Copyright 1991-1995 by Symantec CorporationDISKEDITc.E&]ç\ ç	ç	ÿ5How to use Help╙╙/hyperlink ÷÷

Disk Editor Index+½	½	H8About the Norton Disk Editor=ττ≤'"Object Menu                      ^bAlt^b+^bL^bK╦╦J.>Drive...                ^bAlt^b+^bD^b or ^bAlt^b+^bO^b,^bD^bKÉÉ:/Directory...            ^bAlt^b+^bR^b or ^bAlt^b+^bO^b,^bR^bK££¡BFile...                 ^bAlt^b+^bF^b or ^bAlt^b+^bO^b,^bF^bK¥¥IG*Clusters...             ^bAlt^b+^bC^b or ^bAlt^b+^bO^b,^bC^bK

÷N*Sectors...              ^bAlt^b+^bS^b or ^bAlt^b+^bO^b,^bS^bKèèVPhysical Sector...      ^bAlt^b+^bP^b or ^bAlt^b+^bO^b,^bP^bKppÆZPartition Table         ^bAlt^b+^bA^b or ^bAlt^b+^bO^b,^bT^bK88`Boot Record             ^bAlt^b+^bB^b or ^bAlt^b+^bO^b,^bB^bGèèBc!FAT                     ^bAlt^b+^bF1^b or ^bAlt^b+^bF2^bNN╠hClipboard4ïï"jExit                    ^bAlt^b+^bX^b4îî╡k?Edit Menu               ^bAlt^b+^bE^bK<<üw!Memory Dump             ^bAlt^b+^bM^b or ^bAlt^b+^bO^b,^bM^bK██╜|Undo                   ^bCtrl^b+^bU^b or ^bAlt^b+^bE^b,^bU^bKääÿ!Mark                   ^bCtrl^b+^bB^b or ^bAlt^b+^bE^b,^bM^bKKKà	Copy                   ^bCtrl^b+^bC^b or ^bAlt^b+^bE^b,^bC^bK,,wåPaste Over             ^bCtrl^b+^bV^b or ^bAlt^b+^bE^b,^bP^b:ºº½êFill...                 ^bAlt^b+^bE^b,^bF^bKttRîWrite Changes...       ^bCtrl^b+^bW^b or ^bAlt^b+^bE^b,^bW^b:╞ÄDiscard Changes...      ^bAlt^b+^bE^b,^bD^b4gg═É*Link Menu               ^bAlt^b+^bL^bKêê\ÖFile                   ^bCtrl^b+^bF^b or ^bAlt^b+^bL^b,^bF^bKii∞ÜDirectory              ^bCtrl^b+^bD^b or ^bAlt^b+^bL^b,^bD^bKQQ]£
Cluster Chain (FAT)    ^bCtrl^b+^bT^b or ^bAlt^b+^bL^b,^bC^b:÷÷╢₧
Partition               ^bAlt^b+^bL^b,^bP^b:ZZ┤áWindow                  ^bAlt^b+^bL^b,^bW^b4==óView Menu               ^bAlt^b+^bV^bDmm½º$View or Edit in Hex     ^bF2^b or ^bAlt^b+^bV^b,^bH^bD «View as Text            ^bF3^b or ^bAlt^b+^bV^b,^bT^bD½½:│XView as a Directory     ^bF3^b or ^bAlt^b+^bV^b,^bD^bD>>⌡─OView as FAT             ^bF5^b or ^bAlt^b+^bV^b,^bF^bDKK;╘TView as Partition Table ^bF6^b or ^bAlt^b+^bV^b,^bP^bDSSûπView as Boot Record     ^bF7^b or ^bAlt^b+^bV^b,^bB^bJééΘΘ1Split Window            ^bShift+F5^b or ^bAlt^b+^bV^b,^bS^bKs≥Unsplit Window       ^bShift^b+^bF5^b or ^bAlt^b+^bV^b,^bU^bK  ä≤Grow Window          ^bShift^b+^bF6^b or ^bAlt^b+^bV^b,^bG^bKâ⌠Shrink Window        ^bShift^b+^bF7^b or ^bAlt^b+^bV^b,^bH^bKä⌡Switch Windows       ^bShift^b+^bF8^b or ^bAlt^b+^bV^b,^bW^bKÉÉú≈Info Menu                                      ^bAlt^b+^bI^b:ΣΣS·Object Information      ^bAlt^b+^bI^b,^bO^b:ää7√Drive Information       ^bAlt^b+^bI^b,^bD^b:╢╢╗√Map of Object           ^bAlt^b+^bI^b,^bM^b966q■	Error Information      ^bAlt^b+^bI^b,^bE^bK  º "Tools Menu                                     ^bAlt^b+^bT^bKªª?Find...                ^bCtrl^b+^bS^b or ^bAlt^b+^bT^b,^bF^bKôôφFind Object                              ^bAlt^b+^bT^b,^bO^bKΦΦê
Find Again             ^bCtrl^b+^bG^b or ^bAlt^b+^bT^b,^bG^bKòòpWrite Object To...      ^bAlt^b+^bW^b or ^bAlt^b+^bT^b,^bW^bK▌▌Print Object As...     ^bCtrl^b+^bP^b or ^bAlt^b+^bT^b,^bP^b:ΦΦΓ-Recalculate Partition   ^bAlt^b+^bT^b,^bR^b:áá╩
Compare Windows         ^bAlt^b+^bT^b,^bC^b:m	m	r9Set Attributes...       ^bAlt^b+^bT^b,^bT^b:▀(Set Date/Time           ^bAlt^b+^bT^b,^bD^b:ååσ+$Calculator              ^bAlt^b+^bT^b,^bL^bK"	"	s0;Advanced Recovery Mode                   ^bAlt^b+^bT^b,^bV^b■
■
Ñ9DTest Disk<┼┼½DUse 2nd FAT Table         ^bAlt^b+^bT^b,^bU^b<ëëpFASCII Table...            ^bAlt^b+^bT^b,^bA^b<ÄÄ∙G	Attach LFN...             ^bAlt^b+^bT^b,^bH^b<¼	¼	çI5Configuration             ^bAlt^b+^bT^b,^bN^b%\\;SKeyboard Usage Summary7NNùVUsing the Editor Scroll Bar with a Mouse*φφσXRescan After System Changes,LL╥[
Disk Editor in Read Only Mode
Each tool of the Norton Utilities has context-sensitive help,
available at a touch of the ^BF1^B key.

Whenever you are using a dialog box and you want instructions
on how to proceed, press ^BF1^B. When you've got a menu pulled
down, you can move the highlight to any item and press ^BF1^B for
help on that item.

When you are first getting familiar with a tool, you will
find it helpful to select the ^b[Index]^b button at the bottom
of any help screen. It displays a list of topics, at least
one of which provides background and introductory material.

^hHyperlinks^h are highlighted phrases in a help topic that 
transfer you to another topic. Select the ^b[Go To]^b button
(just press ^bG^b) or double-click the hyperlink text. Select
the ^b[Go Back]^b button (just press ^bB^b) to return to the
original topic. When ^hmore than one hyperlink^h is on a screen,
press ^bTab^b or ^bShift^b+^bTab^b to move among them.

  With the Keyboard             █  With a Mouse
▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀█▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀
^BTo access help:^B                 █
   ^C07 Press F1                   █ ^C07 Press F1 for context-
                                █   sensitive help
^BTo exit help:^B                   █
   ^C07 Press Esc or select        █ ^C07 Click [Cancel]
     [Cancel] or press C        █   
                                █
^BTo select a help topic:^B         █
   ^C07 Select [Index] or press I  █ ^C07 Click [Index]
   ^C07 Press Tab or Shift+Tab to  █ ^C07 Double-click the topic
     highlight a topic          █
   ^C07 Select [Go To] or press G  █
                                █
^BTo scroll through a topic:^B      █
   ^C07 Use  and  or press       █ ^C07 Drag the slide on the
     Home End PgUp PgDn         █   scroll bar or click the
                                █   arrows at top and bottom
^BTo select a button:^B             █   
   ^C07 Press the accented letter  █ ^C07 Click the button
     in the button or use       █
     ^C1B and ^C1A to highlight       █
     button and press Enter     █
                                █
^BTo expand a hyperlink:^B          █
   ^C07 Press Tab or Shift+Tab     █ ^C07 Double-click the hyperlink
     to highlight text in       █   text
     contrasting color or       █ ^C07 Click [Go Back] to return
     intensity                  █
   ^C07 Select [Go To] or press G  █
   ^C07 Select [Go Back] or        █ 
     press B to return          █
You're in the expanded topic. If you become hyperactive and get
lost, select ^B[Index]^B. Or, press ^bEsc^b to exit the help system.

To return to the previous topic, select ^B[Go Back]^B (press B).
Do so now.
 ,	1C
B^bAbout^b
 ^h Disk Editor            ^h
^bCommands^b
 ^h Object Menu            ^h  Choose what to examine
 ^h Edit Menu              ^h  Control changes in a viewer
 ^h Link Menu              ^h  Move from data to objects
 ^h View Menu              ^h  Change format of data display
 ^h Info Menu              ^h  Statistics and useful information
 ^h Tools Menu             ^h  Manual recovery tools
^bHelp^b
 ^h How to use Help        ^h
 ^h Using a Mouse          ^h
 ^h Keyboard Usage Summary ^h
Disk Editor is an extremely flexible disk utility, designed for
serious use in ^bmanual data recovery^b ── when UnErase, UnFormat,
and the Norton Disk Doctor can't recover your data. It's
great for ^bsystem sleuthing^b and digging into places where you
aren't normally allowed. Programmers will find that Disk Editor
is a dynamite debugging aid for problems related to disk
file layouts.

Here's a little of what's possible:

  ^bFile Allocation Table viewer with dynamic links^b: while
     looking at the FAT, see in a secondary window:
     ^C07 which file owns a particular cluster
     ^C07 all the clusters in the same chain
     ^C07 the contents of the cluster represented by the FAT
       element
  ^bWrite arbitrary data to a file or other object^b on a
     different disk for leisurely recovery in a less difficult
     environment. For instance, you can copy all of a 30
     megabyte partition from one disk to another──either as
     a partition, or as a plain vanilla file.
  ^bView and edit a hard disk Partition Table^b. There's even a
     tool that helps calculate the parts of an entry that are
     hard to figure out manually.
  ^bHandy programmer tools^b: Calculator, ASCII table.
  ^bPoint-and-shoot mark, copy, paste, and fill^b operations with
     a handy clipboard to hold temporary chunks of data.
  ^bVirtualize a disk^b so you can recover data when you cannot
    access a disk as a logical disk.
^b──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────^b
^bCommand-Line Options^b
Use DISKEDIT /? to see a list of command-line options.

