Copyright: WebEdit Help Copyright 1996 Luckman Inc


  WebEdit PRO Help

Welcome to Luckman Interactive's WebEdit PROTM, the easiest and most powerful way to create pages for the World Wide Web!

This help file is divided into the following six sections:

About WebEdit

General information about WebEdit.

Getting Started With WebEdit

Who WebEdit is designed for and how to create simple documents

WebEdit HTML Reference

Information about HTML, tags, attributes, and the various versions of HTML

WebEdit General Reference

Help on dialog boxes, menu selections, buttons, etc.

Frequently Asked Questions

Answers to common questions

Learning HTML

Finding out more about Hypertext Markup Language


Introduction

What is WebEdit?

WebEdit is a Windows-based text editor specifically designed to ease the editing of hypertext markup language (HTML) documents.

If you are not familiar with HTML, there are many places to learn the basics.  For example, your local bookstore should carry quite a few HTML books.  In addition, there are many tutorial and reference documents available on the web that can get you started quickly.  Some of these web sites are listed in this Help file in the topic What is HTML?

WebEdit strives to be the best Windows-based HTML editor available. Specifically, we have tried to include support for every feature of every version of the HTML specification, from HTML version 1 through HTML 3.2, including optional features and special non-standard extensions supported by browsers such as Netscape and Internet Explorer. Additionally, you can add any elements you like with WebEdit's User-Defined Tags dialog.

Moreover, WebEdit tries to make all of these features available in a consistent, well-organized fashion, with a minimum number of keystrokes, allowing you to create HTML documents as rapidly as possible.

WebEdit features

Design Intentions

WebEdit is a professional tool, designed for those seeking to:

•	accelerate the process of document creation

•	support the most current HTML specification

•	advance to an expert level in Web publishing

In addition, if you are new to the Web, you will find that WebEdit can help you learn HTML quickly and proficiently.  By automatically generating much of your HTML for you, WebEdit can "show you how it's done."

Creating an HTML Document with WebEdit

One obvious benefit of WebEdit for those just getting started is its ability to create starter documents with the click of a button.  A good minimal HTML document looks like this:

<HEAD>

<TITLE>Page Title</TITLE>

</HEAD>

<BODY>

<H1>First Heading</H1>

Add body text here.

<HR>

Last Updated: Friday, June 16, 1996

</BODY>

</HTML>

Keep in mind that this help file includes an HTML reference listing each HTML command along with a short description, so whenever you see a command that is not familiar (like most of the above example, probably) you can find out what it does by looking up the relevant section in the help. As a reminder, remember that you can cut & paste from the examples included with this help file.

The Add Minimal HTML Button

To create the above document with WebEdit click on the Add Minimal HTML button (looks like a big '+').  Add some text to the body of the document and save the file.  It will be saved with an .html extension.  Without the .html extension your browser would present it exactly as it appears above;  the .html extension tells the browser to follow the HTML commands embedded in the document.  Using your browser, open the file to see the formatted document.

If you prefer, you can edit the default minimal HTML document by editing the file MINIMAL.HTML located in the WebEdit directory.


Notes

Might have to remove the spell checker stuff


Tag Index

<A>        	Anchor

<ADDRESS>	Address

<BASE>	Base

<BLOCKQUOTE>	Block Quote

<BODY>	Body

<BR>	Line Break

<DD>	Definition Item

<DIR>	Directory List

<DL>	Definition List

<DT>	Definition Title

<H>	Headings

<HEAD>	Head

<HR>	Horizontal Rule

<HTML>	HTML

<IMG>	Image

<ISINDEX>	Is Index

<LI>	List Item

<LINK>	Link

<MENU>	Menu List

<META>	Meta

<NEXTID>	Next ID

<OL>	Ordered List

<P>        	Paragraph

<PRE>	Preformatted

<TITLE>	Title

<UL>	UnOrdered List

<!-- -->	Comment

<!DOCTYPE>	Document Type

<BOLD>	Bold

<CITE>	Citation

<CODE>	Code

<EM>	Emphasis

<I>	Italic

<KBD>	Keyboard

<SAMP>	Sample

<STRONG>	Strong Emphasis

<TT>	Typewriter Text

<VAR>	Variable

<FORM>	Form

<INPUT>	Input

<OPTION>	Option

<P>           	Paragraph

<SELECT>	Select

<TEXTAREA>	Text Area

<STYLE>	Style

<APPLET>	Applet

<BIG>	Big

<CAPTION>	Table Caption

<CENTER>	Center

<DIV>	Division

<FONT>	Font

<FRAME>	Frame

<FRAMESET>	Frame Set

<MAP>	Client Side Mapping

<NOFRAMES>	No Frames

<PARAM>	Param

<SMALL>	Small

<SCRIPT>	Script

<SPAN>	Span

<STYLE>	Style

<STRIKE>	 	Strikethrough

<SUB>	Subscript

<SUP>	Superscript

<TABLE>	Table

<TH>	Table Header

<TD>	Table Data

<TR>	Table Row

<U>	Underline

<BASEFONT>	Base Font

<BLINK>	Blink

<NOBR>	No Break

<WBR>	Word Break

<EMBED>	Netscape Live!

<LAYER>	Layers

<MULTICOL>	Multicolumn

<SPACER>	Spacer

<BGSOUND>	Background Sound

<MARQUEE>	Marquee

<ALIAS>	Alias

<OBJECT>	Object

<PARAM>	Param


About WebEdit

Webedit is your tool to create wonderful World Wide Web Pages. It allows you to directly manipulate all aspects of the HyperText Markup Language (HTML) on which Web pages are based. When used in combination with Web browsers like Netscape and Internet Explorer you'll be making professional (or just fun!) looking Web pages in no time!

WebEdit provides many features for both novice and experienced Web authors. For those just getting into the waters of Web page creation WebEdit offers easy to use buttons and menus to shield you from the many complexities of HTML. For experienced authors WebEdit will give you easy access to the most in depth aspects of HTML.

WebEdit grows with you. WebEdit allows you to create and save your own HTML tags, or add newly defined tags. WebEdit keeps you on the cutting edge!

WebEdit Features

What's New

Where to Find Us

License Agreement and Copyright Information


WebEdit features

WebEdit offers the following features:

•	Unlimited number and size of documents - WebEdit's rich interface lets you work on an unlimited number of HTML documents simultaneously. The size of each document is limited only by your computer's memory.

•	HTML Dialogs - WebEdit has specially designed dialog boxes for defining anchors and links, inline images and figures, forms, tables, etc., including a URL Builder for rapid creation of Uniform Resource Locators. Additionally, WebEdit saves every URL you enter, letting you choose from a list rather than retyping the same URLs over and over.

•	Editable Tags - Right clicking on an HTML tag will bring up it's dialog box, with all of the tag information already filled in!

•	Quick Previewer - WebEdit's quick preview utility is a quick and easy way to preview your HTML documents. It is based on Microsoft's Internet Explorer 3.0 and supports all HTML tags that Internet Explorer 3.0 does.

•	Browser Support - Whatever Windows-based browser you use, you can link it into WebEdit to test your HTML documents at the click of a button. WebEdit allows you to instantly choose from any number of browsers.

•	Home Page Wizard - Helps you create your first page in a flash!

•	Modules - WebEdit supports third party module plug-ins via an API. Purchase modules or write you own!.

