An Open Letter on Translating
                        By Dr. Martin Luther, 1483-1546
                               Translated from:
                         "Sendbrief von Dolmetschen"
                        in _Dr. Martin Luthers Werke_,
                 (Weimar: Hermann Boehlaus Nachfolger, 1909),
                        Band 30, Teil II, pp. 632-646
                              by Gary Mann, Ph.D.
                   Assistant Professor of Religion/Theology
                               Augustana College
                             Rock Island, Illinois

       Preface

       Wenceslas Link to all believers in Christ:

       The wise Solomon says in Proverbs 11: "The people who withhold
       grain curse him.  But there is a blessing on those who sell it." 
       This verse speaks truly concerning all that can serve the common
       good or the well-being of Christendom.  This is the reason the
       master in the gospel reprimands the unfaithful servant like a lazy
       scoundrel for having hidden and buried his money in the ground. 
       So that this curse of the Lord and the entire Church might be
       avoided, I must publish this letter which came into my possession
       through a good friend.  I could not withhold it, as there has been
       much discussion about the translating of the Old and New
       Testaments.  It has been charged by the despisers of truth that
       the text has been modified and even falsified in many places,
       which has shocked and startled many simple Christians, even among
       the educated who do not know any Hebrew or Greek.  It is devoutly
       hoped that with this publication the slander of the godless will
       be stopped and the scruples of the devout removed, at least in
       part.  It may even give rise to more writing on such matters and
       questions such as these.  So I ask all friends of the Truth to
       seriously take this work to heart and faithfully pray to God for a
       proper understanding of the divine Scriptures towards the
       improvement and increase of our common Christendom.  Amen.

       Nuremberg Sept. 15, 1530.

       To the Honorable and Worthy N., my favorite lord and friend.

       Grace and peace in Christ, honorable, worthy and dear Lord and
       friend.  I received your writing with the two questions or queries
       requesting my response.  In the first place, you ask why I, in the
       3rd chapter of Romans, translated the words of St. Paul:
       "Arbitramur hominem iustificari ex fide absque operibus" as "We
       hold that the human will be justified without the works of the law
       but only by faith." You also tell me that the Papists are causing
       a great fuss because St. Paul's text does not contain the word
       sola (alone), and that my changing of the words of God is not to
       be tolerated.  Secondly, you ask if the departed saints intercede
       for us.  Regarding the first question, you can give the papists
       this answer from me - if you so desire.

       On the first hand, if I, Dr. Luther, had thought that all the
       Papists together were capable of translating even one passage of
       Scripture correctly and well, I would have gathered up enough
       humility to ask for their aid and assistance in translating the
       New Testament into German.  However, I spared them and myself the
       trouble, as I knew and still see with my own eyes that not one of
       them knows how to speak or translate German.  It is obvious,
       however, that they are learning to speak and write German from my
       translations.  Thus, they are stealing my language from me - a
       language they had little knowledge of before this.  However, they
       do not thank me for this but instead use it against me.  Yet I
       readily grant them this as it tickles me to know that I have
       taught my ungrateful students, even my enemies, to speak.

       Secondly, you might say that I have conscientiously translated the
       New Testament into German to the best of my ability, and that I
       have not forced anyone to read it.  Rather I have left it open,
       only doing the translation as a service to those who could not do
       it as well.  No one is forbidden to do it better.  If someone does
       not wish to read it, he can let it lie, for I do not ask anyone to
       read it or praise anyone who does!  It is my Testament and my
       translation - and it shall remain mine.  If I have made errors
       within it (although I am not aware of any and would most certainly
       be unwilling to intentionally mistranslate a single letter) I will
       not allow the papists to judge for their ears continue to be too
       long and their hee-haws too weak for them to be critical of my
       translating.  I know quite well how much skill, hard work,
       understanding and intelligence is needed for a good translation.
       They know it less than even the miller's donkey for they have
       never tried it.