Using a filespec in the Disk Editor command line automatically
selects its drive and directory as the defaults and selects
the file itself as the current object.

If you use just a drive ID, the root directory is selected.
If you use a directory name (with no filename), that directory
comes up in the Directory Viewer.

With the Quick Links option (ON by default) you can use this
to quickly get to a file's directory entry, for instance,

  ^bDISKEDIT \STUFF\MYFILE.DAT^b

will bring up the \stuff directory with the entry for
MYFILE.DAT highlighted.

^b/M^b   is needed when some critical DOS part of the disk is
     missing. It causes Disk Editor to bypass the directory
     scan, FAT analysis and similar tasks. You can use
     Physical Sector operation on the disk.

^b/X:^b^bd...^b excludes drives ^bd^b (et al.) from the low-level
     Partition Table scan that is normally performed.
	
	


The Object menu lists the types of things you can view and
modify with Disk Editor.

  ^hDrive...            Alt+D ^h
  ^hDirectory...        Alt+R ^h    These bring up dialogs
  ^hFile...             Alt+F ^h    to let you choose which
  ^hCluster...          Alt+C ^h    object of each type you
  ^hSector...           Alt+S ^h    want to access.
  ^hPhysical Sector...  Alt+P ^h
  ───────────────────────────
  ^hPartition Table     Alt+A ^h    These automatically select
  ^hBoot Record         Alt+B ^h    the specific object for
  ^h1st FAT             Alt+F1^h    the current drive.
  ^h2nd FAT             Alt+F2^h
  ───────────────────────────
  ^hClipboard                 ^h    Available if Mark & Copy is used.
  ───────────────────────────
  ^hMemory Dump...      Alt+M ^h    View contents of memory.
  ───────────────────────────
  ^hExit                Alt+X ^h

Notice that all objects have mnemonic accelerator keys; for
instance, ^bAlt^b+^bF^b instantly brings up the ^bSelect File^b dialog.
You can also walk the menu by pressing ^bAlt^b+^bO^b,^bF^b.

Some menu items (and their accelerator keys) are disabled when
you select a physical disk (rather than a DOS logical drive).
See help on ^hSelecting a Drive^h.

After you select an object, it is displayed in the current
window (the one with a scroll bar). By default, it comes up
in its "natural" display mode, but you may use ^bF2^b-^bF7^b or the
more easily-remembered menu commands (such as ^bAlt^b+^bV^b,^bH^b to ^bV^biew
in ^bH^bex).
This menu command lets you select which disk you want to
access and whether you want to treat it as a "logical" or
"physical" disk (see explanation below).

Use ^b^C18^b and ^b^C19^b to move the highlight and press ^bEnter^b to OK the
choice (or just press the drive ID letter). The active window
will show the root directory of the chosen drive.

To access a hard disk as a Physical disk, press ^bTab^b to get
into the ^b──Type──^b control group box and press ^bSpacebar^b to
toggle the option button. Use ^bTab^b to get back to the drive
list, pick a drive, and OK your choice.

^bNote:^b While you access a drive as a physical disk, many of
      the menu items are disabled. To re-enable them, press
      ^bAlt^b+^bD^b again and pick a logical disk.

When you pick a physical drive, the active window will use the
Partition Table viewer (since it defaults to the first
physical sector on the disk). Press ^bAlt^b+^bP^b to access arbitrary
sectors or press ^bAlt^b+^bV^b,^bH^b and start scrolling to see raw data.
^b──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────^b
^bLogical vs. Physical Drives^b

A "physical drive" is a tangible piece of hardware. Disk Editor
accesses it at the BIOS level only, via head/cylinder/sector
addressing. These disks have names like Hard Disk 1 and
Hard Disk 2. A physical hard disk will have a Partition Table.
If there are any DOS partitions, it will contain one or more
DOS logical drives.

A "logical drive" is one that's supported by DOS or a compatible
installed device driver and contains DOS-specific information
such as a File Allocation Table, root directory, and so forth. 
All drives that have a DOS drive ID are listed and selectable
as logical drives. These may include:

  ^bFloppy disk^b drives of various sizes and types
  ^bHard disk^b drives recognized and supported by DOS, including
        hard disk partitions (treated as separate drives)
  ^bDevice Driven^b, including RAM disks or non-disk
        hardware such as tape drives which use a
        device driver to emulate a standard drive.
  ^bAssigned^b means the drive ID shown is an alias for a
        different drive; it was renamed by the DOS ASSIGN
        command.
  ^bSubstituted^b means the drive ID shown is an alias for some
        directory on a different drive; it was created
        logically by the DOS SUBST command.
  ^bPhantom^b drives are supported by device drivers. This is an
        alias for another drive which is also shown in the
        list ── possibly one with different physical format
        parameters.
  ^bNetwork^b drives are accessed by network support software.
  ^bEncrypted^b indicates an NDisk supported by the Norton
        Diskreet utility. The data in this drive is in a
        coded form that ensures privacy. Its data area is
        located on some other logical DOS drive, but the
        device driver makes DOS treat it as a separate drive.

A DOS hard disk is a logical division of a physical hard disk, 
so you can access it both ways.
#This menu command brings up the standard Norton directory tree
selector dialog. Use ^b^C18^b and ^b^C19^b to move around OR type the first
part of a directory name to zip right to it. Press ^bEnter^b to
OK your choice.

The active window will use the directory viewer to display
your choice. See ^hDirectory View^h for details.

Select ^b[Long name]^b to see the long name for the selected 
directory. The button's name changes to ^b[DOS name]^b so you 
can toggle back to the DOS name.

^bNote:^b To select a directory on a different drive, first use
      ^bAlt^b+^bD^b to select the drive.
^b──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────^b
^bAbout Directories^b

A directory is a disk data area that holds the bookkeeping
information about disk files. All disks have at least one
directory, the ^broot directory^b, which is stored at an easy-
to-find place at the start the disk.

For each file, DOS maintains a ^bdirectory entry^b. It contains
the file's name, size, the date and time when it was created
or last modified, file attribute information, and the disk
address where the first part of the file data is stored.

Besides standard file entries, a directory might contain two
other types of entries. First, the root directory may contain
a ^bvolume label^b. (It is displayed when you type DIR from
the DOS prompt, but serves merely as an identifier.)

The other type of entry is a ^bsubdirectory entry^b. These are
critical to the operation of DOS. Instead of describing the
size and location of a file, each points to another directory.
That directory may, in turn, have other subdirectory entries.
These entries stand out because they have a size of 0 and have
the "Dir" attribute displayed.

In all but the root directory, you will find two special
subdirectory entries listed right at the top, with the
filenames of "^b.^b" and "^b..^b" (dot and dot-dot, as they're called,
or sometimes, "self" and "parent"). When in the Directory
Viewer, you may notice that the Cluster number of ^b.^b is the
same as the cluster you are viewing. The ^b..^b entry points back
to the directory in which it is described. This system helps
DOS climb around the directory tree.
This menu command brings up the Select File dialog box, which
lets you choose a drive, directory, and a file to browse or
edit.

^bTip:^b Use ^bDISKEDIT filespec^b to bring up a file directly
     from the DOS command line.

This dialog is fast and flexible; ^bTab^b to the Drive (press
^bCtrl^b+^b^b to drop down the list), Directories, and Files list
boxes to locate a file, or simply type the name in File: text
box and press ^bEnter^b.

In the Files list, just press the first letter of a filename
to Speed Search for a file (press it again if the right file
doesn't appear). You can also type a wildcard filespec, such
as *.TXT or C:\DBASE\*.DBF in the File: text box, to pare down
the files in the list.

In the Directories box, press ^bEnter^b on the ^b..^b entry to move
"up" one level to the parent directory.

With the mouse, use the scroll bars to reveal the bottom of a
list and double click on anything to select it. Click [OK]
when you have the filename you want in the File: text box.

When you have OKed your selection, the active window will
display the file, using either the Hex Viewer or the Text
Viewer, depending upon what is judged to be the best choice.
	
$This menu command activates the Select Cluster Range dialog
box. In this dialog, you choose a section of the disk to
browse or edit by specifying one or a range of "clusters,"
that is, groups of sectors in the ^bdata area^b of a disk.

^bNote^b: To access the system areas of a disk, use the
      ^hSector...^h command in the Object menu (^bAlt^b+^bS^b).

The valid cluster numbers for the current disk are displayed
in the dialog. Input a starting cluster number and press
^bEnter^b to select only that cluster, or press ^bTab^b (or ^b^C19^b) and
then enter an ending number to identify a range. A specific
range set this way is used in operations such as searching
(^bAlt^b+^bT^b,^bF^b) or copying the data elsewhere (^bAlt^b+^bT^b,^bW^b) and it sets
the limits which the scroll bars obey.

Notice that the status line immediately tells you which file
owns that cluster (if any). You can link to its directory
entry or see its FAT chain via the ^hLink^h menu.

Upon exiting from this dialog, the active window will display
the start of the range using an appropriate viewer.
^b──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────^b
^bAbout Clusters^b

In MS-DOS programming lingo, "cluster" means a group of
adjacent sectors (one or more) that define the minimum
^bfile allocation unit^b. The disk is allocated one cluster
at a time to files and directories.

Cluster number always refers to the ^bdata area^b of a disk (space
reserved for files and subdirectories). Valid cluster numbers
always start at 2. They correspond to entries in the File
Allocation Table.

^bCluster Size^b
  The size of a cluster depends on the disk size and how it was
  organized when it was formatted. Cluster sizes are usually 1K,
  2K, 4K, or 8K. On very large hard disks (over 512M) clusters
  can be 16K or 32K. On RAM disks, it may be as small as 128
  bytes. The ^bAlt^b+^bI^b,^bD^b menu command will report the cluster size
  of the current drive.
This menu command activates the Select Sector Range dialog
box. In this dialog, you choose a section of the disk to
browse or edit by specifying one or a range of disk sectors. 
This menu command is unavailable if you have used ^bAlt^b+^bD^b to
access a disk as a Physical drive.

The valid sector numbers for the current disk are displayed in
the dialog. Input a starting sector number and press ^bEnter^b to
select just that sector, or press ^bTab^b and then enter an ending
number to identify a range. A specific range set this way is
used in operations such as searching (^bAlt^b+^bT^b,^bF^b) or copying the
data elsewhere (^bAlt^b+^bT^b,^bW^b) and it sets the limits which the
scroll bars obey.