•	HTML tag checker

•	WYSIWYG frame wizard

•	WYSIWYG form designer

•	FTP upload facility

•	Link validation wizard

•	Table of contents wizard

•	Ratings wizard

•	HTML 3.2, Netscape 3.0 and Internet Explorer 3.0 tags - WebEdit supports all the latest tags keeping your Web pages on the cutting edge!

•	Page Structure Elements - Document structure tags such as <HTML>, <HEAD>, <TITLE>, <BODY>, etc. are all supported, including HTML 3 and Netscape-specific attributes.

•	Block Formatting Elements - WebEdit supports all HTML block formatting tags, such as <ADDRESS>, <BLOCKQUOTE>, and <PRE>.

•	Phrase Formatting Elements - Every logical formatting tag and attribute from HTML version 1 through HTML version 3.2 is included.

•	Physical Font Formatting Elements - Blinking text, bold, italics, underlining, typewriter text, emphasis, strong emphasis, font sizing, etc; it's all in here.

•	List and Miscellaneous Elements - Select a block of text and choose Numbered List or Un-numbered List, and WebEdit automatically inserts list-item tags on each line. WebEdit also includes all standard insertion tags such as <P>, <HR>, <BR>, etc.

•	Special Characters - WebEdit includes support for the entire ISO Latin character set, allowing you to easily insert extended ANSI characters into your documents. WebEdit also includes support for special characters such as "<", ">", "&", non-breaking spaces, and more.

•	Form Elements - Create web forms quickly and easily with WebEdit's built-in Form support.

•	Table Elements - HTML 3.2 defines a new syntax for displaying tabular information. Netscape now supports this syntax and even extends it.

•	WYSIWYG table builder - To simplify the creation of HTML tables, WebEdit also includes a WYSIWYG table builder; you simply enter your data in a spreadsheet-style grid, and WebEdit writes the HTML for you.

•	Client-Side image mapping - WebEdit's Map Builder allows you to visually divide images into different hotspots.

•	Active-X  support - WebEdit displays a list of all Active-X controls installed on your system and supports all Active-X tags.

•	User-Defined Elements - If there are any HTML tags or other text you enter regularly that are not already built-into WebEdit, you can add them to WebEdit's User-Defined Tags dialog box for easy insertion into your documents. You can even add filenames into the dialog box for larger "insertion macros". Selecting a filename in the User-Defined Tags dialog tells WebEdit to insert the contents of the file into the current document.

•	Non-standard tags and attributes - WebEdit includes support for non-standard tags and attributes, such as those recognized by Netscape (font sizing, special image alignment, etc.) and HTML 3.2. These tags and attributes are ignored by most browsers, but are included in WebEdit in case you need them.

•	HTML Removal - WebEdit lets you quickly and easily remove HTML tags from any document or portion of a document. Simply highlight the text from which to remove HTML tags, and click the Remove HTML Tags button.

•	Spell Checker - Correct the spelling of your documents directly within WebEdit using our built-in spell checker.

•	Document Export - WebEdit allows you to save your HTML documents in either UNIX or Macintosh format. No more strange characters when using different platforms!

•	Shortcut Keys - We have provided shortcut keys (e.g., Ctrl-B for Boldface) for all of the most common tags, allowing you to enter HTML codes in your documents as quickly as possible.

•	Configurable Toolbars - Configure WebEdit to work the way you do! Put whatever buttons you want, in any order, on the toolbar by dragging and dropping.

•	Project Support - Organize all of your HTML files into projects and then load all of those files with the click of a button!

•	Tooltips - Every field on every dialog has popup tooltips that provide a brief explanation of the purpose or use of the field, reducing the amount of time you will spend looking things up.

•	Real-time syntax highlighting - Makes tags stand out!

•	Right-Click Menu - Right-clicking on any document pops up a menu that allows you to close or save the file, or choose from a list of the most common HTML tags to insert in your document.


License Agreement and Copyright Information

Copyright Notice

Luckman Interactive's WebEdit(TM) is Copyright © 1996, Luckman Interactive Inc. All Rights Reserved. WebEdit is a Trademark of Luckman Interactive Inc.

License Agreement

SOFTWARE AND DOCUMENTATION.  Luckman Interactive shall furnish the Software to you electronically or on media in machine-readable object code form.  If you receive your first copy of the Software electronically, and a second copy on media, the second copy may be used for backup and archive purposes only.  This license does not grant you any right to any enhancement or update to the Software and Documentation. Enhancements and updates, if available, may be obtained by you at Luckman Interactive's then-current standard pricing, terms, and conditions.

RESTRICTED USE.  You may not lend, rent, lease or otherwise transfer the Software.  The Software is protected by the copyright laws of the United States and international copyright treaties.  This license is valid for only one user on only one computer.

TITLE.  Title, ownership rights, and intellectual property rights in and to the Software and Documentation shall remain in Luckman Interactive and/or its suppliers.  This Agreement does not include the right to copy or sublicense the Software and is personal to you and therefore may not be assigned (by operation of law or otherwise) or transferred without the prior written consent of Luckman Interactive.  You acknowledge that the Software in source code form remains a confidential trade secret of Luckman Interactive and/or its suppliers and therefore you agree not to attempt to decipher, decompile, disassemble or reverse engineer the Software or allow others to do so, except to the extent applicable laws specifically prohibit such restriction.  You further agree not to modify or create derivative works of the Software.

CONTENT.  Title, ownership rights, and intellectual property rights in and to the content accessed through the Software is the property of the applicable content owner and may be protected by applicable copyright or other law.  This License gives you no rights to such content.

DISCLAIMER OF WARRANTY.  Since the Software is provided free of charge, the Software is provided on an "AS IS" basis, without warranty of any kind, including without limitation the warranties of merchantability, fitness for a particular purpose and non-infringement.  The entire risk as to the quality and performance of the Software is borne by you.

Should the Software prove defective, you and not Luckman Interactive assume the entire cost of any service and repair.

This disclaimer of warranty constitutes an essential part of the agreement.  SOME STATES DO NOT ALLOW EXCLUSIONS OF AN IMPLIED WARRANTY, SO THIS DISCLAIMER MAY NOT APPLY TO YOU AND YOU MAY HAVE OTHER LEGAL RIGHTS THAT VARY FROM STATE TO STATE OR BY JURISDICTION.

LIMITATION OF LIABILITY.  UNDER NO CIRCUMSTANCES AND UNDER NO LEGAL THEORY, TORT, CONTRACT, OR OTHERWISE, SHALL LUCKMAN INTERACTIVE OR ITS SUPPLIERS OR RESELLERS BE LIABLE TO YOU OR ANY OTHER PERSON FOR ANY INDIRECT, SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OF ANY CHARACTER INCLUDING, WITHOUT LIMITATION, DAMAGES FOR LOSS OF GOODWILL, WORK STOPPAGE, COMPUTER FAILURE OR MALFUNCTION, OR ANY AND ALL OTHER COMMERCIAL DAMAGES OR LOSSES.  IN NO EVENT WILL LUCKMAN INTERACTIVE BE LIABLE FOR ANY DAMAGES IN EXCESS OF LUCKMAN INTERACTIVE'S LIST PRICE FOR A LICENSE TO THE SOFTWARE, EVEN IF LUCKMAN INTERACTIVE SHALL HAVE BEEN INFORMED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES, OR FOR ANY CLAIM BY ANY OTHER PARTY.  THIS LIMITATION OF LIABILITY SHALL NOT APPLY TO LIABILITY FOR DEATH OR PERSONAL INJURY TO THE EXTENT APPLICABLE LAW PROHIBITS SUCH LIMITATION.  FURTHERMORE, SOME STATES DO NOT ALLOW THE EXCLUSION OR LIMITATION OF INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES, SO THIS LIMITATION AND EXCLUSION MAY NOT APPLY TO YOU.