       It is said, "The one who builds along the pathway has many
       masters."  It is like this with me. Those who have not ever been
       able to speak correctly (to say nothing of translating) have all
       at once become my masters and I their pupil.  If I were to have
       asked them how to translate the first two words of Matthew "Liber
       Generationis" into German, not one of them would have been able to
       say "Quack!"  And they judge all my works!  Fine fellows!  It was
       also like this for St. Jerome when he translated the Bible.
       Everyone was his master.  He alone was entirely incompetent as
       people, who were not good enough to clean his boots, judged his
       works.  This is why it takes a great deal of patience to do good
       things in public for the world believes itself to be the Master of
       Knowledge, always putting the bit under the horse's tail, and not
       judging itself for that is the world's nature.  It can do nothing
       else.

       I would gladly see a papist come forward and translate into German
       an epistle of St. Paul's or one of the prophets and, in doing so,
       not make use of Luther's German or translation.  Then one might
       see a fine, beautiful and noteworthy translation into German.

       We have seen that bungler from Dresden play master to my New
       Testament.  (I will not mention his name in my books as he has his
       judge and is already well- known).  He does admit that my German
       is good and sweet and that he could not improve it.  Yet, anxious
       to dishonor it, he took my New Testament word for word as it was
       written, and removed my prefaces and glosses, replacing them with
       his own. Then he published my New Testament under his name!  Dear
       Children, how it pained me when his prince in a detestable preface
       condemned my work and forbid all from reading Luther's New
       Testament, while at the same time commending the Bungler's New
       Testament to be read - even though it was the very same one Luther
       had written!

       So no one thinks I am lying, put Luther's and the Bungler's New
       Testaments side by side and compare them.  You will see who did
       the translation for both.  He has patched it in places and
       reordered it (and although it does not all please me) I can still
       leave it be for it does me no particular harm as far as the
       document is concerned.  That is why I never intended to write in
       opposition to it.  But I did have a laugh at the great wisdom that
       so terribly slandered, condemned and forbade my New Testament,
       when it was published under my name, but required its reading when
       published under an other's name!  What type of virtue is this that
       slanders and heaps shame on someone else's work, and then steals
       it, and publishes it under one's own name, thereby seeking glory
       and esteem through the slandered work of someone else!  I leave
       that for his judge to say. I am glad and satisfied that my work
       (as St. Paul also boasts ) is furthered by my enemies, and that
       Luther's work, without Luther's name but that of his enemy, is to
       be read.  What better vengeance?!

       Returning to the issue at hand, if your Papist wishes to make a
       great fuss about the word "alone" (sola), say this to him: "Dr.
       Martin Luther will have it so and he says that a papist and an ass
       are the same thing."  Sic volo, sic iubeo, sit pro ratione
       voluntas. (I will it, I command it; my will is reason enough) For
       we are not going to become students and followers of the papists. 
       Rather we will become their judge and master.  We, too, are going
       to be proud and brag with these blockheads; and just as St. Paul
       brags against his madly raving saints, I will brag over these
       asses of mine!  They are doctors?  Me too.  They are scholars?  I
       am as well.  They are philosophers?  And I.  They are
       dialecticians?  I am too.  They are lecturers?  So am I. They
       write books?  So do I.

       I will go even further with my bragging: I can exegete the psalms
       and the prophets, and they cannot.  I can translate, and they
       cannot.  I can read Holy Scriptures, and they cannot.  I can pray,
       they cannot.  Coming down to their level, I can do their
       dialectics and philosophy better than all of them put together.
       Plus I know that not one of them understands Aristotle.  If, in
       fact, any one of them can correctly understand one part or chapter
       of Aristotle, I will eat my hat!  No, I am not overdoing it for I
       have been educated in and have practiced their science since my
       childhood.  I recognize how broad and deep it is.  They, too, know
       that everything they can do, I can do.  Yet they handle me like a
       stranger in their discipline, these incurable fellows, as if I had
       just arrived this morning and had never seen or heard what they
       know and teach.  How they do so brilliantly parade around with
       their science, teaching me what I grew beyond twenty years ago! 
       To all their shouting and screaming I join the harlot in singing: 
       "I have known for seven years that horseshoe nails are iron."