The ^b──Sector Usage──^b box is for information only; it may help
you decide which sector(s) you want to pick.

Upon exit from this dialog, the active window will display the
start of the range using an appropriate viewer (or the Hex
Viewer).
^b──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────^b
^bAbout Sectors^b

Everything read from or written to a disk comes in a minimum
chunk size called a "sector."  When a disk is formatted, the
surface is divided up into these pieces where data can go.

Sectors are nearly always 512 bytes, but on virtual media,
such as RAM disks, you may see sizes as low as 128 bytes.

^bSector Numbering^b

At the lowest level, sectors are identified by a three-part
(H,C,S) Physical coordinate system: ^bH^bead (or side),
^bC^bylinder (or track), and ^bS^bector. The first head is #0
and the first cylinder #0, but the first sector on any
cylinder is #1.

Thus, Logical sector numbers are just Physical coordinates.
You need to use Physical numbering to access any non-DOS part
of the disk, such as the Partition Table itself, or data
between partitions.


This menu command activates the Select Physical Sector Range
dialog box. In this dialog, you choose a section of the disk
to browse or edit by specifying the physical disk coordinates
of a sector.

Input values into the Cylinder, Side, and Sector fields; use
^bTab^b to move from field to field. Enter a value into the
^bNumber of sectors^b field to specify the size of the range. A
range set this way is used in operations such as searching
(^bAlt^b+^bT^b,^bF^b) or copying the data elsewhere (^bAlt^b+^bT^b,^bW^b) and it sets
the limits which the scroll bars obey.

See help for ^hSelecting Sectors^h for some background and a look
at differences between ^bLogical^b and ^bPhysical^b sector numbering.

By using this physical coordinate system, you can access parts
of the disk which are not controlled by DOS, including:

  ^b^C10^b The "master boot record" (the program code executed when a
    hard disk is booted) and the ...
  ^b^C10^b Partition Table,
  ^b^C10^b Any gap between the Partition Table and the start of the
    DOS partition,
  ^b^C10^b Areas which are not part of any partition, and
  ^b^C10^b Partitions in use by systems other than DOS.
This menu command immediately reads the first physical sector
of the current disk and activates the Partition Table Viewer
in the active window. This command is available only if the
current disk is a hard disk.
^b──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────^b
^bAbout Partitions^b

Before an operating system can be installed on a hard disk,
some partitioning software (often the DOS FDISK utility)
prepares the first physical sector of the disk (Cylinder 0,
Side 0, Sector 1) with a data structure that describes the
disk as a set of one or more divisions called partitions.

This "Partition Table" makes it possible to have multiple
operating systems on the same hard disk, and to treat a
single hard disk as two or more separate drives.

The Partition Table is ^bthe single most important data
^bstructure on a hard disk^b. This table tells how many
logical divisions are on the disk, where each part starts
and stops, and which part (if any) contains the operating
system to run at startup. If it is damaged, the disk
won't boot and its contents can become inaccessible.

During the boot sequence, the BIOS reads the Partition
Table to see which operating system to load and where it's
stored. Only when valid information is in the Partition Table
can the boot sequence proceed. Also, without valid partition
information, DOS won't be able to access the other drives.

(&This menu command immediately reads the first DOS logical
sector of current disk and activates the Boot Record Viewer in
the active window.
^b──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────^b
^bAbout the Boot Record^b

The first sector of a floppy disk or a hard disk partition
always contains a data structure called the DOS Boot Record.
This contains critical information used by the system in
accessing the media correctly. See the ^hBoot Record Viewer^h help 
topic for information about the contents of this structure.

A standard DOS Boot Record contains a short program that
is executed during system startup, which reads and executes
the hidden system file IO.SYS (or IBMBIO.SYS). If it can't
locate this file, it typically displays a message like:

    Non-System disk or disk error. Replace and...
These two menu commands immediately read the first or second
copy of the FAT (^bF^bile ^bA^bllocation ^bT^bable) and start up the FAT
Viewer in the active window.

There are two copies of the FAT on each hard disk. The copies
should match exactly (and you can check this via ^bAlt^b+^bT^b,^bC^b), but
if they aren't the same, the Norton Disk Doctor can figure
out which one is wrong and can fix it. Or you can use Disk
Editor to repair it yourself.

^b──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────^b
^bAbout the FAT^b

The File Allocation Table is the part of the DOS bookkeeping
system which maintains a record of where on the disk each file
is stored.

The technique is relatively simple. In the directory entry
for each file is a "Starting Cluster" value. That cluster
contains the first part of the file's data. If the file is
more than one cluster, the FAT tells DOS where to find the
next bit of the file's data.

Each FAT cell identifies the ^bnext^b cluster occupied by the
file's data. It's usually easy to follow a chain: for
instance, FAT cell #25 contains a 26; #26 contains a 27, and
so forth. The cell at the end of the chain contains an <EOF>
(end of file) marker.

If any link of the chain is broken, DOS can't find the rest of
the file. Fortunately, there are two copies of the FAT. Also,
it is possible to analyze the rest of the FAT and make
intelligent repairs using Disk Editor.
/This menu command immediately displays the contents of the
clipboard, using the viewer appropriate to the current
contents of the clipboard.

^bNote:^b This menu item is enabled only after you have
      marked a block (^bCtrl^b+^bB^b) and then copied it to
      the clipboard (^bCtrl^b+^bC^b). See help on the ^hEdit^h
      menu.

AThis command exits from Disk Editor.

You can also exit by pressing ^bEsc^b in any Viewer (you'll get a
chance to change your mind, though).

You can disable the confirmation prompt when you exit in the
^hConfiguration^h command on the Tools menu.

^bNote:^b Whenever you attempt to leave after making edits to a
      sector, you also have a chance to write the changes or
      discard them.
	

AThe Edit menu provides convenient control over changes you
make while in a Viewer.

  ^hUndo                 Ctrl+U^h    Undo up to 512 changes (in
  ───────────────────────────    current sector only)
  ^hMark                 Ctrl+B^h    Start/stop marking Block
  ^hCopy                 Ctrl+C^h    Enabled while block is marked
  ^hPaste Over           Ctrl+V^h    Copy from clipboard to cursor
  ^hFill...                    ^h    Fill currently marked block
  ───────────────────────────  
  ^hWrite Changes...     Ctrl+W^h    After edits with viewer (also
                                 prompted on crossing sector)
  ^hDiscard Changes...         ^h    Undo all unsaved edits to
                                 current sector

^bNote:^b By default, Disk Editor starts out in Read-Only mode.
      If you wish to make any changes to a disk, select
      ^hConfiguration^h from the Tools menu (^bAlt^b+^bT^b,^bN^b).

The often-needed Edit menu items can be activated with a
mnemonic ^bCtrl^b key accelerator. To access commands such as
^bFill...^b, walk the menu by pressing ^bAlt^b+^bE^b,^bF^b. Initially, most
items are disabled and become available only when a block is
marked or data exists in the clipboard.

^b──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────^b
^bThe Clipboard^b
The Copy command places the currently-marked block into the
clipboard which can hold about 4K of data.

Once something has be copied to the clipboard, it is a
selectable Object (use ^bAlt^b+^bO^b,^bL^b to view and edit it using
any Viewer) and you can save its contents to a file or
other physical object (use ^bAlt^b+^bT^b,^bW^b).

You can use the clipboard as:

  ^b^C10^b a way to move data from one place to another. For
    instance, to move data from one copy of the FAT to
    the other, mark the block of data, copy it to the 
    clipboard, select the other FAT, and then use Paste
    Over (^bCtrl^b+^bV^b).

  ^b^C10^b a way to "insert" data into a file. For instance, press
    ^bCtrl^b+^bB^b and highlight the block to move forward. Copy it
    to the clipboard. Unmark by pressing ^bCtrl^b+^bB^b again. 
    Overwrite the start of the copied block with the data to
    be "inserted." Move to the end of the inserted material
    and press ^bCtrl^b+^bV^b to paste the copied data into the new
    position.

  ^b^C10^b a way to put together a file from separate pieces, in any
    desired order. Mark the first part and copy it to the
    clipboard. Press ^bAlt^b+^bO^b,^bL^b and ^bAlt^b+^bT^b,^bW^b to write the
    clipboard to a file. Mark the next part and repeat as
    often as needed, but always select ^b[Append]^b when prompted
    by the ^bWrite to...^b dialog. Hint: split the window to
    simplify this sequence.

  ^b^C10^b a safety net for multiple-sector modifications. Copy up
    to 8 sectors into the clipboard, make the changes and (if
    needed), use ^bCtrl^b+^bV^b to paste the previous data back
    into place.
This menu command activates the Memory Dump dialog box. By
specifying a range of addresses, any area of memory in the
lower megabyte can be selected for browsing. Disk Editor only
allows you to view memory contents; data cannot be changed.
^b──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────^b
^bAbout Memory^b

While PC's will differ in their memory usage, the following
is a general guide to memory areas in the lower megabyte:

   0000 - 03FF   Interrupt vectors
   0400 - 9FFF   Conventional memory
   A000 - AFFF   EGA/VGA graphics RAM area
   B000 - B7FF   Monochrome video memory
   B800 - BFFF   Color video memory
   C000 - C7FF   EGA/VGA BIOS
   C800 - CFFF   Hard disk BIOS (if needed)
   D000 - EFFF   Unused
   F000 - FFFF   Motherboard BIOS

If your computer supports upper memory (for "loading high"),
it generally fills in any unused areas between A000 and FFFF.

If your computer has Expanded Memory, a 64K area will be used
for the Page Frame. SYSINFO can report where this is located
on your computer.

If your computer is attached to a network, the network card
may use memory in the area between C000 and EFFF. Some
network cards become "confused" if their memory is accessed
by any program except the network driver itself. If this
happens, the computer must be rebooted to regain access to
the network.
This menu item is enabled only after you have made changes
to a sector. You can use this repeatedly to undo up to 512
edits ── within the current sector only.

As you make changes, the modified values are shown in bold,
and as you undo them, they are returned to the normal color.

^bWarning:^b Once you have written changes to disk, you can no
         longer use Undo to reverse the changes. Also, when
         a marked block extends across a sector boundary,
         ^bFill...^b and ^bPaste Over^b commands cannot be undone.

To undo all unsaved changes to a sector, Discard Changes with
^bAlt^b+^bE^b,^bD^b, or simply move across a sector boundary and answer
the "changes made" dialog by selecting the ^b[Discard]^b button.
In any Viewer except Text View, you may mark (highlight) a
part of the data. Once marked, you can copy that data to the
clipboard or fill the block with a selected byte.

