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1992-01-04
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INTERNATIONAL ROUTING DESIGNATORS
Lew Jenkins, N6VV
David B. Toth, M.D., VE3GYQ
H. N. "Hank" Oredson, W0RLI
c/o Dr. D. B. Toth
499 Bobbybrook Drive
London, Ontario, Canada
N5X 1G8
It has become obvious by now that the work-horse of our so-called
packet network is the venerable BBS program. In fact, some will argue
that it has been too successful. Every time that a band-aid is needed
to "fix" the network, it is applied through the various BBS programs.
It is probably fair to say that the maintenance of the forwarding
tables is a drudgery that most sysops could do without. This point also
under-scores a serious problem faced by all networks: ROUTING.
With the introduction of W0RLI V7.00 and support for Hierarchical
routing designators, we have an opportunity to improve traffic routing
particularly for international traffic. Since N6VV is at the present
time responsible for traffic to Asia and the Pacific, and occasionally
Europe and Africa, he has implemented some Hierarchical routing
designators which will assist him in international routing.
Using this structure mail can now be addressed :
JA1ABC @ JA1KSO.JPN.AS
or
VK4AHD @ AX4BBS.AUS.AU
Starting today you can begin using Continental and Country designators
for international traffic destined for Asia and the Pacific. A forward
file may be set up to support the following codes:
** Continental Designators **
NA - North America
SA - South America
EU - Europe
AS - Asia
AF - Africa
OC - Oceania
** Country Designators **
For country codes there is a generally accepted international standard
for abreviations. These are used in international electronic message
standards such as ANSI X.12 and EDIFACT. They are published by the
International Standards Organization and known formally as ISO
3166-1981(E/F).
[ see complete contry code list appended below]
State and province codes shall be the recognized two-character code
established by the American and Canadian Post Offices. These may also
be found in the Callbook listings.
It is after we get down to the state/province/county level where the
trouble may begin. To understand why, we must examine how the BBS code
goes about matching things in the route. The first principle is that
it attempts to find a match between the items in its forward file and
the left-most item in the address field. As an example, say that we
send something to WD6CMU @ WD6CMU.CA.USA.NA, and that the only entries
that we have in the forward file are for CA. That match would be
sufficient to allow the message to be forwarded. If WD6CMU were found,
that entry would take precedence (because it is more left in the field
than CA) and would of course also ensure delivery. The best way to
look at it is "WD6CMU AT WD6CMU which is in CA which is in USA which is
in NA". So far so good.
But the Japanese network wants to use area routing numbers. For
example, JA1ABC @ JA1KSO.42.JPN.AS ... and everyone says, "So what,
let them!" Of course, that is very mature of all of us, but the trouble
is that the 42 in that string may also match wild-card ZIP codes that
some folks keep in their forward file, such as 42*. The solution we
propose is to use an agreed upon key character for designators below
the state and province level, and we recommend the octothorpe, "#".
So now the above address would be JA1ABC @ JA1KSO.#42.JPN.AS .
Other examples could be:
1) WD6CMU @ WD6CMU.#NOCAL.CA.USA.NA - WD6CMU within Northern California,
within California, etc.
2) VE3BTZ @ VE3GYQ.#LONDN.#SONT.ON.CAN.NA - VE3BTZ at VE3GYQ in
London, in Southern Ontario, in Ontario, etc.
There is another added benefit to this scheme. It involves Gatewaying
between the BBS world and other networks, such as TCP/IP via SMTP.
Much of the pioneer work in setting up the gatewaying protocols has
been done by NN2Z, N3EUA, and PA0GRI, amongst others. The W0RLI BBS
package allows for the forwarding of mail between the BBS world and
the SMTP world. Of note is the fact that the WA7MBL package has allowed
such message exporting and importing for some time now. This means that
we can take advantage of the the TCP/IP host-names and their domain or
hierarchal format for forwarding. Thus it is possible to send mail from
the BBS to VE3BTZ as ve3btz@pc.ve3btz.ampr.org or from SMTP to
wd6cmu@wd6cmu.ca.usa.na and not have any ambiguity.
We expect that WA7MBL will also be implementing hierarchal routing in
the near future. This system is still compatable with older style
systems, as a system that handles hierarchal forwarding identifies
with the H feature letter: [RLI-8.00-CH$]. If it does not get an
appropriate response, it uses the left-most item in the "@ BBS" string
as the "@ BBS" for the message.
The authors hope that this paper will serve as a starting place for
improved message routing by means of implicit routing. Low-level (VHF)
BBSs need only maintain state or province or country codes for distant
BBSs, and route such traffic to their nearest HF Gateway. In turn, the
HF station routes it to the desired state, where the receiving Gateway
station would have a detailed list of the BBSs it serves.