       So this can be the answer to your first question.  Please do not
       give these asses any other answer to their useless braying about
       that word "sola" than simply "Luther will have it so, and he says
       that he is a doctor above all the papal doctors."  Let it remain
       at that.  I will, from now on, hold them in contempt, and have
       already held them in contempt, as long as they are the kind of
       people that they are - asses, I should say.  And there are brazen
       idiots among them who have never learned their own art of
       sophistry - like Dr. Schmidt and Snot-Nose, and such like them.
       They set themselves against me in this matter, which not only
       transcends sophistry, but as St. Paul writes, all the wisdom and
       understanding in the world as well.  An ass truly does not have to
       sing much as he is already known for his ears.

       For you and our people, however, I shall show why I used the word
       "sola" - even though in Romans 3 it wasn't "sola" I used but
       "solum" or "tantum".  That is how closely those asses have looked
       at my text!  However, I have used "sola fides" in other places,
       and I want to use both "solum" and "sola".  I have continually
       tried translating in a pure and accurate German.  It has happened
       that I have sometimes searched and inquired about a single word
       for three or four weeks.  Sometimes I have not found it even then. 
       I have worked Meister Philip and Aurogallus so hard in translating
       Job, sometimes barely translating 3 lines after four days.  Now
       that it has been translated into German and completed, all can
       read and criticize it.  One can now read three or four pages
       without stumbling one time - without realizing just what rocks and
       hindrances had once been where now one travels as as if over a
       smoothly-cut plank.  We had to sweat and toil there before we
       removed those rocks and hindrances, so one could go along nicely. 
       The plowing goes nicely in a clear field.  But nobody wants the
       task of digging out the rocks and hindrances. There is no such
       thing as earning the world's thanks.  Even God cannot each thanks,
       not with the sun, nor with heaven and earth, or even the death of
       his Son.  It just is and remains as it is, in the devil's name, as
       it will not be anything else.

       I also know that in Rom. 3, the word "solum" is not present in
       either Greek or Latin text - the papists did not have to teach me
       that - it is fact!  The letters s-o-l-a are not there.  And these
       knotheads stare at them like cows at a new gate, while at the same
       time they do not recognize that it conveys the sense of the text -
       if the  translation is to be clear and accurate, it belongs there.
       I wanted to speak German since it was German I had spoken in
       translation - not Latin or Greek.  But it is the nature of our
       language that in speaking about two things, one which is affirmed,
       the other denied, we use the word "solum" only along with the word
       "not" (nicht) or "no" (kein).  For example, we say "the farmer
       brings only (allein) grain and no money"; or "No, I really have no
       money, but only (allein) grain"; I have only eaten and not yet
       drunk"; "Did you write it only and not read it over?"  There are a
       vast number of such everyday cases.

       In all these phrases, this is a German usage, even though it is
       not the Latin or Greek usage.  It is the nature of the German
       tongue to add "allein" in order that "nicht" or "kein" may be
       clearer and more complete.  To be sure, I can also say "The farmer
       brings grain and no (kein) money, but the words "kein money" do
       not sound as full and clear as if I were to say, "the farmer
       brings allein grain and kein money."  Here the word "allein" helps
       the word "kein" so much that it becomes a clear and complete
       German expression.

       We do not have to ask about the literal Latin or how we are to
       speak German - as these asses do.  Rather we must ask the mother
       in the home, the children on the street, the common person in the
       market about this.  We must be guided by their tongue, the manner
       of their speech, and do our translating accordingly.  Then they
       will understand it and recognize that we are speaking German to
       them.