In Directory View, you can mark a block of entries and then
use the ^bTools^b menu to set their file attributes, time, and
date. Also, the Partition Table calculator requires a marked
block to operate upon.

^bTo mark a block:^b
  Press ^bCtrl^b+^bB^b to start the block at the current cursor
  location.

  Use the cursor keys to move around, highlighting the 
  block as you go. The ^bGray +^b and ^bGray -^b move by sectors
  and ^bHome^b and ^bEnd^b go to the top and bottom of the object.

  Now use ^bCtrl^b+^bC^b to copy the block to the clipboard or
  ^bAlt^b+^bE^b,^bF^b to fill the block with a desired byte.

  Press ^bCtrl^b+^bB^b to stop marking. (Note: the block stays
  highlighted until you move the cursor again.)

With the mouse, just ^bDrag^b across the area to mark. Then choose
Copy or Fill.. from the Edit menu. To mark a single byte, pick
Mark from the Edit menu. To enjoy the use of the scroll bar for
rapid motion, use ^bCtrl^b+^bB^b to start the mark.

^bTip^b: To change a byte into one of those hard-to-type
     box-and-line characters (such as "^b└^b" or even "^b│^b"),
     mark the single byte, then press ^bAlt^b+^bE^b,^bF^b (to Fill
     the one-byte mark) and pick the character from the
     ASCII list.
		)When any data shown in a viewer is marked, you can copy that
data to the clipboard.

Press ^bCtrl^b+^bB^b to start marking. Press ^bCtrl^b+^bC^b to copy the
highlighted data to the clipboard.

See the ^hEdit Menu^h help topic for information and tips on
using the clipboard. Also, refer to the ^hMark^h topic for related
details.
		In any viewer except Text View, you can copy the data from
the clipboard into the object displayed in the active window,
starting at the current cursor position.

^bWarning:^b ^bCtrl^b+^bV^b overwrites the current data, destroying it. 
         If a Paste operation spans across a sector division,
         the Undo command cannot undo the changes.

This command lets you move chunks of data from place to place
or even pick and splice pieces of files to create a new one.
See the ^hEdit Menu^h help topic for information and tips on using
the clipboard.
In any viewer except Text View, you can mark a block of
data and fill it with a selected byte.

^bWarning:^b ^bAlt^b+^bE^b,^bF^b overwrites the data in the marked block,
         destroying it. If a Fill operation spans across a
         sector division, the Undo command cannot undo the
         changes.

To mark a block, press ^bCtrl^b+^bB^b and use the arrows to extend the
highlight (with the mouse, simply drag across the data to
fill). Press ^bAlt^b+^bE^b,^bF^b (or choose Fill... from the Edit menu). 
This brings up the Fill dialog.

Use ^b^C18^b and ^b^C19^b in the scrolling list to locate the desired fill
byte or type the character directly at the keyboard. Press
^bEnter^b to OK the selection or ^bEsc^b to cancel.

^bTip^b: Fill can be used on a single byte to make it
     easy to input hard-to-type box-and-line characters. Press
     ^bCtrl^b+^bB^b, ^bAlt^b+^bE^b,^bF^b, pick a byte, and press ^bCtrl^b+^bB^b again.
This menu command is enabled after you have changed one or
more bytes in the current sector. Disk Editor must not be in
Read-Only mode if you want to modify a disk.

^bWarning:^b ^bCtrl^b+^bW^b overwrites all data in the current
         sector ^b*^b^bPERMANENTLY^b^b*^b. No amount of Undo-ing
         will bring it back.

You are given a chance to back out. When the Write Changes
dialog appears, select ^b[Write]^b to send the data to disk, or
select ^b[Review]^b (or press ^bEsc^b) to reconsider.

As a safety net, consider making a backup copy of the
original contents of the sector, either to the clipboard
or to a file.
This menu command is enabled after you have changed one or
more bytes in the current sector.

You can discard changes only for one sector at a time. If
you have already written the data, or used a Paste Over or
Fill command which spans a sector boundary, the changes
are permanent and cannot be discarded.

This is a "one-stop Undo" for the entire sector (use ^bCtrl^b+^bU^b to
undo individual edit changes). You will also get a chance to
discard changes whenever you attempt to leave a sector that
you have modified.
	The Link menu commands help you move directly from one type
of data to an associated object. You can also set up a
^bdynamic link^b so that as you move the cursor in one window,
the other shows the related object.

  ^hFile                  Ctrl+F^h    These commands show
  ^hDirectory             Ctrl+D^h    the object associated 
  ^hCluster chain (FAT)   Ctrl+T^h    with the data at the 
  ^hPartition                   ^h    cursor automatically.
  ────────────────────────────   
  ^hWindow                      ^h    Establish a dynamic
                                  link between windows

At any given time, some commands are not available ── only
certain links make sense:

  ^bWhen the cursor is on... ^b  ^bYou can link to...^b
  A filename                 The data in the file.
                             The part of the FAT it occupies.
  A directory name           The directory it names. For
                             instance, ^b..^b links to parent.
                             The part of the FAT it occupies.
  A FAT entry                The data in that cluster.
                             The directory entry that owns it.
  A Partition Table          The start of the partition. For
                             example, the DOS Boot Record.
  File or Cluster Data       The directory entry of the file
                             that owns it.
                             The FAT chain that includes it.

  ^bDynamic Window Links^b: This feature lets you move the cursor
     from item to item in one window and immediately see the
     related object in the other. To use this feature, press
     ^bAlt^b+^bV^b,^bS^b to split the window, then ^bAlt^b+^bL^b,^bW^b to place a ^b√^b on
     the ^bWindow...^b menu item.

  ^bQuick Links^b: Although you can quickly link to a specific
     object by pressing one of ^bCtrl^b+^bF^b, ^bCtrl^b+^bD^b, or ^bCtrl^b+^bT^b,
     Disk Editor also supports a "smart" auto-link feature. Just
     press ^bEnter^b and Disk Editor picks the most sensible link
     and displays that object. You can turn this feature off in
     the Configuration dialog (^bAlt^b+^bT^b,^bN^b).
 
AWhen the cursor in the active window is positioned on a
^bfilename^b (in Directory View) or a ^bFAT entry^b (in FAT View),
then you may use this command (^bCtrl^b+^bF^b) to look up and display
the data of the related file or cluster.

When the Quick Links option is on, you get this same action
just by pressing ^bEnter^b. Choose ^hConfiguration^h on the Tools
menu to activate Quick Links.
 
AWhen the active window is showing a Hex View or Text View of
^barbitrary data^b, you can use this command (^bCtrl^b+^bD^b) to look up
and display ^bthe directory entry^b of the file which owns the
data.

When the Quick Links option is on, you get this same action
just by pressing ^bEnter^b. Choose ^hConfiguration^h on the Tools
menu to activate Quick Links.
 
AWhen the active window is showing a Hex View or Text View of
^barbitrary data^b, you can use this command (^bCtrl^b+^bT^b) to look up
and display the ^bpart of the File Allocation Table^b in which
this data is allocated. The highlighted FAT elements are all
part of the same allocation chain.

Also, if the cursor is on a filename or subdirectory name (in
Directory View), ^bCtrl^b+^bT^b links to the related allocation chain
the FAT.

When the Quick Links option is on, you get this same action
just by pressing ^bEnter^b. Choose ^hConfiguration^h on the Tools
menu to activate Quick Links.
	 
AWhen the active window is showing a ^bPartition Table^b, you can
move the cursor to a partition entry and then use this menu
command to look up and display ^bthe first data in the related^b
^bhard disk partition^b. On DOS partitions, this always shows a
DOS Boot Record (except for EXTEND partitions which lead to a
secondary Partition Table).

When the Quick Links option is on, you get this same action
just by pressing ^bEnter^b. Choose ^hConfiguration^h on the Tools
menu to activate Quick Links.
"	This menu command turns on or off Disk Editor's ^bdynamic window^b
^blinking^b feature. See help on the ^hLink Menu^h for info on
dynamic window links.

This feature is disabled when only one window is open (use
^bAlt^b+^bV^b,^bS^b to split the window) and it is not available when the
active window is viewing a Boot Record or Physical sector.
!"#$%	&')
*+
AThe commands in the View menu select a Viewer to display the
data in the active window.

  ^has Hex               F2      ^h    
  ^has Text              F3      ^h     Editors and display
  ^has Directory         F4      ^h     engines, tailored for
  ^has FAT               F5      ^h     system data objects
  ^has Partition Table   F6      ^h    
  ^has Boot Record       F7      ^h     √ indicates active viewer
  ─────────────────────────────    
  ^hSplit Window         Shift+F5^h     or "UnSplit window"
  ^hGrow Window          Shift+F6^h     Resize active window 
  ^hShrink Window        Shift+F7^h     
  ^hSwitch Windows       Shift+F8^h     Activate other window

By default, Disk Editor automatically examines each sector as
it is displayed and selects the best viewer for the job (you can
turn off Auto View in the ^hConfiguration^h dialog ^bAlt^b+^bT^b,^bN^b).

Except for the Text Viewer, each "Viewer" is also a data
editor. But you must uncheck ^bRead-Only^b in the Configuration
dialog before you can use the edit capabilities.

If you prefer another viewer, press one of the function keys,
^bF2^b-^bF7^b or use the mnemonic menu commands, such as ^bAlt^b+^bV^b,^bT^b (to
^bV^biew as ^bT^bext). When you switch viewers, your cursor position
gets mapped to the new view, and any edits you have made
remain highlighted.
$
AUse the Hex Viewer to display and edit generic data types.
Also, it is often handy to switch to Hex View from one of the
data-specific Viewers.

This is for
information  ^bBold shows on both sides where^b
   only      ^bbytes have been changed    ^b
 ────────   ^b────────                  ───^b
 00008030:  ^b6E 65 77^b 20 64 07 ∙∙∙ 4D  ^bnew^b.H
.PATH=PROM ^b^C18^b
 00008040:  50 54 3D ^b43^b 4F 4D ∙∙∙ 3D  PT=^bC^bOMSPEC=DIRCM ░
 00008050:  44 3D 16 4│ BD 2F ∙∙∙ 4C  D= │   ?G%ds HóL █
 00008060:  B4        │                  │   ¿─
Tx(.V5 ░
 00008070:  16   ^bTab^b moves blinking cursor   OT_^C07^C07z ^C08E ░
 00008080:  52   for input in Hex or ASCII.  EL# ^C07EXIS ░
 00008090:  54                               DIR^C03^C07CALL ░
 000080A0:  01 98 0B 07 43 48 ∙∙∙ 41  ^C01bß^C07e CHCP^C02^C03RENA ^b^C19^b
^b ██ File ^b─────────────┐                     ^bCluster 216  ^b
 │  ^bC:\command.com    ^b│^b         Offset 32,816, hex 8030  ^b
 │         │       Object                            │ 
 │         └─ Filename, data range, or description   │
 └ Close box for the mouse (when window is split)    │
                             Cursor position within object

Use ^bGray +^b and ^bGray -^b to move by sectors. Use ^bHome^b and ^bEnd^b to
move directly to the start or end of the object (file or
range).

