A brief Declaration and Vindication of The Doctrine of the Trinity and
also of The Person and Satisfaction of Christ accomodated to the
capacity and use of such as may be in danger to be seduced and the
establishment of the truth

by John Owen

Prefatory note

Few of Owen's treatises have been more extensively circulated and
generally useful than his "Brief Declaration and Vindication of the
Doctrine of the Trinity," etc. It was published in 1669; and the
author of the anonymous memoir of Owen, prefixed to an edition of his
Sermons in 1720, informs us "This small piece has met with such an
universal acceptance by true Christians of all denominations, that the
seventh edition of it was lately published." An edition printed in
Glasgow was published in 1798, and professes to be the eighth. A
translation of the work appeared in the Dutch language (Vitringa,
Doct. Christ., pars 6: p. 6, edit. 1776).
  At the time when the treatise was published, the momentous doctrines
of the Trinity and the Atonement were violently assailed; but it was
not so much for the refutation of opponents as for " the edification
and establishment of the plain Christian," that our author composed
the following little work. The reader will find in it traces of that
deep and familiar acquaintance with opposing views, and with the
highest theology involved in the questions which might be expected
from Dr Owen on a subject which he seems to have studied with peculiar
industry and research. Reference may be made to his "Vindiciae
Evangelical," and his "Exposition of the Epistle to the Hebrews", in
proof how thoroughly he had mastered the whole controversy in regard
to the divinity and satisfaction of Christ, so far as the discussion
had extended in his day. His controversy with Biddle, in which he
wrote his " Vindiciae Evangelical," took place in 1655; and the first
volume of the "Exposition" was published only the year before the
"Brief Declaration," etc., appeared. The latter may be regarded,
accordingly, as the substance of these important works, condensed and
adapted to popular use and comprehension, in all that relates to the
proper Godhead of the Son, and the nature of the work which he
accomplished in the redemption of his people.
  For the special object which he had in view, he adopts the course
which has since been generally approved of and pursued, as obviously
the wisest and safest in defending and expounding the doctrine of the
Trinity. He appeals to the broad mass of Scripture evidence in favour
of the doctrine, and after proving the divine unity, together with the
divinity of Father, Son, and Holy Ghost respectively, is careful not
to enter on any discussion in regard to the unrevealed mysteries
involved in the relations of the Trinity, beyond what was necessary
for the refutation of those who argue, that whatever in this high
doctrine is incomprehensible by reason, must be incompatible with
revelation. This little work is farther remarkable for the almost
total absence of the tedious digressions, which abound in the other
works of Owen. Such logical unity and concentration of thought is the
more remarkable, when we find that the treatise was written, as he
tells us, "in a few hours." But it was a subject on which his mind was
fully stored, and his whole heart was interested. The treatise which
follows, therefore, was not the spark struck in some moment of
collision, and serving only a temporary purpose, but a steady flame
nourished from the beaten oil of the sanctuary.
                                                                 Editor

To the Reader

Reader,

This small treatise has no other design but thy good, and
establishment in the truth. And therefore, as laying aside that
consideration alone, I could desirously have been excused from the
labour of those hours which were spent in its composure; so in the
work itself I admitted no one thought, but how the things treated of
in it might and ought to be managed unto thy spiritual benefit and
advantage. Other designs most men have in writing what is to be
exposed to public view, and lawfully may have so; in this I have
nothing but merely thy good. I have neither been particularly provoked
nor opposed by the adversaries of the truth here pleaded for, nor have
any need, from any self-respect, to publish such a small, plain
discourse as this. Love alone to the truth, and the welfare of thy
soul, has given efficacy to their importunity who pressed me to this
small service.
  The matters here treated of are on all hands confessed to be of the
greatest moment, such as the eternal welfare of the souls of men is
immediately and directly concerned in. This all those who believe the
sacred truths here proposed and explained do unanimously profess and
contend for, nor is it denied by those by whom they are opposed. There
is no need, therefore, to give thee any especial reasons to evince thy
concernment in these things, nor the greatness of that concernment,
thereby to induce thee unto their serious consideration. It were well,
indeed, that these great, sacred, and mysterious truths might, without
contention or controversies about them, be left unto the faith of
believers, as proposed in the Scripture, with that explanation of them
which, in the ordinary ministry and dispensation of the gospel, is
necessary and required.
  Certainly, these tremendous mysteries are not by us willingly to be
exposed, or prostituted to the cavils of every perverse querist and
disputer; - those learned researchers of this century, whose pretended
wisdom (indeed ignorance, darkness, and folly) God has designed to
confound and destroy in them and by them. For my part, I can assure
thee, reader, I have no mind to contend and dispute about these
things, which I humbly adore and believe as they are revealed. It is
the importunity of adversaries, in their attempts to draw and seduce
the souls of men from the truth and simplicity of the gospel in these
great fundamentals of it, that alone can justify any to debate upon,
or eristically [in the form of controversy] to handle these awful
mysteries. This renders it our duty, and that indispensably, inasmuch
as we are required to "contend earnestly for the faith once delivered
unto the saints." But yet, also, when this necessity is imposed on us,
we are by no means discharged from that humble reverence of mind
wherewith we ought always to be conversant about them; nor from that
regard unto the way and manner of their revelation in the Scripture
which may preserve us from all unnecessary intermixture of litigious
or exotic phrases and expressions in their assertion and declaration.
I know our adversaries could, upon the matter, decry any thing
peculiarly mysterious in these things, although they are frequently
and emphatically in the Scriptures affirmed so to be. But, whilst they
deny the mysteries of the things themselves - which are such as every
way become the glorious being and wisdom of God, - they are forced to
assign such an enigmatical sense unto the words, expressions, and
propositions wherein they are revealed and declared in the Scripture,
as to turn almost the whole gospel into an allegory, wherein nothing
is properly expressed but in some kind of allusion unto what is so
elsewhere: which irrational way of proceeding, leaving nothing certain
in what is or may be expressed by word or writing, is covered over
with a pretence of right reason; which utterly refuses to be so
employed. These things the reader will find afterward made manifest,
so far as the nature of this brief discourse will bear. And I shall
only desire these few things of him that intends its perusal: - First,
That he would not look on the subject here treated of as the matter of
an ordinary controversy in religion, -

        - "Neque denim hic levia aut ludicra petuntur 
        Praemia; lectoris de vita animaeque salute
        Certatur."

They are things which immediately and directly in themselves concern
the eternal salvation of the souls of men, and their consideration
ought always to be attended with a due sense of their weight and
importance. Secondly, Let him bring with him a due reverence of the
majesty, and infinite, incomprehensible nature of God, as that which
is not to be prostituted to the captious and sophistical scanning of
men of corrupt minds, but to be humbly adored, according to the
revelation that he has made of himself. Thirdly, That he be willing to
submit his soul and conscience to the plain and obvious sense of
Scripture propositions and testimonies, without seeking out evasions
and pretences for unbelief. These requests I cannot but judge equal,
and fear not the success where they are sincerely complied withal.
  I have only to add, that in handling the doctrine of the
satisfaction of Christ, I have proceeded on that principle which, as
it is fully confirmed in the Scripture, so it has been constantly
maintained and adhered unto by the most of those who with judgment and
success have managed these controversies against the Socinians: and
this is, that the essential holiness of God with his justice or
righteousness, as the supreme governor of all, did indispensably
require that sin should not also lately go unpunished; and that it
should do so, stands in a repugnancy to those holy properties of his
nature. This, I say, has been always constantly maintained by far the
greatest number of them who have thoroughly understood the controversy
in this matter, and have successfully engaged in it. And as their
arguments for their assertion are plainly unanswerable, so the neglect
of abiding by it is causelessly to forego one of the most fundamental
and invincible principles in our cause. He who first laboured in the
defense of the doctrine of the satisfaction of Christ, after Socinus
had formed his imaginations about the salvation that he wrought, and
began to dispute about it, was Covetus, a learned man, who laid the
foundation of his whole disputation in the justice of God, necessarily
requiring, and indispensably, the punishment of sin. And, indeed, the
state of the controversy as it is laid down by Socinus, in his book
"De Jesu Christy Servatore," which is an answer to this Covetus, is
genuine, and that which ought not to be receded from, as having been
the direct ground of all the controversial writings on that subject
which have since been published in Europe. And it is in these words
laid down by Socinus himself: "Communes et orthodoxy (ut asseris)
sentential est, Jesum Christum ideo servatorem nostrum esse, quia
divinae justitiae per quam peccatores damnari merebamur, pro peccatis
nostris plane satisfecerit; quae satisfactio, per Fidem, imputatur
nobis ex dono Dei credentibus." This he ascribes to Covetus: "The
common and orthodox judgment is, that Jesus Christ is therefore our
Saviour, because he has satisfied the justice of God, by which we,
being sinners, deserved to be condemned for all our sins" [which
satisfaction, through faith, is imputed to us who through the grace of
God believe.] In opposition whereunto he thus expresses his own
opinion: "Ego vero censeo, et orthodoxam sententiam esse arbitror,
Jesum Christuam ideo servatorem nostrum esse, quia salutes eternae
viam nobis annuntiaverit, confirmaverit, et in sua ipsius persona, cum
vitae examplo, tum ex mortuis resurgendo, manifeste ostenderit;
vitamque aeternam nobis ei fidem habentibus ipse daturus sit. Divinae
autem justitiae, per quam peccatores damnari meremur, pro peccatis
nostril neque illum satisfecisse, neque et satisfaceret, opus fuisse
arbitror;" - "I judge and suppose it to be the orthodox opinion, that
Jesus Christ is therefore our Saviour, because he has declared unto us
the way of eternal salvation, and confirmed it in his own person;
manifestly showing it, both by the example of his life and by rising
from the dead; and in that he will give eternal life unto us,
believing in him. And I affirm, that he neither made satisfaction to
the justice of God, whereby we deserved to be damned for our sins, nor
was there any need that he should so do." This is the true state of
the question; and the principal subtlety of Crellius, the great
defender of this part of the doctrine of Socinus, in his book of the
"Causes of the Death of Christ," and the defense of this book, "De
Jesu Christu Servatore," consists in speaking almost the same words
with those whom he does oppose, but still intending the same things
with Socinus himself. This opinion, as was said of Socinus, Covetus
opposed and everted on the principle before mentioned.
  The same truth was confirmed also by Zarnovitius, who first wrote
against Socinus' book; as also by Otto Casmannus, who engaged in the
same work; and by Abraham Salinarius. Upon the same foundation do
proceed Paraeus, Piscator, Lubbertus, Lucius, Camero, Voetius,
Amyraldus, Placaeus, Rivetus, Walaeus, Thysius, Althingius, Maresius,
Essenius, Arnoldus, Turretinus, Baxter, with many others. The
Lutherans who have managed these controversies, as Tarnovius,
Meisnerus, Calovius, Stegmannus, Martinius, Franzius, with all others
of their way, have constantly maintained the same great fundamental
principle of this doctrine of the satisfaction of Christ; and it has
well and solidly been of late asserted among ourselves on the same
foundation. And as many of these authors do expressly blame some of
the school men, as Aquinas, Durandus, Biel, Tataretus, for granting a
possibility of pardon without satisfaction, as opening a way to the
Socinian error im this matter; so also they fear not to affirm, that
the foregoing of this principle of God's vindictive justice
indispensably requiring the punishment of sin, does not only weaken
the cause of the truth, but indeed leave it indefensible. However, I
suppose men ought to be wary how they censure the authors mentioned,
as such who expose the cause they undertook to defend unto contempt;
for greater, more able, and learned defenders, this truth has not as
yet found, nor does stand in need of.
                                                              John Owen

The Preface

The disciples of our Lord Jesus Christ having made that great
confession of him, in distinction and opposition unto them, who
accounted him only as a prophet, "Thou art the Christ, the Son of the
living God," Matt. 16: 14, 16, he does, on the occasion thereof, give
out unto them that great charter of the church's stability and
continuance, "Upon this rock I will build my church; and the gates of
hell shall not prevail against it," verse 18. He is himself the rock
upon which his church is built, - as God is called the rock of his
people, on the account of his eternal power and immutability, Deut.
32: 4, 18, 31, Isa. 26: 4; and himself the spiritual rock which gave
out supplies of mercy and assistance to the people in the wilderness,
1 Cor. 10: 4.
  The relation of the professing church unto this rock consists in the
faith of this confession, that he is "the Christ, the Son of the
living God." This our Lord Jesus Christ has promised to secure against
all attempts; yet so as plainly to declare, that there should be great
and severe opposition made thereunto For whereas the prevalence of the
gates of hell in an enmity unto this confession is denied, a great and
vigorous attempt to prevail therein is no less certainly foretold.
Neither has it otherwise fallen out. In all ages, from the first
solemn foundation of the church of the New Testament, it has, one way
or other, been fiercely attempted by the "gates of hell." For some
time after the resurrection of Christ from the dead, the principal
endeavours of Satan, and men acting under him, or acted by him, were
pointed against the very foundation of the church, as laid in the
expression before mentioned. Almost all the errors and heresies
wherewith for three or four centuries of years it was perplexed, were
principally against the person of Christ himself; and, consequently,
the nature and being of the holy and blessed Trinity. But being
disappointed in his design herein, through the watchful care of the
Lord Christ over his promise, in the following ages Satan turned his
craft and violence against sundry parts of the superstructure, and, by
the assistance of the Papacy, cast them into confusion, - nothing, as
it were, remaining firm, stable, and in order, but only this one
confession, which in a particular manner the Lord Christ has taken
upon himself to secure.
  In these latter ages of the world, the power and care of Jesus
Christ reviving towards his church, in the reformation of it, even the
ruined heaps of its building have been again reduced into some
tolerable order and beauty. The old enemies of its peace and welfare
falling hereby under a disappointment, and finding his travail and
labour for many generations in a great part frustrate, he is returned
again to his old work of attacking the foundation itself; as he is
unweary and restless, and can be quiet neither conqueror nor
conquered, - nor will be so, until he is bound and cast into the lake
that burns with fire. For no sooner had the reformation of religion
firmed itself in some of the European provinces, but immediately, in a
proportion of distance not unanswerable unto what fell out from the
first foundation of the church, sundry persons, by the instigation of
Satan, attempted the disturbance and ruin of it, by the very same
errors and heresies about the Trinity, the person of Christ and his
offices, the person of the Holy Ghost and his grace, wherewith its
first trouble and ruin was endeavoured. And hereof we have of late an
instance given among ourselves, and that so notoriously known, through
a mixture of imprudence and impudence in the managers of it, that a
very brief reflection upon it will suffice unto our present design.
  It was always supposed, and known to some, that there are sundry
persons in this nation, who, having been themselves seduced into
Socinianism, did make it their business, under various pretences, to
draw others into a compliance with them in the same way and
persuasion. Neither has this, for sundry years, been so secretly
carried, but that the design of it has variously discovered itself by
overt acts of conferences, disputations, and publishing of books;
which last way of late has been sedulously pursued. Unto these three
is now a visible accession made, by that sort of people whom men will
call Quakers, from their deportment at the first erection of their way
(long since deserted by them), until, by some new revolutions of
opinions, they cast themselves under a more proper denomination. That
there is a conjunction issued between both these sorts of men, in an
opposition to the holy Trinity, with the person and grace of Christ,
the pamphlets of late published by the one and the other do
sufficiently evince. For however they may seem in sundry things as yet
to look diverse ways, yet, like Samson's foxes, they are knit together
by the tail of consent in these firebrand opinions, and jointly
endeavour to consume the standing corn of the church of God. And their
joint management of their business of late has been as though it were
their design to give as great a vogue and report to their opinions as
by any ways they are able. Hence, besides their attempts to be
proclaiming their opinions, under various pretences, in all assemblies
whereinto they may intrude themselves (as they know) without trouble,
they are exceeding sedulous in scattering and giving away, yea,
imposing gratis (and, as to some, ingratiis), their small books which
they publish, upon all sorts of persons promiscuously, as they have
advantage so to do. By this means their opinions being of late become
the talk and discourse of the common sort of Christians, and the
exercise of many, - amongst whom are not a few that, on sundry
accounts, which I shall not mention, may possibly be exposed unto
disadvantage and prejudice thereby, - it has been thought meet by some
that the sacred truths which these men oppose should be plainly and
briefly asserted and confirmed from the scripture; that those of the
meanest sort of professors, who are sincere and upright, exercising
themselves to keep a good conscience in matters of faith and obedience
to God, may have somewhat in a readiness, both to guide them in their
farther inquiry into the truth, as also to confirm their faith in what
they have already received, when at any time it is shaken or opposed
by the "cunning sleight of men that lie in wait to deceive."
  And this comprises the design of the ensuing discourse. It may
possibly be judged needless by some, as it was in its first proposal
by him by whom it is written; and that because this matter at present
is, by an especial providence, cast on other hands, who both have, and
doubtless, as occasion shall require, will well acquit themselves in
the defense of the truths opposed. Not to give any other account of
the reasons of this small undertaking it may suffice, that "in publico
discrimine omnis homo miles est," - "eyery man's concernment lying in
a common danger," - it is free for every one to manage it as he thinks
bests, and is able, so it be without prejudice to the whole or the
particular concerns of others. If a city be on fire, whose bucket that
brings water to quench it ought to be refused? The attempt to cast
fire into the city of God by the opinions mentioned, is open and
plain; and a timely stop being to be put unto it, the more hands that
are orderly employed in its quenching, the more speedy and secure is
the effect like to be.
  Now, because the assertors of the opinions mentioned do seem to set
out themselves to be some great ones, above the ordinary rate of men,
as having found out, and being able publicly to maintain, such things
as never would have entered into the minds of others to have thought
on or conceived; and also that they seem with many to be thought
worthy of their consideration because they now are new, and such as
they have not been acquainted withal; I shall, in this prefatory
entrance, briefly manifest that those who have amongst us undertaken
the management of these opinions have brought nothing new unto them,
but either a little contemptible sophistry and caption of words, on
the one hand, or futilous, affected, unintelligible expressions, on
the other, - the opinions themselves being no other but such as the
church of God, having been opposed by and troubled with from the
beginning, has prevailed against and triumphed over in all
generations. And were it not that confidence is the only relief which
enraged impotency adheres unto and expects supplies from, I should
greatly admire that those amongst us who have undertaken an
enforcement of these old exploded errors, whose weakness does so
openly discover and proclaim itself in all their endeavours, should
judge themselves competent to give a new spirit of life to the dead
carcass of these rotten heresies, which the faith of the saints in all
ages has triumphed over, and which truth and learning have, under the
care and watchfulness of Christ, so often baffled out of the world.
  The Jews, in the time of our Saviour's converse on the earth, being
fallen greatly from the faith and worship of their forefathers, and
ready to sink into their last and utmost apostasy from God, seem,
amongst many other truths, to have much lost that of the doctrine of
the holy Trinity, and of the person of the Messiah. It was, indeed,
suited, in the dispensation of God, unto the work that the Lord Jesus
had to fulfil in the world, that, before his passion and resurrection,
the knowledge of his divine nature, as unto his individual person,
should be concealed from the most of men. For this cause, although he
was "in the form of Good, and thought it not robbery to be equal with
God, yet he made himself of no reputation, by inking on him the form
of a servant, and being made in the likeness of men, that being found
in the fashion of a man, he might be obedient unto death," Phil. 2: 6-
8; whereby his divine glory was veiled for a season, until he was
"declared to be the Son of God with power, according to the Spirit of
holiness, by the resurrection from the dead," Rom. 1:4; and then "was
glorified with that glory which he had with the Father before the
world was," John 17: 6. And as this dispensation was needful unto the
accomplishment of the whole work which, as our mediator, he had
undertaken, so, in particular, he who was in himself the Lord of
hosts, a sanctuary to them that feared him, became hereby "a stone of
stumbling and a rock of offense to both the houses of Israel, for a
gin and for a snare to the inhabitants of Jerusalem," Isa. 8: 13, 14.
See Luke 2: 34; Rom. 9: 33; 1 Pet. 2: 8; Isa. 28: 16. But yet,
notwithstanding, as occasions required, suitably unto his own holy
ends and designs, he forbare not to give plain and open testimony to
his own divine nature and eternal pre-existence unto his incarnation.
And this was it which, of all other things, most provoked the carnal
Jews with whom he had to do; for having, as was said, lost the
doctrine of the Trinity and person of the Messiah, in a great measure,
whenever he asserted his Deity, they were immediately enraged, and
endeavoured to destroy him. So was it, plainly, John 8: 66-69. Says
he, "Your father Abraham rejoiced to see my day: and he saw it, and
was glad. Then said the Jews unto him, Thou art not yet fifty years
old, and hast thou seen Abraham? Jesus said unto them, Verily, verily,
I say unto you, Before Abraham was, I am. Then took they up stones to
cast at him." So, also, John 10: 30-33, "I and my Father are one. Then
the Jews took up stones again to stone him. Jesus answered them, Many
good works hare I showed you from my Father; for which of those works
do ye stone me? The Jews answered him, saying, For a good work we
stone thee not; but for blasphemy; and because that thou, being a man,
makes thyself God." They understood well enough the meaning of those
words, "I and my Father are one," namely, that they were a plain
assertion of his being God. This caused their rage. And this the Jews
all abide by to this day, - namely, that he declared himself to be
God, and therefore they slew him. Whereas, therefore, the first
discovery of a plurality of persons in the divine essence consists in
the revelation of the divine nature and personality of the Son, this
being opposed, persecuted, and blasphemed by these Jews, they may be
justly looked upon and esteemed as the first assertors of that
misbelief which now some seek again so earnestly to promote. The Jews
persecuted the Lord Christ, because he, being a man, declared himself
also to be God; and others are ready to revile and reproach them who
believe and teach what he declared.
  After the resurrection and ascension of the Lord Jesus, all things
being filled with tokens, evidences, and effects of his divine nature
and power (Rom. 1: 4), the church that began to be gathered in his
name, and according to his doctrine, being, by his especial
institution, to be initiated into the express profession of the
doctrine of the holy Trinity, as being to be baptized in the name of
the Father, and, the Son, and the holy Ghost, - which confession
comprises the whole of the truth contended for, and by the
indispensable placing of it at the first entrance into all obedience
unto him, is made the doctrinal foundation of the church, - it
continued for a season in the quiet and undisturbed possession of this
sacred treasure.
  The first who gave disquietment unto the disciples of Christ, by
perverting the doctrine of the Trinity, was Simon Magus, with his
followers; - an account of whose monstrous figments and unintelligible
imaginations, with their coincidence with what some men dream in these
latter days, shall elsewhere be given. Nor shall I need here to
mention the colluvies of Gnostics, Valentians, Marcionites, and
Manichees; the foundation of all whose abominations lay in their
misapprehensions of the being of God, their unbelief of the Trinity
and person of Christ, as do those of some others also.
  In especial, there was one Cerinthus, who was more active than
others in his opposition to the doctrine of the person of Christ, and
therein of the holy Trinity. To put a stop unto his abominations, all
authors agree that John, writing his Gospel, prefixed unto it that
plain declaration of the eternal Deity of Christ which it is prefaced
withal. And the story is well attested by Irenaeus, Eusebius, and
others, from Polycarpus, who was his disciple, that this Cerinthus
coming into the place where the apostle was, he left it, adding, as a
reason of his departure, lest the building, through the just judgment
of God, should fall upon them. And it was of the holy, wise providence
of God to suffer some impious persons to oppose this doctrine before
the death of that apostle, that he might, by infallible inspiration,
farther reveal, manifest, and declare it, to the establishment of the
church in future ages. For what can farther be desired to satisfy the
minds of men who in any sense own the Lord Jesus Christ and the
Scriptures, than that this controversy about the Trinity and person of
Christ (for they stand and fall together) should be so eminently and
expressly determined, as it were, immediately from heaven?
  But he with whom we have to deal in this matter neither ever did,
nor ever will, nor can, acquiesce or rest in the divine determination
of any thing which he has stirred up strife and controversy about: for
as Cerinthus and the Ebionites persisted in the heresy of the Jews,
who would have slain our Savior for bearing witness to his own Deity,
notwithstanding the evidence of that testimony, and the right
apprehension which the Jews had of his mind therein; so he excited
other to engage and persist in their opposition to the truth,
notwithstanding this second particular determination of it from
beaten, for their confutation or confusion. For after the more weak
and confused oppositions made unto it by Theodotus Coriarius [i.e.,
the tanner], Artemon, and some others, at length a stout champion
appears visibly and expressly engaged against these fundamentals of
our faith. This was Paulus Samosatenus, bishop of the church of
Antioch, about the year 272; - a man of most intolerable pride,
passion, and folly, - the greatest that has left a name upon
ecclesiastical records. This man openly and avowedly denied the
doctrine of the Trinity, and the Deity of Christ in an especial
manner. For although he endeavoured for a while to cloud his impious
sentiments in ambiguous expressions, as others also have done (Euseb.,
lib. vii. cap. 27), yet being pressed by the professors of the truth,
and supposing his party was somewhat confirmed, he plainly defended
his heresy, and was cast out of the church wherein he presided. Some
sixty years after, Photinus, bishop of Sirmium, with a pretence of
more sobriety in life and conversation, undertook the management of
the same design, with the same success.
  What ensued afterward among the churches of God in this matter is of
too large and diffused a nature to be here reported. These instances I
have fixed on only to intimate, unto persons whose condition or
occasions afford them not ability or leisure of themselves to inquire
into the memorials of times past amongst the professors of the gospel
of Christ, that these oppositions which are made at present amongst us
unto these fundamental truths, and derived immediately from the late
renewed enforcement of them made by Faustus Socinus and his followers,
are nothing but old banded, attempts of Satan against the rock of the
church and the building thereon, in the confession of the Son of the
living God.
  Now, as all men who have aught of a due reverence of God or his
truth remaining with them, cannot but be wary how they give the least
admittance to such opinions as have from the beginning been witnessed
against and condemned by Christ himself, his apostles and all that
followed them in their faith and ways in all generations; so others
whose hearts tremble for the danger they apprehend which these sacred
truths may be in of being corrupted or defamed by the present
opposition against them, may know that it is no other but what the
church and faith of professors has already been exercised with, and,
through the power of Him that enables them, have constantly triumphed
over. And, for any part, I look upon it as a blessed effect of the
holy, wise providence of God, that those who have long harbored these
abominations of denying the holy Trinity, and the person and
satisfaction of Christ, in their minds, but yet have sheltered
themselves from common observation under the shades of dark, obscure,
and uncouth expressions, with many other specious pretences, should be
given up to join themselves with such persons (and to profess a
community of persuasion with them in those opinions, as have rendered
themselves infamous from the first foundation of Christianity), and
wherein they will assuredly meet with the same success as those have
done who have gone before them.
  For the other head of opposition, made by these persons unto the
truth in reference unto the satisfaction of Christ, and the imputation
of his righteousness thereon unto our justification, I have not much
to say as to the time past. In general, the doctrine wherein they
boast, being first brought forth in a rude misshapen manner by the
Pelagian heretics, was afterward improved by one Abelardus, a
sophistical scholar in France; but owes its principal form and poison
unto the endeavours of Faustus Socinus, and those who have followed
him in his subtle attempt to corrupt the whole doctrine of the gospel.
Of these men are those amongst us who at this day so busily dispute
and write about the Trinity, the Deity of Christ, and his
satisfaction. - the followers and disciples. And it is much more from
their masters, who were some of them men learned, diligent, and
subtle, than from themselves, that they are judged to be of any great
consideration. For I can truly say, that, upon the sedate examination
of all that I could ever yet hear or get a sight of, either spoken or
written by them, - that is, any amongst us, - I never yet observed an
undertaking of so great importance managed with a greater evidence of
incompetency and inability, to give any tolerable countenance unto it.
If any of them shall for the future attempt to give any new
countenance or props to their tottering errors, it will doubtless be
attended unto by some of those many who cannot but know that it is
incumbent on them "to contend earnestly for the faith once delivered
unto the saints." This present brief endeavour is only to assist and
direct those who are less exercised in the ways of managing
controversies in religion, that they may have a brief comprehension of
the truths opposed, with the firm foundations whereon they are built,
and be in a readiness to shield their faith both against the fiery
darts of Satan, and secure their minds against the "cunning sleight of
men, who lie in wait to deceive." And wherein this discourse seems in
any thing to be too brief or concise, the author is not to be blamed
who was confined unto these strait bounds by those whose requests
enjoined him this service.