       For instance, Christ says: Ex abundatia cordis os loquitur. If I
       am to follow these asses, they will lay the original before me
       literally and translate it as: "Out of the abundance of the heart
       the mouth speaks."  Is that speaking with a German tongue? What
       German could understand something like that?  What is this
       "abundance of the heart?"  No German can say that; unless, of
       course, he was trying to say that someone was altogether too
       magnanimous, or too courageous, though even that would not yet be
       correct, as "abundance of the heart" is not German, not any more
       than "abundance of the house, "abundance of the stove" or
       "abundance of the bench" is German.  But the mother in the home
       and the common man say this: "What fills the heart overflows the
       mouth."  That is speaking with the proper German tongue of the
       kind I have tried for, although unfortunately not always
       successfully.  The literal Latin is a great barrier to speaking
       proper German.

       So, as the traitor Judas says in Matthew 26: "Ut quid perditio
       haec?" and in Mark 14: "Ut quid perditio iste unguenti facta est?" 
       Subsequently, for these literalist asses I would have to translate
       it: "Why has this loss of salve occurred?"  But what kind of
       German is this?  What German says "loss of salve occurred"?  And
       if he does understand it at all, he would think that the salve is
       lost and must be looked for and found again; even though that is
       still obscure and uncertain.  Now if that is good German why do
       they not come out and make us a fine, new German testament and let
       Luther's testament be?  I think that would really bring out their
       talents.  But a German would say "Ut quid, etc.." as "Why this
       waste?" or "Why this extravagance?" Even "it is a shame about the
       ointment" - these are good German, in which one can understand
       that Magdalene had wasted the salve she poured out and had done
       wrong.  That was what Judas meant as he thought he could have used
       it better.

       Now when the angel greets Mary, he says: "Greetings to you, Mary,
       full of grace, the Lord is with you."  well up to this point, this
       has simply been translated from the simple Latin, but tell me is
       that good German? Since when does a German speak like that - being
       "full of grace"?  One would have to think about a keg "full of"
       beer or a purse "full of" money.  So I translated it: "You
       gracious one".  This way a German can at last think about what the
       angel meant by his greeting.  Yet the papists rant about me
       corrupting the angelic greeting - and I still have not used the
       most satisfactory German translation.  What if I had used the most
       satisfactory German and translated the salutation: "God says
       hello, Mary dear" (for that is what the angel was intending to say
       and what he would have said had he even been German!).  If I had,
       I believe that they would have hanged themselves out of their
       great devotion to dear Mary and because I have destroyed the
       greeting.

       Yet why should I be concerned about their ranting and raving?  I
       will not stop them from translating as they want.  But I too shall
       translate as I want and not to please them, and whoever does not
       like it can just ignore it and keep his criticism to himself, for
       I will neither look at nor listen to it.  They do not have to
       answer for or bear responsibility for my translation.  Listen up,
       I shall say "gracious Mary" and "dear Mary", and they can say
       "Mary full of grace".  Anyone who knows German also knows what an
       expressive word "dear"(liebe)  is: dear Mary, dear God, the dear
       emperor, the dear prince, the dear man, the dear child.  I do not
       know if one can say this word "liebe" in Latin or in other
       languages with so much depth of emotion that it pierces the heart
       and echoes throughout as it does in our tongue.

       I think that St. Luke, as a master of the Hebrew and Greek
       tongues, wanted to clarify and articulate the Greek word
       "kecharitomene" that the angel used.  And I think that the angel
       Gabriel spoke with Mary just as he spoke with Daniel, when he
       called him "Chamudoth" and "Ish chamudoth, vir desiriorum", that
       is "Dear Daniel."  That is the way Gabriel speaks, as we can see
       in Daniel.  Now if I were to literally translate the words of the
       angel, and use the skills of these asses, I would have to
       translate it as "Daniel, you man of desires" or "Daniel, you man
       of lust".  Oh, that would be beautiful German!  A German would, of
       course, recognize "Man", "Lueste" and "begirunge" as being German
       words, although not altogether pure as "lust" and "begir" would be
       better.  But when those words are put together you get "you man of
       desires" and no German is going to understand that. He might even
       think that Daniel is full of lustful desires.  Now wouldn't that
       be a fine translation!  So I have to let the literal words go and
       try to discover how the German says what the Hebrew "ish
       chamudoth" expresses.  I discover that the German says this, "You
       dear Daniel", "you dear Mary", or "you gracious maiden", "you
       lovely maiden", "you gentle girl" and so on.  A translator must
       have a large vocabulary so he can have more words for when a
       particular one just does not fit in the context.