EXPORT CONTROLS.  You may not download or otherwise export or reexport the Software or any underlying information or technology except in full compliance with all United States and other applicable laws and regulations.  In particular, but without limitation, none of the Software or underlying information or technology may be downloaded or otherwise exported or reexported (i) into (or to a national or resident of) Cuba, Haiti, Iraq, Libya, North Korea, Iran, Syria or any other country to which the U.S. has embargoed goods; or (ii) to anyone on the U.S. Treasury Department's list of Specially Designated Nationals or the U.S. Commerce Department's Table of Deny Orders.  By downloading or using the Software, you are agreeing to the foregoing and you are representing and warranting that you are not located in, under the control of, or a national or resident of any such country or on any such list.

TERMINATION.  Either party may terminate this Agreement immediately in the event of default by the other party.  Upon any termination of this Agreement, you shall immediately discontinue the use of the Software and shall within ten (10) days return to LUCKMAN INTERACTIVE all copies of the Software and Documentation.  You may also terminate this Agreement at any time by destroying the Software and Documentation and all copies thereof.  Your obligations to pay accrued charges and fees shall survive any termination of this Agreement.

MISCELLANEOUS.  This Agreement represents the complete and exclusive statement of the agreements concerning this license between the parties and supersedes all prior agreements and representations between them. It may be amended only by a writing executed by both parties.  THE ACCEPTANCE OF ANY PURCHASE ORDER PLACED BY YOU IS EXPRESSLY MADE CONDITIONAL ON YOUR ASSENT TO THE TERMS SET FORTH HEREIN, AND LUCKMAN INTERACTIVE AGREES TO FURNISH THE SOFTWARE AND DOCUMENTATION ONLY UPON THESE TERMS AND NOT THOSE CONTAINED IN YOUR PURCHASE ORDER.  If any provision of this Agreement is held to be unenforceable for any reason, such provision shall be reformed only to the extent necessary to make it enforceable, and such decision shall not affect the enforceability (i) of such provision under other circumstances or (ii) of the remaining provisions hereof under all circumstances.  Headings shall not be considered in interpreting this Agreement.  This Agreement shall be governed by and construed under California law as such law applies to agreements between California residents entered into and to be performed entirely within California, except as governed by Federal law.  This Agreement will not be governed by the United Nations Convention of Contracts for the International Sale of Goods, the application of which is hereby expressly excluded.

U.S. Government Restricted Rights.  Use, duplication or disclosure by the Government is subject to restrictions set forth in subparagraphs (a) through (d) of the Commercial Computer-Restricted Rights clause at FAR 52.227-19 when applicable, or in subparagraph (c)(1)(ii) of the Rights in Technical Data and Computer Software clause at DFARS 252.227-7013, and in similar clauses in the NASA FAR Supplement.

Contractor/manufacturer is Luckman Interactive Inc.

Contact:

  Luckman Interactive Inc.

  http://www.luckman.com/


Where to Reach Us

The best way to reach us is online.  The WebEdit home page is on the World Wide Web at: http://www.luckman.com/

WebEdit has grown so popular that we now have our own Mailing List! To subscribe, send mail to majordomo@thegroup.net with the words 'Subscribe WebEdit-List me@myaddress' in the body of the message.

In addition to the mailing list, you can get support for WebEdit on usenet in the group alt.html.editors.webedit, and on CompuServe in the Internet Publishing forum (GO INETPUB).  If your usenet server doesn't have alt.html.editors.webedit, please ask your service provider to carry it.


What's New

Changes from WebEdit 2 to WebEdit 3

•	Editable Tags - Right clicking on an HTML tag will bring up it's dialog box, with all of the tag information already filled in!

•	Improved Quick Previewer - WebEdit's previewer is now based on Microsoft's Internet Explorer 3.0 and supports all HTML tags that Internet Explorer 3.0 does.

•	New Modules - Ratings wizard and HTML Validation. Now you can generate your own ratings information, and validate your HTML code without leaving WebEdit.

•	HTML 3.2, Netscape 4.0 and Internet Explorer 4.0 tags - Style Sheets, Netscape Live!, Scripts, they're all here.

•	Active-X  support - WebEdit displays a list of all Active-X controls installed on your system and supports all Active-X tags.

•	Real-time syntax highlighting - Makes tags stand out! You can select different colors for tags, attributes and attribute values!

•	Enhancements - Lots of small changes to make writing your Web page easier!


WebEdit Reference

HTML

Tag Index

Document Structure

Block Style Tags

Logical Font Style Tags

Physical Font Style Tags

Headings

Special Characters

Form Elements

List Elements

Miscellaneous Tags

Table Elements

Java Tags

Object Tags

Inline Images

Uniform Resource Locators (URLs)

User-Defined Tags

Learning HTML

Miscellaneous Features

Spelling Checker

Quick Previewer


Page Structure Tags

HTML Document Structure Tags

HTML provides methods for organizing and navigating within HTML documents using the following elements:

The Base element is for establishing a location context for other URLs referenced.

The Body element determines the start and finish of the document's body.

The Document Type element describes to what level of HTML the document is written for.

The Frame element defines a single frame in a frameset.

The Frame Set element defines the main container for a frame.

The Head element determines the start and finish of the document's body.

The HTML element shows where the entire HTML documents starts and finishes.

The Is Index element indicates that the document supports CGI script for searches.

The Meta element is a method for including extra information about your document.

The Multicolumn element divides the page up into columns like a magazine.

The Next ID element indicates the next Web page after the current one. This allows for document chaining.

The No Frames element specifies alternative content that is viewable by non-frame-capable clients.

The Script element contains script information.

The Spacer element controls verticaland horizontal white space.

The Span element surrounds text to which you want to add style information.

The Style element allows for the inclusion of rendering information using a specified style notation.

The Title element specifies the title of the document.

In HTML documents, tags define the start and end of headings, paragraphs, lists, character highlighting and links etc. Most HTML elements are identified in a document as a start tag, which gives the element name and attributes, followed by the content, followed by the end tag. Start tags are delimited by < and >, while end tags are delimited by </ and >. For example:

    <title>This is a Title</title>
    <h1>This is a Heading</h1>
    <P>This is a paragraph.

As can be seen from the <P>, not every tag has an end tag.

Every HTML document as a minimum must have a title. To identify the document as being HTML 3.0, it is recommended that documents start with the prologue:

<!doctype HTML public "-//W3O//DTD W3 HTML 3.0//EN">

When absent, this prologue is implied by the MIME content type for HTML 3.0 together with the associated version parameter.

Document Structure

HTML 3.0 documents formally have the following structure:

<HTML>
<HEAD> head elements ...
<BODY> body elements ...
</HTML>

In most cases, the HTML, HEAD and BODY tags can be safely omitted.


Base

Description

The Base element allows the URL of the document itself to be recorded in situations in which the document may be read out of context. URLs within the document may be in a "partial" form relative to this base address.  Where the base address is not specified, the reader will use the URL it used to access the document to resolve any relative URLs.