The Doctrine of the Holy Trinity Explained and Vindicated

The doctrine of the blessed Trinity may be considered two ways: First,
In respect unto the revelation and proposal of it in the Scripture, to
direct us unto the author, object, and end of our faith, in our
worship and obedience. Secondly, As it is farther declared and
explained, in terms, expressions, and propositions, reduced from the
original revelation of it, suited whereunto, and meet to direct and
keep the mind from undue apprehensions of the things it believes, and
to declare them, unto farther edification.
  In the first way, it consists merely in the propositions wherein the
revelation of God is expressed in the Scripture; and in this regard
two things are required of us. First, To understand the terms of the
propositions, as they are enunciations of truth; and, Secondly, To
believe the things taught, revealed, and declared in them.
  In the first instance, no more, I say, is required of us, but that
we assent unto the assertions and testimonies of God concerning
himself, according to their natural and genuine sense, as he will be
known, believed in, feared, and worshipped by us, as he is our
Creator, Lord, and Rewarder; and that because he himself has, by his
revelation, not only warranted us so to do, but also made it our duty,
necessary and indispensable. Now, the sum of this revelation in this
matter is, that God is one; - that this one God is Father, Son, and
Holy Ghost; - that the Father is the Father of the Son; and the Son,
the Son of the Father; and the Holy Ghost, the Spirit of the Father
and the Son; and that, in respect of this their mutual relation, they
are distinct from each other.
  This is the substance of the doctrine of the Trinity, as to the
first direct concernment of faith therein. The first intention of the
Scripture, in the revelation of God towards us, is, as was said, that
we might fear him, believe, worship, obey him, and live unto him, as
God. That we may do this in a due manner, and worship the only true
God, and not adore the false imaginations of our own minds it
declares, as was said, that this God is one, the Father, Son, and Holy
Ghost; - that the Father is this one God; and therefore is to be
believed in, worshipped, obeyed, lived unto, and in all things
considered by us as the first cause, sovereign Lord, and last end of
all; - that the Son is the one true God; and therefore is to be
believed in, worshipped, obeyed, lived unto, and in all things
considered by us as the first cause, sovereign Lord, and last end of
all; - and so, also, of the Holy Ghost. This is the whole of faith's
concernment in this matter, as it respects the direct revelation of
God made by himself in the Scripture, and the first proper general end
thereof. Let this be clearly confirmed by direct and positive divine
testimonies, containing the declaration and revelation of God
concerning himself, and faith is secured as to all it concerns; for it
has both its proper formal object, and is sufficiently enabled to be
directive of divine worship and obedience.
  The explication of this doctrine unto edification, suitable unto the
revelation mentioned, is of another consideration; and two things are
incumbent on us to take care of therein: - First, That what is
affirmed and taught do directly tend unto the ends of the revelation
itself, by informing and enlightening of the mind in the knowledge of
the mystery of it, so far as in this life we are, by divine
assistance, capable to comprehend it; that is, that faith may be
increased, strengthened, and confirmed against temptations and
oppositions of Satan, and men of corrupt minds; and that we may be
distinctly directed unto, and encouraged in, the obedience unto, and
worship of God, that are required of us. Secondly, That nothing be
affirmed or taught herein that may beget or occasion any undue
apprehensions concerning God, or our obedience unto him, with respect
unto the best, highest, securest revelations that we have of him and
our duty. These things being done and secured, the end of the
declaration of this doctrine concerning God is attained.
In the declaration, then, of this doctrine unto the edification of the
church, there is contained a farther explanation of the things before
asserted, as proposed directly and in themselves as the object of our
faith, - namely, how God is one, in respect of his nature, substance,
essence, Godhead, or divine being; how, being Father, Son, and Holy
Ghost, he subsists in these three distinct persons or hypostases; and
what are their mutual respects to each other, by which, as their
peculiar properties, giving them the manner of their subsistence, they
are distinguished one from another; with sundry other things of the
like necessary consequence unto the revelation mentioned. And herein,
as in the application of all other divine truths and mysteries
whatever, yea, of all moral commanded duties, use is to be made of
such words and expressions as, it may be, are not literally and
formally contained in the Scripture; but only are, unto our
conceptions and apprehensions, expository of what is so contained. And
to deny the liberty, yea, the necessity hereof, is to deny all
interpretation of the Scripture, - all endeavours to express the sense
of the words of it unto the understandings of one another; which is,
in a word, to render the Scripture itself altogether useless. For if
it be unlawful for me to speak or write what I conceive to be the
sense of the words of the Scripture, and the nature of the thing
signified and expressed by them, it is unlawful for me, also, to think
or conceive in my mind what is the sense of the words or nature of the
things; which to say, is to make brutes of ourselves, and to frustrate
the whole design of God in giving unto us the great privilege of his
word.
  Wherefore, in the declaration of the doctrine of the Trinity, we may
lawfully, nay, we must necessarily, make use of other words, phrases,
and expressions, than what are literally and syllabically contained in
the Scripture, but teach no other things.
  Moreover, whatever is so revealed in the Scripture is no less true
and divine as to whatever necessarily follows thereon, than it is as
unto that which is principally revealed and directly expressed. For
how far soever the lines be drawn and extended, from truth nothing can
follow and ensue but what is true also; and that in the same kind of
truth with that which it is derived and deduced from. For if the
principal assertion be a truth of divine revelation, so is also
whatever is included therein, and which may be rightly from thence
collected. Hence it follows, that when the Scripture reveals the
Father, Son, and Holy Ghost to be one God, seeing it necessarily and
unavoidably follows thereon that they are one in essence (wherein
alone it is possible they can be one), and three in their distinct
subsistences (wherein alone it is possible they can be three), - this
is no less of divine revelation than the first principle from whence
these things follow.
  These being the respects which the doctrine of the Trinity falls
under, the necessary method of faith and reason, in the believing and
declaring of it, is plain and evident: -
  First. The revelation of it is to be asserted and vindicated, as it
is proposed to be believed, for the ends mentioned. Now, this is, as
was declared, that there is one God; that this God is Father, Son, and
Holy Ghost; and so, that the Father is God, so is the Son, so is the
Holy Ghost.
  This being received and admitted by faith, the explication of it is,
-
  Secondly, To be insisted on, and not taken into consideration until
the others be admitted. And herein lies the preposterous course of
those who fallaciously and captiously go about to oppose this sacred
truth: - they will always begin their opposition, not unto the
revelation of it, but unto the explanation of it; which is used only
for farther edification. Their disputes and cavils shall be against
the Trinity, essence, substance, persons, personality, respects,
properties of the divine persons, with the modes of expressing these
things; whilst the plain scriptural revelation of the things
themselves from whence they are but explanatory deductions, is not
spoken to, nor admitted into confirmation. By this means have they
entangled many weak, unstable souls, who, when they have met with
things too high, hard, and difficult for them (which in divine
mysteries they may quickly do), in the explication of this doctrine,
have suffered themselves to be taken off from a due consideration of
the full and plain revelation of the thing itself in Scripture; until,
their temptations being made strong, and their darkness increased, it
was too late for them to return unto it; as bringing along with them
the cavils wherewith they were prepossessed, rather than that faith
and obedience which is required. But yet all this while these
explanations, so excepted against, are indeed not of any original
consideration in this matter. Let the direct, express revelations of
the doctrine be confirmed, they will follow of themselves, nor will be
excepted against by those who believe and receive it. Let that be
rejected, and they will fall of themselves, and never be contended for
by those who did make use of them. But of these things we shall treat
again afterward.
  This, therefore, is the way, the only way that we rationally can,
and that which in duty we ought to proceed in and by, for the
asserting and confirming of the doctrine of the holy Trinity under
consideration, - namely, that we produce divine revelations or
testimonies, wherein faith may safely rest and acquiesce, that God is
one; that this one God is Father, Son, and Holy Ghost; so that the
Father is God, so also is the Son, and the Holy Ghost likewise, and,
as such, are to be believed in, obeyed, worshipped, acknowledged, as
the first cause and last end of all, - our Lord and reward. If this be
not admitted, if somewhat of it be not, particularly [if it be]
denied, we need not, we have no warrant or ground to proceed any
farther, or at all to discourse about the unity of the divine essence,
or the distinction of the persons.
  We have not, therefore, any original contest in this matter with
any, but such as deny either God to be one, or the Father to be God,
or the son to be God, or the Holy Ghost so to be. If any deny either
of these in particular, we are ready to confirm it by sufficient
testimonies of Scripture, or clear and undeniable divine revelation.
When this is evinced and vindicated, we shall willingly proceed to
manifest that the explications used of this doctrine unto the
edification of the church are according to truth, and such as
necessarily are required by the nature of the things themselves. And
this gives us the method of the ensuing small discourse, with the
reasons of it: -
  1. The first thing which we affirm to be delivered unto us by divine
revelation as the object of our faith, is, that God is one. I know
that this may be uncontrollably evinced by the light of reason itself,
unto as good and quiet an assurance as the mind of man is capable of
in any of its apprehensions whatever; but I speak of it now as it is
confirmed unto us by divine revelation. How this assertion of one God
respects the nature, essence, or divine being of God, shall be
declared afterward. At present it is enough to represent the
testimonies that he is one, - only one. And because we have no
difference with our adversaries distinctly about this matter, I shall
only name few of them. Deut. 6: 4, " Hear, O Israel; The LORD our God
is one LORD." A most pregnant testimony; and yet, notwithstanding, as
I shall elsewhere manifest, the Trinity itself, in that one divine
essence, is here asserted. Isa. 44: 6, 8, "Thus saith the LORD the
being of Israel, and his Redeemer the LORD of hosts; I am the first,
and I am the last; and beside me there is no God. Is there a God
beside me? yea, there is no God; I know not any." In which also we may
manifest that a plurality of persons is included and expressed. And
although there be no more absolute and sacred truth than this, that
God is one, yet it may be evinced that it is nowhere mentioned in the
Scripture, but that, either in the words themselves or the context of
the place, a plurality of persons in that one sense is intimated.
  2. Secondly, It is proposed as the object of our faith, that the
Father is God. And herein, as is pretended, there is also an agreement
between us and those who oppose the doctrine of the Trinity. But there
is a mistake in this matter. Their hypothesis, as they call it, or,
indeed, presumptuous error, casts all the conceptions that are given
us concerning God in the Scripture into disorder and confusion. For
the Father, as he whom we worship, is often called so only with
reference unto his Son; as the Son is so with reference to the Father.
He is the "only begotten of the Father," John 10: 14. But now, if this
Son had no pre-existence in his divine nature before he was born of
the Virgin, there was no God the Father seventeen hundred years ago,
because there was no Son. And on this ground did the Marcionites of
old plainly deny the Father (whom, under the New Testament, we
worship) to be the God of the Old Testament, who made the world, and
was worshipped from the foundation of it. For it seems to follow, that
he whom we worship being the Father, and on this supposition that the
Son had no pre-existence unto his incarnation, he was not the Father
under the Old Testament; he is some other from him that was so
revealed. I know the folly of that inference; yet how, on this opinion
of the sole existence of the Son in time, men can prove the Father to
be God, let others determine. "He that abideth in the doctrine of
Christ, he has both the Father and the Son;" but "whosoever
transgresseth and abideth not in the doctrine of Christ, has not God,"
2 John 9. Whoever denies Christ the Son, as the Son, that is, the
eternal Son of God, he loses the Father also, and the true God; he has
not God. For that God which is not the Father, and which ever was, and
was not the Father, is not the true God. Hence many of the fathers,
even of the first writers of the church, were forced unto great pains
in the confirmation of this truth, that the Father of Jesus Christ was
he who made the world, gave the law, spoke by the prophets, and was
the author of the Old Testament; and that against men who professed
themselves to be Christians. And this brutish apprehension of theirs
arose from no other principle but this, that the Son had only a
temporal existence, and was not the eternal Son of God.
  But that I may not in this brief discourse digress unto other
controversies than what lies directly before us, and seeing the
adversaries of the truth we contend for do, in words at least, grant
that the Father of our Lord Jesus Christ is the true God, or the only
true God, I shall not farther show the inconsistency of their
hypothesis with this confession, but take it for granted that to us
"there is one God, the Father," 1 Cor. 8: 6; see John 17: 3. So that
he who is not the Father, who was not so from eternity, whose
paternity is not equally coexistent unto his Deity, is not God unto
us.
  3. Thirdly, It is asserted and believed by the church that Jesus
Christ is God, the eternal Son of God; - that is, he is proposed,
declared, and revealed unto us in the Scripture to be God, that is to
be served, worshipped, believed in, obeyed as God, upon the account of
his own divine excellencies. And whereas we believe and know that he
was man, that he was born, lived, and died as a man, it is declared
that he is God also; and that, as God, he did preexist in the form of
God before his incarnation, which was effected by voluntary actings of
his own, - which could not be without a pre-existence in another
nature. This is proposed unto us to be believed upon divine testimony
and by divine revelation. And the sole inquiry in this matter is,
whether this be proposed in the Scripture as an object of faith, and
that which is indispensably necessary for us to believe? Let us, then,
nakedly attend unto what the Scripture asserts in this matter, and
that in the order of the books of it, in some particular instances
which at present occur to mind; as these that follow: -
  Ps. 45: 6, "Thy throne, O God, is for ever and ever." Applied unto
Christ, Heb. 10: 8, "But unto the Son he saith, Thy throne, O God, is
for ever and ever."
  Ps. 68: 17,18, "The chariots of God are twenty thousand, even
thousands of angels: the LORD is among them, as in Sinai, in the holy
place. Thou hast ascended on high, thou hast led captivity captive:
thou hast received gifts for men; yea, for the rebellious also, that
the LORD God might dwell among them.". Applied unto the Son, Eph. 4:
8-10, "Wherefore he saith, When he ascended up on high, he led
captivity captive, and gave gifts unto men. Now that he ascended, what
is it but that he also descended first into the lower parts of the
earth? He that descended is the same also that ascended up far above
all heavens that he might fill all things."
  Ps. 110: 1, "The LORD said unto my Lord, Sit thou at my right hand."
Applied unto Christ by himself, Matt. 22: 44.
  Ps. 102: 25-27, "Of old hast thou laid the foundation of the earth;
and the heavens are the work of thy hands. They shall perish, but thou
shalt endure: yea, all of them shall wax old like a garment; as a
vesture shalt thou change them, and they shall be changed: but thou
art the same, and thy years shall have no end." Declared by the
apostle to be meant of the Son, Heb. 10: 10-12.
  Prov. 8: 22-31, "The LORD possessed me in the beginning of his way,
before his works of old. I was set up from everlasting, from the
beginning, or ever the earth was. When there were no depths, I was
brought forth; when there were no fountains abounding with water.
Before the mountains were settled, before the hills was I brought
forth: while as yet he had not made the earth, nor the fields, nor the
highest part of the dust of the world. When he prepared the heavens, I
was there: when he set a compass upon the face of the depth: when he
established the clouds above: when he strengthened the fountains of
the deep: when he gave to the sea his decree, that the waters should
not pass his commandment: when he appointed the foundations of the
earth: then I was by him, as one brought up with him: and I was daily
his delight, rejoicing always before him; rejoicing in the habitable
part of his earth; and my delights were with the sons of men."
  Isa. 6: 1-3, "I saw also the LORD sitting upon a throne, high and
lifted up, and his train filled the temple. Above it stood the
seraphim: each one had six wings; With twain he covered his face, and
with twain he covered his feet, and with twain he did fly. And one
cried unto another, and said, Holy, holy, holy, is the LORD of hosts:
the whole earth is full of his glory." Applied unto the Son, John 12:
41.
  Isa. 8: 13, 14, "Sanctify the LORD of hosts himself; and let him be
your fear, and let him be your dread. And he shall be for a sanctuary;
but for a stone of stumbling and for a rock of offense to both the
houses of Israel, for a gin and for a snare to the inhabitants of
Jerusalem." Applied unto the Son, Luke 2: 34; Rom. 9: 33; 1 Pet. 2: 8.
  Isa. 9: 6, "For unto us a child is born, unto us a son is given; and
the government shall be upon his shoulder: and his name shall be
called Wonderful, Counselor, The mighty God, The everlasting Father,
The Prince of Peace. Of the increase of his government and peace there
shall be no end."
  Jer. 23: 5, 6, "Behold, the days come, saith the LORD, that I will
raise unto David a righteous Branch; and this is his name whereby he
shall be called, Jehovah our Righteousness."
  Hos. 12: 3-5, "He took his brother by the heel in the womb, and by
his strength he had power with God: yea, he had power over the angel,
and prevailed: he wept, and made supplication unto him: he found him
in Bethel, and there he spake with us; even the LORD God of hosts; the
LORD is his memorial."
  Zech. 2: 8, 9, "For thus saith the LORD of hosts, After the glory
has he sent me unto the nations which spoiled you: and ye shall know
that the LORD of hosts has sent me."
  Matt. 16: 16, "Thou art the Christ, the Son of the living God."
  Luke 1: 35, "The Holy Ghost shall come upon thee, and the power of
the highest shall overshadow thee: therefore also that holy thing
which shall be born of thee shall be called the Son of God."
  John 10: 1-3. "In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with
God, and the Word was God. The same was in the beginning with God. All
things were made by him; and without him was not any thing made that
was made."
  Verse 14, "And we beheld his glory, the glory as of the only
begotten of the Father."
  John 3: 13, "And no man has ascended up to heaven, but he that came
down from heaven, even the Son of man, which is in heaven."
  John 8: 57, 58, "Then said the Jews unto him, Thou art not yet fifty
years old, and hast thou seen Abraham? Jesus said unto them, Verily,
verily, I say unto you, Before Abraham was, I am."
  John 10: 30, "I and my Father are one."
  John 17: 5, "And now, O Father, glorify thou me with thine own self
with the glory which I had with thee before the world was."
  John 20: 28, "And Thomas answered and said unto him, My Lord and my
God."
  Acts 20: 28, "Feed the church of Cod, which he has purchased with
his own blood."
  Rom. 10: 3, 4, "Concerning his Son Jesus Christ our Lord, which was
made of the seed of David according to the flesh; and declared to be
the Son of God with power, according to the spirit of holiness, by the
resurrection from the dead."
  Rom. 9: 5, "Of whom as concerning the flesh Christ came, who is over
all, God blessed for ever. Amen."
  Rom. 14: 10-12, "For we shall all stand before the judgment-seat of
Christ. For it is written, As I live, saith the Lord, every knee shall
bow to me, and every tongue shall confess to God. So then every one of
us shall give account of himself to God."
  1 Cor. 8: 6, "And one Lord Jesus, by whom are all things, and we by
him."
  1 Cor. 10: 9, "Neither let us tempt Christ, as some of them also
tempted, and were destroyed of serpents;" compared with Numb. 21: 6.
  Phil. 2: 5, 6, "Let this mind be in you, which was also in Christ
Jesus: who, being in the form of God, thought it not robbery to be
equal with God."
  Col. 1: 15-17, "Who is the image of the invisible God, the firstborn
of every creature: for by him were all things created, that are in
heaven, and that are in earth, visible and invisible, whether they be
thrones, or dominions, or principalities, or powers; all things were
created by him, and for him: and he is before all things, and by him
all things consist."
  1 Tim. 3: 16, "Without controversy great is the mystery of
godliness: God was manifest in the flesh."
  Tit. 2: 13, 14, "Looking for that blessed hope, and the glorious
appearing of the great God and our Savior Jesus Christ; who gave
himself for us.
  Heb. 1 throughout.
  Chap. 3: 4, "For every house is builder by some man; but he that
built all things is God."
  1 Pet. 1: 11, "Searching what, or what manner of time, the Spirit of
Christ which was in them did signify."
  Chap. 3: 18-20, "For Christ also has once suffered for sins, being
put to death in the flesh, but quickened by the Spirit: by which also
he went and preached unto the spirits in prison; which sometime were
disobedient, when once the longsuffering of God waited in the days of
Noah."
  1 John 3: 16, "Hereby perceive we the love of God, because he laid
down his life for us."
  Chap. 5: 20, "And we are in him that is true, even in his Son Jesus
Christ. This is the true God, and eternal life."
  Rev. 1: 8, "I am Alpha and Omega, the beginning and the ending,
saith the Lord, which is, and which was, and which is to come, the
Almighty."
  Verses 11-13, "I am Alpha and Omega, the first and the last: and,
What thou sees, write in a book..... And I turned to see the voice
that spake with me. And, being turned, I saw seven golden
candlesticks; and in the midst of the seven candlesticks one like unto
the Son of man." 
  Verse 17, "And when I saw him, I fell at his feet as dead. And he
laid his right hand upon me, saying unto me, Fear not; I am the first
and the last."
  Chap. 2: 23, "I am he which searcheth the reins and hearts: and I
will give unto every one of you according to your works."
  These are some of the places wherein the truth under consideration
is revealed and declared, - some of the divine testimonies whereby it
is confirmed and established, which I have not at present inquired
after, but suddenly repeated as they came to mind. Many more of the
like nature and importance may be added unto them, and shall be so as
occasion does require.
  Let, now, any one who owns the Scripture to be the word of God, - to
contain an infallible revelation of the things proposed in it to be
believed, - and who has any conscience exercised towards God for the
receiving and submitting unto what he declares and reveals, take a
view of these testimonies, and consider whether they do not
sufficiently propose this object of our faith. Shall a few poor
trifling sophisms, whose terms are scarcely understood by the most
that amongst us make use of them, according as they have found them
framed by others, be thought meet to be set up in opposition unto
these multiplied testimonies of the Holy Ghost, and to cast the truth
confirmed by them down from its credit and reputation in the
consciences of men? For my part, I do not see in any thing, but that
the testimonies given to the Godhead of Christ, the eternal Son of
God, are every way as clear and unquestionable as those are which
testify to the being of God, or that there is any God at all. Were men
acquainted with the Scriptures as they ought to be, and as the most,
considering the means and advantages they have had, might have been;
did they ponder and believe on what they read, or had they any
tenderness in their consciences as to that reverence, obedience, and
subjection of soul which God requires unto his word; it were utterly
impossible that their faith in this matter should ever in the least be
shaken by a few lewd sophisms or loud clamours of men destitute of the
truth, and of the spirit of it.
  That we may now improve these testimonies unto the end under design,
as the nature of this brief discourse will bear, I shall first remove
the general answers which the Socinians give unto them, and then
manifest farther how uncontrollable they are, by giving an instance in
the frivolous exceptions of the same persons to one of them in
particular. And we are ready, God assisting, to maintain that there is
not any one of them which does not give a sufficient ground for faith
to rest on in this matter concerning the Deity of Christ, and that
against all the Socinians in the world.
  They say, therefore, commonly, that we prove not by these
testimonies what is by them denied. For they acknowledge Christ to be
God, and that because he is exalted unto that glory and authority that
all creatures are put into subjection unto him, and all, both men and
angels, are commanded to worship and adore him. So that he is God by
office, though he be not God by nature. He is God, but he is not the
most high God. And this last expression they have almost continually
in their mouths, "He is not the most high God." And commonly, with
great contempt and scorn, they are ready to reproach them who have
solidly confirmed the doctrine of the Deity of Christ as ignorant of
the state of the controversy, in that they have not proved him to be
the most high God, in subordination unto whom they acknowledge Christ
to be God, and that he ought to be worshipped with divine and
religious worship.
  But there cannot be any thing more empty and vain than these
pretences; and, besides, they accumulate in them their former errors,
with the addition of new ones. For, -
  First. The name of the most high God is first ascribed unto God in
Gen. 14: 18, 19, 22, denoting his sovereignty and dominion. Now, as
other attributes of God, it is not distinctive of the subject, but
only descriptive of it. So are all other excellencies of the nature of
God. It does not intimate that there are other gods, only he is the
most high, or one over them all; but only that the true God is most
high, - that is, endued with sovereign power, dominion, and authority
over all. To say, then, that Christ indeed is God, but not the most
high God, is all one as to say he is God, but not the most holy God,
or not the true God; and so they have brought their Christ into the
number of false gods, whilst they deny the true Christ, who, in his
divine nature, is "over all, God blessed for ever," Rom. 9: 5; a
phrase of speech perfectly expressing this attribute of the most high
God.
  Secondly. This answer is suited only unto those testimonies which
express the name of God with a corresponding power and authority into
that name; for in reference unto these alone can it be pleaded, with
any pretence of reason, that he is a God by office, - though that also
be done very futilously and impertinently. But most of the testimonies
produced speak directly unto his divine excellencies and properties,
which belong unto his nature necessarily and absolutely. That he is
eternal, omnipotent, immense, omniscient, infinitely wise; and that he
is, and works, and produces effects suitable unto all these
properties, and such as nothing but they can enable him for; is
abundantly proved by the foregoing testimonies. Now, all these concern
a divine nature, a natural essence, a Godhead, and not such power or
authority as a man may be exalted unto; yea, the ascribing any of them
to such a one, implies the highest contradiction expressible.
  Thirdly. This God in authority and of office, and not by nature,
that should be the object of divine worship, is a new abomination. For
they are divine, essential excellencies that are the formal reason and
object of worship, religious and divine; and to ascribe it unto any
one that is not God by nature, is idolatry. By making, therefore,
their Christ such a God as they describe, they bring him under the
severe combination of the true God. Jer. 10: 11, "The gods that have
not made the heavens and the earth, even they shall perish from the
earth, and from under these heavens." That Christ they worship they
say is a God; but they deny that he is "that God that made the heavens
and the earth:" and so leave him exposed to the threatenings of him,
who will accomplish it to the uttermost.
  Some other general exceptions sometimes they make use of, which the
reader may free himself from the entanglement of, if he do but heed
these ensuing rules: -
  First. Distinction of persons (of which afterwards), it being in an
infinite substance, does no way prove a difference of essence between
the Father and the Son. Where, therefore, Christ, as the Son, is said
to be another from the Father, or God, spoken personally of the
Father, it argues not in the least that he is not partaker of the same
nature with him. That in one essence there can be but one person, may
be true where the substance is finite and limited, but has no place in
that which is infinite.
  Secondly. Distinction and inequality in respect of office in Christ,
does not in the least take away his equality and sameness with the
Father in respect of nature and essence, Phil. 2: 7, 8. A son, of the
same nature with his father, and therein equal to him, may in office
be his inferior, - his subject.
  Thirdly. The advancement and exaltation of Christ as mediator to any
dignity whatever, upon or in reference to the work of our redemption
and salvation, is not at all inconsistent with the essential honour,
dignity, and worth, which he has in himself as God blessed for ever.
Though he humbled himself, and was exalted in office, yet in nature he
was one and the same; he changed not.
  Fourthly. The Scriptures, asserting the humanity of Christ, with the
concernments thereof, as his birth, life, and death, do no more
thereby deny his Deity than, by asserting his Deity, with the
essential properties thereof, they deny his humanity.
  Fifthly. God working in and by Christ as he was mediator, denotes
the Father's sovereign appointment of the things mentioned to be done,
- not his immediate efficiency in the doing of the things themselves.
  These rules are proposed a little before their due place in the
method which we pursue. But I thought meet to interpose them here, as
containing a sufficient ground for the resolution and answering of all
the sophisms and objections which the adversaries use in this cause.
  From the cloud of witnesses before produced, every one whereof is
singly sufficient to evert the Socinian infidelity, I shall in one of
them give an instance, both of the clearness of the evidence and the
weakness of the exceptions which are wont to be put in against them,
as was promised; and this is John 10: 1-3, "In the beginning was the
Word, and the Word was with God, and the Word was God. The same was in
the beginning with God. All things were made by him; and without him
was not any thing made that was made."
  By the Word, here, or "ho Logos", on what account soever he be so
called, either as being the eternal Word and Wisdom of the Father, or
as the great Revealer of the will of God unto us, Jesus Christ the Son
of God is intended. This is on all hands acknowledged; and the context
will admit of no hesitation about it. For of this Word it is said,
that "he came" into the world, verse 10; "was rejected by his own,"
verse 11; "was made flesh and dwelt among us, whose glory was the
glory as of the only begotten Son of the Father," verse 14; called
expressly "Jesus Christ," verse 17; "the only begotten Son of the
Father," verse 18. The subject, then, treated of, is here agreed upon;
and it is no less evident that it is the design of the apostle to
declare both who and what he was of whom he treats. Here, then, if any
where, we may learn what we are to believe concerning the person of
Christ; which also we may certainly do, if our minds are not perverted
through prejudice, "whereby the god of this world does blind the minds
of them which believe not, lest the light of the glorious gospel of
Christ, who is the image of God, should shine unto them," 2 Cor. 4: 4.
Of this Word, then, this Son of God, it is affirmed, that he "was in
the beginning." And this word, if it does not absolutely and formally
express eternity, yet it does a pre-existence unto the whole creation;
which amounts to the same: for nothing can preexist unto all
creatures, but in the nature of God, which is eternal; unless we shall
suppose a creature before the creation of any. But what is meant by
this expression the Scripture does elsewhere declare. Prov. 8: 23, "I
was set up from everlasting, from the beginning, or ever the earth
was." John 17: 5, "Glorify thou me with thins own self, with the glory
which I had with thee before the world was." Both which places, as
they explain this phrase, so also do they undeniably testify unto the
eternal pre-existence of Christ the Son of God. And in this case we
prevail against our adversaries, if we prove any pre-existence of
Christ unto his incarnation; which, as they absolutely deny, so to
grant it would overthrow their whole heresy in this matter. And
therefore they know that the testimony of our Saviour concerning
himself, if understood in a proper, intelligible sense, is perfectly
destructive of their pretensions, John 8: 58, "Before Abraham was, I
am." For although there be no proper sense in the words, but a gross
equivocation, if the existence of Christ before Abraham was born be
not asserted in them (seeing he spoke in answer to that objection of
the Jews, that he was not yet fifty years old, and so could not have
seen Abraham, nor Abraham him; and the Jews that were present,
understood well enough that he asserted a divine pre-existence unto
his being born, so long ago, as that hereon, after their manner, they
took up stones to stone him, as supposing him to have blasphemed in
asserting his Deity, as others now do in the denying of it); yet they
[Socinians], seeing how fatal this pre-existence, though not here
absolutely asserted to be eternal, would be to their cause, contend
that the meaning of the words is, that "Christ was to be the light of
the world before Abraham was made the father of many nations;" - an
interpretation so absurd and Scottish, as never any man not infatuated
by the god of this world could once admit and give countenance unto.
  But "in the beginning," as absolutely used, is the same with "from
everlasting," as it is expounded, Prov. 8: 23, and denotes an eternal
existence; which is here affirmed of the Word, the Son of God. But let
the word "beginning," be restrained unto the subject matter treated of
(which is the creation of all things), and the pre-existence of Christ
in his divine nature unto the creation of all things is plainly
revealed, and inevitably asserted. And indeed, not only the word, but
the discourse of these verses, does plainly relate unto, and is
expository of, the first verse in the Bible, Gen. 1: 1, "In the
beginning God created the heaven and the earth." There it is asserted
that in the beginning God created all things; here, that the Word was
in the beginning, and made all things. This, then, is the least that
we have obtained from this first word of our testimony, - namely, that
the Word or Son of God had a personal pre-existence unto the whole
creation. In what nature this must be, let these men of reason satisfy
themselves, who know that Creator and creatures take up the whole
nature of beings. One of them he must be; and it may be well supposed
that he was not a creature before the creation of any. 
  But, secondly, Where, or with whom, was this Word in the beginning?
"It was," says the Holy Ghost, "with God." There being no creature
then existing, he could be nowhere but with God; that is, the Father,
as it is expressed in one of the testimonies before going, Prov. 8:
22, "The LORD possessed me in the beginning of his way, before his
works of old;" verse 30, "Then was I by him as one brought up with
him, and I was daily his delight, rejoicing always before him;" that
is, in the beginning this Word, or Wisdom of God, was with God.
  And this is the same which our Lord Jesus asserts concerning
himself, John 3: 13, "And no man," says he, "has ascended up to
heaven, but he that came down from heaven, even the Son of man which
is in heaven." And so in other places he affirms his being in heaven,
- that is, with God, - at the same time when he was on the earth;
whereby he declares the immensity of his nature, and the distinction
of his person; and his coming down from heaven before he was incarnate
on the earth, declaring his pre-existence; by both manifesting the
meaning of this expression, that "in the beginning he was with God."
But hereunto they have invented a notable evasion. For although they
know not well what to make of the last clause of the words, that says,
then he was in heaven when he spoke on earth, - "The Son of man which
is in heaven," answerable to the description of God's immensity, "Do
not I fill heaven and earth? saith the Lord," Jer. 23: 24, but say
that he was there by heavenly meditation, as another man may be; yet
they give a very clear answer to what must of necessity be included in
his descending from heaven, namely, his pre-existence to his
incarnation: for they tell us that, before his public ministry, he was
in his human nature (which is all they allow unto him) taken up into
heaven, and there taught the gospel, as the great impostor Mohammed
pretended he was taught his Koran. If you ask them who told them so,
they cannot tell; but they can tell when it was, - namely, when he was
led by the Spirit into the wilderness for forty days after his
baptism. But yet this instance is subject to another misadventure; in
that one of the evangelists plainly affirms that he was "those forty
days in the wilderness with the wild beasts," Mark 10: 13, and so,
surely, not in heaven in the same nature, by his bodily presence, with
God and his holy angels.
  And let me add this, by the way, that the interpretation of this
place, John 10: 1, to be mentioned afterward, and those of the two
places before mentioned, John 8: 58, 3: 13, Faustus Socinus learned
out of his uncle Laelius' papers, as he confesses; and does more than
intimate that he believed he had them as it were by revelation. And it
may be so; they are indeed so forced, absurd, and irrational, that no
man could ever fix upon them by any reasonable investigation; but the
author of these revelations if we may judge of the parent by the
child, could be no other but the spirit of error and darkness. I
suppose, therefore, that notwithstanding these exceptions, Christians
will believe "that in the beginning the Word was with God;" that is,
that the Son was with the Father, as is frequently elsewhere declared.