Press ^bCtrl^b+^bU^b to undo individual changes, one at a time. Or
use ^bAlt^b+^bE^b,^bD^b to discard all changes in the current sector.

^bCan't Change Anything?^b
If you are unable to make changes with the editor, you may
need to switch out of Read-Only mode. Use ^bAlt^b+^bT^b,^bN^b to get to
the ^hConfiguration^h dialog.

AIn the Text Viewer, the data is formatted with line breaks at
appropriate places, making it easier to recognize as text.

 prompt $p$g                                            ^b^C18^b
 path c:\bat;c:\dos;c:\nu                               █
 set dircmd=/j                                          █
 ncc /fast                                              █
 alias /r c:\bat\aliases.dat                            ░
 .....................................................^b»^b ░
 ^bCluster 226, Sector 1842^b                               ░
 .....................................................^b»^b ^b^C19^b
 ^b██ File^b ─────────────────┐                 ^bCluster 226  ^b
 │  ^bC:\autoexec.bat      ^b │^b   
 │         │           Object    
 │         └─ Filename, data range, or description
 └─ Close box for the mouse (when window is split)

When the sector contains any non-text data, some of it may be
off to the right side of the screen. You can use ^b^C1b^b ^b^C1a^b and
^bCtrl^b+^b^C1b^b ^bCtrl^b+^b^C1a^b to scroll left and right.

Editing is not allowed in Text View. Use ^bAlt^b+^bV^b,^bH^b to switch to
Hex View if you want to make changes.

You can install a WordStar-style text filter to mask the high
bit of each byte. See the ^hConfiguration^h dialog (^bAlt^b+^bT^b,^bN^b).
R9X
ADirectory View comes up automatically when you select a
directory object (^bAlt^b+^bR^b) or whenever the current sector looks
to be formatted as a directory. Each line is one entry,
identifying either a file, a subdirectory, the volume label, a
deleted file, or an unused entry.

^bName    .Ext   ID    Size Da^b...^bme Cluster 76 A R S H D V^b
IO       SYS  File  33337   ...pm     2      - R S H - -    ^C18
MSDOS    SYS  File  37376 4-...pm    11      - R S H - -    █
MyDisk        Vol       0 2-...am     0      A - - - - V    ░
Online Regis  LFN                     0      - R S H - V    ░
ONLINE~1 LNK  File    326 3-...pm    17      A - - - - -    ░
DOS           Dir       0 2-...am    25      - - - - D -    ░
CONFIG   SYS  File    264 6-...pm     2      - - - - - -    ░
COMMAND  COM  File  37557 5-...am    68^b    Tab to column.^b   ░
σONFIG   BAK  Erased   90 5-...pm    82^b    Press space to^b   ░
^b│^b           Unused directory entry     ^b    toggle On/Off.^b   ░
^b│^b            Unused directory entry                         ^C19
^b└ (σ means "deleted")^b                                
██ Root Directory                                  Sector 17 
   C:\                                     Offset 64, hex 40 

It is easiest to use ^bTab^b and ^bShift^b+^bTab^b to move horizontally.

Select ^bMore>^b or press ^bAlt^b+^b>^b to see additional columns
of information to the right. Select ^b<More^b or press ^bAlt^b+^b<^b
to shift the columns back to the left.

     ^bName of Column^b    ^bDescription^b
     ^bName^b              Name of file, directory, etc.
     ^b.Ext^b              Three-character extension for DOS file
                       names
     ^bID^b                Type of object (such as File, LFN for
                       long file name, Dir or Volume) or the 
                       status Erased
     ^bSize^b              The size of the file in bytes
     ^bDate^b              The date from the timestamp
     ^bTime^b              The time from the timestamp
     ^bCluster^b           The number of the initial cluster
     ^b76^b                The last two bits of the attributes
                       byte
     ^bA^b                 Archive
     ^bR^b                 Read-only
     ^bS^b                 System
     ^bH^b                 Hidden
     ^bD^b                 Directory
     ^bV^b                 Volume
     ^bNT^b                Reserved; used by Windows NT systems
     ^bCreate Date^b       Date of first timestamp
     ^bCreate Time^b       Time of first timestamp
     ^bAccessed^b          Date file was last opened (for read
                       or write)
     ^bEA^b                Extended attribute handle; always 0 for
                       DOS or Windows; artifact from supporting
                       other operating systems
     ^bOrdinal^b           Indicates the sequence of the LFN; 
                       long file names may have several
                       sequences, all associated with one DOS 
                       file name
     ^bLast?^b             Indicates that this LFN sequence is the
                       last associated with the DOS file name
     ^bType^b              Reserved; always zero
     ^bChecksum^b          Value based on the contents of the
                       file. Used to ensure that the data is
                       stored correctly.
     ^bLinked^b            Indicates whether the long file name
                       and the DOS file name are associated with
                       the same file; their checksums match

^bLinking to files, directories, FAT^b
While in Directory View, you can quickly link to the data of
the file at the cursor. Just press ^bCtrl^b+^bF^b. This will also
take you to a child directory (link to the ^b..^b file to return
to the parent). With Quick Links on, just press ^bEnter^b. To see
the related FAT chain, press ^bCtrl^b+^bT^b.

^bBlocking and Changing Attributes and Timestamps^b
You can mark a block of entries and change their attributes
or date/time en masse. Use ^bCtrl^b+^bB^b to start marking. Extend
the mark with the cursor keys and then use the ^bSet Attributes^b
dialog (^bAlt^b+^bT^b,^bT^b) or ^bSet Date/Time^b dialog (^bAlt^b+^bT^b,^bD^b) to make the
changes. See help on ^hSet File Attributes^h for information on
each of the attribute flags.

^bCan't Change Anything?^b
If you are unable to make changes with the editor, you may
need to switch out of Read-Only mode. Use ^bAlt^b+^bT^b,^bN^b to get to
the ^hConfiguration^h dialog.
O
AThe FAT Viewer is active when the current sector is part of a
DOS File Allocation Table. You may view or edit either copy
of the FAT and use it as a starting point to link to related
data.
               ^b3    ^b      ^b4^b      ^b5^b      ^b6^b      ^b7^b      ^b8^b  ^b^C18^b
     ^b9^b     ^b10^b  ^b<EOF>^b     12     13     14     15     16  █
    17     18     19     20  <EOF>  <EOF>  <EOF>  <EOF>  ░
 <EOF>  <EOF>  <EOF>  <EOF>  <EOF>     30     32  <EOF>  ░
    33     35    510     36  <EOF>     38     39     40  ░
    41     47  ^b<BAD>^b  ^b<BAD>^b   ^b9999^b     46     47     48  ░
    49     50     51     52     55      0      0     56  ░
    57     58     59  <EOF>  <EOF>      0      0      0  ░
    0       0      0      0      0      0      0     72  ^b^C19^b
^b██ FAT (1st Copy)                               Sector 1 ^b
^b   C:\IO.SYS                            Cluster 2, hex 2 ^b
   │                                    │
   └─ This file owns the cluster        └─ The cursor is at 
      represented by the entry.            this FAT entry.

In the FAT Viewer window, entries you have changed are
displayed in ^bBOLD^b (use ^bCtrl^b+^bU^b to undo an edit). Entries
displayed in a highlighted color (or flagged with ^b»^b) are links
of the same allocation chain as the entry at the cursor. In
the window, you may see:

  ^b0^b: This entry represents a disk cluster which is currently
     not in use. It may have been part of an erased file. 
     You may see its contents by pressing ^bAlt^b+^bL^b,^bF^b.

  ^ba decimal number, 2 or greater^b: This entry represents a
     cluster that contains data belonging to a file or
     directory. The number in the entry is the ^bnext^b link in
     the cluster chain for that file.

  ^b<EOF>^b: This indicates the last cluster in a chain. At least
     some part of the cluster it represents is in use. But
     often, a lot of it is wasted (the "slack space" at the
     end of a file). If you use ^bAlt^b+^bL^b,^bF^b to look at this data,
     you might find something from an old file. You can use
     the Wipe Info utility's /K option to clear out the debris.

  ^b<BAD>^b: This entry identifies an unusable cluster. Often
     only one sector of the cluster is actually bad and it can
     even happen that a bad cluster has gotten fixed (the
     Calibrate utility can make bad sectors good again). 
     To try reading a "bad" cluster, press ^bAlt^b+^bL^b,^bF^b.

  ^b(empty)^b: The first two entries in the first sector of a FAT
     are used for purposes other than file allocation. To see
     these bytes (as well as the FAT) in "raw" format, press
     ^bAlt^b+^bV^b,^bH^b.

^bChanging Information in the FAT^b
Virtually any change you care to make in the FAT can be
accomplished more safely by using one of the other Norton
Utilities. If you decide to make some changes manually, you
may:

^bchange any number^b; this modifies an existing chain and the
  owning file's data will be scrambled. Changing an unowned
  cluster to give it a value will create a "lost chain" unless
  you modify a file's directory entry to point to the cluster.

^bmark a cluster as <BAD>^b: Press ^b B ^b or press ^bDel^b. You should
  do this only on unowned entries (which contain ^b0^b). To
  safely make an entry contain 0, first exit to DOS and delete
  the owning file. (Disk Tools will do this AND move the data
  to a safe place.)

^bmark a cluster as <EOF>^b: Press ^b E ^b. If you manually rebuild
  a FAT chain, be sure to mark its terminating cluster with
  this flag.

^bCan't Change Anything?  FAT Chains Not Highlighted?^b
If you are unable to make changes with the editor, you may
need to switch out of ^bRead-Only^b mode. If the filename does
not change and the FAT chains are not being colorized as you
move the cursor, you must be in ^bQuick Move^b mode. Use
^bAlt^b+^bT^b,^bN^b to get to the ^hConfiguration^h dialog.

Q7This Viewer interprets the current sector as a Partition
Table. It is used automatically when the object in the active
window is a Partition Table or Physical Sector 0 of a hard
disk.

