs one `make'-rule whose target is the object file name for that source file and whose dependencies are all the files `#include'd in it. This rule may be a single line or may be continued with `\'-newline if it is long. The list of rules is printed on standard output instead of the preprocessed C program. `-M' implies `-E'. Another way to specify output of a `make' rule is by setting the environment variable `DEPENDENCIES_OUTPUT' (*note Environment Variables::.). `-MM' Like `-M' but the output mentions only the user header files included with `#include "FILE"'. System header files included with `#include <FILE>' are omitted. `-MD' Like `-M' but the dependency information is written to files with names made by replacing `.c' with `.d' at the end of the input file names. This is in addition to compiling the file as specified--`-MD' does not inhibit ordinary compilation the way `-M' does. The Mach utility `md' can be used to merge the `.d' files into a single dependency file suitable for using with the `make' command. `-MMD' Like `-MD' except mention only user header files, not system header files. `-H' Print the name of each header file used, in addition to other normal activities. `-DMACRO' Define macro MACRO with the string `1' as its definition. `-DMACRO=DEFN' Define macro MACRO as DEFN. All instances of `-D' on the command line are processed before any `-U' options. `-UMACRO' Undefine macro MACRO. `-U' options are evaluated after all `-D' options, but before any `-include' and `-imacros' options. `-dM' Tell the preprocessor to output only a list of the macro definitions that are in effect at the end of preprocessing. Used with the `-E' option. `-dD' Tell the preprocessing to pass all macro definitions into the output, in their proper sequence in the rest of the output. `-dN' Like `-dD' except that the macro arguments and contents are omitted. Only `#define NAME' is included in the output. `-trigraphs' Support ANSI C trigraphs. You don't want to know about this brain-damage. The `-ansi' option also has this effect. File: gcc.info, Node: Link Options, Next: Directory Options, Prev: Preprocessor Options, Up: Invoking GCC Options for Linking =================== These options come into play when the compiler links object files into an executable output file. They are meaningless if the compiler is not doing a link step. `OBJECT-FILE-NAME' A file name that does not end in a special recognized suffix is considered to name an object file or library. (Object files are distinguished from libraries by the linker according to the file contents.) If linking is done, these object files are used as input to the linker. `-c' `-S' `-E' If any of these options is used, then the linker is not run, and object file names should not be used as arguments. *Note Overall Options::. `-lLIBRARY' Search the library named LIBRARY when linking. It makes a difference where in the command you write this option; the linker searches processes libraries and object files in the order they are specified. Thus, `foo.o -lz bar.o' seaches library `z' after file `foo.o' but before `bar.o'. If `bar.o' refers to functions in `z', those functions may not be loaded. The linker searches a standard list of directories for the library, which is actually a file named `libLIBRARY.a'. The linker then uses this file as if it had been specified precisely by name. The directories searched include several standard system directories plus any that you specify with `-L'. Normally the files found this way are library files--archive files whose members are object files. The linker handles an archive file by scanning through it for members which define symbols that have so far been referenced but not defined. But if the file that is found is an ordinary object file, it is linked in the usual fashion. The only difference between using an `-l' option and specifying a file name is that `-l' surrounds LIBRARY with `lib' and `.a' and searches several directories. `-nostdlib' Don't use the standard system libraries and startup files when linking. Only the files you specify will be passed to the linker. `-static' On systems that support dynamic linking, this prevents linking with the shared libraries. On other systems, this option has no effect. `-dynamic' On systems that support dynamic linking, you can use this option to request it explicitly. `-shared' Produce a shared object which can then be linked with other objects to form an executable. Only a few systems support this option. `-symbolic' Bind references to global symbols when building a shared object. Warn about any unresolved references (unless overridden by the link editor option `-Xlinker -z -Xlinker defs'). Only a few systems support this option. `-Xlinker OPTION' Pass OPTION as an option to the linker. You can use this to supply system-specific linker options which GNU CC does not know how to recognize. If you want to pass an option that takes an argument, you must use `-Xlinker' twice, once for the option and once for the argument. For example, to pass `-assert definitions', you must write `-Xlinker -assert -Xlinker definitions'. It does not work to write `-Xlinker "-assert definitions"', because this passes the entire string as a single argument, which is not what the linker expects. File: gcc.info, Node: Directory Options, Next: Target Options, Prev: Link Options, Up: Invoking GCC Options for Directory Search ============================ These options specify directories to search for header files, for libraries and for parts of the compiler: `-IDIR' Append directory DIR to the list of directories searched for include files. `-I-' Any directories you specify with `-I' options before the `-I-' option are searched only for the case of `#include "FILE"'; they are not searched for `#include <FILE>'. If additional directories are specified with `-I' options after the `-I-', these directories are searched for all `#include' directives. (Ordinarily *all* `-I' directories are used this way.) In addition, the `-I-' option inhibits the use of the current directory (where