  But who was this Word? Says the apostle, He was God. He was so with
God (that is, the Father), as that he himself was God also; - God, in
that notion of God which both nature and the Scripture do represent;
not a god by office, one exalted to that dignity (which cannot well be
pretended before the creation of the world), but as Thomas confessed
him, "Our Lord and our God," John 20: 28; or as Paul expresses it,
"Over all, God blessed for ever;" or the most high God; which these
men love to deny. Let not the infidelity of men, excited by the craft
and malice of Satan, seek for blind occasions, and this matter is
determined; if the word and testimony of God be able to umpire a
difference amongst the children of men. Here is the sum of our creed
in this matter, "In the beginning the Word was God," and so continues
unto eternity, being Alpha and Omega, the first and the last, the Lord
God Almighty.
  And to show that he was so God in the beginning, as that he was one
distinct, in something, from God the Father, by whom afterward he was
sent into the world, he adds, verse 2, "The same was in the beginning
with God." Farther, also, to evince what he has asserted and revealed
for us to believe, the Holy Ghost adds, both as a firm declaration of
his eternal Deity, and also his immediate care of the world (which how
he variously exercised, both in a way of providence and grace, he
afterward declares), verse 3, "All things were made by him." He was so
in the beginning, before all things, as that he made them all. And
that it may not be supposed that the "all" that he is said to make or
create was to be limited unto any certain sort of things, he adds,
that "without him nothing was made that was made;" which gives the
first assertion an absolute universality as to its subject.
And this he farther describes, verse 10, "He was in the world, and the
world was made by him." The world that was made, has a usual
distribution, in the Scripture, into the "heavens and the earth, and
all things contained in them;" - as Acts 4: 24, "Lord, thou art God,
which best made heaven, and earth, and the sea, and all that in them
is;" that is, the world, the making whereof is expressly assigned unto
the Son, Heb. 1: 10, "Thou, Lord, in the beginning hast laid the
foundation of the earth; and the heavens are the works of thine
hands." And the apostle Paul, to secure our understandings in this
matter, instances in the most noble parts of the creation, and which,
if any, might seem to be excepted from being made by him, Col. 1: 16,
"For by him were all things created, that are in heaven, and that are
in earth, visible and invisible, whether they be thrones, or
dominions, or principalities, or powers; all things were created by
him, and for him." The Socinians say, indeed, that he made angels to
be thrones and principalities; that is, he gave them their order, but
not their being: which is expressly contrary to the words of the text;
so that a man knows not well what to say to these persons, who, at
their pleasure, cast off the authority of God in his word: "By him
were all things created, that are in heaven, and that are in earth."
  What now can be required to secure our faith in this matter? In what
words possible could a divine revelation of the eternal power and
Godhead of the Son of God be made more plain and clear unto the sons
of men? Or how could the truth of any thing more evidently be
represented unto their minds? If we understand not the mind of God and
intention of the Holy Ghost in this matter, we may utterly despair
ever to come to an acquaintance with any thing that God reveals unto
us; or, indeed, with any thing else that is expressed or is to be
expressed, by words. It is directly said that the Word (that is
Christ, as is acknowledged by all) "was with God," distinct from him;
and "was God," one with him; that he was so "in the beginning," before
the creation, that he "made all things," - the world, all things in
heaven and in earth: and if he be not God, who is? The sum is, - all
the ways whereby we may know God are, his name, his properties, and
his works; but they are all here ascribed by the Holy Ghost to the
Son, to the Word: and he therefore is God, or we know neither who nor
what God is.
  But say the Socinians, "These things are quite otherwise, and the
words have another sense in them than you imagine." What is it, I
pray? We bring none to them, we impose no sense upon them, we strain
not any word in them, from, beside, or beyond its native, genuine
signification, its constant application in the Scripture, and common
use amongst men. What, then, is this latent sense that is intended,
and is discoverable only by themselves? Let us hear them coining and
stamping this sense of theirs.
  First, they say that by "In the beginning," is not meant of the
beginning of all things, or the creation of them, but the beginning of
the preaching of the gospel. But why so, I pray? Wherever these words
are else used in the Scripture, they denote the beginning of all
things, or eternity absolutely, or an existence preceding their
creation. "In the beginning God created the heaven and the earth,"
Gen. 1: 1. "I was set up from everlasting, from the beginning, or ever
the earth was," Prov. 8: 23. "Thou, Lord, in the beginning hast laid
the foundation of the earth," Heb. 1: 10. And besides, these words are
never used absolutely anywhere for the beginning of the gospel. There
is mention made, indeed, of the "beginning of the gospel of Jesus
Christ," Mark 1: 1, which is referred to the preaching of John
Baptist: but "In the beginning," absolutely, is never so used or
applied; and they must meet with men of no small inclination unto
them, who will, upon their desire, in a matter of so great importance,
forego the sense of words which is natural and proper, fixed by its
constant use in the Scripture, when applied in the same kind, for that
which is forced and strained, and not once exemplified in the whole
book of God. But the words, they say, are to be restrained to the
subject-matter treated of. Well, what is that subject-matter? "The new
creation, by the preaching of the gospel." But this is plainly false;
nor will the words allow any such sense, nor the contempt, nor is any
thing offered to give evidence unto this corrupt perverting of the
words, unless it be a farther perverting of other testimonies no less
clear than this.
  For what is, according to this interpretation, the meaning of these
words, "In the beginning was the Word?" "That is, when John Baptist
preached, and said, "This is the Lamb of God," which was signally the
beginning of the gospel, - then he was." That is, he was when he was,
- no doubt of it! And is not this a notable way of interpreting of
Scripture which these great pretenders to a dictatorship in reason,
indeed hucksters in sophistry, do make use of? But to go on with them
in this supposition, How was he then with God, - "The Word was with
God?" "That is," say they, "he was then known only to God, before John
Baptist preached him in the beginning." But what shall compel us to
admit of this uncouth sense and exposition, - "'He was with God;' that
is, he was known to God alone?" What is there singular herein?
Concerning how many things may the same be affirmed? Besides, it is
absolutely false. He was known to the angel Gabriel, who came to his
mother with the message of his incarnations Luke 1: 35. He was known
to the two angels which appeared to the shepherds upon his birth, Luke
2: 9, - to all the heavenly host assembled to give praise and glory to
God on the account of his nativity, as those who came to worship him,
and to pay him the homage due unto him, Luke 2: 10,13,14. He was known
to his mother, the blessed Virgin, and to Joseph, and Zacharias, and
to Elizabeth, to Simon and Anna, to John Baptist, and probably to many
more to whom Simon and Anna spoke of him, Luke 2: 38. So that the
sense pretended to be wrung out and extorted from these words, against
their proper meaning and intendment, is indeed false and frivolous,
and belongs not at all unto them.
  But let this pass. What shall we say to the next words, "And the
Word was God?" Give us leave, without disturbance from you, but to
believe this expression, which comprises a revelation of God, proposed
to us on purpose that we should believe it, and there will be, as was
said, an end of this difference and debate. Yea, but say they, "These
words have another sense also." Strange! They seem to be so plain and
positive, that it is impossible any other sense should be fixed on
them but only this, that the Word was in the beginning, and was God;
and therefore is so still, unless he who is once God can cease so to
be. "But the meaning is, that afterwards God exalted him, and made him
God, as to rule, authority, and power." This making of him God is an
expression very offensive to the ears of all sober Christians; and was
therefore before exploded. And these things here, as all other
figments, hang together like a rope of sand. In the beginning of the
gospel he was God, before any knew him but only God; that is, after he
had preached the gospel, and died, and rose again, and was exalted at
the right hand of God, he was made God, and that not properly, which
is absolutely impossible, but in an improper sense! How prove they,
then, this perverse nonsense to be the sense of these plain words?
They say it must needs be so. Let them believe them who are willing to
perish with them.
  Thus far, then, we have their sense: - "In the beginning," that is,
about sixteen or seventeen hundred years ago, "the Word," that is, the
human nature of Christ before it was made flesh, which it was in its
being, "was with God," that is, known to God alone; and "in the
beginning," that is afterwards, not in the beginning, was made God! -
which is the sum of their exposition of this place.
  But what shall we say to what is affirmed concerning his making of
all things, so as that without him, that is, without his making of it,
nothing was made that was made; especially seeing that these "all
things" are expressly said to be the world, verse 10, and all things
therein contained, even in heaven and earth? Col. 1: 16. An ordinary
man would think that they should now be taken hold of, and that there
is no way of escape left unto them; but they have it in a readiness.
By the "all things" here, are intended all things of the gospel, - the
preaching of it, the sending of the apostles to preach it, and to
declare the will of God; and by the "world," is intended the world to
come, or the new state of things under the gospel. This is the
substance of what is pleaded by the greatest masters amongst them in
this matter, and they are not ashamed thus to plead.
And the reader, in this instance, may easily discern what a desperate
cause they are engaged in, and how bold and desperate they are in the
management of it. For, -
  First, The words are a plain illustration of the divine nature of
the Word, by his divine power and works, as the very series of them
declares. He was God, and he made all things: "He that built all
things is God," Heb. 3: 4.
  Secondly, There is no one word spoken concerning the gospel, nor the
preaching of it, nor any effects of that preaching; which the apostle
expressly insists upon and declares afterward, verse 15, and so
onwards.
  Thirdly, The making of all things, here ascribed unto the Word, was
done in the beginning; but that making of all things which they
intend, in erecting the church by the preaching of the word, was not
done in the beginning, but afterwards, - most of it, as themselves
confess, after the ascension of Christ into heaven.
  Fourthly, In this gloss, what is the meaning of "All things?" "Only
some things," say the Socinians. What is the meaning of "Were made?"
"That is, were mended." "By him?" "That is, the apostles, principally
preaching the gospel." And this "In the beginning?" "After it was
past;" - for so they say expressly, that the principal things here
intended were effected by the apostles afterwards.
  I think, since the beginning, place it when you will, - the
beginning of the world or the beginning of the gospel, - there was
never such an exposition of the words of God or man contended for.
  Fifthly, It is said, "He made the world," and he "came" into it, - 
namely, the world which he made; and "the world," or the inhabitants
of it "knew him not." But the world they intend did know him: for the
church knew him, and acknowledged him to be the Son of God; for that
was the foundation that it was built upon.
  I have instanced directly in this only testimony, to give the reader
a pledge of the full confirmation which may be given unto this great
fundamental truth, by a due improvement of those other testimonies, or
distinct revelations, which speak no less expressly to the same
purpose. And of them there is not any one but we are ready to
vindicate it, if called whereunto, from the exceptions of these men;
which how bold and sophistical they are we may, in these now
considered, also learn and know.
  It appears, then, that there is a full, sufficient revelation made
in the Scripture of the eternal Deity of the Son of God; and that he
is so, as is the Father also. More particular testimonies I shall not
at present insist upon, referring the full discussion and vindication
of these truths to another season.
  4. Fourthly, We are, therefore, in the next place, to manifest that
the one, or the like testimony, is given unto the Deity of the Holy
Spirit; that is, that he is revealed and declared in the Scripture as
the object of our faith, worship, and obedience, on the account and
for the reason of those divine excellencies which are the sole reason
of our yielding religious worship unto any, or expecting from any the
reward that is promised unto us, or to be brought by them to the end
for which we are. And herein lies, as was showed, the concernment of
faith. When that knows what it is to believe as on divine revelation,
and is enabled thereby to regulate the soul in its present obedience
and future expectation, seeing it is its nature to work by love and
hope, there it rests. Now, this is done to the utmost satisfaction in
the revelation that is made of the divine existence, divine
excellencies, and divine operations of the Spirit; as shall be briefly
manifested.
But before we proceed, we may, in our way, observe a great congruency
of success in those who have denied the Deity of the Son and those who
have denied that of the Holy Spirit. For as to the Son, after some men
began once to disbelieve the revelation concerning him, and would not
acknowledge him to be God and man in one person, they could never
settle nor agree, either what or who he was, or who was his Father, or
why he was the Son. Some said he was a phantasm or appearance, and
that he had no real subsistence in this world; and that all that was
done by him was an appearance, he himself being they know not what
elsewhere. That proud beast, Paulus Samosatenus, whose flagitious life
contended for a preeminence in wickedness with his prodigious
heresies, was one of the first, after the Jews, that positively
contended for his being a man, and no more; who was followed by
Photinus and others. The Arians perceiving the folly of this opinion,
with the odium of it amongst all that bare the name of Christians, and
that they had as good deny the whole Scripture as not grant unto him a
pre-existence in a divine nature antecedent to his incarnation, they
framed a new Deity, which God should make before the world, in all
things like himself, but not the same with him in essence and
substance, but to be so like him that, by the writings of some of
them, ye can scarce know the one from the other; and that this was the
Son of God, also, who was afterward incarnate. Others, in the
meantime, had more monstrous imaginations: some, that he was an angel;
some, that he was the sun; some, that he was the soul of the world;
some, the light within men. Departing from their proper rest, so have
they hovered about, and so have they continued to do until this day.
  In the same manner it is come to pass with them who have denied the
Deity of the Holy Ghost. They could never find where to stand or
abide; but one has cried up one thing, another another. At first they
observed that such things were everywhere ascribed unto him in the
Scripture as uncontrollably evidence him to be an intelligent,
voluntary agent. This they found so plain and evident, that they could
not deny but that he was a person, or an intelligent subsistence.
Wherefore, seeing they were resolved not to assent unto the revelation
of his being God, they made him a created spirit, chief and above all
others; but still, whatever else he were, he was only a creature. And
this course some of late also have steered.
  The Socinians, on the other hand, observing that such things are
assigned and ascribed unto him, as that, if they acknowledge him to be
a person, or a substance, they must, upon necessity, admit him to be
God, though they seemed not, at first, at all agreed what to think or
say concerning him positively, yet they all concurred peremptorily in
denying his personality. Hereon, some of them said he was the gospel,
which others of them have confuted; some, that he was Christ. Neither
could they agree whether there was one Holy Ghost or more; - whether
the Spirit of God, and the good Spirit of God, and the Holy Spirit, be
the same or no. In general, now they conclude that he is "vis Dei" or
"virtue Dei," or "efficacia Dei;" - no substance, but a quality, that
may be considered either as being in God, and then they say it is the
Spirit of God; or as sanctifying and conforming men unto God, and then
they say it is the Holy Ghost. Whether these things do answer the
revelation made in the Scripture concerning the eternal Spirit of Cod,
will be immediately manifested. Our Quakers, who have for a long
season hovered up and down like a swarm of flies, with a confused
noise and humming, begin now to settle in the opinions lately by them
declared for. But what their thoughts will fall in to be concerning
the Holy Ghost, when they shall be contented to speak intelligibly,
and according to the usage of other men, or the pattern of Scripture
the great rule of speaking or treating about spiritual things, I know
not, and am uncertain whether they do so themselves or no. Whether he
may be the light within them, or an infallible afflatus, is uncertain.
In the meantime, what is revealed unto us in the Scripture to be
believed concerning the Holy Ghost, his Deity and personality, may be
seen in the ensuing testimonies.
  The sum of this revelation is, - that the Holy Spirit is an
eternally existing divine substance, the author of divine operations,
and the object of divine and religious worship; that is, "Over all,
God blessed for ever," as the ensuing testimonies evince: -
  Gen. 10: 2, "The Spirit of God moved upon the face of the waters"
  Ps. 33: 6, "By the word of the LORD were the heavens made; and all
the host of them by the Spirit of his mouth."
  Job 26: 13, "By his Spirit he has garnished the heavens."
  Job 33: 4, "The Spirit of God has made me."
  Ps. 104: 30, "Thou sendest forth thy Spirit, they are created."
  Matt. 28: 19, "Baptizing them in the name of the Father, and of the
Son, and of the Holy Ghost."
  Acts 1: 16, "That scripture must needs have been fulfilled, which
the Holy Ghost by the mouth of David spake."
  Acts 5: 3, "Peter said, Ananias, why has Satan filled thins heart to
lie to the Holy Ghost?" verse 4, "Thou hast not lied unto men, but
unto God."
  Acts 28: 20, 26, "Well spake the Holy Ghost by Esaias the prophet
unto our fathers, saying, Go unto this people, and say," etc.
  1 Cor. 3: 16, "Know ye not that ye are the temple of God, and that
the Spirit of God dwelleth in you?"
  1 Cor. 12: 11, "All these worketh that one and the self-same Spirit,
dividing to every man severally as he will." Verse 6, "And there are
diversities of operations, but it is the same God which worketh all in
all."
  2 Cor. 13: 14, "The grace of the Lord Jesus Christ, and the love of
God, and the communion of the Holy Ghost, be with you all."
  Acts 20: 28, "Take heed to the flock over the which the Holy Ghost
has made you overseers."
  Matt. 12: 31, "All manner of sin and blasphemy shall be forgiven
unto men; but the blasphemy against the Holy Ghost shall not be
forgiven unto men."
  Ps. 139: 7, "Whither shall I go from thy Spirit?"
  John 14: 26, "But the comforter, which is the Holy Ghost, whom the
Father will send in my name, he shall teach you all things."
  Luke 12: 12, "The Holy Ghost shall teach you in the same hour what
ye ought to say."
  Acts 13: 2, "As they ministered to the Lord, and fasted, the Holy
Ghost said, Separate me Barnabas and Saul for the work whereunto I
have called them."
  Verse 4, "So they, being sent forth by the Holy Ghost, departed unto
Seleucia," etc.
2 Pet. 1: 21, "For the prophecy came not in old time by the will of
man, but holy men of God spake as they were moved by the Holy Ghost."
  It is evident, upon the first consideration, that there is not any
thing which we believe concerning the Holy Ghost, but that it is
plainly revealed and declared in these testimonies. He is directly
affirmed to be, and is called, "God," Acts 5: 3, 4; which the
Socinians will not say is by virtue of an exaltation unto an office or
authority, as they say of the Son. He is an intelligent, voluntary,
divine agent; he knows, he works as he will: which things, if, in
their frequent repetition, they are not sufficient to evince an
intelligent agent, a personal subsistence, that has being, life, and
will, we must confess that the Scripture was written on purpose to
lead us into mistakes and misapprehensions of what we are under
penalty of eternal ruin, rightly to apprehend and believe. It
declares, also, that he is the author and worker of all sorts of
divine operations, requiring immensity, omnipotence, omniscience, and
all other divine excellencies, unto their working and effecting.
Moreover, it is revealed that he is peculiarly to be believed in, and
may peculiarly be sinned against, [as] the great author of all grace
in believers and order in the church. This is the sum of what we
believe, of what is revealed in the Scripture concerning the Holy
Ghost.
  As, in the consideration of the preceding head, we vindicated one
testimony in particular from the exceptions of the adversaries of the
truth, so on this we may briefly sum up the evidence that is given us
in the testimonies before produced, that the reader may the more
easily understand their intendment, and what, in particular, they bear
witness unto.
  The sum is that the Holy Ghost is a divine, distinct person, and
neither merely the power or virtue of God, nor any created spirit
whatever. This plainly appears, from what is revealed concerning him.
For he who is placed in the same series or order with other divine
persons, without the least note of difference or distinction from
them, as to an interest in personality; who has the names proper to a
divine person only, and is frequently and directly called by them; who
also has personal properties, and is the voluntary author of personal,
divine operations, and the proper object of divine worship, - he is a
distinct divine person. And if these things be not a sufficient
evidence and demonstration of a divine, intelligent substance, I
shall, as was said before, despair to understand any thing that is
expressed and declared by words. But now thus it is with the Holy
Ghost, according to the revelation made conceding him in the
Scripture. For, -
  First. He is placed in the same rank and order, without any note of
difference or distinction as to a distinct interest in the divine
nature (that is, as we shall see, personality) with the other divine
persons. Matt. 28: 19, "Baptizing them in the name of the Father, and
of the Son, and of the Holy Ghost. 1 John 5: 7, "There are three that
bear record in heaven, the Father, the Word, and the Holy Ghost; and
these three are one." 1 Cor. 12: 3-6, "No man can say that Jesus is
the Lord, but by the Holy Ghost. Now, there are diversities of gifts,
but the same Spirit. And there are differences of administrations, but
the same Lord. And there are diversities of operations, but it is the
same God which worketh all in all." Neither does a denial of his
divine being and distinct existence leave any tolerable sense unto
these expressions. For read the words of the first place from the mind
of the Socinians, and see what is it that can be gathered from them,
"Baptizing them in the name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the
virtue or efficacy of the Father." Can any thing be more assonant from
faith and reason than this absurd expression? and yet it is the direct
sense, if it be any, that these men put upon the words. To join a
quality with acknowledged persons, and that in such things and cases
as wherein they are proposed under a personal consideration, is a
strange kind of mystery. And the like may be manifested concerning the
other places.
  Secondly. He also has the names proper to a divine person only; for
he is expressly called "God," Acts 5. He who is termed the "Holy
Ghost," verse 3, and the "Spirit of the Lord," verse 9, is called also
"God," verse 4. Now, this is the name of a divine person, on one
account or other. The Socinians would not allow Christ to be called
God were he not a divine person, though not by nature, yet by office
and authority. And I suppose they will not find out an office for the
Holy Ghost, whereunto he might be exalted, on the account whereof he
might become God, seeing this would acknowledge him to be a person,
which they deny. So he is called the "Comforter," John 16: 7. A
personal appellation this is also; and because he is the Comforter of
all God's people, it can be the name of none but a divine person. In
the same place, also, it is frequently affirmed, that he shall come,
that he shall and will do such and such things; all of them declaring
him to be a person.
  Thirdly. He has personal properties assigned unto him; as a will, 1
Cor. 12: 11, "He divideth to every man severally as he will;" and
understanding, 1 Cor. 2: 10, "The Spirit searcheth all things, yea,
the deep things of God;" - as also, all the acting that are ascribed
unto him are all of them such as undeniably affirm personal properties
in their principal and agent. For, -
  Fourthly. He is the voluntary author of divine operations. He of old
cherished the creation, Gen. 1: 2, "The Spirit of God moved upon the
face of the waters." He formed and garnished the heavens. He inspired,
acted, and spoke, in and by the prophets, Acts 28: 25, "Well spake the
Holy Ghost by Esaias the prophet unto our fathers;" 2 Pet. 1: 21, "The
prophecy came not in old time by the will of man; but holy men of God
spake as they were moved by the Holy Ghost." He regenerates,
enlightens, sanctifies, comforts, instructs, leads, guides, all the
disciples of Christ, as the Scriptures everywhere testify. Now, all
these are personal operations, and cannot, with any pretence of
sobriety or consistency with reason, be constantly and uniformly
assigned unto a quality or virtue. He is, as the Father and Son, God,
with the properties of omniscience and omnipotence, of life,
understanding, and will; and by these properties, works, acts, and
produces effects, according to wisdom, choice, and power.
  Fifthly. The same regard is had to him in faith, worship, and
obedience, as unto the other persons of the Father and Son. For our
being baptized into his name, is our solemn engagement to believe in
him, to yield obedience to him, and to worship him, as it puts the
same obligation upon us to the Father and the Son. So also, in
reference unto the worship of the church, he commands that the
ministers of it be separated unto himself; Acts 13: 2, "The Holy Ghost
said, Separate me Barnabas and Saul for the work whereunto I have
called them;" verse 4, "So they, being sent forth by the Holy Ghost,
departed;" - which is comprehensive of all the religious worship of
the church.
  And on the same account is he sinned against, as Acts 5: 3, 9, 9;
for there is the same reason of sin and obedience. Against whom a man
may sin formally and ultimately, him he is bound to obey, worship, and