       Why should I talk about translating so much?  I would need an
       entire year were I to point out the reasons and concerns behind my
       words.  I have learned what an art and job translating is by
       experience, so I will not tolerate some papal ass or mule as my
       critic, or judge.  They have not tried the task.  If anyone does
       not like my translations, they can ignore it; and may the devil
       repay the one who dislikes or criticizes my translations without
       my knowledge or permission.  Should it be criticized, I will do it
       myself.  If I do not do it, then they can leave my translations in
       peace.  They can each do a translation that suits them - what do I
       care?

       To this I can, with good conscience, give witness - that I gave my
       utmost effort and care and I had no ulterior motives.  I have not
       taken or wanted even a small coin in return.  Neither have I made
       any by it.  God knows that I have not even sought honor by it, but
       I have done it as a service to the blessed Christians and to the
       honor of the One who sits above who blesses me every hour of my
       life that had I translated a thousand times more diligently, I
       should not have deserved  to live or have a sound eye for even a
       single hour.  All I am and have to offer is from his mercy and
       grace - indeed of his precious blood and bitter sweat.  Therefore,
       God willing, all of it will also serve to his honor, joyfully and
       sincerely.  I may be insulted by the scribblers and papists but
       true Christians, along with Christ, their Lord, bless me. 
       Further, I am more than amply rewarded if just one Christian
       acknowledge me as a workman with integrity.  I do not care about
       the papists, as they are not good enough to acknowledge my work
       and, if they were to bless me, it would break my heart.  I may be
       insulted by their highest praise and honor, but I will still be a
       doctor, even a distinguished one.  I am certain that they shall
       never take from me until the final day.

       Yet I have not just gone ahead, ignoring the exact wording in the
       original.  Instead, with great care, I have, along with my
       helpers, gone ahead and have kept literally to the original,
       without the slightest deviation, wherever it appeared that a
       passage was crucial.  For instance, in John 6 Christ says: "Him
       has God the Father set his seal upon (versiegelt)."  It would be
       more clear in German to say "Him has God the Father signified
       (gezeiehent)" or even "God the Father means him."  But rather than
       doing violence to the original, I have done violence to the German
       tongue.  Ah, translating is not every one's skill as some mad
       saints think.  A right, devout, honest, sincere, God-fearing
       Christian, trained, educated, and experienced heart is required.
       So I hold that no false Christian or divisive spirit can be a good
       translator.  That is obvious given the translation of the Prophets
       at Worms which although carefully done and approximating my own
       German quite closely, does not show much reverence for Christ due
       to the Jews who shared in the translation.  Aside from that it
       shows plenty of skill and craftsmanship there.

       So much for translating and the nature of language. However, I was
       not depending upon or following the nature of language when I
       inserted the word "solum" (alone) in Rom. 3 as the text itself,
       and St. Paul's meaning, urgently necessitated and demanded it.  He
       is dealing with the main point of Christian doctrine in this
       passage - namely that we are justified by faith in Christ without
       any works of the Law.  In fact, he rejects all works so completely
       as to say that the works of the Law, though it is God's law and
       word, do not aid us in justification.  Using Abraham as an
       example, he argues that Abraham was so justified without works
       that even the highest work, which had been commanded by God, over
       and above all others, namely circumcision, did not aid him in
       justification.  Instead, Abraham was justified without
       circumcision and without any works, but by faith, as he says in
       Chapter 4: "If Abraham is justified by works, he may boast, but
       not before God."  However, when all works are so completely
       rejected - which must mean faith alone justifies - whoever would
       speak plainly and clearly about this rejection of works would have
       to say "Faith alone justifies and not works." The matter itself
       and the nature of language necessitates it.