Attributes

HREF - [image] A URL.

TARGET - [image] Links in any window can refer to another window by name using the TARGET attribute. When you click the link, the document you requested will appear in that named window. If the window is not already open, the browser will open and name a new window for you.

Example

<BASE HREF="http://www.luckman.com/">


Body

Description

The Body element contains all the information which is part of the document, as opposed information about the document which is in the Head.  The elements within the Body element are in the order in which they should be presented to the reader. Place the <BODY> and </BODY> tags above and below the body of the text (not including the Head) of your HTML document.

Example

<HTML>

<HEAD>

<TITLE>Page Title</TITLE>

</HEAD>

<BODY>

Add body text here.

</BODY>

</HTML>

Attributes

BACKGROUND - [image]  Specifies the image tile to appear in the document background.

BGPROPERTIES - [image] Specifies a watermark, which is a background picture that does not scroll.

<BODY BACKGROUND="linoleum.gif" BGPROPERTIES=FIXED>

The background on this page is fixed so that it does not scroll.</BODY>

BGCOLOR= #rrggbb [image] or colorname [image].  Sets the background color of the page. rrggbb is a hexadecimal number denoting a red-green-blue color value (the pound sign is optional). BGCOLOR and each of the other color attributes here can also be set to a colorname.

<BODY BGCOLOR=#ff0000>This page has a red background.</BODY>

or

<BODY BGCOLOR=RED>This page also has a red background.</BODY>

STYLE - [image] Defines the visual formatting. See Styles.

LINK=#rrggbb or colorname.  Sets the color of shortcuts that have not yet been visited.

<BODY LINK=#0000ff>This page has blue shortcuts</BODY>

TEXT=#rrggbb or colorname.  Sets the color of text on the page.

<BODY TEXT=FUCHSIA>This text is fuchsia.</BODY>

ALINK=#rrggbb or colorname.  Sets color of shortcuts that are active.

<BODY ALINK=#ff0000>Active shortcuts</BODY>

VLINK=#rrggbb or colorname.  Sets color of shortcuts that have already been visited.

<BODY VLINK=#00ff00>This page has green visited shortcuts</BODY>


Document Type

Short Non-Technical Description

To formally identify the file as containing HTML elements, the beginning of the file should contain a line identifying the version of HTML being used - this is the DocType tag.

To just state only that the document is HTML:

<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//IETF//DTD HTML//EN">

To state exactly what level of HTML it is:

<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//IETF//DTD HTML 1.0//EN">

<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//IETF//DTD HTML 2.0//EN">

<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//IETF//DTD HTML 3.0//EN">

<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 3.2//EN">

<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//IETF//DTD HTML Level 0//EN">

<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//IETF//DTD HTML Level 1//EN">

<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//IETF//DTD HTML Level 2//EN">

<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//IETF//DTD HTML Level 3//EN">

Formal Variants of HTML 3.0

The HTML 3.0 document type definition includes two flags for controlling how prescriptive or how lax the language is.

HTML Recommended

Certain features of the language are necessary for compatibility with widespread usage, but they may compromise the structural integrity of a document. The HTML.Recommended entity should be defined as INCLUDE in the DTD subset to enable a more prescriptive version of HTML 3 that eliminates the above features. For example:

<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//IETF//DTD HTML 3.2//EN"
[ <!ENTITY % HTML.Recommended "INCLUDE"> ] >

In particular, this prevents text from appearing except within block elements.

HTML Deprecated

By default, for backwards compatibility, the %HTML.Deprecated entity is defined as INCLUDE, enabling certain features which are now deprecated. These features can be eliminated by defining this entity as IGNORE in the DTD subset. For example:

<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//IETF//DTD HTML 3.2//EN" [
<!ENTITY % HTML.Deprecated "IGNORE"> ] >

Note: defining %HTML.Recommended as INCLUDE automatically sets %HTML. Deprecated to IGNORE.

In the spirit of being liberal in what you accept and strict in what you generate, HTML user agents are recommended to accept syntax corresponding to the specification with %HTML.Deprecated turned on, while HTML user agents generating HTML are recommended to generate documents that conform to the specification with %HTML. Recommended turned on.


Overview of Frames

Frames are a way of specifying multiple, independent, scrollable regions within a display window. Each frame can contain a separate HTML document. Users can scroll and resize frames, at the choice of the page creator. Each frame can also be given NAME values, so they can be targeted by links in other documents or other frames. These features provide a powerful new way of presenting documents.

Properties of frames:

• A frame can be given an individual URL, so it can load information independent of the other frames on the page;

• A frame can be given a NAME, allowing it to be targeted by other URLs, and;

• A Frame can resize dynamically if the user changes the window's size. (Resizing can also be disabled, ensuring a constant frame size.)

These properties offer new possibilities:

• Elements that the user should always see, such as control bars, copyright notices, and title graphics can be placed in a static, individual frame. As the user navigates the site in "live" frames, the static frame's contents remain fixed, even though adjoining frames redraw.

• Table of contents are more functional. One frame can contain TOC links that, when clicked, display results in an adjoining frame.

• Frames side-by-side design allows queries to be posed and answered on the same page, with one frame holding the query form, and the other presenting the results.


Frame

Description

This tag defines a single frame in a frameset. The IFRAME (floating frame) tag is the same as the FRAME tag except that the result of the tag is a floating rather than fixed frame.

Attributes

SRC - [image] The SRC attribute takes as its value the URL of the document to be displayed in this particular frame. FRAMEs without SRC attributes are displayed as a blank space the size the frame would have been.

NAME - [image] The NAME attribute is used to assign a name to a frame so it can be targeted by links in other documents (These are usually from other frames in the same document.) The NAME attribute is optional; by default all windows are unnamed. Names must begin with an alphanumeric character. However, several reserved names have been defined, which start with an underscore.

These are currently:

_blank	Always load this link into a new, unnamed window.

_self 	Always load this link over yourself.

_parent	Always load this link over your parent. (becomes self if you have no parent).

_top	Always load this link at the top level. (becomes self if you are at the top).

All other names starting with '_' will be ignored.

MARGINWIDTH -  [image] The MARGINWIDTH attribute is used when the document author wants some control of the margins for this frame. If specified, the value for MARGINWIDTH is in pixels. Margins can not be less than one-so that frame objects will not touch frame edges-and can not be specified so that there is no space for the document contents. The MARGINWIDTH attribute is optional; by default, all frames default to letting the browser decide on an appropriate margin width.

MARGINHEIGHT -  [image] The MARGINHEIGHT attribute is just like MARGINWIDTH above, except it controls the upper an lower magins instead of the left and right margins.

SCROLLING -  [image] The SCROLLING attribute is used to describe if the frame should have a scrollbar or not. Yes results in scrollbars always being visible on that frame. No results in scrollbars never being visible. Auto instructs the browser to decide whether scrollbars are needed, and place them where necessary. The SCROLLING attribute is optional; the default value is auto.

NORESIZE -  [image] The NORESIZE attribute has no value. It is a flag that indicates that the frame is not resizable by the user. Users typically resize frames by dragging a frame edge to a new position. Note that if any frame adjacent to an edge is not resizable, that entire edge will be restricted from moving. This will effect the resizability of other frames. The NORESIZE attribute is optional; by default all frames are resizable.