believe in. And this can be no quality, but God himself. For what may
be the sense of this expression, "Thou hast lied to the efficacy of
God in his operations" or how can we be formally obliged unto
obedience to a quality? There must, then, an antecedent obligation
unto faith, trust, and religious obedience be supposed, as the ground
of rendering a person capable of being guilty of sin towards any; for
sin is but a failure in faith, obedience, or worship. These,
therefore, are due unto the Holy Ghost; or a man could not sin against
him so signally and fatally as some are said to do in the foregoing
testimonies. 
  I say, therefore, unto this part of our cause, as unto the other,
that unless we will cast off all reverence of God, and, in a kind of
atheism which, as I suppose, the prevailing wickedness of this age has
not yet arrived unto, say that the Scriptures were written on purpose
to deceive us, and to lead us into mistakes about, and
misapprehensions of, what it proposes unto us, we must acknowledge the
Holy Ghost to be a substance, a person, God; yet distinct from the
Father and the Son. For to tell us, that he will come unto us, that he
will be our comforter, that he will teach us, lead us, guide us; that
he spoke of old in and by the prophets, - that they were moved by him,
acted by him; that he "searcheth the deep things of God," works as he
will; that he appoints to himself ministers in the church; - in a
word, to declare, in places innumerable, what he has done, what he
does, what he will do, what he says and speaks, how he acts and
proceeds, what his will is, and to warn us that we grieve him not, sin
not against him, with things innumerable of the like nature; and all
this while to oblige us to believe that he is not a person, a helper,
a comforter, a searcher, a willer, but a quality in some especial
operations of God, or his power and virtue in them, were to distract
men, not to instruct them, and leave them no certain conclusion but
this, that there is nothing certain in the whole book of God. And of
no other tendency are these and the like imaginations of our
adversaries in this matter.
  But let us briefly consider what is objected in general unto the
truth we have confirmed: -
  They say, then, "The Holy Spirit is said to be given, to be sent, to
be bestowed on men, and to be promised unto them: and therefore it
cannot be that he should be God; for how can any of these things he
spoken of God?"
  I answer, First, As the expressions do not prove him to be God (nor
did ever any produce them to that purpose), yet they undeniably prove
him to be a person, or an intelligent, voluntary agent, concerning
whom they are spoken and affirmed. For how can the power of God, or a
quality, as they speak, be said to be sent, to be given, to be
bestowed on men? So that these very expressions are destructive to
their imaginations.
  Secondly. He who is God, equal in nature and being with the Father,
may be promised, sent, and given, with respect unto the holy
dispensation and condescension wherein he has undertaken the office of
being our comforter and sanctifier.
  Thirdly. The communications, distributions, impartings, divisions of
the Spirit, which they mention, as they respect the object of them, or
those on whom they were or are bestowed, denote only works, gifts,
operations, and effects of the Spirit; the rule whereof is expressed,
1 Cor. 12: 11. He works them in whom he will, and as he will. And
whether these and the like exceptions, taken from acting and
operations which are plainly interpreted and explained in sundry
places of Scripture, and evidently enough in the particular places
where they are used, are sufficient to impeach the truth of the
revelation before declared, all who have a due reverence of God, his
word, and truths, will easily understand and discern.
  These things being declared in the Scripture concerning the Father,
the Son, and the Holy Ghost, it is, moreover, revealed, "And these
three are one;" that is, one God, jointly to be worshipped, feared,
adored, believed in, and obeyed, in order unto eternal life. For
although this does absolutely and necessarily follow from what is
declared and has been spoken concerning the one God, or oneness of the
Deity, yet, for the confirmation of our faith, and that we may not, by
the distinct consideration of the three be taken off from the one, it
is particularly declared that "these three are one;" that one, the one
and same God. But whereas, as was said before, this can no otherwise
be, the testimonies given whereunto are not so frequently multiplied
as they are unto those other heads of this truth, which, through the
craft of Satan, and the pride of men, might be more liable to
exceptions. But yet they are clear, full, and distinctly sufficient
for faith to acquiesce in immediately, without any other expositions,
interpretations or arguments, beyond our understanding of the naked
importance of the words. Such are they, of the Father [and] the Son,
John 10: 30, "I and my Father are one;" - Father, Son, and Spirit, 1
John 5: 7, "There are three that bear record in heaven, the Father,
the Word, and the Holy Ghost; and these three are one." Matt. 28: 19,
"Baptizing them in the name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the
Holy Ghost." For if those into whose name we are baptized be not one
in nature, we are by our baptism engaged into the service and worship
of more gods than one. For, as being baptized, or sacredly initiated,
into or in the name of any one, does sacramentally bind us unto a holy
and religious obedience unto him, and in all things to the avowing of
him as the God whose we are, and whom we serve, as here we are in the
name of the Father, Son, and Spirit; so if they are not one God, the
blasphemous consequence before mentioned must unavoidably be admitted:
which it also must upon the Socinian principle, who, whilst of all
others they seem to contend most for one God, are indeed direct
polytheists, by owning others with religious respect, due to God
alone, which are not so.
  Once more: It is revealed, also, that these three are distinct among
themselves, by certain peculiar relative properties, if I may yet use
thee terms. So that they are distinct, living, divine, intelligent,
voluntary principles of operation or working, and that in and by
internal acts one towards another, and in acts that outwardly respect
the creation and the several parts of it. Now, this distinction
originally lies in this, - that the Father begets the God, and the Son
is begotten of the Father, and the Holy Spirit proceeds from both of
them. The manner of these things, so far as they may be expressed unto
our edification, shall afterwards be spoken to. At present it
suffices, for the satisfaction and confirmation of our faith, that the
distinctions named are clearly revealed in the Scripture, and are
proposed to be its proper object in this matter: - Ps. 2: 7, "Thou art
my Son, this day have I begotten thee." Matt. 16: 16, "Thou art the
Christ, the Son of the living God." John 10: 14, "We beheld his glory,
the glory as of the only begotten of the Father." Verse 18, "No man
has seen God at any time; the only begotten Son, which is in the bosom
of the Father, he has declared him." John 5: 26, "For as the Father
has life in himself, so has he given to the Son to have life in
himself." 1 John 5: 20, "The Son of God is come, and has given us an
understanding." John 15: 26, "But when the Comforter is come, whom I
will send unto you from the Father, even the Spirit of truth, which
proceeds from the Father, he shall testify of me."
  Now, as the nature of this distinction lies in their mutual relation
one to another, so it is the foundation of those distinct acting and
operations whereby the distinction itself is clearly manifested and
confirmed. And these acting, as was said, are either such as where one
of them is the object of another's acting, or such as have the
creature for their object. The first sort are testified unto, Ps. 110:
l; John 10: 18, 5: 20, 17: 5; 1 Cor. 2: 10, 11; Prov. 8: 22; most of
which places have been before recited. They which thus know each
other, love each other, delight in each other, must needs be distinct;
and so are they represented unto our faith. And for the other sort of
acting, the Scripture is full of the expressions of them. See Gen. 19:
24; Zech 2: 8; John 5: 17; 1 Cor. 12: 7-11; 2 Cor. 8: 9.
  Our conclusion from the whole is, - that there is nothing more fully
expressed in the Scripture than this sacred truth, that there is one
God, Father, Son, and Holy Ghost; which are divine, distinct,
intelligent, voluntary, omnipotent principles of operation and
working: which whosoever thinks himself obliged to believe the
Scripture must believe; and concerning others, in this discourse, we
are not solicitous.
  This is that which was first proposed, - namely, to manifest what is
expressly revealed in the Scripture concerning God the Father, Son,
and Holy Ghost; so as that we may duly believe in him, yield obedience
unto him, enjoy communion with him, walk in his love and fear, and so
come at length to be blessed with him for evermore. Nor does faith,
for its security, establishment, and direction, absolutely stand in
need of any farther exposition or explanation of these things, or the
use of any terms not consecrated to the present service by the Holy
Ghost. But whereas it may be variously assaulted by the temptations of
Satan, and opposed by the subtle sophisms of men of corrupt minds; and
whereas it is the duty of the disciples of Christ to grow in the
knowledge of God, and our Lord and Saviour Jesus Christ, by an
explicit apprehension of the things they do believe, so far as they
are capable of them; this doctrine has in all ages of the church been
explainer and taught in and by such expressions, terms and
propositions, as farther declare what is necessarily included in it,
or consequent unto it; with an exclusion of such things, notions, and
apprehensions, as are neither the one nor the other. This I shall
briefly manifest, and then vindicate the whole from some exceptions,
and so close this dissertation.
  [First.] That God is one, was declared and proved. Now this oneness
can respect nothing but the nature, being, substance, or essence of
God. God is one in this respect. Some of these words, indeed, are not
used in the Scripture; but whereas they are of the same importance and
signification, and none of them include any thing of imperfection,
they are properly used in the declaration of the unity of the Godhead.
There is mention in the Scripture of the Godhead of God, Rom. 1: 20,
"His eternal power and Godhead;" and of his nature, by excluding them
from being objects of our worship who are not God by nature, Gal. 4:
8. Now, this natural godhead of God is his substance or essence, with
all the holy, divine excellencies which naturally and necessarily
appertain whereunto. Such are eternity, immensity, omnipotence, life,
infinite holiness, goodness, and the like. This one nature, substance,
or essence, being the nature, substance, or essence of Gad, as God, is
the nature, essence, and substance of the Father, Son, and Spirit; one
and the same absolutely in and unto each of them: for none can be God,
as they are revealed to be, but by virtue of this divine nature or
being. Herein consists the unity of the Godhead.
  Secondly. The distinction which the Scripture reveals between
Father, Son, and Spirit, is that whereby they are three hypostases or
persons, distinctly subsisting in the same divine essence or being.
Now, a divine person is nothing but the divine essence, upon the
account of an especial property, subsisting in an especial manner. As
in the person of the Father there is the divine essence and being,
with its property of begetting the Son, subsisting in an especial
manner as the Father, and because this person has the whole divine
nature, all the essential properties of that nature are in that
person. The wisdom, the understanding of God, the will of God, the
immensity of God, is in that person, not as that person, but as the
person is God. The like is to be said of the persons of the Son and of
the Holy Ghost. Hereby each person having the understanding, the will,
and power of God, becomes a distinct principle of operation; and yet
all their acting ad extra being the acting of God, they are undivided,
and are all the works of one, of the selfsame God. And these things do
not only necessarily follow, but are directly included, in the
revelation made concerning God and his subsistence in the Scriptures.
  [Thirdly.] There are, indeed, very many other things that are taught
and disputed about this doctrine of the Trinity; as, the manner of the
eternal generation of the Son, - of the essence of the Father. - of
the procession of the Holy Ghost, and the difference of it from the
generation of the Son, - of the mutual in-being of the persons, by
reason of their unity in the same substance or essence, - the nature
of their personal subsistence, with respect unto the properties
whereby they are mutually distinguished; - all which are true and
defensible against all the sophisms of the adversaries of this truth.
Yet, because the distinct apprehension of them, and their accurate
expression, is not necessary unto faith, as it is our guide and
principle in and unto religious worship and obedience, they need not
here be insisted on. Nor are those brief explications themselves
before mentioned so proposed as to be placed immediately in the same
rank or order with the original revelations before insisted on, but
only are pressed as proper expressions of what is revealed, to
increase our light and farther our edification. And although they
cannot rationally be opposed or denied, nor ever were by any, but such
as deny and oppose the things themselves as revealed, yet they that do
so deny or oppose them, are to be required positively, in the first
place, to deny or disapprove the oneness of the Deity, or to prove
that the Father, or Son, or Holy Ghost, in particular, are not God,
before they be allowed to speak one word against the manner of the
explication of the truth concerning them. For either they grant the
revelation declared and contended for, or they do not. If they do, let
that concession be first laid down, namely, - that the Father, Son,
and Spirit, are one God and then let it be debated, whether they are
one in substance and three in persons, or how else the matter is to be
stated. If they deny it, it is a plain madness to dispute of the
manner of any thing, and the way of expressing it, whilst the thing
itself is denied to have a being; for of that which is not, there is
neither manner, property, adjunct, nor effect. Let, then, such persons
as this sort of men are ready to attempt with their sophistry, and to
amuse with cavils about persons, substances, subsistence, and the
like, desire to know of them what it is that they would be at. What
would they deny? What would they disapprove? Is it that God is one? Or
that the Father is God, or the Son, or the Holy Ghost is so? If they
deny or oppose either of these, they have testimonies and instances of
divine revelation, or may have, in a readiness, to confound the devil
and all his emissaries. If they will not do so, if they refuse it,
then let them know that it is most foolish and unreasonable to contend
about expressions and explications of any thing, or doctrine, about
the manner, respects, or relations of any thing, until the thing
itself, or doctrine, be plainly confessed or denied. If this they
refuse, as generally they do and will (which I speak upon sufficient
experience), and will not be induced to deal openly, properly, and
rationally, but will keep to their cavils and sophisms about terms and
expressions, all farther debate or conference with them may justly,
and ought, both conscientiously and rationally, to be refused and
rejected. For these sacred mysteries of God and the gospel are not
lightly to be made the subject of men's contests and disputations.
  But as we dealt before in particular, so here I shall give instances
of the sophistical exceptions that are used against the whole of this
doctrine, and that with respect unto some late collections and
representations of them; from whence they are taken up and used by
many who seem not to understand the words, phrases, and expressions
themselves, which they make use of.
  The sum of what they say in general is, - 1. "How can these things
be? How can three be one, and one be three Every person has its own
substance; and, therefore, if there be three persons, there must be
three substances, and so three Gods."
  Answer. Every person has distinctly its own substance, for the one
substance of the Deity is the substance of each person, so it is still
but one; but each person has not its own distinct substance, because
the substance of them all is the same, as has been proved.
  2. They say, "That if each person be God, then each person is
infinite, and there being three persons, there must be three
infinites."
  Ans. This follows not in the least; for each person is infinite as
he is God. All divine properties, such as to be infinite is, belong
not to the persons on the account of their personality, but on the
account of their nature, which is one, for they are all natural
properties.
  3. But they say, "If each person be God, and that God subsist in
three persons, then in each person there are three persons or Gods."
  Ans. The collusion of this sophism consists in that expression, "be
God" and "that God." In the first place the nature of God is intended;
in the latter, a singular person. Place the words intelligibly, and
they are thus: - If each person be God, and the nature of God subsists
in three persons, then in each person there are three persons; and
then the folly of it will be evident.
  4. But they farther infer, "That if we deny the persons to be
infinite, then an infinite being has a finite mode of subsisting, and
so I know not what supposition they make hence; that seeing there are
not three infinites, then the Father, Son, and Spirit are three
unites, that make up an infinite."
  The pitiful weakness of this cavil is open to all; for finite and
infinite are properties and adjuncts of beings, and not of the manner
of the subsistence of any thing. The nature of each person is
infinite, and so is each person because of that nature. Of the manner
of their subsistence, finite and infinite cannot be predicated or
spoken, no farther than to say, an infinite being does so subsists.
  5. "But you grant," say they, "that the only true Good is the
Father, and then if Christ be the only true God, he is the Father."
  Ans. We say, the only true God is Father, Son, and Holy Ghost. We
never say, the Scripture never says, that the Father only is the true
God; whence it would follow, that, he that is the true God is the
Father. But we grant the Father to be the only true God; and so we say
is the Son also. And it does not at all thence follow that the Son is
the Father; because, in saying the Father is the true God, we respect
not his paternity, or his paternal relation to his Son, but his
nature, essence, and being. And the same we affirm concerning the
other persons. And to say, that because each person is God, one person
must be another, is to crave leave to disbelieve what God has
revealed, without giving any reason at all for their so doing.
  But this sophism being borrowed from another, namely, Crellius, who
insisted much upon it, I shall upon his account, and not on theirs,
who, as far as I can apprehend, understand little of the intendment of
it, remove it more fully out of the way. It is proposed by him in way
of syllogism, thus, "The only true God is the Father; Christ is the
only true God therefore he is the Father." Now, this syllogism is
ridiculously sophistical. For, in a categorical syllogism the major
proposition is not to be particular, or equipollent to a particular;
for, from such a proposition, when any thing communicable to more is
the subject of it, and is restrained unto one particular, nothing can
be inferred in the conclusion. But such is this proposition here, The
only true God is the Father. It is a particular proposition, wherein
the subject is restrained unto a singular or individual predicate,
though in itself communicable to more. Now, the proposition being so
made particular, the terms of the subject or predicate are supposed
reciprocal, - namely, that one God, and the Father, are the same;
which is false, unless it be first proved that the name God is
communicable to no more, or no other, than is the other term of
Father: which to suppose, is to beg the whole question; for the only
true God has a larger signification than the term of Father or Son. So
that, though the only true God be the Father, yet every one who is
true God is not the Father. Seeing, then, that the name of God here
supplies the place of a species, though it be singular absolutely, as
it respects the divine nature, which is absolutely singular and one,
and cannot be multiplied, yet in respect of communication it is
otherwise; it is communicated unto more, - namely, to the Father, Son,
and Holy Ghost. And, therefore, if any thing be intended to be
concluded from hence, the proposition must be expressed according to
what the subject requires, as capable of communication or attribution
to more than one, as thus: Whoever is the only true God is the Father;
- which proposition these persons and their masters shall never be
able to prove.
  I have given, in particular, these strictures thus briefly upon
these empty sophisms; partly because they are well removed already,
and partly because they are mere exscriptions out of an author not
long since translated into English, unto whom an entire answer may see
long be returned.
  That which at present shall suffice, is to give a general answer
unto all these cavils, with all of the same kind which the men of
these principles do usually insist upon.
  1. "The things," they say, "which we teach concerning the Trinity,
are contrary to reason;" and thereof they endeavour to give sundry
instances, wherein the sum of the opposition which they make unto this
truth does consist. But first, I ask, What reason is it that they
intend? It is their own, the carnal reason of men. By that they will
judge of these divine mysteries. The Scripture tells us, indeed, that
the "spirit of a man which is in him knows the things of a man," - a
man's spirit, by natural reason, may judge of natural things; - "but
the things of God knoweth no man, but the Spirit of God," 1 Cor. 2:
11. So that what we know of these things, we must receive upon the
revelation of the Spirit of God merely, if the apostle may be
believed. And it is given unto men to know the mysteries of the
kingdom of God, - to some, and not to others; and unless it be so
given them, they cannot know them. In particular, none can know the
Father unless the Son reveal him. Nor will, or does, or can, flesh and
blood reveal or understand Jesus Christ to be the Son of the living
God, unless the Father reveal him, and instruct us in the truth of it,
Matt. 16: 17. The way to come to the acknowledgment of these things,
is that described by the apostle, Eph. 3: 14-19, "For this cause I bow
my knees unto the Father of our Lord Jesus Christ, of whom the whole
family in heaven and earth is named, that he would grant you,
according to the riches of his glory, to be strengthened with might by
his Spirit in the inner man; that Christ may dwell in your hearts by
faith; that ye, being rooted and grounded in love, may be able to
comprehend with all saints," etc. As also, Col. 2: 2, 3, That ye might
come "unto all riches of the full assurance of understanding, to the
acknowledgment of the mystery of God, and of the Father, and of
Christ, in whom are hid all the treasures of wisdom and knowledge." It
is by faith and prayer, and through the revelation of God, that we may
come to the acknowledgment of these things, and not by the carnal
reasonings of men of corrupt minds.
  2. What reason do they intend? If reason absolutely, the reason of
things, we grant that nothing contrary unto it is to be admitted. But
reason as it is in this or that man, particularly in themselves, we
know to be weak, maimed, and imperfect; and that they are, and all
other men, extremely remote from a just and full comprehension of the
whole reason of things. Are they in such an estate as that their
apprehension shall pass for the measure of the nature of all things?
We know they are far from it. So that though we will not admit of any
thing that is contrary to reason, yet the least intimation of a truth
by divine revelation will make me embrace it, although it should be
contrary to the reason of all the Socinians in the world. Reason in
the abstract, or the just measure of the answering at one thing unto
another, is of great moment: but reason - that is, what is pretended
to be so, or appears to be so unto this or that man, especially in and
about things of divine revelation - is of very small importance (of
none at all) where it rises up against the express testimonies of
Scripture, and these multiplied, to their mutual confirmation and
explanation.
  3. Many things are above reason, - that is, as considered in this or
that subject, as men, - which are not at all against it. It is an easy
thing to compel the most curious inquirers of these days to a ready
confession hereof, by multitudes of instances in things finite and
temporary; and shall any dare to deny but it may be so in things
heavenly, divine, and spiritual? Nay, there is no concernment of the
being of God, or his properties, but is absolutely above the
comprehension of our reason. We cannot by searching find out God, we
cannot find out the Almighty to perfection.
  4. The very foundation of all their objections and cavils against
this truth, is destructive of as fundamental principles of reason as
are in the world. They are all, at best, reduced to this: It cannot be
thus in things finite; the same being cannot in one respect be one, in
another three, and the like: and therefore it is so in things
infinite. All these seasonings are built upon this supposition, that
that which is finite can perfectly comprehend that which is infinite,
- an assertion absurd, foolish, and contradictory unto itself. Again;
it is the highest reason in things of pure revelation to captivate our
understandings to the authority of the Revealer; which here is
rejected. So that by a loud, specious, pretence of reason, these men,
by a little captious sophistry, endeavour not only to countenance
their unbelief, but to evert the greatest principles of reason itself.
  5. The objections these men principally insist upon, are merely
against the explanations we use of this doctrine, - not against the
primitive revelation of it, which is the principal object of our
faith; which, how preposterous and irrational a course of proceeding
it is, has been declared.
  6. It is a rule among philosophers, that if a man, on just grounds
and reasons, have embraced any opinion or persuasion, he is not to
desert it merely because he cannot answer every objection against it.
For if the objections wherewith we may be entangled be not of the same
weight and importance with the reason on which we embraced the
opinion, it is a madness to forego it on the account thereof. And much
more must this hold amongst the common sort of Christians, in things
spiritual and divine. If they will let go and part with their faith in
any truth, because they are not able to answer distinctly some
objections that may be made against it, they may quickly find
themselves disputed into atheism.
  7. There is so great an intimation made of such an expression and
resemblance of a Trinity in unity in the very works of the creation,
as learned men have manifested by various instances, that it is most
unreasonable to suppose that to be contrary to reason which many
objects of rational consideration do more or less present unto our
minds.
  8. To add no more considerations of this nature, let any of the
adversaries produce any one argument or grounds of reason, or those
pretended to be such, against that that has been asserted, that has
not already been baffled a thousand times, and it shall receive an
answer; or a public acknowledgment, that it is indissoluble.

