DVIPS
Section: User Commands (1)
Updated: 13 February 1992
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NAME
dvips - convert a TeX DVI file to PostScript
SYNOPSIS
dvips
[
options
]
file[.dvi]
DESCRIPTION
The program
dvips
takes a DVI file
file[.dvi]
produced by TeX (or by some other processor such as GFtoDVI)
and converts it to PostScript, normally
sending the result directly to the laserprinter.
The DVI file may be specified without the
.dvi
extension.
Fonts used may either be resident in the printer or defined as bitmaps
in PK files, or a `virtual' combination of both.
If the
MakeTeXPK
program is installed,
dvips
will automatically invoke METAFONT to generate fonts that don't already exist.
For more information, see the manual
dvips.tex
in the TEXINPUTS directory.
The manual can be printed with the following commands:
-
tex dvips
dvips dvips -o dvips.ps
lpr dvips.ps
OPTIONS
- -a
-
Conserve memory by making three passes over the .dvi file
instead of two and only loading those characters actually used.
Generally only useful on machines with a very limited amount of
memory, like some PCs.
- -A
-
Print only odd pages (TeX pages, not sequence pages).
- -b num
-
Generate
num
copies of each page, but duplicating the page body rather than using the
#numcopies
option. This can be useful in conjunction with a header file setting
char92bop-hook
to do color separations or other neat tricks.
- -B
-
Print only even pages (TeX pages, not sequence pages).
- -c num
-
Generate
num
copies of every page. Default is 1.
(For collated copies, see the
-C
option below.)
- -C num
-
Create
num
copies, but collated (by replicating the data in the PostScript file).
Slower than the
-c
option, but easier on the hands, and faster than resubmitting the same
PostScript file multiple times.
- -d num
-
Set the debug flags. This is intended only for emergencies or for unusual
fact-finding expeditions; it will work only if
dvips
has been compiled with the DEBUG option.
For more information on possible values see section 15 of
dvips.tex.
- -D num
-
Set the resolution in dpi (dots per inch) to
num.
This affects the choice of bitmap fonts that are loaded and also the positioning
of letters in resident PostScript fonts. Must be between 10 and 10000.
This affects both the horizontal and vertical resolution. If a high resolution
(something greater than 400 dpi, say) is selected, the
-Z
flag should probably also be used.
- -e num
-
Make sure that each character is placed at most this many pixels from its
`true' resolution-independent position on the page. The default value of this
parameter is resolution dependent. Allowing individual characters to `drift'
from their correctly rounded positions by a few pixels, while regaining the
true position at the beginning of each new word, improves the spacing of
letters in words.
- -E
-
makes
dvips
attempt to generate an EPSF file with a tight bounding box.
This only works on one-page files, and it only looks at marks made
by characters and rules, not by any included graphics. In addition, it
gets the glyph metrics from the
tfm
file, so characters that lie outside their enclosing
tfm
box may confuse it. In addition,
the bounding box might be a bit too loose if the character glyph has
significant left or right side bearings. Nonetheless, this option works
well for creating small EPSF files for equations or tables or the like.
(Note, of course, that
dvips
output is resolution dependent and
thus does not make very good EPSF files, especially if the images are
to be scaled; use these EPSF files with a great deal of care.)
- -f
-
Read the
.dvi
file from standard input and write the PostScript to
standard output. The standard input must be seekable, so it cannot
be a pipe. If you must use a pipe, write a shell script that copies
the pipe output to a temporary file and then points
dvips
at this file. This option also disables the automatic reading of the
PRINTER
environment variable, and turns off the automatic sending of control D
if it was turned on with the
-F
option or in the configuration file; use
-F
after this option if you want both.
- -F
-
Causes Control-D (ASCII code 4) to be appended as the very last character
of the PostScript file. This is useful when
dvips
is driving the printer directly instead of working through a spooler,
as is common on extremely small systems. NOTE! DO NOT USE THIS OPTION!
- -h name
-
Prepend file
name
as an additional header file. (However, if the name is simply `-' suppress all
header files from the output.) This header file gets added to the PostScript
userdict.
- -i
-
Make each section be a separate file. Under certain circumstances,
dvips
will split the document up into `sections' to be processed independently;
this is most often done for memory reasons. Using this option tells
dvips
to place each section into a separate file; the new file names are created
replacing the suffix of the supplied output file name by a three-digit sequence
number. This option is most often used in conjunction with the
-S
option which sets the maximum section length in pages.
For instance, some phototypesetters cannot print more than
ten or so consecutive pages before running out of steam; these options
can be used to automatically split a book into ten-page sections, each
to its own file.
- -k
-
Print crop marks. This option increases the paper size (which should be
specified, either with a paper size special or with the
-T
option) by a half inch in each dimension. It
translates each page by a quarter inch and draws cross-style
crop marks. It is mostly useful with typesetters that can set
the page size automatically.
- -K
-
This option causes comments in included PostScript graphics, font files,
and headers to be removed. This is sometimes necessary to get around bugs
in spoolers or PostScript post-processing programs. Specifically, the
%%Page comments, when left in, often cause difficulties.
Use of this flag can cause some included graphics to fail, since the
PostScript header macros from some software packages read portions of
the input stream line by line, searching for a particular comment.
This option has been turned off by default because PostScript previewers
and spoolers have been getting better.