Correspondence may be addressed to the address given at the start of
this paper, or to VE3GYQ @ VE3GYQ.ON.CAN.NA or N6VV @ N6VV.#NOCAL.CA.USA.NA .
Msg# TR Size From To @ BBS Date/Time Title
81071 BF 1516 N6IYA ALL ALLCAN 1228/0238 H designator lists
R:911228/0622 @:N6IYA.#NOCAL.CA.USA.NA Felton #:11460 Z:95018
Following is a list of H listings for countries and continents. This list is
a complete listing and not all the information listed is required for proper
addressing of packet messages leaving the continental USA. What is usually
required is the 3 letter country code followed by the 2 letter continental
code. So for instance if you are addressing a message to a particular station
in japan the proper addressing scheme is:
sp ja1kso @ jaikso.jpn.as
The listings for 2-ISO, 3N-ISO and prefix are NOT required and are included
only as information only. There may be mistakes in the list so please pay
careful attention when using this list. Also please note that Israel is listed
as ASIA but is really sent to EUROPE. I cannot be responsible for any
political problems that the world may be experiencing......
USA H addressing can be addressed as:
sp callsign @ callsign.state.usa.na
This will apply to most traffic going outside of california. The only
ambiguity is Hawaii. Some list Hawaii as being in continental designator
OC and others list it as being in continental desginator NA. In most
instances just .HI will do.
If there are any problems or corrections please direct them to me and I
will correct the listing and republish the listing.......
.....john.....
=============================================================================
AFRICA
CONT (3-ISO) (2-ISO)(3N-ISO) PREFIX COUNTRY
AF AGO AO 24 D2 ANGOLA
AF BDI BI 108 9U5 BURUNDI
AF BEN BJ 204 TY BENIN
AF BVT BV 74 3Y BOUVET I.
AF BWA BW 72 A2 BOTSWANA
AF CAF CF 140 TN C.AFRICAN REP
AF CCK CC 166 VK9Y COCOS KEELING
AF CIV CI 384 TU IVORY COAST
AF CMR CM 120 TJ CAMEROON
AF COG CG 178 TN8 CONGO
AF COM KM 174 D6 COMOROS
AF CPV CV 132 D4 CAPE VERDE
AF DJI DJ 262 J2 DJIBOUTI
AF DZA DZ 12 7X ALGERIA
AF EGY EG 818 SU EGYPT
AF ESH EH 732 S0 WESTERN SAHARA
AF ETH ET 230 ET ETHIOPIA
AF GAB GA 266 TR GABON
AF GHA GH 288 9G GHANA
AF GIN GN 324 3X GUINEA
AF GMB GM 270 C5 GAMBIA
AF GNB GW 624 J5 GUINEA-BISSAU
AF GNQ GQ 226 3C EQUATORIAL GUINEA
AF HMD HM 334 VK0 HEARD ISLAND
AF HVO HV 854 XT2 BURKINA FASO (UPPER VOLTA)
AF IOT IO 86 VQ9 CHAGOS ARCH
AF KEN KE 404 5Z/5Y KENYA
AF LBR LR 430 EL LIBERIA
AF LBY LY 434 5A LIBYA
AF LSO LS 426 7P LESOTHO
AF MAR MA 504 CN MOROCCO
AF MDG MG 450 5R8 MADAGASCAR
AF MDV MV 462 8Q MALDIVES
AF MLI ML 466 TZ MALI
AF MOZ MZ 508 C9 MOZAMBIQUE
AF MRT MR 478 5T MAURITANIA