                         Of the Person of Christ

  The next head of opposition made by the men of this conspiracy
against this sacred truth, is against the head of all truth, the
person of our Lord Jesus Christ. The Socinians, indeed, would
willingly put a better face or colour upon their error about the
person of Christ than it will bear or endure to lie on it. For in
their catechism, unto this question, "Is the Lord Jesus Christ purus
homo, a mere man?" they answer, "By no means." "How then? Has he a
divine nature also?" Which is their next question. To this they say,
"By no means; for this is contrary to right reason." How, then, will
these pretended masters of reason reconcile these things? For to us it
seems, that if Christ has no other nature but that of man, he is as to
his nature purus homo, a mere man, and no more. Why, they answer, that
"he is not a mere man, because he was born of a virgin." Strange that
that should be an argument to prove him more than a man, which the
Scripture, and all men in their right wits, grant to be an invincible
reason to prove him to be a man, and, as he was born of her, no more.
Rom. 10: 3, "Concerning his Son Jesus Christ our Lord, which was made
of the seed of David according to the flesh" Rom. 9: 5, "Whose are the
fathers, and of whom, as concerning the flesh, Christ came." Gal. 4:
4, "God sent forth his Son, made of a woman, made under the law." But,
say they, "He was endowed with the Spirit, wrought miracles, was
raised from the dead, had all power given [him] in heaven and earth;
for by these degrees he became to be God." But all men see that the
inquiry is about the nature of Christ, and this answer is about his
state and condition. Now this changes not his nature on the one hand,
no more than his being humbled, poor, and dying, did on the other.
This is the right reason we have to deal withal in these men! If a man
should have inquired of some of them of old, whether Melchizedek were
purus homo, a mere man, some of them would have said, "No, because he
was the Holy Ghost;" some, "No, because he was the Son of God
himself;" and some, "No, because he was an angel;" - for such foolish
opinions have men fallen into. But how Scottish soever their
conceptions were, their answer to that inquiry would have been
regular, because the question and answer respect the same subject in
the same respect; but never any was so stupid as to answer, "He was
not a mere man, (that is, by nature,) because he was a priest of the
high God," - which respects his office and condition. Yet, such is the
pretence of these men about the person of Christ, to incrustate and
give some colour unto their foul misbelief; as supposing that it would
be much to their disadvantage to own Christ only as a mere man, -
though the most part of their disputes that they have troubled the
Christian world withal have had no other design nor aim but to prove
him so to be, and nothing else. I shall briefly, according to the
method insisted on, first lay down what is the direct revelation which
is the object of our faith in this matter, then express the revelation
itself in the Scripture testimonies wherein it is recorded; and having
vindicated some one or other of them from their exceptions, manifest
how the doctrine hereof is farther explained, unto the edification of
them that believe. That there is a second person, the Son of God, in
the holy trin-unity of the Godhead, we have proved before. That this
person did, of his infinite love and grace, take upon him our nature,
- human nature, - so as that the divine and human nature should become
one person, one Christ, God and man in one, so that whatever he does
in and about our salvation, it is done by that one person, God and
man, is revealed unto us in the Scripture as the object of our faith:
and this is that which we believe concerning the person of Christ.
Whatever acts are ascribed unto him, however immediately performed, in
or by the human nature, or in and by his divine nature, they are all
the acts of that one person, in whom are both these natures. That this
Christ, God and man, is, because he is God, and on the account of what
he has done for us as man, to be believed in, worshipped with worship
religious and divine, to be trusted and obeyed, this also is asserted
in the Scripture. And these things are, as it were, the common notions
of Christian religion, - the common principles of our profession,
which the Scriptures also abundantly testify unto.
  Isa. 7: 14, "Behold, a virgin shall conceive, and bear a son, and
shall call his name Emmanuel;" that is, he shall be God with us, or
God in our nature. Not that that should be his name whereby he should
be called in this world; but that this should be the condition of his
person, - he should be "God with us," God in our nature. So are the
words expounded, Matt. 1: 20-23, "That which is conceived in her is of
the Holy Ghost. And she shall bring forth a son, and thou shalt call
his name Jesus; for he shall save his people from their sins. Now all
this was done, that it might be fulfilled which was spoken of the Lord
by the prophet, saying, Behold, a virgin shall be with child, and
shall bring forth a son, and they shall call his name Emmanuel; which,
being interpreted, is, God with us." his name whereby he was to be
called, was Jesus; that is, a Saviour. And thereby was accomplished
the prediction of the prophet, that he should be Emmanuel; which,
being interpreted, is, "God with us." Now, a child born to be "God
with us," is God in that child taking our nature upon him; and no
otherwise can the words be understood. 
  Isa. 9: 6, "Unto us a child is born, unto us a son is given: and his
name shall be called The mighty God." The child that is born, the son
that is given, is the mighty God; and as the mighty God, and a child
born, or son given, he is the Prince of Peace, as he is there called,
or our Saviour. 
  John 1: 14, "The Word was made flesh." That the Word was God, who
made all things, he had before declared. Now, he affirms that this
Word was made flesh. How? Converted into flesh, into a man, so that he
who was Good ceased so to be, and was turned or changed into flesh, -
that is, a man? Besides that this is utterly impossible, it is not
affirmed. For the Word continued the Word still, although he was "made
flesh," or "made of a woman," as it is elsewhere expressed, - or made
of the seed of David, - or took our flesh or nature to be his own.
Himself continuing God, as he was, became man also, which before he
was not "The Word was made flesh;" This is that which we believe and
assert in this matter. 
  See John 3: 13, 31, 6: 62, 16: 28. All which places assert the
person of Christ to have descended from heaven in the assumption of
human nature, and ascended into heaven therein [in that nature] being
assumed; and to have been in heaven as to his divine nature, when he
was on the earth in the flesh that he had assumed.
  Acts 20: 28, "Feed the church of God, which he has purchased with
his own blood." The person spoken of is said to be God absolutely, -
"the church of God." And this God is said to have blood of his own; -
the blood of Jesus Christ, being the blood of him that was God, though
not the blood of him as God; for God is a spirit. And this undeniably
testifies to the unity of his person as God and man.
  Rom. 1: 3, 4, "Concerning his Son Jesus Christ our Lord, who was
made of the seed of David according to the flesh; and declared to be
the Son of God with power, according to the spirit of holiness, by the
resurrection from the dead." Rom. 9: 5, "Whose are the fathers, and of
whom, as concerning the flesh, Christ came, who is over all, God
blessed for ever. Amen." This is all we desire that we may believe
without disturbance from the glamours of these men, - namely, that the
same Christ, as concerning the flesh, came of the fathers, of David,
and, in himself, is over all, God blessed for ever. This the Scripture
asserts plainly; and why we should not believe it firmly, let these
men give a reason when they are able.
  Gal. 4: 4, "God sent forth his Son made of a woman." He was his Son,
and was made of a woman, according as he expresses it, Heb. 10: 5, "A
body hast thou prepared me;" as also, Rom. 8: 3.
  Phil. 2: 5-7, "Let this mind be in you, which was also in Christ
Jesus: who, being in the form of God, thought it not robbery to be
equal with God: but made himself of no reputation, and took upon him
the form of a servant, and was made in the likeness of men." It is the
same Christ that is spoken of. And it is here affirmed of him, that he
was "in the form of God, and thought it not robbery to be equal with
God." But is this all? Is this Jesus Christ God only? Does he subsist
only in the form or nature of God? No; says the apostle, "He took upon
him the form of a servant, was made in the likeness of men, and was
found in fashion as a man." That his being truly a man is expressed in
these words our adversaries deny not; and we therefore believe that
the same Jesus Christ is God also, because that is no less plainly
expressed.
  1 Tim. 3: 16, "And without controversy, great is the mystery of
godliness: God was manifest in the flesh, justified in the Spirit,
seen of angels." It is a mystery, indeed; under which name it is
despised now and reproached; nor are we allowed so to call it, but are
reflected on as flying to mysteries for our defense. But we must take
leave to speak in this matter according to His directions without whom
we cannot speak at all. A mystery it is, and that a great mystery; and
that confessedly so, by all that do believe. And this is, that "God
was manifested in the flesh." That it is the Lord Christ who is spoken
of, every one of the ensuing expressions do evince: "Justified in the
Spirit, seen of angels, preached unto the Gentiles, believed on in the
world, received up into glory." And this, also, is the substance of
what we believe in this matter, - namely, that Christ is God manifest
in the flesh; which we acknowledge, own, and believe to be true, but a
great mystery, - yet no less great and sacred a truth notwithstanding.

  Heb. 2: 14, "Forasmuch then as the children are partakers of flesh
and blood, he also himself likewise took part of the same." Verse 16,
"For verily he took not on him the nature of angels; but he took on
him the seed of Abraham." and this plainly affirms his preexistence
unto that assumption of our nature, and the unity of his person in it
being so assumed.
  1 John 3: 16, "Hereby perceive we the love of God, because he laid
down his life for us." He who was Glad laid down for a season and
parted with that life which was his own, in that nature of ours which
he had assumed. And that taking of our nature is called his "coming in
the flesh;" which whose denies, is "not of God, but is the spirit of
Antichrist," chap. 4: 3.
  These are some of the places wherein the person of Christ is
revealed unto our faith, that we may believe in the Son of God, and
have eternal life.
  The method formerly proposed would require that I should take off
the general objections of the adversaries against this divine
revelation, as also vindicate some peculiar testimonies from their
exceptions; but because a particular opposition unto this truth has
not, as yet, publicly and directly been maintained and managed by any
that I know of among ourselves, though the denial of it be expressly
included in what they do affirm, I shall leave the farther
confirmation thereof unto some other occasion, if it be offered, and
it be judged necessary.
  And this is that which the faith of believers rests in, as that
which is plainly revealed unto them, - namely, that Jesus Christ is
God and man in one person; and that all his acting in their behalf are
the actings of him who is God and man; and that this Son of God, God
and man, is to be believed in by them, and obeyed, that they [may]
have eternal life.
  What is farther added unto these express testimonies, and the full
revelation of the truth contained in them in this matter, in way of
explication educed from them, and suitable unto them, to the
edification of the church, or information of the minds of believers in
the right apprehension of this great mystery of God manifested in the
flesh, may be reduced to these heads: -
  1. That the person of the Son of God did not, in his assuming human
nature to be his own, take an individual person of any one into a near
conjunction with himself, but preventing the personal subsistence of
human nature in that flesh which he assumed, he gave it its
subsistence in his own person; whence it has its individuation and
distinction from all other persons whatever. This is the personal
union. The divine and human nature in Christ have but one personal
subsistence; and so are but one Christ, one distinct personal
principle of all operations, of all that he did or does as mediator.
And this undeniably follows from what is declared in the testimonies
mentioned. For the Word could not be made flesh, nor could he take on
him the seed of Abraham, nor could the mighty God be a child born and
given unto us, nor could God shed his blood for his church, but that
the two natures so directly expressed must be united in one person;
for otherwise, as they are two natures still, they would be two
persons also.
  2. Each nature thus united in Christ is entire, and preserves unto
itself its own natural properties. For he is no less perfect God for
being made man; nor no less a true, perfect man, consisting of soul
and body, with all their essential parts, by that nature's being taken
into subsistence with the Son of God. His divine nature still
continues immense, omniscient, omnipotent, infinite in holiness, etc.;
his human nature, finite, limited, and, before its glorification,
subject to all infirmities of life and death that the same nature in
others, absolutely considered, is obnoxious unto.
  3. In each of these natures he acts suitably unto the essential
properties and principles of that nature. As God, he made all things,
upholds all things by the word of his power, fills heaven and earth,
etc.; as man, he lived, hungered, suffered, died, rose, ascended into
heaven: yet, by reason of the union of both these natures in the same
person, not only his own person is said to do all these things, but
the person expressed by the name which he has on the account of one
nature, is said to do that which he did only in the other. So God is
said to "redeem his church with his own blood," and to "lay down his
life for us," and the Son of man to be in heaven when he was on the
earth; all because of the unity of his person, as was declared. And
these things do all of them directly and undeniably flow from what is
revealed concerning his person, as before is declared.