Example (Courtesy Netscape Communications)

This example compares Frame syntax and TABLE syntax.

+----------------------------------------------------------+

|                            |                             |

|                            |                             |

|                            |                             |

|                            |                             |

|                            |                             |

|                            |                             |

|                            |                             |

|                            |                             |

|                            |                             |

|                            |-----------------------------+

|                            |                             |

|                            |                             |

|                            |                             |

|                            |                             |

+----------------------------|                             |

|                            |                             |

|                            |                             |

|                            |                             |

|                            |                             |

|                            |-----------------------------+

|                            |                             |

|                            |                             |

|                            |                             |

|                            |                             |

|                            |                             |

|                            |                             |

|                            |                             |

|                            |                             |

|                            |                             | +----------------------------------------------------------+

THE ABOVE LAYOUT USING TABLES

<TABLE WIDTH="100%" HEIGHT="100%" BORDER>

    <TR><TD ROWSPAN=2>CELL1</TD><TD>CELL2</TD></TR>

    <TR><TD ROWSPAN=2>CELL3</TD></TR>

    <TR><TD ROWSPAN=2>CELL4</TD></TR>

    <TR><TD>CELL5</TD></TR>

</TABLE>

THE ABOVE LAYOUT USING FRAMES

<FRAMESET COLS="50%,50%">

  <FRAMESET ROWS="50%,50%">

    <FRAME SRC="cell.html">

    <FRAME SRC="cell.html">

  </FRAMESET>

  <FRAMESET ROWS="33%,33%,33%">

    <FRAME SRC="cell.html">

    <FRAME SRC="cell.html">

    <FRAME SRC="cell.html">

  </FRAMESET>

</FRAMESET>

THE ABOVE LAYOUT USING NOFRAMES INFO

<FRAMESET COLS="50%,50%">

<NOFRAMES>

<h1 align=center><blink>Frame ALERT!</blink></h1>

<p>

This document is designed to be viewed using <b>Netscape 2.0</b>'s

Frame features. If you are seeing this message, you are using

a frame <i>challenged</i> browser.

</p>

<p>

A <b>Frame-capable</b> browser can be gotten from

<a href=http://home.netscape.com/>Netscape Communications</a>.

</p>

</NOFRAMES>

<FRAMESET ROWS="50%,50%">

  <FRAME SRC="cell.html">

  <FRAME SRC="cell.html">

</FRAMESET>

<FRAMESET ROWS="33%,33%,33%">

  <FRAME SRC="cell.html">

  <FRAME SRC="cell.html">

  <FRAME SRC="cell.html">

</FRAMESET>

</FRAMESET>


Frame Set

Description

This is the main container for a Frame. It has 2 attributes ROWS and COLS. A frame document has no BODY, and no tags that would normally be placed in the BODY can appear before the FRAMESET tag, or the FRAMESET will be ignored. The FRAMESET tag has a matching end tag, and within the FRAMESET you can only have other nested FRAMESET tags, FRAME tags, or the NOFRAMES tag.

The FRAMESET tag can be nested inside other FRAMESET tags. In this case the complete subframe is placed in the space that

would be used for the corresponding frame if this had been a FRAME tag instead of a nested FRAMESET.

Attributes

ROWS -  [image] The ROWS attribute takes as its value a comma separated list of values. These values can be absolute pixel values, percentage values between 1 and 100, or relative scaling values. The number of rows is implicit in the number of elements in the list. Since the total height of all the rows must equal the height of the window, row heights might be normalized to achieve this. A missing ROWS attribute is interpreted as a single row arbitrarily sized to fit.

Syntax of value list.

value

A simple numeric value is assumed to be a fixed size in pixels. This is the most dangerous type of value to use since the size of the viewer's window can and does vary substantially. If fixed pixel values are used, it will almost certainly be necessary to mix them with one or more of the relative size values described below. Otherwise the client engine will likely override your specified pixel value to ensure that the total proportions of the frame are 100% of the width and height of the user's window.

value%

This is a simple percentage value between 1 and 100. If the total is greater than 100 all percentages are scaled down. If the total is less than 100,  and relative-sized frames exist, extra space will be given to them. If there are no relative-sized frames, all percentages will be scaled up to match a total of 100%.

value*

The value on this field is optional. A single '*' character is a "relative-sized" frame and is interpreted as a request to give the frame all remaining space. If there exist multiple relative-sized frames, the remaining space is divided evenly among them. If there is a value in front of the '*', that frame gets that much more relative space. "2*,*" would give 2/3 of the space to the first frame, and 1/3 to the second.

Example for 3 rows, the first and the last being smaller than the center row:

<FRAMESET ROWS="20%,60%,20%">

Example for 3 rows, the first and the last being fixed height, with the remaining space assigned to the middle row:

<FRAMESET ROWS="100,*,100">

COLS -  [image] The COLS attribute takes as its value a comma separated list of values that is of the exact same syntax as the list described above for the ROWS attribute.

Example (Courtesy Netscape Communications)

This example compares Frame syntax and TABLE syntax.

+----------------------------------------------------------+

|                            |                             |

|                            |                             |

|                            |                             |

|                            |                             |

|                            |                             |

|                            |                             |

|                            |                             |

|                            |                             |

|                            |                             |

|                            |-----------------------------+

|                            |                             |

|                            |                             |

|                            |                             |

|                            |                             |

+----------------------------|                             |

|                            |                             |

|                            |                             |

|                            |                             |

|                            |                             |

|                            |-----------------------------+

|                            |                             |

|                            |                             |

|                            |                             |

|                            |                             |

|                            |                             |

|                            |                             |

|                            |                             |

|                            |                             |

|                            |                             | +----------------------------------------------------------+

THE ABOVE LAYOUT USING TABLES

<TABLE WIDTH="100%" HEIGHT="100%" BORDER>

    <TR><TD ROWSPAN=2>CELL1</TD><TD>CELL2</TD></TR>

    <TR><TD ROWSPAN=2>CELL3</TD></TR>

    <TR><TD ROWSPAN=2>CELL4</TD></TR>

    <TR><TD>CELL5</TD></TR>

</TABLE>

THE ABOVE LAYOUT USING FRAMES

<FRAMESET COLS="50%,50%">

  <FRAMESET ROWS="50%,50%">

    <FRAME SRC="cell.html">

    <FRAME SRC="cell.html">

  </FRAMESET>

  <FRAMESET ROWS="33%,33%,33%">

    <FRAME SRC="cell.html">

    <FRAME SRC="cell.html">

    <FRAME SRC="cell.html">

  </FRAMESET>

</FRAMESET>

THE ABOVE LAYOUT USING NOFRAMES INFO

<FRAMESET COLS="50%,50%">

<NOFRAMES>

<h1 align=center><blink>Frame ALERT!</blink></h1>

<p>

This document is designed to be viewed using <b>Netscape 2.0</b>'s

Frame features. If you are seeing this message, you are using

a frame <i>challenged</i> browser.

</p>

<p>

A <b>Frame-capable</b> browser can be gotten from

<a href=http://home.netscape.com/>Netscape Communications</a>.