^bUse spacebar to                     Special sector-^b
^bcycle choices.                      numbering scheme^b
^b   ││        Physical sector coordinates  │  Partition size,^b
^b   │└────┐        │└────────────┐         │       in ½Ks^b 
│  ^b│^b   │ ^b│^b  │   Starting  │    Ending   │Relative│Number of│
│System│Boot│Side Cyl Sect│Side Cyl Sect│Sectors │ Sectors │^C18
│DOS-16│ Yes│  1    0   1 │  5  602  17 │      17│    61489│█
│EXTEND│ No │  0  603   1 │  5  818  17 │   61506│    22032│█
│unused│ No │  0    0   0 │  0    0   0 │       0│        0│█
│unused│ No │  0    0   0 │  0    0   0 │       0│        0│^C19

██ Partition Table                   Cyl 0, Side 0, Sector 1 
   Hard Disk 1                           Offset 450, hex 1C2 

See help on ^hSelecting the Partition Table^h for a discussion of
this object and a variety of strongly-worded cautions.

^bWarning:^b Changing your Partition Table could make your 
         hard disk unbootable, and make all the data on it
         inaccessible. Do not make any changes here unless
         you know what you are doing!!

^bSystem^b is used by system software to find partitions it
  recognizes. Changing this field from a DOS-recognized
  value, such as ^bDOS-12^b, ^bDOS-16^b, ^bEXTEND^b, or ^bBIGDOS^b, will cause
  DOS to ignore the partition; it won't be assigned a drive ID
  and DOS won't be able to access it. 

^bNote:^b If your DOS partitions have other ^bSystem^b names, you
      may have an installed device driver that tells DOS how
      to use the disk.

  ^bDOS-12^b and ^bDOS-16^b are standard DOS partitions (the -12 and
  -16 describe how the FAT is laid out). ^bBIGDOS^b is used on
  partitions greater than 32M and it signals DOS to use its
  additional internal support to access the data. An ^bEXTEND^b
  partition goes to a secondary partition table and DOS
  treats that partition as a separate disk.

^bBoot^b determines which partition to boot at startup. On DOS
  partitions, the one with a ^bYes^b will be called drive C:. It
  MUST have a valid Boot Record in the sector named in the
  ^bStarting^b coordinates. Only one partition can be flagged for
  booting.

^bStarting^b and ^bEnding^b give physical disk coordinates identifying
  what part of the disk is included in the partition. In an
  undamaged Partition Table, partitions do not overlap.

^bRelative Sectors^b repeats the information in the ^bStarting^b
  column, but uses a different sector-numbering scheme. 
  Values in this column identify the start of a partition by
  counting up all the sectors from the start of the disk.

^bNumber of Sectors^b is the size of the partition in sectors.
  Since a sector is nearly always 512 bytes (½K), you can
  quickly judge the size of each partition by dividing these
  values by 2 and adding a "K" at the end.

  You may see some "partition slack" at the start of a disk
  and between the end of one partition and the start of the
  next. This is normal and is used to align partitions so
  they begin at the start of a cylinder.

^bMaking Changes to the Partition Table^b
Normally, a Partition Table is set in place by the DOS FDISK
utility (or the corresponding tool of another operating
system). Don't change it unless you intend to reformat the
DOS partition.

If you have two or more operating systems on the first hard
disk, you may change the ^bBoot^b column to activate the other
disk as the boot system. Press ^bSpacebar^b to toggle this field. 
Only one entry may have a ^bYes^b value.

Disk Editor's ^hRecalculate Partitions^h function (^bAlt^b+^bT^b,^bR^b) will
automatically calculate relative sector and partition size
fields, based on information in the ^bStarting^b and ^bEnding^b
columns (or vice versa).
This Viewer interprets the current sector as a DOS Boot
Record. It is activated automatically when the object in the
active window is logical sector 0 of a DOS drive.

^b         Description           Boot Record Data  DOS Reports^b
                       OEM ID: ^bMSDOS5.0^b                      ^b^C18^b
             Bytes per sector: 512               512         █
          Sectors per cluster: 4                 4           █
Reserved sectors at beginning: 1                 1           █
                   FAT Copies: 2                 2           █
       Root directory entries: 512               512         █
        Total sectors on disk: (Unused)                      █
        Media descriptor byte: F8 Hex                        █
                          .                                  █
                          .                                  █
                          .                                  █
               File System ID: FAT16                         ^b^C19^b
^b██ Boot Record                                      Sector 0 ^b
^b   Drive C:                                  Offset 3, hex 3 ^b

This is a critical data structure. DOS uses the information
in this record to figure out where the FAT and root directory
are stored and the capacity of the disk.

The ^bDOS Reports^b column should match, item-for-item with the
^bBoot Record Data^b. This may help you diagnose certain types of
problems.

The Boot Record data starts at the fourth byte of the boot
sector. To see the rest of the boot sector, including some
recognizable text messages, press ^bAlt^b+^bV^b,^bH^b.
 	This menu command opens up access to the richest features of
the Norton Disk Editor. It divides the screen into two
windows which you can access separately to view two different
objects or two parts of the same object OR link together
dynamically.

    17      18      19  ...<EOF>   <EOF>   <EOF> 
 <EOF>   <EOF>   <EOF>  ...   30      32   <EOF> 
   File                               Sector 417
   C:command.com           Cluster 437, hex 1B5
 ^b00008030:  20 63 07 20 ∙∙∙ 4D  .G
.H
.PATH=PROM^b ^C18
 ^b00008040:  50 54 3D 43 ∙∙∙ 3D  PT=COMSPEC=DIRCM^b ░ Active window
 ^b00008050:  44 3D 20 C4 ∙∙∙ 4C  D=─╜(*?G%ds HóL^b █ has the 
 ^b00008060:  07 98 19 65 ∙∙∙ 41  
ße╗CHCP=.RENA^b ^C19 scroll bar.
 ^b  File                              Cluster 437^b
 ^b  C:command.com         Offset 42,664 hex A6A8^b

Use ^bShift^b+^bF8^b to switch active windows.

While the window is split, all menu commands and actions focus
on the "active" window (the active window is the one with a
scroll bar). For instance, if you use ^bAlt^b+^bO^b,^bF^b to get a new
file, it will be shown in here. And the window sizing
commands all apply to the active window.

However, if you have set up for ^bdynamic window linking^b (via
the ^bAlt^b+^bL^b,^bW^b command), then when you move the cursor in one
window, the other window automatically displays a related
object. See help on the ^hLink Menu^h for details.

The window must be split to perform data comparisons
(^bAlt^b+^bT^b,^bC^b). It is also handy to have one window display the
clipboard, when you are doing any copy, and paste, operations.

  ^bWith the mouse^b, just ^bDrag^b the lower status bar upward;
  that splits the lower window and shows the same object in
  both window. Drag it some more to resize the windows. ^bClick^b
  in either window to make it the "active" window.

When the window is split, the menu accelerator keys change to
^bAlt^b+^bW^b,^bU^b (for Unsplit). With the mouse, just click the close
box of the window you don't need.

^bTip^b: If you have an EGA or VGA monitor, switch into a
     higher resolution mode, such as 43- or 50-line mode,
     before starting Disk Editor (use ^bNCC /50^b, for example).
While the window is split, this menu command closes the
inactive window and zooms the active window to full size.

The active window is the one with a scroll bar.

^bWith the mouse^b, just ^bClick^b the small box in the
bottom left corner of the window you want to close.
This menu command increases the size of the active window
(the window which has a scroll bar). It is enabled only when
the window has been split via ^bAlt^b+^bV^b,^bS^b.

^bWith the mouse^b, just ^bDrag^b the dividing line up or down
to resize a window.
This menu command decreases the size of the active window
(the window which has a scroll bar). It is enabled only when
the window has been split via ^bAlt^b+^bV^b,^bS^b.

 
^bWith the mouse^b, just ^bDrag^b the dividing line up or down
to resize a window.
This menu command switches the focus of commands to the other
window. It is enabled only when the window has been split via
^bAlt^b+^bV^b,^bS^b.

This is handy when you have set up dynamic linking. For
instance, while browsing "unused" FAT entries, should you
happen across a directory, just pop to the other window and
that will be the master for the link; as you click or
cursor around this deleted directory, you will see the file
data in the other window.


^bWith the mouse^b, just ^bClick^b anywhere in the other window
to activate it.
-./
0The commands in the Info menu provide statistics and helpful
information about the object in the active window.

  ^hObject Info...  ^h    Information on current object
  ^hDrive Info...   ^h    Summary info on current drive
  ^hMap of Object...^h    Disk Map of DOS data area, with
                      current object identified
  ^hError Info...^h       Error Report from last drive scanned.

The ^bMap of object...^b is based on a Speed Disk-style cluster
map, and thus is disabled while the current object is a FAT,
Partition Table, Boot Record, root directory, or any kind of
Physical disk object, that is, when the object is not mapped
by the FAT.
This menu command brings up a summary of handy information
about the current object in the active window.

Press ^bEnter^b after you have read the information.

Additional information is shown in the status bar of each
window.
This menu command displays a summary of information about the
current drive.

Press ^bEnter^b after you have read the information.
When the current object in the active window is a ^bfile^b or
^bsubdirectory^b or a ^brange of clusters^b, this command presents a
Speed Disk-style cluster map.

Use this to get a feel for the relative size and location of
the object and (on files) the extent of fragmentation it has
suffered.

Since the map is based on a cluster representation, this is
disabled while the current object is a FAT, Partition Table,
Boot Record, root directory, or any kind of Physical Disk
object.

^bTip:^b If you have an EGA or VGA, start Disk Editor while in
     43- or 50-line video mode (for example, use ^bNCC /50^b).
     This improves the diskmap "block" resolution so the map
     is more detailed.
When errors are found on the selected drive, this command
displays an Error Report. 

You can review the errors by scrolling through the list box. 

Select an error and use ^b[Goto]^b to see the directory-level
description of the file that caused this error.

Select ^b[Close]^b to return to the main window.
 2 3 4 5 6
 7 8 9
 : ; < > ? @ AThe commands in the Tools menu are the base of operations for
hard-core manual recovery procedures.