       "Yet", they say, "it has such an offensive tone that people infer
       from it that need not do any good works."  Dear, what are we to
       say?  IS it not more offensive for St. Paul himself to not use the
       term "faith alone" but but spell it even more clearly, putting the
       finishing touches on it by saying "Without the works of the Law?" 
       Gal. 1 [2.16] says that "not by works of the law' (as well as in
       many other places)  for the phrase  "without the works of the law"
       is so sever offensive, and scandalous that no amount of revision
       can help it.  How much more might people learn from "that they
       need not do any good works", when all they hear is about the
       preaching about  the works themselves, sated in such a clear
       strong way: "No works", "without works", "not by works"! If it is
       not offensive to preach "without works", "not by works"! If it is
       not offensive to preach "without works", "not by works"!, "no
       works", why is it offensive to preach "by faith alone"?

       Still more offensive is that St. Paul does not reject just
       ordinary works, but works of the law!  It follows that one could
       take offense at that all the more and say that the law is
       condemned and cursed before God and one ought only do what is
       contrary to the law as it is said in Rom. 3: "Why not do evil so
       that there might be more good?" which is what that one divisive
       spirit of our time was doing.  Should one reject St. Paul's word
       because of such `offense' or refrain from speaking freely about
       faith?  Gracious, St. Paul and I want to offend like this for we
       preach so strongly against works, insisting on faith alone for no
       other reason that to offend people that they might stumble and
       fall and learn that they are not saved by good works but only by
       Christ's death and resurrection.  Knowing that they cannot be
       saved by their good works of the law, how much more will they
       realize that they shall not be saved by bad works, or without the
       law!  Therefore, it does not follow that because good works do not
       help, bad works will; just as it does not follow that because the
       sun cannot help a blind person see, the night and darkness must
       help him see.

       It astounds me that one can be offended by something as obvious as
       this!  Just tell me, is Christ's death and resurrection our work,
       what we do, or not?  It is obviously not our work, nor is it the
       work of the law.  Now it is Christ's death and resurrection alone
       which saves and frees us from sin, as Paul writes in Rom. 4: "He
       died for our sin and arose for our righteousness."  Tell me more! 
       What is the work by which we take hold of Christ's death and
       resurrection?  It must not be an external work but only the
       eternal faith in the heart that alone, indeed all alone, which
       takes hold of this death and resurrection when it is preached
       through the gospel.  Then why all this ranting and raving, this
       making of heretics and burning of them, when it is clear at its
       very core, proving that faith alone takes hold of Christ's death
       and resurrection, without any works, and that his death and
       resurrection are our life and righteousness? As this fact is so
       obvious, that faith alone gives, brings, and takes a hold of this
       life and righteousness - why should we not say so?  It is not
       heretical that faith alone holds on to Christ and gives life; and
       yet it seems to be heresy if someone mentions it.  Are they not
       insane, foolish and ridiculous?  They will say that one thing is
       right but brand the telling of this right thing as wrong - even
       though something cannot be simultaneously right and wrong.

       Furthermore, I am not the only one, nor the first, to say that
       faith alone makes one righteous.  There was Ambrose, Augustine and
       many others who said it before me.  And if one is to read and
       understand St. Paul, the same thing must be said and not anything
       else.  His words, as well, are blunt - "no works" - none at all! 
       If it is not works, it must be faith alone.  Oh what a marvelous,
       constructive and inoffensive teaching that would be, to be taught
       that one can be saved by works as well as by faith.  That would be
       like saying that it is not Christ's death alone that takes away
       our sin but that our works have something to do with it.  Now that
       would be a fine way of honoring Christ's death, saying that it is
       helped by our works, and that whatever it does our works can also
       do - that we are his equal in goodness and power.  This is the
       devil itself for he cannot ever stop abusing the blood of Christ.