</p>

</NOFRAMES>

<FRAMESET ROWS="50%,50%">

  <FRAME SRC="cell.html">

  <FRAME SRC="cell.html">

</FRAMESET>

<FRAMESET ROWS="33%,33%,33%">

  <FRAME SRC="cell.html">

  <FRAME SRC="cell.html">

  <FRAME SRC="cell.html">

</FRAMESET>

</FRAMESET>


Head

Description

The Head element contains all information about the document in general. It contains HTML elements that describe the document's title, usage and relationship with other documents.  It does not contain any text which is part of the document - this is in the Body. Within the Head element, only certain elements are allowed.

Attributes

None

Example

<HTML>

<HEAD>

<TITLE>Page Title</TITLE>

</HEAD>

<BODY>

Add body text here.

</BODY>

</HTML>


HTML

Description

The HTML identifier defines the document as containing HTML elements. It contains only the Head and Body elements.

Attributes

None

Example

<HTML>

<HEAD>

<TITLE>Page Title</TITLE>

</HEAD>

<BODY>

Add body text here.

</BODY>

</HTML>


Is Index

Description

The Is Index Element informs the reader that the document is an index document. As well as reading it, the reader may use a keyword search.  The node may be queried with a keyword search by suffixing the node address with a question mark, followed by a list of keywords separated by plus signs.  Note that this tag is normally generated automatically by a server. If it is added by hand to an HTML document, then the client will assume that the server can handle a search on the document. Obviously the server must have this capability for it to work: simply adding <ISINDEX> in the document is not enough to make searches happen if the server does not have a search engine!

Attributes

PROMPT - [image] "prompt text".  Specifies a prompt to be used instead of the above.

Example

<ISINDEX PROMPT="Type in keywords here">


Layers

Description

The Layer Element defines a single layer of content that can be moved, clipped, and altered in various ways. For example, you could have many overlapping layers that can be dyna mically peeled away to reveal the layers underneath. Layers have a stacking order that determine which layer appears on top of another for overlapping layers. Using JavaScript you can dynamically change whether a layer is visible or not, which means you can hide a layer and make it reappear again if you want. Each pixel in a layer can be transparent or solid. If a pixel is transparent, the content of underlying layers shows through it. You can specify background images and background colors for layers just as you do for body page. Specifying a background color causes the entire layer to become opaque . Tiled background images can contain transparent pixels.

If you resize a browser while it is showing a page containing layers that have been dynamically changed by JavaScript, the layers reset to their initial state. That is, they reset to the state they were in when the page was first loaded.

Attributes

NAME- [image] "layerName" This is an identification tag for the layer. Layer names must begin with an alphabetic character. The name is used for referring to the layer from within HTML and external scripting languages such as JavaScript. Each layer name within a document must be unique. This attribute is optional; by def ault all layers are unnamed.

LEFT=xPosition

TOP=yPosition

The LEFT and TOP attributes specify the pixel position of the layer in terms of the horizontal and vertical position of the top left corner of the layer. The origin is the upper left corner of the parent layer or document, with coordinates increasing downwards and to the right. The values must b e integer values in the range [-2147483648, 2147483647]; these are the limits of a 32-bit, signed integer. The default values for both LEFT and TOP correspond to the position of the content of the tag if the tag did not exist. That is, the current layout position when the tag is encountered.

Both attributes are optional. After the <LAYER> tag is encountered, subsequent HTML layout will resume at the XY location of layout before the <LAYER> tag was encountered.

WIDTH=layerWidth

The WIDTH attribute controls how the contents of the <LAYER> tag will be wrapped. It is specified in terms of pixels and must be an integer in the range [-2147483648, 2147483647]; these are the limits of a 32-bit, signed integer. If elements that cannot be wrapped, such as images, extend beyond the width specified, the actual width of the contents of the layer will be larger than the specified value. This behavior is analogous to the way in which the width of a window sets the default wrapping for any HTML it contains. The attribute is optional; in the absence of a WIDTH specification,

 the layer contents wrap at the right boundary of the enclosing block.

CLIP="x1_offset, y1_offset, x2_offset, y2_offset" or CLIP="x2_offset, y2_offset"

The CLIP attribute specifies a rectangle containing the portion of the contents to be drawn. Everything outside this rectangle is drawn as transparent and so is invisible. This clip is expressed in a coordinate system where the LEFT and TOP of the layer space is the origin.

The CLIP attribute is specified with four numbers, in pixels, and must be an integer in the range [-2147483648, 2147483647]; these are the limits of a 32-bit, signed integer. These are the x1_offset, y1_offset, x2_offset, and y2_offset, where the x1 and y1 offsets specify the upper left corner o f the displayed region relative to the layer's LEFT and TOP position values, and the x2 and y2 offsets specify the lower right corner. So, the numbers specified in the attribute from left to right should be the horizontal left value, the vertical top value, the horizontal right value, and the ve rtical bottom value.

If x1_offset and y1_offset are omitted, they default to (0,0) (that is, the coordinates specified by the layer's LEFT and TOP attributes). In this case, the x2 and y2 offsets still represent the lower right corner. If CLIP is omitted entirely, x2_offset and y2_offset are chosen such that everyth ing within the layer is unclipped - that is, visible.

Z-INDEX=layerZ

ABOVE="layerName"

BELOW="layerName"

The Z-INDEX, ABOVE, and BELOW attributes specify the z-order (stacking order) of layers, overriding the default behavior of placing new layers on top of all existing layers. Only one of the Z-INDEX, ABOVE, or BELOW attributes may be used for a given layer. The Z-INDEX attribute allows a layer's z-order to be specified in terms of a positive integer. Layers with higher-numbered layerZ values are stacked above those with lower ones.

The ABOVE attribute specifies the NAME attribute of the layer immediately on top of a newly created layer. In other words the new layer is created just below the layer specified by the ABOVE attribute. Similarly, the BELOW attribute identifies the NAME attribute of the layer that will be immedia tely underneath the newly created layer. For either attribute, the specified layer must already have been created. Forward references to other layers are not permitted and will result in the default layer-creation behavior (as if the ABOVE or BELOW attribute had not appeared).

VISIBILITY=SHOW | HIDE | INHERIT

The VISIBILITY attribute is used to determine whether the layer is initially displayed. SHOW, which is not implemented in the preview release, indicates that the layer should be drawn, HIDE indicates that the layer should be hidden, and INHERIT indicates that the layer's visibility should always

 be the same as its parent layer's visibility. The attribute is optional; by default, VISIBILITY=INHERIT. The hidden state of a layer can be changed dynamically by using a scripting language.

BGCOLOR="rgbColor"

BACKGROUND="imageURL"

These attributes control the solid background color or tiled image backdrop of a layer. They are similar to the BGCOLOR and BACKGROUND attributes of the <BODY> tag. BGCOLOR is either the name of a standard color or an RGB value. BACKGROUND is the URL of a backdrop image. Backdrop images may cont ain transparent pixels. Both of these attributes are optional. By default, a layer is transparent - layers below a layer with neither attribute show through in the areas in which a background color or pattern would have been visible.


Link

Description

LINK is used to indicate relationships between documents.

Attributes

REL - [image] indicates a normal relationship to the document specified in the URL.

REL="stylesheet" This indicates the location of the appropriate style sheet for the current document.

The following LINK tags allow advanced browsers to automatically generate a navigational buttonbar for the site. For each possible value, the URL can be either absolute or relative.

REL="home" Indicates the location of the homepage, or starting page in this site.

REL="toc" Indicates the location of the table of contents, or overview of this site.

REL="index" Indicates the location of the index for this site. This doesn't have to be the same as the table of contents. The index could be alphabetical, for example.