                      Of the Satisfaction of Christ

  The last thing to be inquired into, upon occasion of the late
opposition to the great fundamental truths of the gospel, is the
satisfaction of Christ. And the doctrine hereof is such as, I
conceive, needs rather to be explained than vindicated. For it being
the centre wherein most, if not all, the lines of gospel promises and
precepts do meet, and the great medium of all our communion with God
in faith and obedience, the great distinction between the religion of
Christians and that of all others in the world, it will easily, on a
due proposal, be assented unto by all who would he esteemed disciples
of Jesus Christ. And whether a parcel of insipid cavils may be thought
sufficient to obliterate the revelation of it, men of sober minds will
judge and discern.
  For the term of satisfaction, we contend not about it. It does,
indeed, properly express and connote that great effect of the death of
Christ which, in the cause before us, we plead for. But yet, because
it belongs rather to the explanation of the truth contended for, than
is used expressly in the revelation of it, and because the right
understanding of the word itself depends on some notions of law that
as yet we need not take into consideration, I shall not, in this
entrance of our discourse, insist precisely upon it, but leave it as
the natural conclusion of what we shall find expressly declared in the
Scripture. Neither do I say this as though I did decline the word, or
the right use of it, or what is properly signified by it, but do only
cast it into its proper place, answerable unto our method and design
in the whole of this brief discourse.
  I know some have taken a new way of expressing and declaring the
doctrine concerning the mediation of Christ, with the causes and ends
of his death, which they think more rational than that usually
insisted on: but, as what I have yet heard of or seen in that kind,
has been not only unscriptural, but also very irrational, and most
remote from that accuracy whereunto they pretend who make use of it;
so, if they should publish their conceptions, it is not improbable but
that they may meet with a scholastic examination by some hand or
other.
  Our present work, as has been often declared, is for the
establishment of the faith of them who may be attempted, if not
brought into danger, to be seducers by the sleights of some who lie in
wait to deceive, and the glamours of others who openly drive the same
design. What, therefore, the Scripture plainly and clearly reveals in
this matter, is the subject of our present inquiry. And either in so
doing, as occasion shall be offered, we shall obviate, or, in the
close of it remove, those sophisms that the sacred truth now proposed
to consideration has been attempted withal.
  The sum of what the Scripture reveals about this great truth,
commonly called the "satisfaction of Christ," may be reduced unto
these ensuing heads: -
  First. That Adam, being made upright, sinned against God; and all
mankind, all his posterity, in him: - Gen 1: 27, "So God created man
in his own image, in the image of God created he him; male and female
created he them." Chap. 3: 11, "And he said, Who told thee that thou
wast naked? Hast thou eaten of the tree whereof I commanded thee that
thou shouldest not eat?" Eccles. 7: 29, "Lo, this only have I found,
that God made man upright; but they have sought out manv inventions."
Rom. 5: 12, "Wherefore, as by one man sin entered into the world, and
death by sin; and so death passed upon all men, for that all have
sinned." Verse 18, "Therefore, as by the offense of one judgment came
upon all men to condemnation." Verse 19, "By one man's disobedience
many were made sinners."
  Secondly. That, by this sin of our first parents, all men are
brought into an estate of sin and apostasy from God, and of enmity
unto him: - Gen. 6: 5, "God saw that the wickedness of man was great
in the earth, and that every imagination of the thoughts of his heart
was only evil continually." Ps. 51: 5, "Behold, I was shapen in
iniquity; and in sin did my mother conceive me." Rom. 3: 23, "For all
have sinned, and come short of the glory of God." Chap. 8: 7, "The
carnal mind is enmity against God: for it is not subject to the law of
God, neither indeed can be." Eph. 4: 18, "Having the understanding
darkened, being alienated from the life of God, through the ignorance
that is in them, because of the blindness of their heart," Chap. 2: l;
Col. 2: 13.
  Thirdly. That in this state all men continue in sin against God, nor
of themselves can do otherwise: - Rom. 3: 10-12, "There is none
righteous, no, not one: there is none that understandeth, there is
none that seeketh after God. They are all gone out of the way, they
are together become unprofitable; there is none that doeth good, no,
not one."
  Fourthly. That the justice and holiness of God, as he is the supreme
governor and judge of all the world, require that sin be punished: -
Exod. 34: 7, "That will by no means clear the guilty." Josh. 24: 19,
"He is a holy God; he is a jealous God; he will not forgive your
transgressions nor your sins." Ps. 5: 4-6, "For thou art not a God
that has pleasure in wickedness: neither shall evil dwell with thee.
The foolish shall not stand in thy sight: thou hatest all workers of
iniquity. Thou shalt destroy them that speak leasing." Hab. 1: 13,
"Thou art of purer eyes than to behold evil, and canst not look upon
iniquity." Isa. 33: 14, "Who among us shall dwell with the devouring
fire? who among us shall dwell with everlasting burnings?" Rom. 1: 32,
"Who knowing the judgment of God, that they which commit such things
are worthy of death." Chap. 3: 5, 6, "Is God unrighteous who taketh
vengeance? (I speak as a man) God forbid: for then how shall God judge
the world?" 2 Thess. 1: 6, "It is a righteous thing with God to
recompense tribulation to them that trouble you." Heb. 12: 29, "For
our God is a consuming fire;" from Dent. 4: 24.
  Fifthly. That God, has also engaged his veracity and faithfulness in
the sanction of the law, not to leave sin unpunished: - Gen. 2: 17,
"In the day thou eatest thereof thou shalt surely die." Dent. 27: 26,
"Cursed be he that confirmeth not all the words of this law to do
them." In this state and condition, mankind, had they been left
without divine aid and help, must have perished eternally.
  Sixthly. That God out of his infinite goodness, grace, and love to
mankind, sent his only Son to save and deliver them out of this
condition. - Matt. 1: 21, "Thou shalt call his name Jesus; for he
shalt save his people from their sins." John 3: 16, 17, "God so loved
the world, that he gave his only begotten Son, that whosoever
believeth in him should not perish, but have everlasting life. For God
sent not his Son into the world to condemn the world, but that the
world through him might be saved." Rom. 5: 8, "God commendeth his love
toward us, in that, while we were yet sinners, Christ died for us." 1
John 4: 9, "In this was manifested the love of God toward us, because
God sent his only begotten Son into the world, that we might live
through him." Verse 10, "Herein is love, not that we loved God, but
that he loved us, and sent his Son to be the propitiation for our
sins." 1 Thess. 1: 10, "Even Jesus, which delivered us from the wrath
to come."
  Seventhly. That this love was the same in Father and Son, acted
distinctly in the manner that shall be afterward declared; so, vain
are the pretences of men, who, from the love of the Father in this
matter, would argue against the love of the Son, or on the contrary.
  Eighthly. That the way, in general, whereby the Son of God, being
incarnate, was to save lost sinners, was by a substitution of himself,
according to the design and appointment of God, in the room of those
whom he was to save: - 2 Cor. 5: 21, "He has made him to be sin for
us, who knew no sin; that we might become the righteousness of God in
him." Gal. 3: 13, "Christ has redeemed us from the curse of the law,
being made a curse for us" Rom. 5: 7, 8, "For scarcely for a righteous
man will one die; yet per adventure for a good man some would even
dare to die. But God commendeth his love toward us, in that, while we
were yet sinners, Christ died for us." Chap. 8: 3, "For what the law
could not do, in that it was weak through the flesh, God sending his
own Son in the likeness of sinful flesh, and for sin, condemned sin in
the flesh; that the righteousness of the law might be fulfilled in us"
1 Pet. 2: 24, "Who his own self bare our sins in his own body on the
tree." Chap. 3: 18, "For Christ also has once suffered for sins, the
just for the unjust, that he might bring us to God." All these
expressions undeniably evince a substitution of Christ as to suffering
in the stead of them whom he was to save; which, in general, is all
that we intend by his satisfaction, namely, that he was made "sin for
us," a "curse for us," "died for us," that is, in our stead, that we
might be saved from the wrath to come. And all these expressions, as
to their true, genuine importance, shall be vindicated as occasion
shall require.
  Ninthly. This way of his saving sinners is, in particular, several
ways expressed in the Scriptures.
  1. That he offered himself a sacrifice to God, to make atonement for
our sins; and that in his death and sufferings: - Isa 53: 10, "When
thou shalt make his soul an offering for sin." John 1: 29, "Behold the
lamb of God, who taketh away the sin of the world." Eph. 5: 2, "Christ
hath loved us, and has given himself for us an offering and a
sacrifice to God for a sweet-smelling savour." Heb. 2: 17, Was "a
merciful high priest in things pertaining to God, to make
reconciliation for the sins of the people." Chap. 9: 11-14, "But
Christ being come a high priest of good things to come, by a greater
and more perfect tabernacle, not made with hands, that is to say, not
of this building; neither by the blood of goats and calves, but by his
own blood, he entered in once into the holy place, having obtained
eternal redemption for us. For if the blood of bulls," etc., "how much
more shall the blood of Christ, who through the eternal Spirit offered
himself without spot to God, purge your consciences from dead works?"
  2. That he redeemed us by paying a price, a ransom, for our
redemption: - Mark 10: 45, "The Son of man came to give his life a
ransom for many." 1 Cor. 6: 20, 7: 23, "For ye are bought with a
price." 1 Tim. 2: 6, "Who gave himself a ransom for all, to be
testified in due time." Tit. 2: 14, "Who gave himself for us, that he
might redeem us from all iniquity." 1 Pet. 1: 18, 19, "For ye were not
redeemed with corruptible things, as silver and gold; but with the
precious blood of Christ, as of a lamb without blemish and without
spot."
  3. That he bare our sins, or the punishment due unto them: -Isa. 53:
5, 6, "He was wounded for our transgressions, he was bruised for our
iniquities; the chastisement of our peace was upon him, and with his
stripes we are healed. All we like sheep have gone astray; we have
turned every one to his own way; and the LORD has laid on him the
iniquity of us all." Verse 11, "For he shall bear their iniquities." 1
Pet. 2: 24, "Who his own self bare our sins in his own body on the
tree."
  4. That he answered the law and the penalty of it: - Rom. 8: 3, 4,
"God sending his own Son in the likeness of sinful flesh, and for sin,
condemned sin in the flesh; that the righteousness of the law might be
fulfilled in us." Gal. 3: 13, "Christ has redeemed us from the curse
of the law, being made a curse for us." Chap. 4: 4, 5, "God sent forth
his Son, made of a woman, made under the law, to redeem them that were
under the law"
  5. That he died for sin, and sinners, to expiate the one, and in the
stead of the other: - Rom. 4: 25, "He was delivered for our offenses."
Chap. 5: 10, "When we were enemies, we were reconciled to God by the
death of his Son." 1 Cor. 15: 3, "Christ died for our sins according
to the Scriptures." 2 Cor. 5: 14, "For the love of Christ constraineth
us; because we thus judge, that if one died for all, then were all
dead," 1 Thess. 5: 9, 10.
  6. Hence, on the part of God it is affirmed, that "he spared him
not, but delivered him up for us all," Rom. 8: 32; and caused "all our
iniquities to meet upon him," Isa. 53: 6.
  7. The effect hereof was, -
  (1.) That the righteousness of God was glorified. Rom. 3: 25, 26,
"Whom God has set forth to be a propitiation through faith in his
blood, to declare his righteousness for the remission of sins." (2.)
The law fulfilled and satisfied, as in the places before quoted, chap.
8: 3, 4; Gal. 3: 13, 4: 4, 5. (3.) God reconciled. 2 Cor. 5: 18, 19,
"God was in Christ reconciling the world unto himself, not imputing
their trespasses unto them." Heb. 2: 17, "he made reconciliation for
the sins of the people." (4.) Atonement was made for sin. Rom. 5: 11,
"By whom we have now received the atonement;" and peace was made with
God. Eph. 2: 14, 16, "For he is our peace, who has made both one, ...
that he might reconcile both unto God in one body by the cross, having
slain the enmity thereby." (6.) He made an end of sin. Dan. 9: 24, "To
finish the transgression, and to make an end of sins, and to make
reconciliation for iniquity, and to bring in everlasting
righteousness." The glory of God in all these things being exalted,
himself was well pleased, righteousness and everlasting redemption, or
salvation, purchased for sinners. Heb. 9: 14, For in that "the
chastisement of our peace was upon him," and that "by his stripes we
are healed," he being punished that we might go free, himself became a
captain of salvation unto all that do obey him.
  I have fixed on these particulars, to give every ordinary reader an
instance how fully and plainly what he is to believe in this matter is
revealed in the Scripture. And should I produce all the testimonies
which expressly give witness unto these positions, it is known how
great a part of the Bible must be transcribed. And these are the
things which are indispensably required of us to believe, that we may
be able to direct and regulate our obedience according to the mind and
will of God. In the explanation of this doctrine unto farther
edification, sundry things are usually insisted on, which necessarily
and infallibly ensue upon the propositions of Scripture before laid
down, and serve to beget in the minds of believers a due apprehension
and right understanding of them; as, -
  1. That God in this matter is to be considered as the chief,
supreme, absolute rector and governor of all, - as the Lord of the
law, and of sinners; but yet so as an offended ruler: not as an
offended person, but as an offended ruler, who has right to exact
punishment upon transgressions, and whose righteousness of rule
requires that he should so do.
  2. That because he is righteous and holy, as he is the supreme Judge
of all the world, it is necessary that he do right in the punishing of
sin; without which the order of the creation cannot be preserved. For
sin being the creature's deduction of itself from the order of its
dependence upon, and obediences unto, the Creator and supreme Lord of
all, without a reduction of it by punishment, confusion would be
brought into the whole creation.
  3. That whereas the law, and the sanction of it, is the moral or
declarative cause of the punishment of sin, and it directly obliges
the sinner himself unto punishment; God, as the supreme ruler,
dispenses, not with the act of the law, but the immediate object, and
substitutes another sufferer in the room of them who are principally
liable unto the sentence of it, and are now to be acquitted or freed;
- that so the law may be satisfied, requiring the punishment of sin;
justice exalted, whereof the law is an effect; and yet the sinner
saved.
  4. That the person thus substituted was the Son of God incarnate,
who had power so to dispose of himself, with will and readiness for
it; and was, upon the account of the dignity of his person, able to
answer the penalty which all others had incurred and deserved.
  5. That God, upon his voluntary susception of this office, and
condescension to this work, did so lay our sins, in and by the
sentence of the law, upon him, that he made therein full satisfaction
for what ever legally could be charged on them for whom he died or
suffered.
  6. That the special way, terms, and conditions, whereby and wherein
sinners may be interested in this satisfaction made by Christ, are
determined by the will of God, and declared in the scripture.
  These, and the like things, are usually insisted on in the
explication or declaration of this head of our confession; and there
is not any of them but may be sufficiently confirmed by divine
testimonies. It may also be farther evinced, that there is nothing
asserted in them, but what is excellently suited unto the common
notions which mankind has of God and his righteousness; and that in
their practice they answer the light of nature and common reason,
exemplified in sundry instances among the nations of the world.
  I shall therefore take one argument from some of the testimonies
before produced in the confirmation of this sacred truth, and proceed
to remove the objections that are commonly bandied against it.
  If the Lord Christ, according to the will of the Father, and by his
own counsel and choice, was substituted, and did substitute himself,
as the mediator of the covenant, in the room and in the stead of
sinners, that they might be saved, and therein bare their sins, or the
punishment due unto their sins, by undergoing the curse and penalty of
the law, and therein also, according to the will of God, offered up
himself for a propitiatory, expiatory sacrifice, to make atonement for
sin, and reconciliation for sinners, that the justice of God being
appeased, and the law fulfilled, their might go free, or be delivered
from the wrath to come; and if therein, also, he paid a real
satisfactory price for their redemption; then he made satisfaction to
God for sin: for these are the things that we intend by that
expression of satisfaction. But now all these things are openly and
filly witnessed unto in the testimonies before produced, as may be
observed by suiting some of them unto the several particulars here
asserted: -
  As, 1. What was done in this matter, was from the will, purpose, and
love of God the Father, Ps. 40: 6-8; Heb. 10: 5-7; Acts 4: 28; John 3:
16; Rom. 8: 3.
  2. It was also done by his own voluntary consent, Phil. 2: 6-8.
  3. He was substituted, and did substitute himself, as the mediator
of the covenant, in the room and stead of sinners, that they may be
saved, Heb. 10: 5-7, 12: 22; Rom. 3: 25, 26, 5: 7, 8.
  4. And he did therein bear their sins, or the punishment due to
their sins, Isa. 53: 6, 11; 1 Pet. 2: 24. And this, -
  5. By undergoing the curse and penalty of the law, Gal. 3: 13; or
the punishment of sin required by the law, 2 Cor. 5: 21; Rom. 8: 3.
  6. Herein, also, according to the will of God, he offered up himself
a propitiatory and expiatory sacrifice, to make atonement for sin and
reconciliation for sinners, Eph 5: 6; Rom. 5: 6; Heb. 9: 11-14; -
which he did, that the justice of God being satisfied, and the law
fulfilled, sinners might be freed from the wrath to come, Rom. 3: 25;
1 Thess. 1: 10.
  7. And hereby also he paid a real price of redemption for sin and
sinners, 1 Pet. 1: 18, 19; 1 Cor. 6: 20. These are the things which we
are to believe concerning the satisfaction of Christ. And our
explication of this doctrine we are ready to defend when called
whereunto.
  The consideration of the objections which are raised against this
great fundamental truth shall close this discourse. And they are of
two sorts: - First, In general, to the whole doctrine, as declared, or
some of the more signal heads or parts of it. Secondly, Particular
instances in this or that supposal, as consequences of the doctrine
asserted. And, in general, -
  First, they say "This is contrary to, and inconsistent with, the
love, grace, mercy, and goodness of God, which are so celebrated in
the Scripture as the principal properties of his nature and acts of
his will wherein he will be glorified; -especially contrary to the
freedom of forgiveness, which we are encouraged to expect, and
commanded to believe." And this exception they endeavour to firm by
testimonies that the Lord is good and gracious and that he does freely
forgive us our sins and trespasses.
  Ans. 1. I readily grant that whatever is really contrary to the
grace, goodness, and mercy of God, whatever is inconsistent with the
free forgiveness of sin, is not to be admitted; for these things are
fully revealed in the Scripture, and must have a consistency with
whatever else is therein revealed of God or his will.
  2. As God is good, and gracious, and merciful, so also he is holy,
righteous, true, and faithful. And these things are no less revealed
concerning him than the others; and are no less essential properties
of his nature than his goodness and grace. And as they are all
essentially the same in him, and considered only under a different
habitue or respect, as they are exerted by acts of his will; so it
belongs to his infinite wisdom, that the effects of them, though
divers, and produced by divers ways and means, may no way be contrary
one to the other, but that mercy be exercised without the prejudice of
justice or holiness, and justice be preserved entire, without any
obstruction to the exercise of mercy.
  3. The grace and love of God, that in this matter the Scripture
reveals to be exercised in order unto the forgiveness of sinners,
consists principally in two things: - (1.) In his holy eternal purpose
of providing a relief for lost sinners. He has done it, "to the praise
of the glory of his grace," Eph. 1: 6. (2.) In the sending his Son in
the pursuit and for the accomplishment of the holy purpose of his will
and grace. Herein most eminently does the Scripture celebrate the
love, goodness, and kindness of God, as that whereby, in infinite and
for ever to be adored wisdom and grace, he made way for the
forgiveness of our sins. John 3: 16, "God so loved the world, that he
gave his only begotten Son." Rom. 3: 25, "Whom God has set forth to be
a propitiation through faith in his blood." Rom. 5: 8, "God commendeth
his love toward us, in that, while we were yet sinners, Christ died
for us." Tit. 3: 4; 1 John 4: 9, 10. Herein consists that ever to be
adored love, goodness, grace, mercy, and condescension of God. Add
hereunto, that, in the act of causing our iniquities to meet on
Christ, wherein he immediately intended the declaration of his
justice, Rom. 3: 25, - "not sparing him, in delivering him up to death
for us all," Rom. 8: 32, - there was a blessed harmony in the highest
Justice and most excellent grace and mercy. This grace, this goodness,
this love of God towards mankind, towards sinners, our adversaries in
this matter neither know nor understand; and so, indeed, what lies in
them, remove the foundation of the whole gospel, and of all that faith
and obedience which God requires at our hands.
  4. Forgiveness, or the actual condonation of sinners, the pardon and
forgiveness of sins, is free; but yet so as it is everywhere
restrained unto a respect unto Christ, unto his death rind blood-
shedding. Eph. 1: 7, "We have redemption through his blood, the
forgiveness of sins." Chap. 4: 32. "God for Christ's sake has forgiven
you." Rom. 3: 25, 26, "God has set him forth to be a propitiation
through faith in his blood, to declare his righteousness for the
remission of sins." It is absolutely free in respect of all immediate
transactions between God and sinners.
  (1.) Free on the part of God.
  [1.] In the eternal purpose of it, when he might justly have
suffered all men to have perished under the guilt of their sins. [2.]
Free in the means that he used to effect it, unto his glory. 1st. In
the sending of his Son; and, 2dly. In laying the punishment of our sin
upon him. 3dly. In his covenant with him, that it should be accepted
on our behalf. 4thly. In his tender and proposal of it by the gospel
unto sinners, to be received without money or without price. 5thly. In
the actual condonation and pardon of them that do believe.
  (2.) It is free on the part of the persons that are forgiven; in
that, [1.] It is given and granted to them, without any satisfaction
made by them for their former transgressions. [2.] Without any merit
to purchase or procure it. [3.] Without any penal, satisfactory
suffering here, or in a purgatory hereafter. [4.] Without any
expectation of future recompense; or that, being pardoned, they should
then make or give any satisfaction for what they had done before. And
as any of these things would, so nothing else can, impeach the freedom
of pardon and forgiveness. Whether, then, we respect the pardoner or
the pardoned, pardon is every way free, - namely, on the part of God
who forgives, and on the part of sinners that are forgiven. If God now
has, besides all this, provided himself a lamb for a sacrifice; if he
has, in infinite wisdom and grace, found out a way thus freely to
forgive us our sins, to the praise and glory of his own holiness,
righteousness, and severity against sin, as well as unto the
unspeakable advancement of that grace, goodness, and bounty which he
immediately exercises in the pardon of sin; are these men's eyes evil,
because he is good? Will they not be contented to be pardoned, unless
they may have it at the rate of despoiling God of his holiness, truth,
righteousness, and faithfulness? And as this is certainly done by that
way of pardon which these men propose, no reserve in the least being
made for the glory of God in those holy properties of his nature which
are immediately injured and opposed by sin; so that pardon itself,
which they pretend so to magnify, having nothing to influence it but a
mere arbitrary act of God's will, is utterly debased from its own
proper worth and excellency. And I shall willingly undertake to
manifest that they derogate no less from grace and mercy in pardon,
than they do from the righteousness and holiness of God, by the
forgiveness which they have feigned; and that in it both of them are
perverted and despoiled of all their glory.
  But they yet say, "If God can freely pardon sin, why does he not do
it without satisfaction? If he cannot, he is weaker and more imperfect
than man, who can do so."
  Ans. 1. God cannot do many things that men can do, - not that he is
more imperfect than they, but he cannot do them on the account of his
perfection. He cannot lie, he cannot deny himself, he cannot change;
which men can do, and do every day.
  2. To pardon sin without satisfaction, in him who is absolutely
holy, righteous, true, and faithful, - the absolute, necessary,
supreme Governor of all sinners, - the author of the law, and sanction
of it, wherein punishment is threatened and declared, - is to deny
himself, and to do what one infinitely perfect cannot do.
  3. I ask of these men, why God does not pardon sins freely, without
requiring faiths repentance, and obedience in them that are pardoned;
yea, as the conditions on which they may be pardoned? For, seeing he
is so infinitely good and gracious, cannot he pardon men without
prescribing such terms and conditions unto them as he knows that men,
and that incomparably the greatest number of them, will never come up
unto, and so must of necessity perish for ever? Yea, but they say,
"This cannot be: neither does this impeach the freedom of pardon; for
it is certain that God does prescribe these things, and yet he pardons
freely; and it would altogether unbecome the holy God to pardon
sinners that continue so to live and die in their sins" But do not
these men see that they have hereby given away their cause which they
contend for? For, if a prescription of sundry things to the sinner
himself, without which he shall not be pardoned, do not at all
impeach, as they say, the freedom of pardon, but God may be said
freely to pardon sin notwithstanding it; how shall the receiving of
satisfaction by another, nothing at all being required of the sinner,
have the least appearance of any such thing? If the freedom of
forgiveness consists in such a boundless notion as these men imagine,
it is certain that the prescribing of faith and repentance in and unto
sinners, antecedently to their participation of it, is much more
evidently contrary unto it, than the receiving of satisfaction from
another who is not to be pardoned can to any appear to be. Secondly,
if it be contrary to the holiness of God to pardon any without
requiring faith, repentance, and obedience in them (as it is indeed),
let not these persons be offended if we believe him when he so