the current input file came from) as the first search directory for `#include "FILE"'. There is no way to override this effect of `-I-'. With `-I.' you can specify searching the directory which was current when the compiler was invoked. That is not exactly the same as what the preprocessor does by default, but it is often satisfactory. `-I-' does not inhibit the use of the standard system directories for header files. Thus, `-I-' and `-nostdinc' are independent. `-LDIR' Add directory DIR to the list of directories to be searched for `-l'. `-BPREFIX' This option specifies where to find the executables, libraries and data files of the compiler itself. The compiler driver program runs one or more of the subprograms `cpp', `cc1', `as' and `ld'. It tries PREFIX as a prefix for each program it tries to run, both with and without `MACHINE/VERSION/' (*note Target Options::.). For each subprogram to be run, the compiler driver first tries the `-B' prefix, if any. If that name is not found, or if `-B' was not specified, the driver tries two standard prefixes, which are `/usr/lib/gcc/' and `/usr/local/lib/gcc/'. If neither of those results in a file name that is found, the unmodified program name is searched for using the directories specified in your `PATH' environment variable. `-B' prefixes that effectively specify directory names also apply to libraries in the linker, because the compiler translates these options into `-L' options for the linker. The run-time support file `libgcc.a' can also be searched for using the `-B' prefix, if needed. If it is not found there, the two standard prefixes above are tried, and that is all. The file is left out of the link if it is not found by those means. Another way to specify a prefix much like the `-B' prefix is to use the environment variable `GCC_EXEC_PREFIX'. *Note Environment Variables::. File: gcc.info, Node: Target Options, Next: Submodel Options, Prev: Directory Options, Up: Invoking GCC Specifying Target Machine and Compiler Version ============================================== By default, GNU CC compiles code for the same type of machine that you are using. However, it can also be installed as a cross-compiler, to compile for some other type of machine. In fact, several different configurations of GNU CC, for different target machines, can be installed side by side. Then you specify which one to use with the `-b' option. In addition, older and newer versions of GNU CC can be installed side by side. One of them (probably the newest) will be the default, but you may sometimes wish to use another. `-b MACHINE' The argument MACHINE specifies the target machine for compilation. This is useful when you have installed GNU CC as a cross-compiler. The value to use for MACHINE is the same as was specified as the machine type when configuring GNU CC as a cross-compiler. For example, if a cross-compiler was configured with `configure i386v', meaning to compile for an 80386 running System V, then you would specify `-b i386v' to run that cross compiler. When you do not specify `-b', it normally means to compile for the same type of machine that you are using. `-V VERSION' The argument VERSION specifies which version of GNU CC to run. This is useful when multiple versions are installed. For example, VERSION might be `2.0', meaning to run GNU CC version 2.0. The default version, when you do not specify `-V', is controlled by the way GNU CC is installed. Normally, it will be a version that is recommended for general use. The `-b' and `-V' options actually work by controlling part of the file name used for the executable files and libraries used for compilation. A given version of GNU CC, for a given target machine, is normally kept in the directory `/usr/local/lib/gcc/MACHINE/VERSION'. It follows that sites can customize the effect of `-b' or `-V' either by changing the names of these directories or adding alternate names (or symbolic links). Thus, if `/usr/local/lib/gcc/80386' is a link to `/usr/local/lib/gcc/i386v', then `-b 80386' will be an alias for `-b i386v'. In one respect, the `-b' or `-V' do not completely change to a different compiler: the top-level driver program `gcc' that you originally invoked continues to run and invoke the other executables (preprocessor, compiler per se, assembler and linker) that do the real work. However, since no real work is done in the driver program, it usually does not matter that the driver program in use is not the one for the specified target and version. The only way that the driver program depends on the target machine is in the parsing and handling of special machine-specific options. However, this is controlled by a file which is found, along with the other executables, in the directory for the specified version and target machine. As a result, a single installed driver program adapts to any specified target machine and compiler version. The driver program executable does control one significant thing, however: the default version and target machine. Therefore, you can install different instances of the driver program, compiled for different targets or versions, under different names. For example, if the driver for version 2.0 is installed as `ogcc' and that for version 2.1 is installed as `gcc', then the command `gcc' will use version 2.1 by default, while `ogcc' will use 2.0 by default. However, you can choose either version with either command with the `-V' option. File: gcc.info, Node: Submodel Options, Next: Code Gen Options, Prev: Target Options, Up: Invoking GCC Specifying Hardware Models and Configurations ============================================= Earlier we discussed the standard option `-b' which chooses among different installed compilers for completely different target machines, such as Vax vs. 68000 vs. 80386. In addition, each of these target machine types can have its own special options, starting with `-m', to choose among various hardware models or configurations--for example, 68010 vs 68020, floating coprocessor or none. A single installed version of the compiler