REL="glossary" Indicates the location of a glossary of terms for this site.

REL="copyright" Indicates the location of a page with copyright information for information and such on this site.

REL="up" Indicates the location of the document which is logically directly above the current document.

REL="next" Indicates the location of the next document in a series, relative to the current document.

REL="previous" Indicates the location of the previous document in a series, relative to the current document.

REL="help" Indicates the location of a help file for this site. This can be useful if the site is complex, or if the current document may require explanations to be used correctly (for example, a large fill-in form).

REV - [image] indicates a reverse relationship, meaning the other document has the indicated relationship with this one.

REV="made" Indicates the creator of the document. Usually the URL is a mailto: URL with the creator's e-mail address. Advanced browsers will now let the reader comment on the page with just one button or keystroke.

TITLE - [image] the title for the referenced URL.

Notes

Support for the LINK tag is currently very limited, although it may be useful for site maintenance.


Meta

Description

The META element is used within the HEAD element to embed document meta-information not defined by other HTML elements. Such information can be extracted by servers/clients for use in identifying, indexing and cataloging specialized document meta-information.

Although it is generally preferable to use named elements that have well defined semantics for each type of meta-information, such as title, this element is provided for situations where strict SGML parsing is necessary and the local DTD is not extensible.

In addition, HTTP servers can read the contents of the document head to generate response headers corresponding to any elements defining a value for the attribute HTTP-EQUIV. This provides document authors with a mechanism (not necessarily the preferred one) for identifying information that should be included in the response headers of an HTTP request.

Attributes

NAME - [image] Used to name a property such as author, publication date etc. If absent, the name can be assumed to be the same as the value of HTTP-EQUIV.

CONTENT - [image] Used to supply a value for a named property.

HTTP-EQUIV - [image] This attribute binds the element to an HTTP response header. If the semantics of the HTTP response header named by this attribute is known, then the contents can be processed based on a well defined syntactic mapping, whether or not the DTD includes anything about it. HTTP header names are not case sensitive. If absent, the NAME attribute should be used to identify this meta-information and it should not be used within an HTPP response header.

Examples:

If the document contains:

<META HTTP-EQUIV=Expires CONTENT="Tue, 04 Dec 1993 21:29:02 GMT">
<META HTTP-EQUIV="Keywords" CONTENT="Nanotechnology, Biochemistry">
<META HTTP-EQUIV="Reply-to" CONTENT="dsr@w3.org (Dave Raggett)">

The server will include the following response headers:

Expires: Tue, 04 Dec 1993 21:29:02 GMT
Keywords: Nanotechnology, Biochemistry
Reply-to: dsr@w3.org (Dave Raggett)

When the HTTP-EQUIV attribute is absent, the server should not generate an HTTP response header for this meta-information, e.g.

<META NAME="IndexType" CONTENT="Service">

Do not use the META element to define information that should be associated with an existing HTML element.

Example of an inappropriate use of the META element:

<META NAME="Title" CONTENT="The Etymology of Dunsel">

Do not name an HTTP-EQUIV attribute the same as a response header that should typically only be generated by the HTTP server. Some inappropriate names are "Server", "Date", and "Last-Modified". Whether a name is inappropriate depends on the particular server implementation. It is recommended that servers ignore any META elements that specify HTTP equivalents (case insensitively) to their own reserved response headers.


Multicolumn

Description

The example displays text in multiple columns (similar to newspapers) and snaking columns

Attributes

COLS - [image] The COLS attribute is mandatory and controls how many columns the display will be split into. Layout will attempt to flow elements evenly across the columns to make each column about the same height. Unless the WIDTH attribute is specified, column width is adjusted to fill the available v iew.

GUTTER - [image] The GUTTER attribute controls the amount of space between columns. It defaults to a value of 10 pixels.

WIDTH - [image] The WIDTH attribute controls the width of an individual column. All columns are always the same width, so the overall width of a multicolumn layout is (cols * width) + ([cols - 1] * gutter).


Next ID

Description

The Next ID element takes a single attribute which is the number of the next document-wide numeric identifier to be allocated.  When modifying a document, old anchor ids should not be reused, as there may be references stored elsewhere which point to them. This is read and generated by hypertext editors. Human writers of HTML usually use mnemonic alphabetical identifiers.  Browser software may ignore this tag.

Attributes

N - [image] number of the next document-wide numeric identifier to be allocated.

Example

<NEXTID N=27>


No Frames

This tag is for content providers who want to create alternative content that is viewable by non-Frame-capable clients. A Frame-capable Internet client ignores all tags and data between start and end NOFRAMES tags.

Example

This example compares Frame syntax and TABLE syntax.

+----------------------------------------------------------+

|                            |                             |

|                            |                             |

|                            |                             |

|                            |                             |

|                            |                             |

|                            |                             |

|                            |                             |

|                            |                             |

|                            |                             |

|                            |-----------------------------+

|                            |                             |

|                            |                             |

|                            |                             |

|                            |                             |

+----------------------------|                             |

|                            |                             |

|                            |                             |

|                            |                             |

|                            |                             |

|                            |-----------------------------+

|                            |                             |

|                            |                             |

|                            |                             |

|                            |                             |

|                            |                             |

|                            |                             |

|                            |                             |

|                            |                             |

|                            |                             |

+----------------------------------------------------------+

THE ABOVE LAYOUT USING TABLES

<TABLE WIDTH="100%" HEIGHT="100%" BORDER>

    <TR><TD ROWSPAN=2>CELL1</TD><TD>CELL2</TD></TR>

    <TR><TD ROWSPAN=2>CELL3</TD></TR>

    <TR><TD ROWSPAN=2>CELL4</TD></TR>

    <TR><TD>CELL5</TD></TR>

</TABLE>

THE ABOVE LAYOUT USING FRAMES

<FRAMESET COLS="50%,50%">

  <FRAMESET ROWS="50%,50%">

    <FRAME SRC="cell.html">

    <FRAME SRC="cell.html">

  </FRAMESET>

  <FRAMESET ROWS="33%,33%,33%">

    <FRAME SRC="cell.html">

    <FRAME SRC="cell.html">

    <FRAME SRC="cell.html">

  </FRAMESET>

</FRAMESET>

THE ABOVE LAYOUT USING NOFRAMES INFO

<FRAMESET COLS="50%,50%">

<NOFRAMES>

<h1 align=center><blink>Frame ALERT!</blink></h1>

<p>

This document is designed to be viewed using <b>Netscape 2.0</b>'s

Frame features. If you are seeing this message, you are using

a frame <i>challenged</i> browser.

</p>

<p>

A <b>Frame-capable</b> browser can be gotten from

<a href=http://home.netscape.com/>Netscape Communications</a>.

</p>

</NOFRAMES>

<FRAMESET ROWS="50%,50%">

  <FRAME SRC="cell.html">

  <FRAME SRC="cell.html">

</FRAMESET>

<FRAMESET ROWS="33%,33%,33%">

  <FRAME SRC="cell.html">

  <FRAME SRC="cell.html">

  <FRAME SRC="cell.html">

</FRAMESET>

</FRAMESET>


Script

Description

The Script element allows you to place programming 'scripts' in your HTML code.

The SCRIPT tag is included only to ensure upward compatibility.  Newer versions of HTML will include support for inline scripts, which should be contained in this tag.  The tag should contain a valid script. The scripting language used may be listed in the LANGUAGE attribute.