AF MUS MU 480 3B8 MAURITIUS
AF MWI MW 454 7Q MALAWI
AF NAM NA 516 ZS3 NAMIBIA
AF NER NE 562 5U NIGER
AF NGA NG 566 5N NIGERIA
AF REU RE 638 FR REUNION
AF RWA RW 646 9X RWANDA
AF SDN SD 736 ST SUDAN
AF SEN SN 686 6W SENEGAL
AF SHN SH 654 ZD7 ST.HELENA
AF SLE SL 694 9L SIERRA LEONE
AF SOM SO 706 T5/6O SOMALIA
AF STP ST 678 S9 SAO TOME AND PRINCIPE
AF SWZ SZ 748 3D6 SWAZILAND
AF SYC SC 690 S7 SEYCHELLES
AF TCD TD 148 TT CHAD
AF TGO TG 768 5V TOGO
AF TUN TN 788 3V TUNISIA
AF TZA TZ 834 5H TANZANIA
AF UGA UG 800 5X UGANDA
AF ZAF ZA 710 ZS/ZR SOUTH AFRICA
AF ZAR ZR 180 9Q ZAIRE
AF ZMB ZM 894 9J ZAMBIA
AF ZWE ZW 716 Z2 ZIMBABWE
ASIA
CONT (3-ISO) (2-ISO) (3N-ISO) PREFIX COUNTRY
AS AFG AF 4 T6/YA AFGANISTAN
AS ARE AE 784 A6 UNITED ARAB EMIRATES
AS BGD BD 50 S2 BANGLADESH
AS BHR BR 48 A9 BAHRAIN
AS BTN BT 64 A5 BHUTAN
AS BUR BU 104 XZ BURMA
AS CHN CN 156 BY CHINA
AS CYP CY 196 P3/ZC4 CYPRUS
AS HKG HK 344 VS6 HONG KONG
AS IND IN 360 VU INDIA
AS IRN IR 364 EP IRAN
AS IRQ IQ 368 YI IRAQ
AS ISR IL 376 4X/4Z ISRAEL
AS JOR JO 400 JY JORDAN
AS JPN JP 392 J JAPAN
AS KOR KR 410 HL/HM REP OF KOREA
AS KHN KH 116 XU KAMPUCHEA(CAMBODIA)
AS KWT KW 414 9K KUWAIT
AS LAO LA 418 XW LAOS
AS LBN LB 422 OD LEBANON
AS LKA LK 144 4S7 SRI LANKA
AS MAC MO 446 XX9 MACAU
AS MNG MN 496 JT MONGOLIA
AS MYS MY 458 9M MALAYSIA
AS NPL NP 524 9N NEPAL
AS NTZ NT 536 8Z4 NEUTRAL ZONE
AS OMN OM 512 A4 OMAN
AS PAK PK 586 AP PAKISTAN
AS PRK KP 408 P5 D.P.R. OF KOREA
AS QAT QA 634 A7 QATAR
AS SAU SA 682 HZ/7Z SAUDI ARABIA
AS SGP SG 702 9V SINGAPORE
AS SYR SY 760 YK SYRIA
AS THA TH 764 HS THAILAND
AS TWN TW 158 BV TAIWAN
EU TUR TR 792 TA TURKEY
AS VNM VN 704 3W/XV VIETNAM
AS YEM YE 886 4W YEMEN
AS YMD YD 720 7O P.D.R. OF YEMEN
EUROPE
CONT (3-ISO) (2-ISO) (3N-ISO) PREFIX COUNTRY
EU ALB AL 8 ZA ALBANIA
EU AND AD 20 C3 ANDORRA
EU AUT AT 40 OE AUSTRIA
EU BEL BE 56 ON BELGIUM
EU BGR BG 100 LZ BULGARIA
EU BYS BY 112 UC2 BYELORUSSIAN
EU CHE CH 756 HB SWITZERLAND
EU CSK CS 200 OK/OL/OM CZECHOSLOVAKIA
EU DEU DE 280 DJ/DK/DL GERMANY
EU DNK DK 208 OZ DENMARK
EU ESP ES 724 EA SPAIN
EU FIN FI 246 OF/OG/OH FINLAND
EU FRA FR 250 F FRANCE
EU FRO FO 234 OY FAEROE IS
EU GBR GB 826 G UNITED KINGDOM
EU GIB GI 292 ZB2 GIBRALTAR
EU GRC GR 300 SV GREECE
EU HUN HU 348 HA/HG HUNGARY
EU IRL IE 372 EI IRELAND
EU ISL IS 352 TF ICELAND
EU ITA IT 380 I ITALY
EU LIE LI 438 HE/HB0 LIECHTENSTEIN
EU LUX LU 442 LX LUXEMBOURG
EU MCO MC 492 3A MONACO
EU MLT MT 470 9H MALTA
EU NLD NL 528 PA NETHERLAND
EU NOR NO 578 LA NORWAY
EU POL PL 616 SP/SQ POLAND
EU PRT PT 620 CT/CS PORTUGAL
EU ROM RO 642 YO ROMANIA
EU SJM SJ 744 JX/JW SVALBARD/JAN MAYEN
EU SMR SM 674 T7/M1 SAN MARINO
EU SWE SE 752 SM/SL/SK SWEDEN
EU UKR UA 804 UB5 UKRAIN