- -l num
-
The last page printed will be the first one numbered
num
Default is the last page in the document. If the
num
is prefixed by an equals sign, then it (and any argument to the
-p
option) is treated as a sequence number, rather than a value to compare with
char92 count0
values. Thus, using
-l =9
will end with the ninth page of the document,
no matter what the pages are actually numbered.
- -m
-
Specify manual feed for printer.
- -M
-
Turns off the automatic font generation facility. If any fonts are
missing, commands to generate the fonts are appended to the file
missfont.log
in the current directory; this file can then be
executed and deleted to create the missing fonts.
- -n num
-
At most
num
pages will be printed. Default is 100000.
- -N
-
Turns off structured comments; this might be necessary on some systems
that try to interpret PostScript comments in weird ways, or on some
PostScript printers. Old versions of TranScript in particular cannot
handle modern Encapsulated PostScript.
- -o name
-
The output will be sent to file
name
If no file name is given, the default name is
file.ps
where the .dvi file was called
file.dvi;
if this option isn't given, any default in the configuration file is used.
If the first character of the supplied output file name is an
exclamation mark, then the remainder will be used as an argument to
popen;
thus, specifying
!lpr
as the output file will automatically queue the file for printing.
This option also disables the automatic reading of the
PRINTER
environment variable, and turns off the automatic sending of control D
if it was turned on with the
-F
option or in the configuration file; use
-F
after this option if you want both.
- -O offset
-
Move the origin by a certain amount. The
offset
is a comma-separated pair of dimensions, such as
.1in,-.3cm
(in the same syntax used in the
papersize
special). The origin of the page is shifted from the
default position (of one inch down, one inch to the right from the upper
left corner of the paper) by this amount.
- -p num
-
The first page printed will be the first one numbered
num.
Default is the first page in the document. If the
num
is prefixed by an equals sign, then it (and any argument to the
-l
option) is treated as a sequence number, rather than a value to compare with
char92 count0
values. Thus, using
-p =3
will start with the third page of the document, no matter what the pages are
actually numbered.
- -pp pagelist
-
A comma-separated list of pages and ranges (a-b) may be given, which
will be interpreted as
char92 count0
values. Pages not specified will not be printed. Multiple
-pp
options may be specified or all pages and page ranges can be
specified with one
-pp
option.
- -P printername
-
Sets up the output for the appropriate printer. This is implemented
by reading in
config.printername
, which can then set the output pipe (as in,
!lpr -Pprintername
as well as the font paths and any other
config.ps
defaults for that printer only. Note that
config.ps
is read before
config.printername
In addition, another file called
~/.dvipsrc
is searched for immediately after
config.ps;
this file is intended for user defaults. If no
-P
command is given, the environment variable
PRINTER
is checked. If that variable exists, and a corresponding configuration
file exists, that configuration file is read in.
- -q
-
Run in quiet mode. Don't chatter about pages converted, etc.; report nothing
but errors to standard error.
- -r
-
Stack pages in reverse order. Normally, page 1 will be printed first.
- -s
-
Causes the entire global output to be enclosed in a save/restore pair.
This causes the file to not be truly conformant, and is thus not recommended,
but is useful if you are driving the printer directly and don't care too
much about the portability of the output.
- -S num
-
Set the maximum number of pages in each `section'. This option is most
commonly used with the
-i
option; see that documentation above for more information.
- -t papertype
-
This sets the paper type to
papertype.
The
papertype should be defined in one of the configuration files, along with
the appropriate code to select it.
(Currently known types include
letter,
legal,
ledger,
a4,
a3,
) You can also specify
-t landscape,
which rotates a document by 90 degrees. To rotate a document whose size is
not letter, you can use the
-t
option twice, once for the page size, and once for landscape.
The upper left corner of each page in the
.dvi
file is placed one inch from the left and one inch from the top.
Use of this option is highly dependent on the configuration file.
Note that executing the
letter
or
a4
or other PostScript operators cause the document to be nonconforming and can
cause it not to print on certain printers, so the paper size should not execute
such an operator if at all possible.
- -T offset
-
Set the paper size to the given pair of dimensions. This option takes
its arguments in the same style as
-O.
It overrides any paper size special in the dvi file.
- -U
-
Disable a PostScript virtual memory saving optimization that stores the
character metric information in the same string that is used to store
the bitmap information. This is only necessary when driving the Xerox
4045 PostScript interpreter. It is caused by a bug in that interpreter
that results in `garbage' on the bottom of each character. Not
recommended unless you must drive this printer.
- -x num
-
Set the magnification ratio to
num
/1000. Overrides the magnification specified in the .dvi file.
Must be between 10 and 100000.
- -X num
-
Set the horizontal resolution in dots per inch to
num.
- -Y num
-
Set the vertical resolution in dots per inch to
num.
- -Z
-
Causes bitmapped fonts to be compressed before they are downloaded,
thereby reducing the size of the PostScript font-downloading information.
Especially useful at high resolutions or when very large fonts are
used. Will slow down printing somewhat, especially on early 68000-based
PostScript printers.
SEE ALSO
mf(1), afm2tfm(1), tex(1), latex(1), lpr(1),
dvips.tex.
DIAGNOSTICS
NOTES
PostScript is a registered trademark of Adobe Systems Incorporated.
AUTHOR
Tomas Rokicki <rokicki@cs.stanford.edu>; extended to virtual fonts
by Don Knuth.
Index
- NAME
-
- SYNOPSIS
-
- DESCRIPTION
-
- OPTIONS
-
- SEE ALSO
-
- DIAGNOSTICS
-
- NOTES
-
- AUTHOR
-
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