  ^hFind...                   Ctrl+S^h  Search file or range
  ^hFind Object                    ^h  Boot Record, FAT, or Subdir
  ^hFind Again                Ctrl+G^h  Locate next match    
  ^hWrite Object To...        Alt+W ^h  Copy current file or range
  ^hPrint Object As...        Ctrl+P^h  Print current file or range
  ────────────────────────────────   
  ^hRecalculate Partition           ^h  While editing Partition Table
  ^hCompare Windows...              ^h  Find mismatches, in FAT, etc.
  ^hSet Attributes...               ^h  On marked block while active
  ^hSet Date/Time...                ^h  window is in Directory Viewer
  ────────────────────────────────    
  ^hCalculator...                   ^h  Handy conversion tables
  ^hAdvanced Recovery Mode...       ^h  Create a virtual disk 
  ^hUse 2nd FAT Table               ^h  View disk using backup FAT 
  ^hASCII Table...                  ^h  Convert characters   
  ────────────────────────────────    
  ^hAttach LFN...                   ^h  Reattach long file 
                                    names (lost for example, when
                                    files were renamed in DOS)
  ────────────────────────────────    
  ^hConfiguration...                ^h  Turn off Read-Only, speed up
                                    display, WordStar filter

The often-used search items on the menu can be activated with
mnemonic ^bCtrl^b key accelerators. To access other commands such
as ^bWrite to...^b, walk the menu by pressing ^bAlt^b+^bT^b,^bW^b.

Initially, many items are disabled and become available only
in certain contexts. All items in the center group require a
block of one type or another to be marked before they are
enabled.
-
AInput some data in ASCII or binary, and this will search the
current object for a match.

For instance, to search an entire data area of a disk, use
^bAlt^b+^bO^b,^bC^b and set the range to start at 2 and let the end
default to the "rest of the disk." Then press ^bCtrl^b+^bS^b and
input the text to find, or search a particular file or the 
clipboard.

In the search dialog, you can input keystrokes or press ^bTab^b
to move into the hex input area. Deselect the ^bIgnore case^b
check box if you want to find an exact match, or leave it
checked to let your input match with either lowercase or
uppercase versions on the disk.

Press ^bEnter^b to start the search. Press ^bEsc^b to interrupt the
search.

When a match is found, it is displayed in the active window,
highlighted, and the cursor is positioned at the beginning of
the matching string. You can continue the search from this
point by pressing ^bCtrl^b+^bG^b.

^bNote^b: If you have Auto-View selected in the ^hConfiguration^h
      dialog, and the match should occur in a Partition Table
      or Boot Sector, then you need to use ^bAlt^b+^bV^b,^bH^b to
      display the part of the sector in which the match was
      found.
-Select the type of object for Disk Editor to find. You can hunt
for a Partition Table/Boot Record, FAT, or subdirectory. After a
match is found, use Find Again (^bCtrl^b+^bG^b) from the Tools menu to
locate the next match.

^bNote:^b Before you start the search, make sure you've selected
      the drive as a ^bPhysical disk^b with the ^hDrive...^h command
      (^bAlt^b+^bD^b) from the Object menu.
After starting a search via ^bCtrl^b+^bS^b, and then locating a match,
you can use this command to resume searching from the last point.

This lets you find additional occurrences of the search string
in the original search range.
Use this command during a manual data recovery. It lets you
copy the current object (which may be as large as an entire
disk) to a file on the same or another disk, or to a specific
sector, cluster, or physical sector range.

The ^bWrite^b dialog first asks what type of object you want to
write. There is no constraint that the current object be sent
to an object of the same type ── you can write anything to
anything else.

^bWarning:^b Be especially careful if you use a Cluster, Sector,
         or Physical Sector as the destination; this
         operation will overwrite portions of the target disk
         and anything there will be permanently lost.

The most common usage is to write raw, recovered data into a
disk file where you can get a handle on it. For instance, 
after a ^bCtrl^b+^bS^b search has turned up part of a missing
file, you can mark and copy it to the clipboard and then 
write the clipboard to a file (or just select an object
with a range containing just the missing data).

You may continue the search for other parts of the file, and
write each part out to the same file ── just choose ^b[Append]^b
when prompted by the ^bWrite^b dialog.
You will really find this command useful during manual data
recovery, because you can make a hard copy of the object that
you are working with.

Just as you can view an object in different formats, you can
also choose to print the object in different formats. The 
default print format will be the same as the current view,
but you can select any of the other formats via a set of
option buttons.

If you are sending output to a printer, make sure that your
printer is ready.
This command is enabled only while you use the Partition Table
Viewer (^bAlt^b+^bV^b,^bP^b) and ^bonly while a block is marked^b. It helps
you make changes to a hard disk partition table by converting
between two different sector numbering systems.

^bWarning^b: If you change a Partition Table, and don't know
         exactly what you're doing and how to recover if it
         fails, your hard disk may become inaccessible to DOS.

An expert user might use this as one step in recovering from
the affects of a malicious virus or "Trojan horse."

│      │    │   Starting  │    Ending   │Relative│Number of│
│System│Boot│Side Cyl Sect│Side Cyl Sect│Sectors │ Sectors │^b^C18^b
│unused│ No │  0    0   0 │  0    0   0 │       0│        0│█
│unused│ No │  0    0   0 │  0    0   0 │       0│        0│█

For instance, you found that your master boot record and most
of your first partition has vanished. Zeros everywhere. Not a
pretty sight. As an expert, of course you first make sure
your CMOS drive-type codes are correct. You do a ^bCtrl^b+^bS^b
search of the entire physical disk for the string "MSDOS5.0"
and what luck! There's a DOS Boot Record at side 0,
cylinder 310, sector 1; the virus has overlooked your D: drive
partition.
             ^b────── zero out here ────── ───── or here ────^b
│      │    │   Starting  │    Ending   │Relative│Number of│
│System│Boot│Side Cyl Sect│Side Cyl Sect│Sectors │ Sectors │^b^C18^b
│^bDOS-12│ No │  0  310   1 │  5  909  17 │       0│        0^b│█
│unused│ No │  0    0   0 │  0    0   0 │       0│        0│█

From the Boot Record, you see its a 12-bit FAT, so you edit
that in. Then you enter the known values, in this case the
starting physical sector and last sector on the disk. You
must put 0s in the fields you wish to have recalculated. Now
mark the entry as a block (press ^bCtrl^b+^bB^b) and press ^bAlt^b+^bT^b,^bR^b. 
It recalculates the missing values:

│      │    │   Starting  │    Ending   │Relative│Number of│
│System│Boot│Side Cyl Sect│Side Cyl Sect│Sectors │ Sectors │^b^C18^b
│^bDOS-12│ No │  0  310   1 │  5  909  17 │   10540│    20468^b│█
│unused│ No │  0    0   0 │  0    0   0 │       0│        0│█

The number in the last column jibes with what you know about
the missing partition (approximately 10K).
 'When the Disk Editor window is ^hsplit^h, you can select different
objects for each window and then use this command to compare
them.

When a mismatch is found, the first byte is highlighted and
the cursor is placed at that position.

^bNote:^b When using split windows, the compare operation always
      starts at the ^bbeginning of the line^b that the cursor is
      on, not at the cursor position in the line.
This command requires that a directory object be displayed in
the active window and that one or more entries are highlighted
as a marked block.

^bNote:^b To change attributes for individual files, just ^bTab^b
      over toward the right in the Directory Viewer and
      press ^bSpacebar^b to toggle an attribute on and off.

To change a block of file attributes, mark the block by
pressing ^bCtrl^b+^bB^b and using ^b^C18^b ^b^C19^b to extend the highlight. 
With the mouse, just ^bClick^b and ^bDrag^b.

Then press ^bAlt^b+^bT^b,^bT^b, select the check boxes for the attributes
you wish to change. Press ^bSpacebar^b to cycle through the states
of these three-way check boxes:

  [√] checked    Set the attribute.
  [█] solid      Don't change the attribute.
  [ ] clear      Clear the attribute.


^bArchive^b: when SET, this indicates that the file has NOT been
  backed up (and thus, will be "tagged" for inclusion in an
  XCOPY /M or BACKUP /M operation). When a new file is
  created, the ^bArc^b attribute is set automatically.

^bRead-Only^b: when SET, the file cannot be modified or deleted.
  This is a simple safety device to keep yourself or others
  from changing "frozen" program source code files, word
  processor style sheets, and so forth. It seems to have no
  effect when applied to a subdirectory.

^bHidden^b: when SET, DOS will not list the file with the DIR
  command nor find it in a wildcard COPY, etc. When a
  subdirectory name is hidden, you can still use it in
  pathnames and CHDIR to it, but it doesn't show in the DIR
  list (also, Speed Disk will treat all files in it as
  Unmovable).

^bSystem^b: used by the two system files, MSDOS.SYS and IO.SYS.

^bVol^b: often one pseudo-file in the root directory has this
  attribute. This file is the 11-character volume label. 
  It should have a 0 as both its file size and starting
  cluster number.

^bDir^b: all files with this attribute are subdirectory entries. 
  They have a Size listed as 0, though each must be at least
  one cluster in length (the actual size is derived from the
  length of its FAT chain).

This dialog does not provide access to the ^bVol^b and ^bDir^b
attributes, but you can toggle them on individual entries in
the Directory Viewer (not recommended, though...).

Press ^bEnter^b and the result is displayed instantly in the
Directory Viewer. Press ^bAlt^b+^bE^b,^bW^b to flush the changes to disk.
This command requires that a directory object be displayed in
the active window and that one or more entries are highlighted
as a marked block.

Mark the block by pressing ^bCtrl^b+^bB^b, and using ^b^C18^b ^b^C19^b to extend the
highlight. With the mouse, just ^bClick^b and ^bDrag^b.

Then press ^bAlt^b+^bT^b,^bD^b. Select the checkboxes to set the
date, time, creation time, creation date, and/or last access
date. The default settings are the current time and date. 
Press ^bTab^b to get into the text box and edit the times 
and/or dates in the standard formats. The Creation Time has
an additional editable text box for milliseconds.


Press ^bEnter^b and the result is displayed instantly in the
Directory Viewer. Press ^bCtrl^b+^bW^b to flush the changes to disk.
$?A handy calculator with base conversions is a disk sleuth's
best friend. 

Press ^bTab^b to move among the calculator's four control groups:
base option buttons, command buttons, digits, and operators.
Then use the arrow keys to highlight your selection and press
^bEnter^b to activate. Once you're in the digits group, you can
enter them directly from the keyboard. With a mouse, click
on anything in sight.

To change a number into a different base, select the binary,
decimal, or hex option button and enter a number. Then select
the appropriate base option button.

To perform calculations, enter a number, select the appropriate
operator (/ * - +), then select [=].

^b[2comp]^b
  Converts the displayed number to its two's complement for
  binary calculations.

^b[Swap]^b
  Switches the high and low bytes; for example, when you want
  to match DEBUG listings (usually hex).

^b[Clear]^b
  Clears the input box and resets the calculator to 0.

^b[]^b
  Clears the last digit to correct errors when entering numbers.

^b[~]^b
  Inverts the binary representation of a number (1s to 0s,
  0s to 1s). 