       Therefore the matter itself, at its very core, necessitates one
       say: "Faith alone makes one righteous."  The nature of the German
       tongue teaches us to say it in the same way.  In addition, I have
       the examples of the holy fathers.  The dangers confronting the
       people also compel it so they do not continue to hang onto works
       and wander away from faith, losing Christ, especially at this time
       when they have been so accustomed to works they have to be pulled
       away from them by force.  It is for these reasons that it is not
       only right but also necessary to say it as plainly and forcefully
       as possible: "Faith alone saves without works!"  I am only sorry I
       did not add "alle" and "aller", and said "without any (alle) works
       of any (aller) laws."  That would have stated it most effectively. 
       Therefore, it will remain in the New Testament, and though all the
       papal asses rant and rave at me, they shall not take it away from
       me.  Let this be enough for now. I will have to speak more about
       this in the treatise "On Justification" (if God grants me grace).

       On the other question as to whether the departed saints intercede
       for us.  For the present I am only going to give a brief answer as
       I am considering publishing a sermon on the beloved angels in
       which I will respond more fully on this matter (God willing).

       First, you know that under the papacy it is not only taught that
       the saints in heaven intercede for us - even though we cannot know
       this as the Scripture does not tell us such - but the saints have
       been made into gods, and that they are to be our patrons to whom
       we should call.  Some of them have never existed! To each of these
       saints a particular power and might has been given - one over
       fire, another over water, another over pestilence, fever and all
       sorts of plagues.  Indeed, God must have been altogether idle to
       have let the saints work in his place.  Of this atrocity the
       papists themselves are aware, as they quietly take up their pipes
       and preen and primp themselves over this doctrine of the
       intercession of the saints.  I will leave this subject for now -
       but you can count on my not forgetting it and allowing this
       primping and preening to continue without cost.

       And again, you know that there is not a single passage from God
       demanding us to call upon either saints or angels to intercede for
       us, and that there is no example of such in the Scriptures.  One
       finds that the beloved angels spoke with the fathers and the
       prophets, but that none of them had ever been asked to intercede
       for them.  Why even Jacob the patriarch did not ask the angel with
       whom he wrestled for any intercession. Instead, he only took from
       him a blessing.  In fact, on finds the very opposite in revelation
       as the angel will not allow itself to be worshipped by John. [Rev.
       22]  So the worship of saints shows itself as nothing but human
       nonsense, our own invention separated from the word of God and the
       Scriptures.

       As it is not proper in the matter of divine worship for us to do
       anything that is not commanded by God (and that whoever does is
       putting God to the test), it is therefore also not advisable or
       tolerable for one to call upon the saints for intercession or to
       teach others to do so.  In fact, it is to be condemned and people
       taught to avoid it.  Therefore, I also will not advise it and
       burden my conscience with the iniquities of others.  It was
       difficult for me to stop from worshipping the saints as I was so
       steeped in it to have nearly drowned.  But the light of the gospel
       is now shining so brightly that from now on no one has an excuse
       for remaining in the darkness.  We all very well know what we are
       to do.

       This is itself a very risky and blasphemous way to worship for
       people are easily accustomed to turning away from Christ. They
       learn quickly to trust more in the saints than in Christ himself. 
       When our nature is already all to prone to run from God and
       Christ, and trust in humanity, it is indeed difficult to learn to
       trust in God and Christ, even though we have vowed to do so and
       are therefore obligated to do so.  Therefore, this offense is not
       to be tolerated whereby those who are weak and of the flesh
       participate in idolatry, against the first commandment and our
       baptism.  Even if one tries nothing other than to switch their
       trust from the saints to Christ, through teaching and practice, it
       will be difficult to accomplish, that one should come to him and
       rightly take hold of him.  One need not paint the Devil on the
       door - he will already be present.

       We can finally be certain that God is not angry with us, and that
       even if we do not call on the saints for intercession, we are
       secure for God has never commanded it.  God says that God is a
       jealous God granting their iniquities on those who do not keep his
       commandments [Ex.20]; but there is no commandment here and,
       therefore, no anger to be feared.  Since, then, there is on this
       side security and on the other side great risk and offense against
       the Word of God, why should we go from security into danger where
       we do not have the Word of God to sustain, comfort and save us in
       the times of trial?  For it is written, "Whoever loves danger will
       perish by it" [Ecclus. 3], and God's commandment says, "You shall
       not put the Lord your God to the test" [Matt. 4].