frequently declares it, that it was so to remit sin, without the
fulfilling of his law and satisfaction of his justice.
  Secondly, they say, "There is no such thing as justice in God
requiring the punishment of sin; but that that which in him requires
and calls for the punishment of sin is his anger and wrath; which
expressions denote free acts of his will, and not any essential
properties of his nature." So that God may punish sin or not punish
it, at his pleasure; therefore there is no reason that he should
require any satisfaction for sin, seeing he may pass it by absolutely
as he pleases.
  Ans. 1. Is it not strange, that the great Governor, the Judge of all
the world, which, on the supposition of the creation of it, God is
naturally and necessarily, should not also naturally be so righteous
as to do right, in rendering unto every one according to his works?
  2. The sanction and penalty of the law, which is the rule of
punishment, was, I suppose, an effect of justice, - of God's natural
and essential justice, and not of his anger or wrath. Certainly, never
did any man make a law for the government of a people in anger.
Draco's laws were not made in wrath, but according to the best
apprehension of right and justice that he had, though said to be
written in blood; and shall we think otherwise of the law of God?
  3. Anger and wrath in God express the effects of justice, and so are
not merely free acts of his will. This, therefore, is a tottering
cause, that is built on the denial of God's essential righteousness.
But it was proved before, and it is so elsewhere.
  Thirdly, they say, "That the sacrifice of Christ was only
metaphorically so," - that he was a metaphorical priest, not one
properly so called; and, therefore, that his sacrifice did not consist
in his death and blood-shedding, but in his appearing in heaven upon
his ascension, presenting himself unto God in the most holy place not
made with hands as the mediator of the new covenant.
  Ans. 1. When once these men come to this evasion, they think
themselves safe, and that they may go whither they will without
control. For they say it is true, Christ was a priest; but only he was
a metaphorical one. He offered sacrifice; but it was a metaphorical
one. He redeemed us; but with a metaphorical redemption. And so we are
justified thereon; but with a metaphorical justification. And so, for
aught I know, they are like to be saved with a metaphorical salvation.
This is the substance of their plea in this matter: - Christ was not
really a priest; but did somewhat like a priest. He offered not
sacrifice really; but did somewhat that was like a sacrifice. He
redeemed us not really; but did somewhat that looked like redemption.
And what these things are, wherein their analogy consists, what
proportion the things that Christ has done bear to the things that are
really so, from whence they receive their denomination, it is meet it
should be wholly in the power of these persons to declare. But, -
  2. What should hinder the death of Christ to be a sacrifice, a
proper sacrifice, and, according to the nature, end, and use of
sacrifices, to have made atonement and satisfaction for sin? (1.) It
is expressly called so in the Scripture; wherein he is said to "offer
himself, to make his soul an offering, to offer himself a sacrifice,"
Eph. 5: 2; Heb. 1: 3, 9: 14, 25, 26, 7: 27. And he is himself directly
said to be a "priest," or a sacrificer, Heb. 2: 17. And it is nowhere
intimated, much less expressed, that these things are not spoken
properly, but metaphorically only. (2.) The legal sacrifices of the
old law were instituted on purpose to represent and prepare the way
for the bringing in of the sacrifice of the Lamb of God, so to take
away the sin of the world; and is it not strange, that true and real
sacrifices should be types and representations of that which was not
so? On this supposition, all those sacrifices are but so many
seductions from the right understanding of things between God and
sinners. (3.) Nothing is wanting to render it a proper propitiatory
sacrifice. For, - [1.] There was the person offering, and that was
Christ himself, Heb. 9 14, "He offered himself unto God." "He," that
is, the sacrificer, denotes the person of Christ, God and man; and
"himself," as the sacrifice, denotes his human nature whence God is
said to "purchase his church with his own blood," Acts 20: 28; for he
offered himself through the eternal Spirit: so that, - [2.] There was
the matter of the sacrifice, which was the human nature of Christ,
soul and body. "His soul was made an offering for sin," Isa. 53: 10;
and his body, "The offering of the body of Jesus Christ," Heb. 10: 10,
- his blood especially, which is often synecdochically mentioned for
the whole. (4.) His death had the nature of a sacrifice: for, - [1.]
Therein were the sins of men laid upon him, and not in his entrance
into heaven; for "he bare our sins in his own body on the tree," 1
Pet. 2: 24. God made our sins then "to meet upon him," Isa. 53: 6;
which gives the formality unto any sacrifices. "Quad in ejus caput
sit," is the formal reason of all propitiatory sacrifices, and ever
was so, as is expressly declared, Lev. 16: 21, 22; and the phrase of
"bearing sin," of "bearing iniquity," is constantly used for the
undergoing of the punishment due to sin. [2.] It had the end of a
proper sacrifice; it made expiation of sin, propitiation and atonement
for sin, with reconciliation with God; and so took away that enmity
that was between God and sinners, Heb. 1: 3; Rom. 3: 25, 26; Heb. 2:
17, 18, 5: 10; Rom. 8: 3; 2 Cor. 5: 18, 19. And although God himself
designed, appointed, and contrived, in wisdom, this way of
reconciliation, as he did the means for the atoning of his own anger
towards the friends of Job, commanding them to go unto him, and with
him offer sacrifices for themselves, which he would accept, chap. 42:
7, 8; yet, as he was the supreme Governor, the Lord of all, attended
with infinite justice and holiness, atonement was made with him, and
satisfaction to him thereby.
  What has been spoken may suffice to discover the emptiness and
weakness of those exceptions which in general these men make against
the truth before laid down from the Scripture. A brief examination of
some particular instances, wherein they seek not so much to oppose as
to reproach the revelation of this mystery of the gospel, shall put a
close to this discourse. It is said, then, -
  First, "That if this be so, then it will follow that God is gracious
to forgive, and yet it is impossible for him, unless the debt be fully
satisfied."
  Ans. 1. I suppose the confused and abrupt expression of things here,
in words scarcely affording a tolerable sense, is rather from weakness
than captiousness; and so I shall let the manner of the proposal pass.
2. What if this should follow, that God is gracious to forgive
sinners, and yet will not, cannot, on the account of his own holiness
and righteousness, actually forgive any, without satisfaction and
atonement made for sin? The worst that can be hence concluded is, that
the Scripture is true, which affirms both these in many places. 3.
This sets out the exceeding greatness of the grace of God in
forgiveness, that when sin could not be forgiven without satisfaction,
and the sinner himself could no way make any such satisfaction, he
provided himself a sacrifice of atonement, that the sinner might be
discharged and pardoned. 4. Sin is not properly a debt, for then it
might be paid in kind, by sin itself; but is called so only because it
binds over the sinner to punishment, which is the satisfaction to be
made for that which is properly a transgression, and improperly only a
debt. It is added, -
  Secondly, "Hence it follows, that the unite and impotent creature 
more capable of extending mercy and forgiveness than the infinite and
omnipotent Creator."
  Ans. 1. God being essentially holy and righteous, having engaged his
faithfulness in the sanction of the law, and being naturally and
necessarily the governor and ruler of the world, the forgiving of sin
without satisfaction would be no perfection in him, but an effect of
impotency and imperfection, - a thing which God cannot do, as he
cannot lie, nor deny himself. 2. The direct contrary of what is
insinuated is asserted by this doctrine; for, on the supposition of
the satisfaction and atonement insisted on, not only does God freely
forgive, but that in such a way of righteousness and goodness, as no
creature is able to conceive or express the glory and excellency of
it. And to speak of the poor having pardons of private men, upon
particular offenses against themselves, who are commanded so to do,
and have no right nor authority to require or exact punishment, nor is
any due upon the mere account of their own concernment, in comparison
with the forgiveness of God, arises out of a deep ignorance of the
whole matter under consideration.
  Thirdly. It is added by them, that hence it follows, "That God so
loved the world, that he gave his only Son to save it; and yet that
God stood off in high displeasure, and Christ gave himself as a
complete satisfaction to offended justice."
  Ans. Something these men would say, if they knew what or how; for, -
1. That God so loved the world as to give his only Son to save it, is
the expression of the Scripture, and the foundation of the doctrine
whose truth we contend for. 2. That Christ offered himself to make
atonement for sinners, and therein made satisfaction to the justice of
God, is the doctrine itself which these men oppose, and not any
consequent of it. 3. That God stood off in high displeasure, is an
expression which neither the Scripture uses, nor those who declare
this doctrine from thence, nor is suited unto divine perfections, or
the manner of divine operations. That intended seems to be, that the
righteousness and law of God required the punishment due to sin to be
undergone, and thereby satisfaction to be made unto God; which is no
consequent of the doctrine, but the doctrine itself.
  Fourthly. It is yet farther objected, "That if Christ made
satisfaction for sin, then he did it either as God or as man, or as
God and man."
  Ans. 1. As God and man. Acts 20: 28, "God redeemed his church with
his own blood." 1 John 3: 16, "Hereby perceive we the love of God,
because he laid down his life for us." Heb. 9: 14. 2. This dilemma is
proposed, as that which proceeds on a supposition of our own
principles, that Christ is God and man in one person: which, indeed,
makes the pretended difficulty to be vain, and a mere effect of
ignorance; for all the mediatory acts of Christ being the acts of his
person, must of necessity be the acts of him as God and man. 3. There
is yet another mistake in this inquiry; for satisfaction is in it
looked on as a real act or operation of one or the other nature in
Christ, when it is the apotelesma or effect of the actings, the doing
and suffering of Christ - the dignity of what he did in reference unto
the end for which he did it. For the two natures are so united in
Christ as not to have a third compound principle of physical acts and
operations thence arising; but each nature acts distinctly according
to its own being and properties, yet so as what is the immediate act
of either nature is the act of him who is one in both; from whence it
has its dignity. 4. The sum is, that in all the mediatory actions of
Christ we are to consider, - (1.) The agent; and that is the person of
Christ. (2.) The immediate principle by which and from which the agent
works; and that is the natures in the person. (3.) The actions; which
are the effectual operations of either nature. (4.) The effect or work
with respect to God and us; and this relates unto the person of the
agent, the Lord Christ, God and man. A blending of the natures into
one common principle of operation, as the compounding of mediums unto
one end, is ridiculously supposed in this matter.
  But yet, again; it is pretended that sundry consequences,
irreligious and irrational, do ensue upon a supposition of the
satisfaction pleaded for. What, then, are they?
  First. "That it is unlawful and impossible for God Almighty to be
gracious and merciful, or to pardon transgressors."
  Ans. The miserable, confused misapprehension of things which the
proposal of this and the like consequences does evidence, manifests
sufficiently how unfit the makers of them are to manage controversies
of this nature. For, - 1. It is supposed that for God to be gracious
and merciful, or to pardon sinners, are the same; which is to confound
the essential properties of his nature with the free acts of his will.
2. Lawful or unlawful, are terms that can with no tolerable sense be
used concerning any properties of God, all which are natural and
necessary unto his being; as goodness, grace, and mercy, in
particular, are. 3. That it is impossible for God to pardon
transgressors, according to this doctrine, is a fond imagination; for
it is only a declaration of the manner how he does it. 4. As God is
gracious and merciful, so also he is holy, and righteous, and true;
and it became him, or was every way meet for him, in his way of
exercising grace and mercy towards sinners, to order all things so, as
that it might be done without the impeachment of his holiness,
righteousness, and truth. It is said, again, -
  Secondly, "That God was inevitably compelled to this way of saving
men; - the highest affront to his noncontrollable nature."
  Ans. 1. Were the authors of these exceptions put to declare what
they mean by God's "uncontrollable nature," they would hardly
disentangle themselves with common sense; such masters of reason are
they, indeed, whatever they would fain pretend to be. Controllable or
uncontrollable, respects acting and operations, not beings or natures.
2. That, upon the principle opposed by these men, God was inevitably
compelled to this way of saving men, is a fond and childish
imagination. The whole business of the salvation of men, according
unto this doctrine, depends on a mere free, sovereign act of God's
will, exerting itself in a way of infinite wisdom, holiness, and
grace. 3. The meaning of this objection (if it has either sense or
meaning in it) is, that God, freely purposing to save lost sinners,
did it in a way becoming his holy nature and righteous law. What other
course Infinite Wisdom could have taken for the satisfaction of his
justice we know not; - that justice was to be satisfied, and that this
way it is done we know and believe.
  Thirdly. They say it hence follows, "That it is unworthy of God to
pardon, but not to inflict punishment on the innocent, or require a
satisfaction where there was nothing due."
  Ans. 1. What is worthy or unworthy of God, himself alone knows, and
of men not any, but according to what he is pleased to declare and
reveal; but, certainly, it is unworthy any person, pretending to the
least interest in ingenuity or use of reason, to use such frivolous
instances in any case of importance, which have not the least pretence
of argument in them, but what arises from a gross misapprehension or
misrepresentation of a doctrine designed to opposition. 2. To pardon
sinners, is a thing becoming the goodness and grace of God; to do it
by Christ, that which becomes them, and his holiness and righteousness
also, Eph. 1: 6, 7; Rom. 3: 25. 3. The Lord Christ was personally
innocent; but "he who knew no sin was made sin for us," 2 Cor. 5: 21.
And as the mediator and surety of the covenant, he was to answer for
the sins of them whom he undertook to save from the wrath to come, by
giving himself a ransom for them, and making his soul an offering for
their sin. 4. That nothing is due to the justice of God for sin, -
that is, that sin does not in the justice of God deserve punishment, -
is a good, comfortable doctrine for men that are resolved to continue
in their sins whilst they live in this world. The Scripture tells us
that Christ paid what he took not; that all our iniquities were caused
to meet upon him; that he bare them in his own body on the tree; that
his soul was made an offering for sin, and thereby made reconciliation
or atonement for the sins of the people. If these persons be otherwise
minded, we cannot help it.
  Fourthly. It is added, that "This doctrine does not only
disadvantage the tribe virtue and real intent of Christ's life and
death, but entirely deprives God of that praise which is owing to his
greatest love and goodness."
  Ans. 1. I suppose that this is the first time that this doctrine
fell under this imputation; nor could it possibly be liable unto this
charge from any who did either understand it or the grounds on which
it is commonly opposed. For there is no end of the life or death of
Christ which the Socinians themselves admit of, but it is also allowed
and asserted in the doctrine now called in question. Do they say, that
he taught the truth, or revealed the whole mind and will of God
concerning his worship and our obedience? We say the same. Do they
say, that by his death he bare testimony unto and confirmed the truth
which he had taught? It is also owned by us. Do they say, that in what
he did and suffered he set us an example that we should labour after
conformity unto? It is what we acknowledge and teach: only, we say
that all these things belong principally to his prophetical office.
But we, moreover, affirm and believe, that as a priest, or in the
discharge of his sacerdotal office, he did, in his death and
sufferings, offer himself a sacrifice to God, to make atonement for
our sins, - which they deny; and that he died for us, or in our stead,
that we might go free: without the faith and acknowledgment whereof no
part of the gospel can be rightly understood. All the ends, then,
which they themselves assign of the life and death of Christ are by us
granted; and the principal one, which gives life and efficacy to the
rest, is by them denied. Neither, - 2. Does it fall under any possible
imagination, that the praise due unto God should be eclipsed hereby.
The love and kindness of God towards us is in the Scripture fixed
principally and fundamentally on his "sending of his only begotten Son
to die for us." And, certainly, the greater the work was that he had
to do, the greater ought our acknowledgment of his love and kindness
to be. But it is said, -
  Fifthly, "That it represents the Son as more kind and compassionate
than the Father; whereas if both be the same God, then either the
Father is as loving as the Son, or the Son as angry as the Father."
  Ans. 1. The Scripture refers the love of the Father unto two heads:
- (1.) The sending of his Son to die for us, John 3: 16; Rom. 5: 8; I
John 4: 9, lo. (2.) In choosing sinners unto a participation of the
fruits of his love, Eph. 1: 3-6. The love of the Son is fixed signally
on his actual giving himself to die for us, Gal. 2: 20; Eph. 5: 25;
Rev. 1: 5. What balances these persons have got to weigh these loves
in, and to conclude which is the greatest or most weighty, I know not.
2. Although only the actual discharge of his office be directly
assigned to the love of Christ, yet his condescension in taking our
nature upon him, - expressed by his mind, Phil. 2: 5-8, and the
readiness of his will, Ps. 40: 8, - does eminently comprise love in it
so. 3. The love of the Father in sending of the Son was an act of his
will; which being a natural and essential property of God, it was so
far the act of the Son also, as he is partaker of the same nature,
though eminently, and in respect of order, it was peculiarly the act
of the Father. 4. The anger of God against sin is an effect of his
essential righteousness and holiness, which belong to him as God;
which yet hinders not but that both Father, and Son, and Spirit, acted
love towards sinners. They say again, -
  Sixthly, "It robs God of the gift of his Son for our redemption,
which the Scriptures attribute to the unmerited love he had for the
world, in affirming the Son purchased that redemption from the Father,
by the gift of himself to God as our complete satisfaction."
  Ans. 1. It were endless to consider the improper and absurd
expressions which are made use of in these exceptions, as here; the
last words have no tolerable sense in them, according to any
principles whatever. 2. If the Son's purchasing redemption for us,
procuring, obtaining it, do rob God of the gift of his Son for our
redemption, the Holy Ghost must answer for it; for, having "obtained"
for us, or procured, or purchased, "eternal redemption," is the word
used by himself, Heb. 9: 12; and to deny that he has laid down his
life a "ransom" for us, and has "bought us with a price," is openly to
deny the gospel. 3. In a word, the great gift of God consisted in
giving his Son to obtain redemption for us. 4. Herein he "offered
himself unto God," and "gave himself for us;" and if these persons are
offended herewithal, what are we, that we should withstand God? They
say, -
  Seventhly, "Since Christ could not pay what was not his own, it
follows, that in the payment of his own the case still remains equally
grievous; since the debt is not hereby absolved or forgiven, but
transferred only; and, by consequence, we are no better provided for
salvation than before, owing that now to the Son which was once owing
to the Father."
  Ans. The looseness and dubiousness of the expressions here used
makes an appearance that there is something in them, when indeed there
is not. There is an allusion in them to a debt and a payment, which is
the most improper expression that is used in this matter; and the
interpretation thereof is to be regulated by other proper expressions
of the same thing. But to keep to the allusion: - 1. Christ paid his
own, but not for himself, Dan. 9: 26. 2. Paying it for us, the debt is
discharged; and our actual discharge is to be given out according to
the ways and means, and upon the conditions, appointed and constituted
by the Father and Son. 3. When a debt is so transferred as that one is
accepted in the room and obliged to payment in the stead of another,
and that payment is made and accepted accordingly, all law and reason
require that the original debtor be discharged. 4. What on this
account we owe to the Son, is praise, thankfulness, and obedience, and
not the debt which he took upon himself and discharged for us, when we
were nonsolvent, by his love. So that this matter is plain enough, and
not to be involved by such cloudy expressions and incoherent
discourse, following the metaphor of a debt. For if God be considered
as the creditor, we all as debtors, and being insolvent, Christ
undertook, out of his love, to pay the debt for us, and did so
accordingly, which was accepted with God; it follows that we are to be
discharged upon God's terms, and under a new obligation unto his love
who has made this satisfaction for us: which we shall eternally
acknowledge. It is said, -
  Eighthly, "It no way renders men beholden or in the least obliged to
God, since by their doctrine he would not have abated us, nor did he
Christ, the least farthing; so that the acknowledgments are peculiarly
the Son's: which destroys the whole current of Scripture testimony for
his goodwill towards men. O the infamous portraiture this doctrine
draws of the infinite goodness! Is this your retribution, O injurious
satisfactionists?"
  Ans. This is but a bold repetition of what, in other words, was
mentioned before over and over. Wherein the love of God in this matter
consisted, and what is the obligation on us unto thankfulness and
obedience, has been before also declared; and we are not to be moved
in fundamental truths by vain exclamations of weak and unstable men.
It is said, -
  Ninthly, "That God's justice is satisfied for sins past, present,
and to come, whereby God and Christ have lost both their power of
enjoining godliness and prerogative of punishing disobedience; for
what is once paid, is not revocable, and if punishment should arrest
any for their debts, it argues a breach on God or Christ's part, or
else that it has not been sufficiently solved, and the penalty
complete sustained by another."
  Ans. The intention of this pretended consequence of our doctrine is
that, upon a supposition of satisfaction made by Christ, there is no
solid foundation remaining for the prescription of faith, repentance,
and obedience, on the one hand; or of punishing them who refuse so to
obey, believe, or repent, on the other. The reason of this inference
insinuated seems to be this, - that sin being satisfied for, cannot be
called again to an account. For the former part of the pretended
consequence, - namely, that on this supposition there is no foundation
left for the prescription of godliness, - I cannot discern any thing
in the least looking towards the confirmation of it in the words of
the objection laid down. But these things are quite otherwise; as is
manifest unto them that read and obey the gospel. For, - 1. Christ's
satisfaction for sins acquits not the creature of that dependence on
God, and duty which he owes to God, which (notwithstanding that) God
may justly, and does prescribe unto him, suitable to his own nature,
holiness, and will. The whole of our regard unto God does not lie in
an acquitment from sin. It is, moreover, required of us, as a
necessary and indispensable consequence of the relation wherein we
stand unto him, that we live to him and obey him, whether sin be
satisfied for or no. The manner and measure hereof are to be regulated
by his prescriptions, which are suited to his own wisdom and our
condition; and they are now referred to the heads mentioned, of faith,
repentance, and new obedience. 2. The satisfaction made for sin being
not made by the sinner himself, there must of necessity be a rule,
order, and law-constitution, how the sinner may come to be interested
in it, and made partaker of it. For the consequent of the freedom of
one by the suffering of another is not natural or necessary, but must
proceed and arise from a law-constitution, compact, and agreement.
Now, the way constituted and appointed is that of faith, or believing,
as explained in the Scripture. If men believe not, they are no less
liable to the punishment due to their sins than if no satisfaction at
all were made for sinners. And whereas it is added, "Forgetting that
every one en must appear before the judgement-seat of Christ, to
receive according to the things done in the body, yea, and every one
must give an account of himself to God;" Closing all with this, "But
many more are the gross absurdities and blasphemies that are the
genuine fruits of this so confidently-believed doctrine of
satisfaction:" I say it is, - 3. Certain that we must all appear
before the judgment-seat of Christ, to receive according to the things
done in the body; and therefore, woe will be unto them at the great
day who are not able to plead the atonement made for their sins by the
blood of Christ, and an evidence of their interest therein by their
faith and obedience, or the things done and wrought in them and by
them whilst they were in the body here in this world. And this it
would better become these persons to retake themselves unto the
consideration of, than to exercise themselves unto an unparalleled
confidence in reproaching those with absurdities and blasphemies who
believe the Deity and satisfaction of Jesus Christ, the Son of the
living God, who died for us; which is the ground and bottom of all our
expectation of a blessed life and immortality to come.
  The removal of these objections against the truth, scattered of late
up and down in the hands of all sorts of men, may suffice for our
present purpose. If any amongst these men judge that they have an
ability to manage the opposition against the truth as declared by us,
with such pleas, arguments, and exceptions, as may pretend an interest
in appearing reason, they shall, God assisting, be attended unto. With
men given up to a spirit of railing or reviling, - though it be no
small honour to be reproached by them who reject with scorn the
eternal Deity of the Son of God, and the satisfactory atonement that
he made for the sins of men, - no person of sobriety will contend. And
I shall farther only desire the reader to take notice, that though
these few sheets were written in a few hours, upon the desire and for
the satisfaction of some private friends, and therefore contain merely
an expression of present thoughts, without the least design or
diversion of mind towards accuracy or ornament; yet the author is so
far confident that the truth, and nothing else, is proposed and
confirmed in them, that he fears not but that an opposition to what is
here declared will be removed, and the truth reinforced in such a way
and manner as may not be to its disadvantage.