See also: ^hASCII Table...^h from the tools menu.
6	=:When your disk is working correctly, you access it logically
using sectors, clusters, FATs, directories, and so forth.
However, if a disk becomes damaged, you may only be able to
access it physically: designating sectors by side, cylinder,
and sector number. Although doable, it's difficult, tedious,
and time consuming.

Advanced Recovery Mode (ARM) lets you "virtualize" a disk, so
you can more easily treat a damaged, physically accessed disk
as a logical disk for data recovery. You can also use ARM to
try reconstructing a damaged boot record or partition table.

^bTip:^b When your disk is healthy, print a Disk Characteristics
     report using SysInfo. If you ever need to arm yourself
     for physical work, you'll have the proper ammunition
     at hand.

When run, Advanced Recovery Mode displays what it thinks are
your disk parameters. Correct any wrong or missing values
before selecting [Virtual] to create the logical disk. 

If you know the correct values, enter them in the appropriate
fields. If you don't know all the ^bPhysical Values^b or the ^bThis^b
^bPartition^b information, move the highlight to the field in
question and select [Test]. Then choose [Search Up] or
[Search Down] and ARM will search the disk to locate the
proper data. For the ^bPartition Parameters^b, again enter the
projected values and select [Test]. ARM will report whether
the values are valid or invalid.

^bPhysical Values^b
  Sides, Cylinders, and Sectors/Track describe the expected
  disk and layout. Changes here control the actual number of
  Physical Sectors and projected disk size.

^bThis Partition^b
  Displays the starting and ending location of the currently
  selected partition. If you have multiple partitions, select
  [Drive] to choose the desired partition.

^bPartition Parameters^b
  This group is the BIOS parameter block, located in the boot
  record of the disk, which stores the "logical" disk layout
  information.

^b[Done]^b
  Exits Advanced Recovery Mode.

^b[Virtual]^b
  Creates the virtual disk based on the displayed values. If any
  values are wrong, data will not be accessible.

^b[Test]^b
  Brings up the ^hTest Disk^h dialog box to validate the displayed
  values or search for missing ones.

^b[Drive]^b
  Displays the ^hSelect Drive^h dialog box to select a different
  logical or physical drive.
)2>This dialog verifies disk parameter information against what
can be read from the disk. The test group reports whether the
displayed boot record information is valid or invalid. If
anything is marked invalid, select [BPB Differences] to view
the differences. 

^bNote:^b If you are trying to repair a damaged Track 0 and you're
      ^bsure everything is correct^b, select [Write BPB] to
      update the boot record. If the disk's track 0 is not 
      physically damaged, your problems may be over. But
      be careful. Do not use [Write BPB] unless you are
      an expert and know what you are doing.

If you don't know the disk's physical values or partition
data, highlight the missing field on the Advanced Recovery
screen before selecting [Test]. Then choose [Search Up] or
[Search Down] and let ARM examine the disk and find the
values for you. 

When a potentional valid value is found, you can select
[BPB Differences] to find out if it's acceptable, or return
to the Advanced Recovery screen and select [Virtual] to
find out if you can read the disk.

^bBoot sector byte^b
  The first byte in the boot record indicates whether or not the
  disk is formatted. Valid values are either EB or E9.

^bBIOS Parameter Block^b
  If any values entered are different from what can be read from
  the disk, invalid is reported. Select [BPB Differences] to
  find out the conflict. In the case of a trashed boot record,
  the values you've entered may be the correct ones.

^bBoot Signature^b
  A two-byte sequence that ends the boot record (55 AA).

^bFAT number 1^b
  Checks whether the byte sequence that begins the FAT is valid.

^bTip:^b If only the FAT number 1 is damaged, select ^hUse 2nd FAT^h
     from the Tools menu to view the disk using the second copy
     of the FAT. If eveything is correct, copy the 2nd FAT to
     the clipboard and paste it over the 1st FAT using the
     Edit menu commands.

^bFAT number 2^b
  Checks whether the byte sequence that begins the FAT is valid.

^b[BPB differences]^b
  If the BIOS parameter block values differ from what can be
  read from the boot record, the differences are displayed. 

^b[Write BPB] ^b
  If you are repairing a damaged boot record, this option writes
  the displayed BIOS Parameter Block values to the disk's boot
  record (if it's not physically damaged). In some cases this
  may be the only correction you need to use the disk. If you
  can't write to the boot record, you can still virtualize the
  disk (back up one screen and select [Virtual]) to recover data.

^bCaution:^b Do not select [Write BPB] unless you know what you're
         doing. You may cause more problems than you are fixing.

^b[Search Up]^b
^b[Search Down]^b
  Searches the disk for a legitimate value for the highlighted
  field on the Advanced Recovery screen.
If the first copy of the file allocation table is damaged beyond
repair, this command tells Disk Editor to view the disk using
the second copy.

^bTip:^b Try to recover critical data from a damaged disk using the
     second copy of the FAT before you try to repair the disk.
     If you're not successful with the repair, at least you'll
     have some of the data.

When use the 2nd FAT Table command, it changes to 1st FAT table
so you can go back.
This simply displays a scrolling list of the 256 ASCII codes,
as displayed in the current screen font.

If the special Norton Utilities graphical mouse is active,
you will notice that certain codes are shown as periods. The
utilities also redefine certain characters for use as option
buttons, check boxes, and other graphical effects. Other codes
are changed dynamically as the mouse moves.
This dialog lets you reattach an LFN (long file name). For 
example, you may have renamed a file in DOS and lost its LFN
association in the process. The dialog shows both the long 
and DOS names.

^bNote:^b The Attach LFN... command on the Tools menu is
enabled only when you have selected a long file name and have
disabled the Read Only option on the Configuration dialog
(^bAlt^b+^bT^b,^bN^b).
1	 This dialog lets you change certain facets of the way Norton
Disk Editor operates. Use ^bTab^b or ^b^C18^b ^b^C19^b ^b^C1b^b ^b^C1a^b to move between
controls. When finished, select ^b[Save]^b to record the settings
for later.

^bRead Only^b: This is ON by default; it will keep a novice
  user out of trouble. In fact, it's not a bad idea for even
  experts to leave this checked until it's really time to
  modify a disk, then just uncheck it for the current session;
  that is, leave this dialog by hitting the ^b[OK]^b button rather
  than ^b[Save]^b.

  The Hex and Directory Viewers don't allow data input
  in Read-Only mode, so the cursor motion is somewhat
  different (it's slightly easier to move around when in
  Read-Only mode).

^bWarning:^b Even when Read-Only mode is on, it is still possible
         to use the ^bAlt^b+^bT^b,^bW^b command to write arbitrary
         data into critical system areas. However, several 
         severe warnings are issued before letting you do it.

^bQuick Move^b: When you cursor around the FAT and certain other
  actions on a slow PC, Disk Editor grinds nearly to a halt.
  When Quick Move is ON, Disk Editor eliminates a lot of on-the-
  fly lookups and calculations so the cursor goes faster. The
  screen gets updated eventually, in any case.

^bAuto View^b: When Auto View is on, Disk Editor will choose which
  Viewer to use in displaying the data (see the ^hView Menu^h).
  For instance, as you page through arbitrary data clusters
  and you come across an old directory, Auto View causes the
  display to switch from Hex View to Directory View.

  There are cases where you may prefer to keep the screen in
  Hex View; for instance, while you look at physical sectors. 
  The Partition Table and Boot Record Viewers don't show
  everything in the sector.

^bQuick Links^b: You'll normally want this enabled so you can
  press ^bEnter^b or ^bDouble Click^b on a filename to get to its
  data. However, with dynamically-linked windows, you may
  prefer to use the Link menu commands exclusively to keep
  tight reign on what gets displayed in each window.

^bExit Prompt^b: Check this if you want to exit immediately
  to DOS when you press ^bEsc^b and bypass the confirmation
  prompt.

^bCharacter filters^b: Select "View WordStar files" to mask off
  the high bit of all characters displayed in the Text and Hex
  Viewers. This makes WordStar files and some other types of
  data a little bit easier to recognize.
 ^b^C18   ^C19 ^b       Move cursor up/down one line

 ^b^C1b   ^C1a ^b       Move cursor left/right ^bwithin edit field^b; at end
              of field, move to previous/next field

^bTab^b           Move cursor to next/previous edit field
^bShift^b+^bTab^b

^bCtrl^b+^b^C1b^b ^bCtrl^b+^b^C1a^b Move cursor to beginning/end of line (Text
              Viewer)

^bPgUp^b ^bPgDn^b     Move up/down by screen-sized pages

^bGray-^b ^bGray+^b   Move to previous/next sector
              (also ^bCtrl^b+^bPgUp^b and ^bCtrl^b+^bPgDn^b)

^bHome^b ^bEnd^b      Move to start/end of ^ba range^b of sectors,
              clusters, physical sectors, or start of a file.

^bCtrl^b+^bHome^b     Move to start/end of ^bcurrent^b sector, cluster,
^bCtrl^b+^bEnd^b      physical sector, or start of a file.

^bShift^b+^bF8^b      Switch windows when using split windows.

      ^bClick Left^b here to ──^C10 ^b^C18^b ^C11── ^bClick Right^b here to
      move up one line       ░     move to start of sector
                             ░
                        │──^C10 ░
^bClick^b above or below the│    █     ^bDrag^b slide to move
slide to move up or     │    █ ^C11── up and down and to get
down by one full screen │    █     to top/bottom of object
                        │──^C10 ░
                             ░
      ^bClick Left^b here to     ░     ^bClick Right^b here to move
      move down one line ──^C10 ^b^C19^b ^C11── to end of current sector
The ^bRescan^b dialog appears when Disk Editor's checksum
methodology detects a change in the contents of the File
Allocation Table, Boot Record, or the root directory of the
current disk.

Since any changes in these system areas might have significant
impact on Disk Editor's internal tables, the directory tree
shown in ^bAlt^b+^bO^b,^bR^b, the disk map, and elsewhere, it may need to
do a directory scan of the disk to get itself up to date.

Furthermore, if some edit you have just performed has, for
instance, opened up a previously-deleted directory, you
probably want Disk Editor to know about it.

On some computers, the rescan can take a long time. So if you
know the change was insignificant, then skip the operation by
pressing ^bEsc^b.
	AThis dialog appears at startup when Disk Editor's optional
Read-Only mode is in effect.

In Read-Only mode, the data Viewers will not accept input
other than cursor motions. This makes it difficult to
accidentally change some critical system area.

See the ^hConfiguration...^h command on the Tools menu for more
information.