       "But," they say, "this way you condemn all of Christendom which
       has always maintained this - until now."  I answer: I know very
       well that the priests and monks seek this cloak for their
       blasphemies.  They want to give to Christendom the damage caused
       by their own negligence.  Then, when we say, "Christendom does not
       err,"  we shall also be saying that they do not err, since
       Christendom believes it to be so.  So no pilgrimage can be wrong,
       no matter how obviously the Devil is a participant in it.  No
       indulgence can be wrong, regardless of how horrible the lies
       involved.  In other words, there is nothing there but holiness!
       Therefore to this you reply, "It is not a question of who is and
       who is not condemned."  They inject this irrelevant idea in order
       to divert us from the topic at hand.  We are now discussing the
       Word of God.  What Christendom is or do does belongs somewhere
       else.  The question here is: "What is or is not the Word of God?
       What is not the Word of God does not make Christendom.

       We read that in the days of Elijah the prophet there was
       apparently no word from God and not worship of God in Israel. For
       Elijah says, "Lord, they have killed your prophets and destroyed
       your altars, and I am left totally alone" [I Kings 19]. Here King
       Ahab and others could have said, "Elijah, with talk like that you
       are condemning all the people of God."  However God had at the
       same time kept seven thousand [I Kings 19].  How?  Do you not also
       think that God could now, under the papacy, have preserved his
       own, even though the priests and monks of Christendom have been
       teachers of the devil and gone to hell? Many children and young
       people have died in Christ.  For even under the anti-Christ,
       Christ has strongly sustained baptism, the bare text of the gospel
       in the pulpit, the Lord's Prayer, and the Creed.  By this means he
       sustained many of his Christians, and therefore also his
       Christendom, and said nothing about it to these devil's teachers.

       Now even though Christians have done some parts of the papal
       blasphemy, the papal asses have not yet proved that they did it
       gladly.  Still less does it prove that they even did the right
       thing.  All Christians can err and sin, but God has taught them to
       pray in the Lord's Prayer for the forgiveness of sins.  God could
       very well forgive the sins they had to unwillingly, unknowingly,
       and under the coercion of the Antichrist commit, without saying
       anything about it to the priests and monks!  It can,however, be
       easily proven that there has always been a great deal of secret
       murmuring and complaining against the clergy throughout the world,
       and that they are not treating Christendom properly.  And the
       papal asses have courageously withstood such complaining with fire
       and sword, even to the present day.  This murmuring proves how
       happy Christians have been over these blasphemies, and how right
       they have been in doing them!

       So out with it, you papal asses!  Say that this is the teaching of
       Christendom: these stinking lies which you villains and traitors
       have forced upon Christendom and for the sake of which you
       murderers have killed many Christians.  Why each letter of every
       papal law gives testimony to the fact that nothing has ever been
       taught by the counsel and the consent of Christendom. There is
       nothing there but "districte precipiendo mandamus" ["we teach and
       strictly command"].  That has been your Holy Spirit. Christendom
       has had to suffer this tyranny.  This tyranny has robbed it of the
       sacrament and, not by its own fault, has been held in captivity. 
       And still the asses would pawn of on us this intolerable tyranny
       of their own wickedness as a willing act and example of
       Christendom - and thereby acquit themselves!

       But this is getting too long.  Let this be enough of an answer to
       your questions for now.  More another time.  Excuse this long
       letter.  Christ our Lord be with us all.  Amen.

       Martin Luther,
       Your good friend.
       The Wilderness, September 8, 1530
         ________________________________________________________________

       This text was translated for Project Wittenberg by Dr. Gary Mann
       in 1995 and was placed by him in the public domain.  You may
       freely distribute, copy or print this text, providing the
       information in this statement remains attached. Please direct any
       comments or suggestions to: Rev. Robert E. Smith of the Walther
       Library at Concordia Theological Seminary.

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