can compile for any model or configuration, according to the options specified. These options are defined by the macro `TARGET_SWITCHES' in the machine description. The default for the options is also defined by that macro, which enables you to change the defaults. * Menu: * M680x0 Options:: * VAX Options:: * SPARC Options:: * Convex Options:: * AMD29K Options:: * M88K Options:: * RS/6000 Options:: * RT Options:: * MIPS Options:: File: gcc.info, Node: M680x0 Options, Next: Vax Options, Prev: Submodel Options, Up: Submodel Options M680x0 Options -------------- These are the `-m' options defined for the 68000 series. The default values for these options depends on which style of 68000 was selected when the compiler was configured; the defaults for the most common choices are given below. `-m68020' `-mc68020' Generate output for a 68020 (rather than a 68000). This is the default when the compiler is configured for 68020-based systems. `-m68000' `-mc68000' Generate output for a 68000 (rather than a 68020). This is the default when the compiler is configured for a 68000-based systems. `-m68881' Generate output containing 68881 instructions for floating point. This is the default for most 68020 systems unless `-nfp' was specified when the compiler was configured. `-mfpa' Generate output containing Sun FPA instructions for floating point. `-msoft-float' Generate output containing library calls for floating point. *Warning:* the requisite libraries are not part of GNU CC. Normally the facilities of the machine's usual C compiler are used, but this can't be done directly in cross-compilation. You must make your own arrangements to provide suitable library functions for cross-compilation. `-mshort' Consider type `int' to be 16 bits wide, like `short int'. `-mnobitfield' Do not use the bit-field instructions. `-m68000' implies `-mnobitfield'. `-mbitfield' Do use the bit-field instructions. `-m68020' implies `-mbitfield'. This is the default if you use the unmodified sources configured for a 68020. `-mrtd' Use a different function-calling convention, in which functions that take a fixed number of arguments return with the `rtd' instruction, which pops their arguments while returning. This saves one instruction in the caller since there is no need to pop the arguments there. This calling convention is incompatible with the one normally used on Unix, so you cannot use it if you need to call libraries compiled with the Unix compiler. Also, you must provide function prototypes for all functions that take variable numbers of arguments (including `printf'); otherwise incorrect code will be generated for calls to those functions. In addition, seriously incorrect code will result if you call a function with too many arguments. (Normally, extra arguments are harmlessly ignored.) The `rtd' instruction is supported by the 68010 and 68020 processors, but not by the 68000. File: gcc.info, Node: VAX Options, Next: Sparc Options, Prev: M680x0 Options, Up: Submodel Options VAX Options ----------- These `-m' options are defined for the Vax: `-munix' Do not output certain jump instructions (`aobleq' and so on) that the Unix assembler for the Vax cannot handle across long ranges. `-mgnu' Do output those jump instructions, on the assumption that you will assemble with the GNU assembler. `-mg' Output code for g-format floating point numbers instead of d-format. File: gcc.info, Node: Sparc Options, Next: Convex Options, Prev: Vax Options, Up: Submodel Options SPARC Options ------------- These `-m' switches are supported on the Sparc: `-mno-epilogue' Generate separate return instructions for `return' statements. This has both advantages and disadvantages; I don't recall what they are. File: gcc.info, Node: Convex Options, Next: AMD29K Options, Prev: SPARC Options, Up: Submodel Options Convex Options -------------- These `-m' options are defined for the Convex: `-mc1' Generate output for a C1. This is the default when the compiler is configured for a C1. `-mc2' Generate output for a C2. This is the default when the compiler is configured for a C2. `-margcount' Generate code which puts an argument count in the word preceding each argument list. Some nonportable Convex and Vax programs need this word. (Debuggers don't, except for functions with variable-length argument lists; this info is in the symbol table.) `-mnoargcount' Omit the argument count word. This is the default if you use the unmodified sources. File: gcc.info, Node: AMD29K Options, Next: M88K Options, Prev: Convex Options, Up: Submodel Options AMD29K Options -------------- These `-m' options are defined for the AMD Am29000: `-mdw' Generate code that assumes the `DW' bit is set, i.e., that byte and halfword operations are directly supported by the hardware. This is the default. `-mnodw' Generate code that assumes the `DW' bit is not set. `-mbw' Generate code that assumes the system supports byte and halfword write operations. This is the default. `-mnbw' Generate code that assumes the systems does not support byte and halfword write operations. `-mnbw' implies `-mnodw'. `-msmall' Use a small memory model that assumes that all function addresses are either within a single 256 KB segment or at an absolute address of less than 256K. This allows the `call' instruction to be used instead of a `const', `consth', `calli' sequence. `-mlarge' Do not assume that the `call' instruction can be used; this is the default. `-m29050' Generate code for the Am29050. `-m29000' Generate code for the Am29000. This is the default. `-mkernel-registers' Generate references to registers `gr64-gr95' instead of `gr96-gr127'. This option can be used when compiling kernel code that wants a set of global registers disjoint from that used by user-mode code. Note that when this option is used, register names in `-f' flags must use the normal, user-mode, names. `-muser-registers' Use the normal set of global registers, `gr96-gr127'. This is the default. `-mstack-check' Insert a call to `__msp_check' after each stack adjustment. This is often used for kernel code.