EU VAT VA 336 HV VATICAN CITY
EU YUG YU 890 YU/YT YUGOSLAVIA
EU SUN SU 810 UA RUSSIAN COMMONWEALTH
NORTH AMERICA
CONT (3-ISO) (2-ISO) (3N-ISO) PREFIX COUNTRY
NA ATG AG 28 V2 ANTIGUA
NA BHS BS 44 C6 BAHAMAS
NA BLZ BZ 84 V3 BELIZE
NA BMU BM 60 VP9 BERMUDA
NA BRB BB 52 8P6 BARBADOS
NA CAN CA 124 VE CANADA
NA CRI CR 188 TI COSTA RICA
NA CUB CU 192 T4/CO/CM CUBA
NA CYM KY 136 ZF CAYMAN IS
NA DMA DM 212 J7 DOMINICANA
NA DOM DO 214 HI DOMINICAN REP
NA GLP GP 312 FG GUADELOUPE
NA GRD GD 308 J3 GRENADA
NA GRL GL 304 OX GREENLAND
NA GTM GT 320 TG GUATEMARA
NA HND HN 340 HR HONDURAS
NA HTI HT 332 HH HAITI
NA JAM JM 388 6Y5 JAMAICA
NA KNA KN 658 VP2K/VP2E ST.KITTS-ANGUILLA
NA LCA LC 662 J6 ST.LUCIA
NA MEX MX 484 XE/XF/4A MEXICO
NA MSR MS 500 VP2M MONTSERRAT
NA MTQ MQ 474 FM MARTINIQUE
NA NIC NI 558 YN NICARAGUA
NA PAN PA 590 HP PANAMA
NA PRI PR 630 KP4 PUERTO RICO
NA SLV SV 222 YS EL SALVADOR
NA SPM PM 666 FP ST.PIERRE/MIQUELON
NA TCA TC 796 VP5 TURKS AND CAICOS IS
NA TTO TT 780 9Y TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO
NA USA US 840 W/K/N UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
NA VCT VC 670 J8 ST.VINCENT/GRENADINES
NA VGB VG 92 VP2V BR.VIRGIN IS
NA VIR VI 850 KP2 US VIRGIN IS
OCEANIA
CONT (3-ISO) (2-ISO) (3N-ISO) PREFIX COUNTRY
OC ASM AS 16 KH8 AMERICAN SAMOA
OC AUS AU 36 VK AUSTRALIA
OC BRN BN 96 V8 BRUNEI
OC COK CK 184 ZK1 COOK IS
OC CTE CT 128 KH1/T3 CANTON IS
OC CXR CX 162 VK9X XMAS I
OC FJI FJ 242 3D FIJI
OC GUM GU 316 KH2 GUAM
OC IDN ID 360 YB INDONESIA
OC JTN JT 396 KH3 JOHNSTON I.
OC KIR KI 296 T3 KIRIBATI
OC MID MI 488 KH4 MIDWAY
OC NCL NC 540 FK NEW CALEDONIA
OC NFK NF 574 VK9N NORFOLK I
OC NIU NU 570 ZK2 NIUE
OC NRU NR 520 C2 NAURU
OC NZL NZ 554 ZL/ZM NEW ZEALAND
OC PCI PC 582 KH0 MARIANA/PACIFIC IS
OC PCN PN 612 VR6 PITCAIRN I
OC PHL PH 608 DU/DX PHILIPPINES
OC PNG PG 598 P2 PAPUA NEW GUINEA
OC PUS PU 849 KH1,5 US MISCELLANEOUS PAC IS
OC PYF PF 258 FO FR POLYNESIA
OC SLB SB 90 H4 SOLOMON IS
OC TKL TK 722 ZM7 TOKELAU
OC TMP TP 626 YB EAST TIMOR
OC TON TO 776 A35 TONGA
OC TUV TV 798 T2 TUVALU
OC VUT VU 548 YJ VANUATU
OC WAK WK 872 KH9 WAKE I
OC WLF WF 876 FW WALLIS AND FUTUNA IS
OC WSM WS 882 5W SAMOA
SOUTH AMERICA
CONT (3-ISO) (2-ISO) (3N-ISO) PREFIX COUNTRY
SA ATA AQ 10 8J/KC4.. ANTARCTICA
SA ANT AN 532 P4 NETH. ANTILLES
SA ARG AR 32 LU ARGENTINA
SA BOL BO 68 CP BOLIVIA
SA BRA BR 76 PY BRAZIL
SA CHL CL 152 CE CHILE
SA COL CO 170 HK COLOMBIA
SA ECU EC 218 HC ECUADOR
SA FLK FK 238 VP8 FALKLAND IS
SA GUF GF 254 FY FR GUIANA
SA GUY GY 328 8R GUYANA
SA PER PE 604 OA PERU
SA PRY PY 600 ZP PARAGUAY
SA SUR SR 740 PZ SURINAME
SA URY UY 858 CX URUGAY
SA VEN VE 862 YV VENEZUELA
SA ATN NQ 216 DRONNING MAUD LAND