                               An Appendix

The preceding discourse, as has been declared, was written for the use
of ordinary Christians, or such as might be in danger to be seduced,
or any way entangled in their minds, by the late attempts against the
truths pleaded for: for those to whom the dispensation of the gospel
is committed, are "debtors both to the Greeks and to the Barbarians;
both to the wise and to the unwise," Rom. 1: 14. It was therefore
thought meet to insist only on things necessary, and such as their
faith is immediately concerned in; and not to immix therewithal any
such arguments or considerations as might not, by reason of the terms
wherein they are expressed, be obvious to their capacity and
understanding. Unto plainness and perspicuity, brevity was also
required, by such as judged this work necessary. That design, we hope,
is answered, and now discharged in some useful measure. But yet,
because many of our arguments on the head of the satisfaction of
Christ depend upon the genuine signification and notion of the words
and terms wherein the doctrine of it is delivered, - which, for the
reasons before mentioned, could not conveniently be discussed in the
foregoing discourse, - I shall here, in some few instances, give an
account of what farther confirmation the truth might receive by a due
explanation of them. And I shall mention here but few of them, because
a large dissertation concerning them all is intended in another way.
  First. For the term of satisfaction itself, it is granted that in
this matter it is not found in the Scripture, - that is, it is not so
(here follows transcribed Greek:) |G: retoos|, or syllabically, - but
it is |G: kata to pragma anantirretoos|; the thing itself intended is
asserted in it, beyond all modest contradiction. Neither, indeed, is
there in the Hebrew language any word that does adequately answer unto
it; no, nor yet in the Greek. As it is used in this cause, |G: engue|,
which is properly "sponsio," or "fide-jussio," in its actual
discharge, makes the nearest approach unto it: |G: hikanon poiein| is
used to the same purpose. But there are words and phrases, both in the
Old Testament and in the New, that are equipollent unto it, and
express the matter or thing intended by it: as in the Old are, (here
follows transcribed Hebrew:) |H: pidjon padah| [Ps. 49: 9], and |H:
kofer| This last word we render "satisfaction," Numb. 35: 32, 33,
where God denies that any compensation, sacred or civil, shall be
received to free a murderer from the punishment due unto him; which
properly expresses what we intend: "Thou shalt admit of no
satisfaction for the life of a murderer."
  In the New Testament: |G: lutron, antilutron, apolutroosis, time,
hilasmos| and the verbs, |G: lutroun, apolutroun, exagapozein,
hilaskesthai|, are of the same importance, and some of them
accommodated to express the thing intended, beyond that which has
obtained in vulgar use. For that which we intended hereby is, the
voluntary obedience unto death, and the passion or suffering, of our
Lord Jesus Christ, God and man, whereby and wherein he offered himself
through the eternal Spirit, for a propitiatory sacrifice, that he
might fulfil the law, or answer all its universal postulate; and as
our sponsor, undertaking our cause, when we were under the sentence of
condemnation, underwent the punishment due to us from the justice of
God, being transferred on him; whereby having made a perfect and
absolute propitiation or atonement for our sins, he procured for us
deliverance from death and the curse, and a right unto life
everlasting. Now, this is more properly expressed by some of the words
before mentioned than by that of satisfaction; which yet,
nevertheless, as usually explained, is comprehensive, and no way
unsuited to the matter intended by it.
  In general, men by this word understand either "reparationem
offensae" or "solutionem debiti," - either "reparation made for
offense given unto any," or "the payment of a debt."Debitum" is either
"criminale" or "pecuniarium;" that is, either the obnoxiousness of a
man to punishment for crimes or the guilt of them, in answer to that
justice and law which he is necessarily liable and subject unto; or
unto a payment or compensation by and of money, or what is valued by
it; - which last consideration, neither in itself nor in any
seasonings from an analogy unto it, can in this matter have any proper
place. Satisfaction is the effect of the doing or suffering what is
required for the answering of his charge against faults or sins, who
has right, authority, and power to require, exact, and inflict
punishment for them. Some of the schoolmen define it by "Voluntaria
redditio aequivalentis indebiti;" of which more elsewhere. The true
meaning of, "to satisfy, or make satisfaction," is "tantum facere aut
pati, quantum quantum satis sit juste irato ad vindictam." This
satisfaction is impleaded as inconsistent with free remission of sins,
- how causelessly we have seen. It is so far from it, that it is
necessary to make way for it, in case of a righteous law transgressed,
and the public order of the universal Governor and government of all
disturbed. And this God directs unto, Lev. 4: 31, "The priest shall
make an atonement for him, and it shall be forgiven him." This
atonement was a legal satisfaction, and it is by God himself premised
to remission or pardon. And Paul prays Philemon to forgive Onesimus,
though he took upon himself to make satisfaction for all the wrong or
damage that he had sustained, Epist. verses 18, 19. And when God was
displeased with the friends of Job, he prescribes a way to them, or
what they shall do, and what they shall get done for them, that they
might be accepted and pardoned, Job 42: 7, 8, "The LORD said unto
Eliphaz, My wrath is kindled against thee, and against thy two
friends: therefore take unto you now seven bullocks and seven rams,
and go to my servant Job, and offer up for yourselves a
burnt-offering; and my servant Job shall pray for you: for him will I
accept: lest I deal with you after your folly." He plainly enjoins an
atonement, that he might freely pardon them. And both these, - namely,
satisfaction and pardon, with their order and consistency, - were
solemnly represented by the great institution of the sacrifice of the
scapegoat. For after all the sins of the people were put upon him, or
the punishment of them transferred unto him in a type and
representation, with "Quod in ejus caput sit," the formal reason of
all sacrifices propitiatory, he was sent away with them; denoting the
oblation or forgiveness of sin, after a translation made of its
punishment, Lev. 16: 21, 22. And whereas it is not expressly said that
that goat suffered, or was slain, but was either |H: azazel| "hircus,"
|G: apopompaios|, "a goat sent away," or was sent to a rock called
Azazel, in the wilderness, as Vatablus so and Oleaster, with some
others, think (which is not probable, seeing, though it might then be
done whilst the people were in the wilderness of Sinai, yet could not,
by reason of its distance, when the people were settled in Canaan, be
annually observed), it was from the poverty of the types, whereof no
one could fully represent that grace which it had particular respect
unto. What, therefore, was wanting in that goat was supplied in the
other, which was slain as a sin-offering, verses 15, 16.
Neither does it follow, that, on the supposition of the satisfaction
pleaded for, the freedom, pardon, or acquitment of the person
originally guilty and liable to punishment must immediately and " ipso
facto" ensue. It is not of the nature of every solution or
satisfaction, that deliverance must "ipso facto" follow. And the
reason of it is, because this satisfaction, by a succedaneous
substitution of one to undergo punishment for another, must be founded
in a voluntary compact and agreement. For there is required unto it a
relaxation of the law, though not as unto the punishment to be
inflicted, yet as unto the person to be punished. And it is otherwise
in personal guilt than in pecuniary debts. In these, the debt itself
is solely intended, the person only obliged with reference whereunto.
In the other, the person is firstly and principally under the
obligation. And therefore, when a pecuniary debt is paid, by
whomsoever it be paid, the obligation of the person himself unto
payment ceases "ipso facto." But in things criminal, the guilty person
himself being firstly, immediately, and intentionally under the
obligation unto punishment, when there is introduced by compact a
vicarious solution, in the substitution of another to suffer, though
he suffer the same absolutely which those should have done for whom he
suffers, yet, because of the acceptation of his person to suffer,
which might have been refused, and could not be admitted without some
relaxation of the law, deliverance of the guilty persons cannot ensue
"ipso facto," but by the intervention of the terms fixed on in the
covenant or agreement for an admittance of the substitution.
  It appears, from what has been spoken, that, in this matter of
satisfaction, God is not considered as a creditor, and sin as a debt;
and the law as an obligation to the payment of that debt, and the Lord
Christ as paying it; - though these notions may have been used by some
for the illustration of the whole matter, and that not without
countenance from sundry expressions in the Scripture to the same
purpose. But God is considered as the infinitely holy and righteous
author of the law, and supreme governor of all mankind, according to
the tenor and sanction of it. Man is considered as a sinner, a
transgressor of that law, and thereby obnoxious and liable to the
punishment constituted in it and by it, - answerably unto the justice
and holiness of its author. The substitution of Christ was merely
voluntary on the part of God, and of himself, undertaking to be a
sponsor, to answer for the sins of men by undergoing the punishment
due unto them. To this end there was a relaxation of the law as to the
persons that were to suffer, though not as to what was to be suffered.
Without the former, the substitution mentioned could not have been
admitted; and on supposition of the latter, the suffering of Christ
could not have had the nature of punishment, properly so called: for
punishment relates to the justice and righteousness in government of
him that exacts it and inflicts it; and this the justice of God does
not but by the law. Nor could the law be any way satisfied or
fulfilled by the suffering of Christ, if, antecedently thereunto, its
obligation, or power of obliging unto the penalty constituted in its
sanction unto sin, was relaxed, dissolved, or dispensed withal. Nor
was it agreeable to justice, nor would the nature of the things
themselves admit of it, that another punishment should be inflicted on
Christ than what we had deserved; nor could our sin be the impulsive
cause of his death; nor could we have had any benefit thereby. And
this may suffice to be added unto what was spoken before as to the
nature of satisfaction, so far as the brevity of the discourse
whereunto we are confined will bear, or the use whereunto it is
designed does require.
  Secondly. The nature of the doctrine contended for being declared
and cleared, we may, in one or two instances, manifest how evidently
it is revealed, and how fully it may be confirmed or vindicated. It
is, then, in the Scripture declared, that "Christ died for us," that
he "died for our sins;" and that we are thereby delivered. This is the
foundation of Christian religion as such. Without the faith and
acknowledgment of it, we are not Christians. Neither is it, in these
general terms, at all denied by the Socinians. It remains, therefore,
that we consider, - 1. How this is revealed and affirmed in the
Scripture; and, 2. What is the true meaning of the expressions: and
propositions wherein it is revealed and affirmed; - for in them, as in
sundry others, we affirm that the satisfaction pleaded for is
contained.
  1. Christ is said to die, to give himself, to be delivered, |G:
huper hemoon|, etc., for us, for his sheep, for the life of the world,
for sinners, John 6: 51, 10: 15; Rom. 5: 6; 2 Cor. 5: 14, 15; Gal. 2:
20; Heb. 2: 9. Moreover, he is said to die |G: huper hamartioon|, for
sins, 1 Cor. 15: 3; Gal. 1: 4. The end whereof, everywhere expressed
in the gospel, is, that we might be freed, delivered, and saved. These
things, as was said, are agreed unto and acknowledged.
  2. The meaning and importance, we say, of these expressions is, that
Christ died in our room, place, or stead, undergoing the death or
punishment which we should have undergone in the way and manner before
declared. And this is the satisfaction we plead for. It remains,
therefore, that from the Scripture, the nature of the things treated
of, the proper signification and constant use of the expressions
mentioned, the exemplification of them in the customs and usages of
the nations of the world, we do evince and manifest that what we have
laid down is the true and proper sense of the words wherein this
revelation of Christ's dying for us is expressed; so that they who
deny Christ to have died for us in this sense do indeed deny that he
properly died for us at all, - whatever benefits they grant that by
his death we may obtain.
  First. We may consider the use of this expression in the Scripture
either indefinitely or in particular instances.
  Only we must take this along with us, that dying for sins and
transgressions, being added unto dying for sinners or persons, makes
the substitution of one in the room and stead of another more evident
than when the dying of one for another only is mentioned. For whereas
all predicates are regulated by their subjects, and it is ridiculous
to say that one dies in the stead of sins, the meaning can be no other
but the bearing or answering of the sins of the sinner in whose stead
any one dies. And this is, in the Scripture, declared to be the sense
of that expression, as we shall see afterward. Let us, therefore,
consider some instances: - 
  John 11: 50, The words of Caiaphas' counsel are, |G: Sumferei hemin,
hina heis anthroopos apothanei huper tou laou, kai me holon to ethnos
apoletai| - "It is expedient for us, that one man should die for the
people, and that the whole nation perish not:" which is expressed
again, chap. 18: 14, |G: apolesthai huper tou laou|, "perish for the
people." Caiaphas feared that if Christ were spared, the people would
be destroyed by the Romans. The way to free them, he thought, was by
the destruction of Christ; him, therefore, he devoted to death, in
lieu of the people. As he, -
      "Unum pro multi dabitur caput;" -
      "One head shall be given for many."
Not unlike the speech of Otho the emperor in Xiphilin, when he slew
himself to preserve his army; for when they would have persuaded him
to renew the war after the defeat of some of his forces, and offered
to lay down their lives to secure him, he replied, that he would not,
adding this reason, |G: Polu gar pou kai kreitton, kai dikaioteron
estin, hena huper pantoon e pollous huper henos apolethai| - "It is
far better, and more just, that one should perish or die for all, than
that many should perish for one;" that is, one in the stead of many,
that they may go free; or as another speaks, -
      "|G: Exon pro pahtoon mian huperdounai thanein|" - Eurip.
      Frag. Erec.
      "Let one be given up to die in the stead of all."
  John 13: 37, |G: ten psuchen mou huper sou thesoo|. They are the
words of St. Peter unto Christ, "I will lay down my life for thee;" -
"To free thee, I will expose my own head to danger, my life to death,
- that thou mayest live, and I die." It is plain that he intended the
same thing with the celebrated |G: antipsuchoi| of old, who exposed
their own lives |G: psuchen anti psuches| for one another. Such were
Damon and Pythias, Orestes and Pylades, Nisus and Euryalus. Whence is
that saying of Seneca, "Succurram perituro, set ut ipse non peream;
nisi si futures era magni hominis, aut magnae rei merces;" - "I will
relieve or succour one that is ready to perish; yet so as that I
perish not myself, - unless thereby I be taken in lieu of some great
man, or great matter;" - "For a great man, a man of great worth and
usefulness, I could perish or die in his stead, that he might live and
go free."
  We have a great example, also, of the importance of this expression
in these words of David concerning Absalom, 2 Sam. 18:33, |H: mi-yiten
muti ani tachteicha| - "Who will grant me to die, I for thee," or in
thy stead, "my son Absalom?" [Literal rendering of the Hebrew.] It was
never doubted but that David wished that he had died in the stead of
his son, and to have undergone the death which he did, to have
preserved him alive. As to the same purpose, though in another sense,
Mezentius in Virgil expresses himself, when his son Lausus,
interposing between him and danger in battle, was slain Aeneas: -
      "Tantane me tenuit vivendi, nate, voluptas,
      Ut pro me hostile paterer succedere dextrae
      Quem genui? tuane haec genitor per vulnera servor,
      Morte tua vivens?" - Aen. 10. 846.
"Hast thou, O son, fallen under the enemies' hand in my stead? Am I
saved by thy wounds? Do I live by thy death?"
  And the word |H: tachat|, used by David, does signify, when applied
unto persons, either a succession or a substitution; still the coming
of one into the place and room of another. When one succeeded to
another in government, it is expressed by that word, 2 Sam. 10: 1; 1
Kings 1: 35, 19: 16. In other cases it denotes a substitution. So Jehu
tells his guard, that if any one of them let any of Baal's priests
escape, |H: nafsho tachat nafsho| - his life should go in the stead of
the life that he had suffered to escape. 
And this answers unto |G: anti| in the Greek; which is also used in
this matter, and ever denotes either equality, contrariety, or
substitution. The two former senses can here have no place; the latter
alone has. So it is said, that Archelaus reigned |G: anti Herodou tou
patros outou|, Matt. 2: 22, - "in the room" or stead "of his father
Herod." So |G: ofthalmos anti ofthalmou, hodous anti hodontos|,  Matt.
5: 38, is "an eye for an eye, and a tooth for a tooth." And this word
also is used in expressing the death of Christ for us. He came |G:
dounai ten psuchen hautou lutron anti polloon}, Matt. 20: 28, - "to
give his life a ransom for many;" that is, in their stead to die. So
the words are used again, Mark 10: 45. And both these notes of a
succedaneous substitution are joined together, 1 Tim. 2: 6, |G: Ho
dous heauton antilutron huper pantoon|. And this the Greeks call |G:
tes psuchen priasthai|, - to buy any thing, to purchase or procure any
thing, with the price of one's life. So Tigranes in Xenophon, when
Cyrus asked him what he would give or do for the liberty of his wife,
whom he had taken prisoner, answered, |G: Kan tes psuches priaimen
hooste latreusai tauten| - "I will purchase her liberty with my life,"
or "the price of my soul." Whereon the woman being freed, affirmed
afterward, that she considered none in the company, but him who said,
|G: hoos tes psuches an priaito hooste me me douleuein|, "that he
would purchase my liberty with his own life," [Cyrop. lib. iii.]
  And these things are added on the occasion of the instances
mentioned in the Scripture; whence it appears, that this expression of
"dying for another" has no other sense or meaning, but only dying
instead of another, undergoing the death that he should undergo, that
he might go free. And in this matter of Christ's dying for us, add
that he so died for us as that he also died for our sins; that is,
either to bear their punishment or to expiate their guilt (for other
sense the words cannot admit); and he that pretends to give any other
sense of them than that contended for, which implies the whole of what
lies in the doctrine of satisfaction, "erit mihi magnus Apollo," even
he who was the author of all ambiguous oracles of old.
  And this is the common sense of "mori pro alio," and "pati pro
aito," or "pro alio discrimen capitis subire;" a substitution is still
denoted by that expression: which suffices us in this whole cause, for
we know both into whose room he came, and what they were to suffer.
Thus Entellus, killing and sacrificing an ox to Eryx in the stead of
Dares, whom he was ready to have slain, when he was taken from him,
expresses himself, -
      "Hanc tibia, Eryx, meliorem animam pro morte Daretis
      Persolvo." - Aen. v. 483.
He offered the ox, a better sacrifice, in the stead of Dares, taken
from him. So, -
      "Fratrem Pollux alterna morte redemit." - Aen. vi. 121.
And they speak so not only with respect unto death, but wherever any
thing of durance or suffering is intended. So the angry master    in
the comedian: -
      "Verberibus caesum te in pistrinum, Dave, dedam usque ad
      necem; 
      Ea lege atque omine, ut, si te inde exemerim, ego pro te
      molam." - 
                                                   Ter. And., i. 2, 28.
He threatened his servant, to cast him into prison, to be macerated to
death with labour; and that with this engagement, that if he ever let
him out, he would grind for him; - that is, in his stead. Wherefore,
without offering violence to the common means of understanding things
amongst men, another sense cannot be affixed to these words.
  The nature of the thing itself will admit of no other exposition
than that given unto it; and it has been manifoldly exemplified among
the nations of the world. For suppose a man guilty of any crime, and
on the account thereof to be exposed unto danger from God or man, in a
way of justice, wrath, or vengeance, and when he is ready to be given
up unto suffering according unto his demerit, another should tender
himself to die for him, that he might be freed; let an appeal be made
to the common reason and understandings of all men, whether the
intention of this his dying for another be not, that he substitutes
himself in his stead, to undergo what he should have done, however the
translation of punishment from one to another may be brought about and
asserted; for at present we treat not of the right, but of the fact,
or the thing itself. And to deny this to be the case as to the
sufferings of Christ, is, as far as I can understand, to subvert the
whole gospel.
  Moreover, as was said, this has been variously exemplified among the
nations of the world; whose acting in such cases, because they
excellently shadow out the general notion of the death of Christ for
others, for sinners, and are appealed unto directly by the apostle to
this purpose, Rom. 5: 7, 8, I shall in a few instances reflect upon.
  Not to insist on the voluntary surrogations of private persons, one
into the room of another, mutually to undergo dangers and death for
one another, as before mentioned, I shall only remember some public
transactions, in reference unto communities, in nations, cities, or
armies. Nothing is more celebrated amongst the ancients than this,
that when they supposed themselves in danger, from the anger and
displeasure of their gods, by reason of any guilt or crimes among
them, some one person should either devote himself or be devoted by
the people, to die for them; and therein to be made, as it wets, an
expiatory sacrifice. For where sin is the cause, and God is the object
respected; the making of satisfaction by undergoing punishment, and
expiating of sin by a propitiatory sacrifice, are but various
expressions of the same thing. Now, those who so devoted themselves,
as was said, to die in the stead of others, or to expiate their sins,
and turn away the anger of God they feared, by their death, designed
two things in what they did. First, That the evils which were
impendent on the people, and feared, might fall on themselves, so that
the people might go free. Secondly, That all good things which
themselves desired, might be conferred on the people. Which things
have a notable shadow in them of the great expiatory sacrifice,
concerning which we treat, and expound the expressions wherein it is
declared. The instance of the Decii is known; of whom the poet, -
      "Plebeiae Deciornm animae, plebeian fuerunt
      Nomina; pro totis legionibus Hi tamen, et pro
      Omnibus auxiliis, atque omni plebe Latina,
      Sufficiunt Diis infernis."
  The two Decii, father and son, in imminent dangers of the people,
devoted themselves, at several times, unto death and destruction. And
says he, "Sufficiunt Diis infernis,- "they satisfied for the whole
people; adding the reason whence so it might be: -
      "Pluris denim Decii quam qui servntur ab illis." Juv., Sat.
      vii. 254-8
They were more to be valued than all that were saved by them. And the
great historian does excellently describe both the actions and
expectations of the one and the other in what they did. The father,
when the Roman army, commanded by himself and Titus Manlius, was near
a total ruin by the Latins, called for the public priest, and caused
him, with the usual solemn ceremonies, to devote him to death for the
deliverance and safety of the army; after which, making his requests
to his gods, ("dii quorum est potestas nostrorum hostiumque,") "the
gods that had power over them and their adversaries," as he supposed,
he cast himself into death by the swords of the enemy. "Conspectus ab
utraque acie aliquanto augustior humano visu, sicut coelo missus
piaculum omnis deorum irae, qui pestam ab suis aversam in hostes
ferret;" - "He was looked on by both armies as one more august than a
man, as one sent from heaven, to be a piacular sacrifice, to appease
the anger of the gods, and to transfer destruction from their own army
to the enemies," Liv., Hist. viii. 9. His son, in like manner, in a
great and dangerous battle against the Gauls and Samnites, wherein he
commanded in chief, devoting himself, as his father had done, added
unto the former solemn deprecations': - "Prae se agere sese formidinem
ac fugam, caedemque ac cruorem, coelestum, inferorum iras," lib. x.
28; - "That he carried away before him, from those for whom he devoted
himself, 'fear and flight, slaughter and blood, the anger of the
celestial and infernal gods.'" And as they did, in this devoting of
themselves, design "averruncare malum, deum iras, lustrare populum,
aut exercitum, piaculum fieri," or |G: peripsema, anathema,
apokatharma|, - "expiare crimina, scelus, raetum," "or to remove all
evil from others, by taking it on themselves in their stead; so also
they thought they might, and intended in what they did, to covenant
and contract for the good things they desired. So did these Decii; and
so is Menoeceus reported to have done, when he devoted himself for the
city of Thebes, in danger to be destroyed by the Argives. So Papinius
Statius introduces him treating with his gods: -
      "Armorum superi, tuque o qui funere tanto
      Indulges mihi, Phoebe, mori, date gaudia Thebis,
      Quae pepigi, et toto quae sanguine prodigus emi." - [Theb.
      x. 757.]
He reckoned that he had not only repelled all death and danger from
Thebes, by his own, but that he had purchased joy, in peace and
liberty, for the people.
  And where there was none in public calamities that did voluntarily
devote themselves, the people were wont to take some obnoxious person,
to make him execrable, and to lay on him, according to their
superstition, all the wrath of their gods, and so give him up to
destruction. Such the apostle alludes unto, Rom. 9: 3; 1 Cor. 4: 9,
13. So the Massilians were wont to expiate their city by taking a
person devoted, imprecating on his head all the evil that the city was
obnoxious unto, casting him into the sea with these words, |G:
Peripsema hemoon genou| - "Be thou our expiatory sacrifice." To which
purpose were the solemn words that many used in their expiatory
sacrifices, as Herodotus [lib ii. 39] testifies of the Egyptians,
bringing their offerings. Says he, |G: Katapeontai de, tade legontes,
teisi kefaleisin, ei ti melloi e sfisi toisi thuousi, e Aiguptooi tei
sunapasei kakon genesthai es kefalen tauten trapesthai| - "They laid
these imprecations on their heads, that if any evil were happening
towards the sacrificer, or all Egypt, let it be all turned and laid on
this devoted head."
  And the persons whom they thus dealt withal, and made execrate, were
commonly of the vilest of the people, or such as had rendered
themselves detestable by their own crimes; whence was the complaint of
the mother of Menaeceus upon her son's devoting himself: -
      "Lustralemne feris, ego te puer inclyte Thebis,
      Devotumque caput, ilis seu mater alebam?" - [Statius, Theb.
      x. 788, 789.]
  I have recounted these instances to evince the common intention,
sense, and understanding of that expression, of one dying for another,
and to manifest by examples what is the sense of mankind about any
one's being devoted and substituted in the room of others, to deliver
them from death and danger; the consideration whereof, added to the
constant use of the words mentioned in the Scripture, is sufficient to
found and confirm this conclusion: -
  "That whereas it is frequently affirmed in the Scripture, that
'Christ died for us, and for our sins,' etc., to deny that he died and
suffered in our stead, undergoing the death whereunto we were
obnoxcious, and the punishment due to our sins, is, - if we respect in
what we say or believe the constant use of those words in the
Scripture, the nature of the thing itself concerning which they are
used, the uncontrolled use of that expression in all sorts of writers
in expressing the same thing, with the instances and examples of its
meaning and intention among the nations of the world, - to deny that
he died for us at all."
  Neither will his dying for our good or advantage only, in what way
or sense soever, answer or make good or true the assertion of his
dying for us and our sins. And this is evident in the death of the
apostles and martyrs. They all died for our good; our advantage and
benefit was one end of their sufferings, in the will and appointment
of God: and yet it cannot be said that they died for us, or our sins.
  And if Christ died only for our good, though in a more effectual
manner than they did, yet this alters not the kind of his dying for
us; nor can he thence be said, properly, according to the only due
sense of that expression, so to do.
  I shall, in this brief and hasty discourse, add only one
consideration more about the death of Christ, to confirm the truth
pleaded for; it and that is, that he is said, in dying for sinners,
"to bear their sins.". Isa. 53: 11, "He shall bear their iniquities;"
verse 12, "He bare the sin of many;" explained, verse 5, "He was
wounded for our transgressions, he was bruised for our iniquities; the
chastisement of our peace was upon him." 1 Pet. 2: 24, "Who his own
self bare our sins in his own body on the tree," etc.
  This expression is purely sacred. It occurs not directly in other
authors, though the sense of it in other words do frequently. They
call it "luere peccata;" that is, "delictorum supplicium ferre," - "to
bear the punishment of sins." The meaning, therefore, of this phrase
of speech is to be taken from the Scripture alone, and principally
from the Old Testament, where it is originally used; and from whence
it is transferred into the New Testament, in the same sense, and no
other. Let us consider some of the places: -
  Isa. 53: 11, |H: awonotam hu yisbol|. The same word, |H: saval|, is
used verse 4, |H: umach'oveinu svalam|, - "And our griefs, he has
borne them." The word signifies, properly, to bear a weight or a
burden, as a man bears it on his shoulders, - "bajulo, porto." And it
is never used with respect unto sin, but openly and plainly it
signifies the undergoing of the punishment due unto it. So it occurs
directly to our purpose, Lam. 5: 7 |H: avoteinu chat'u einam anachnu
awonoteihem savalnu| - "Our fathes have sinned, and are not; and we
have borne their iniquities;" the punishment due to their sins. And
why a new sense should be forged for these words when they are spoken
concerning Christ, who can give a just reason?
  Again; |H: nasa|  is used to the same purpose, |H: wehu chet-rabim
nasa| Isa. 53: 12, "And he bare the sin of many. |H: nasa| is often
used with respect unto sin; sometimes with reference unto God's acting
about it, and sometimes with reference unto men's concerns in it. In
the first way, or when it denotes an act of God, it signifies to lift
up, to take away or pardon sin; and leaves the word |H: awon|,
wherewith it is joined under its first signification, of iniquity, or
the guilt of sin, with respect unto punishment ensuing as its
consequent; for God pardoning the guilt of sin, the removal of the
punishment does necessarily ensue, guilt containing an obligation unto
punishment. In the latter way, as it respects men or sinners, it
constantly denotes the bearing of the punishment of sin, and gives
that sense unto |H: awon|, with respect unto the guilt of sin as its
cause. And hence arises the ambiguity of these words of Cain, Gen. 4:
13, |H: gadol awoni minso|. If |H: nasa| denotes an act of God, if the
words be spoken with reference, in the first p]ace, to any acting of
his towards Cain, |H: awon| retains the sense of iniquity, and the
words are rightly rendered, "My sin is greater than to be forgiven."
If it respect Cain himself firstly, |H: awon| assumes the
signification of punishment, and the words are to be rendered, "My
punishment is greater than I can bear," or "is to be borne by me."
  This, I say, is the constant sense of this expression, nor can any
instance to the contrary be produced. Some may be mentioned in the
confirmation of it. Numb. 19: 33, "Your children shall wander in the
wilderness forty years," |H: wenasu et-znuteichem| "and shall bear
your whoredoms." Verse 34, |H: tisu et-awonoteichem arba'im shanah| -
"Ye shall bear your iniquities forty years;" that is, the punishment
due to your whoredoms and iniquities, according to God's providential
dealings with them at that time. Lev. 19: 8, "He that eateth it |H:
awono yisa| shall bear his iniquity. How? |H: nichretah hanefesh hahi|
- "That soul shall be cut off." To be cut off for sin by the
punishment of it, and for its guilt, is to bear iniquity. So chap. 20:
16-18, for a man to bear his iniquity, and to be killed, slain, or put
to death for it, are the same.
  Ezek. 18: 20, |H: hanefesh hachotet hi tamoet ben lo-yisa ba'awon
ha'av| - "The soul that sinneth, it shall die. The son shall not bear
the sin of the father." To bear sin, and to die for sin, are the same.
More instances might be added, all uniformly speaking the same sense
of the words.
  And as this sense is sufficiently, indeed invincibly, established by
the invariable use of that expression in the Scripture so the manner
whereby it is affirmed that the Lord Christ bare our iniquities, sets
it absolutely free from all danger by opposition. For he bare our
iniquities when |H: wa'adonai hifnia bo et awon kulanu| - "the LORD
made to meet on him, or laid on him; the iniquity of us all," Isa. 53:
6; which words the LXX render, |G: Kai Kurios paredooken auton tais
hamartiais hemoon| - "The LORD gave him up, or delivered him unto our
sins;" that is, to be punished for them, for other sense the words can
have none. "He made him in sin for us," 2 Cor. 5: 21. So "he bare our
sins," Isa. 53: 12. How? "In his own body on the tree," 1 Pet. 2: 24;
that when he was, and in his being stricken, smitten, afflicted,
wounded bruised, slain, so was the chastisement of our peace upon him.
  Wherefore, to deny that the Lord Christ, in his death and suffering
for us, underwent the punishment due to our sins, what we had
deserved, that we might be delivered, as it everts the great
foundation of the gospel, so, by an open perverting of the plain words
of the scripture, because not suited in their sense and importance to
the sin imaginations of men, it gives no small countenance to
infidelity and atheism.