Current browsers are only required to hide the contents of the SCRIPT tag, it does not have to use the information contained therein. In the meantime, if you need scripts in your documents, put them inside HTML comments.

Attributes

LANGUAGE - [image] Describes the script type. Two popular types are VBScript and JavaScript.

Notes

Not all browsers support scripts.

Since not all browsers will hide the tag's contents, it is a good idea to enclose it within comments.

If a script uses the ">" or "--" symbols, some browsers may end the comment accidentally.


Spacer

Description

The Spacer element controls verticaland horizontal white space. You can control the horizontal whitespace that appears between words in a line, the vertical whitespace that appears between lines on a page, and you can set up arbitrary rectang ular spacing elements (usually placed in margins to make text flow around them, but they can also be placed within the text flow of a line). Combined with other tags such as the MULTICOL tag, HTML documents can take on an even more professional look and feel with unprecedented page layout capabilities.

Attributes

TYPE - [image] The type of spacer, Horizontal, Vertical or Block.

SIZE - [image] The size in pixels.

WIDTH - [image] The width in pixels.

HEIGHT - [image] The height in pixels.

ALIGN - [image] The horizontal alignment.


Span

Description

SPAN by itself doesn't mean anything; you use it to surround text to which you want to add style information.

Attributes

STYLE - [image] Defines the visual formatting. See Styles.


Style

Description

The STYLE element provides a means for including rendering information using a specified style notation. Information in the STYLE element overrides client defaults and that of linked style sheets. It allows authors to specify overrides, while for the most part using a generic style sheet, and as such improves the effectiveness of caching schemes for linked style sheets.  Stylistic rules will in general match tag names and attribute values for elements in the document body.

Attributes

font: [bold] [italic] [font size]/[font leading] [list of font names]

Sets many font properties at once. You can specify a list of font names separated by commas; if the first is not available, the next will be tried, and so on. Examples:

font: 10pt Arial

font: bold 12pt/14pt "Arial,Helv"

font-family: [list of font names]

Chooses which font to use to display text. As above, you can specify a list of font names separated by commas.

Example: font-family: Courier New

font-size: size

Sets font size. You can set font size not only in points but in inches (in), centimeters (cm), or pixels (px).

Example: font-size: 10pt

font-weight: bold or normal

Sets the font weight. Currently only normal and bold are supported.

Example: font-weight: bold

font-style: italic

Used to set various text styles. Currently only italic is supported.

text-decoration: none , underline, italic, or line-through

Sets text decoration. This is useful for turning link underlining off: simply set text-decoration to "none".

Example: text-decoration: line-through

line-height: [measurement]

Otherwise known as leading, this sets the height of each line of text. (Note: currently the extra spacing is added before lines, not after. This may be changed later to match the standards set by desktop publishing applications.)

Example: line-height: 20pt.

background: #rrggbb, color name, or URL([address of image])

Places a color or image behind text. This can be used to "highlight" portions of text. Examples:

background: #ffffff

background: white

background: URL(http://www.mycompany.com/images/white.gif)

Notes

For more information see Style Information.


Title

Description

The Title element specifies the title of a document. The TITLE element should occur in the HEAD of the document.  There may only be one title in any document. It should identify the content of the document in a fairly wide context.  The title is not part of the text of the document, but is a property of the whole document. It may not contain anchors, paragraph marks, or highlighting. The title may be used to identify the node in a history list, to label the window displaying the node, etc. It is not normally displayed in the text of a document itself. Contrast titles with headings . The title should ideally be less than 64 characters in length. That is, many applications will display document titles in window titles, menus, etc. where there is only limited room. While there is no limit on the length of a title (as it may be automatically generated from other data), information providers are warned that it may be truncated if long.  A title should be short, yet, descriptive.  The important thing to remember about a title is that when someone, hopefully, adds your home page to their "hotlist", the title is saved and helps them remember what it was that was so hot.

Attributes

None

Examples

Appropriate titles:

<TITLE>Rivest and Neuman. 1989(b)</TITLE>

<TITLE>A Recipe for Maple Syrup Flap-Jack</TITLE>

<TITLE>Introduction -- AFS user's Guide</TITLE>

Inappropriate titles are only meaningful within context, for example,

<TITLE>Introduction</TITLE>

or too long,

<TITLE>Remarks on the Quantum-Gravity effects of "Bean Pole" diversification in Mononucleosis patients in Developing Countries under Economic Conditions Prevalent during the Second half of the Twentieth Century, and Related Papers:  a Summary</TITLE>


Block Style Tags

HTML Block Text Formats

HTML provides for the formatting of blocks of text with the following elements.

The Address element is for address information, signatures, authorship, etc., often at the top or bottom of a document.

The Blockquote element allows text quoted from another source to be rendered specially.

The Center element is an extension supported by Netscape for centering blocks of text.

The Division element is used to reresent different types on containers.

The Paragraph element is used for normal text.

The Preformatted text element is used for displaying computer output or plain text files.  It is usually rendered in a fixed-pitch font with carriage returns and spacing left intact.


Address

Description

The Address element is for address information, signatures, authorship, etc., often at the top or bottom of a document.  Typically, an address element is italic and/or right justified or indented. The address element implies a paragraph break. Paragraph marks within the address element do not cause extra white space to be inserted.

Attributes

None

Examples

<ADDRESS><A HREF="Author.html">A.N.Other</A></ADDRESS>

<ADDRESS>

Newsletter editor<p>

J.R. Brown<p>

JimquickPost News, Jumquick, CT 01234<p>

Tel (123) 456 7890

</ADDRESS>


Blockquote

Description

The Blockquote element allows text quoted from another source to be rendered specially.  A typical rendering might be a slight extra left and right indent, and/or italic font.  Blockquote causes a paragraph break, and typically a line or so of white space will be allowed between it and any text before or after it.  Single-font rendition may for example put a vertical line of ">" characters down the left margin to indicate quotation in the Internet mail style.

Attributes

None

Example

I think it ends

<BLOCKQUOTE>Soft you now, the fair Ophelia. Nymph, in thy

orisons, be all my sins remembered.

</BLOCKQUOTE>

but I am not sure.


Center

Description

The Center element is used for centering blocks of text.

Attributes

None

Note

This tag was previously a Netscape tag before becoming adopted in HTML 3.2

The Center tag is shorthand for <DIV ALIGN=center>

Example

<CENTER>

This text should appear in the horizontal center of the page.

</CENTER>

Here is alternate way of centering text in HTML 3:

<P ALIGN=center>

This text should appear in the horizontal center of the page.

</P>


Division

Description

The DIV element is used with the CLASS attribute to represent different kinds of containers, e.g. chapter, section, abstract, or appendix. Use the DIV element together with header elements when you want to make the hierarchical structure of a document explicit. This is needed as header elements themselves only contain the text of the header, and do not imply any structural division of documents into sections. Header elements have the same content model as paragraphs, that is text and character level markup, such as character emphasis, inline images, form fields and math.

Attributes

ID -  [image] An SGML identifier used as the target for hypertext links or for naming particular elements in associated style sheets. Identifiers are NAME tokens and must be unique within the scope of the current document.

LANG -  [image] This is one of the ISO standard language abbreviations, e.g. "en.uk" for the variation of English spoken in the United Kingdom. It can be used by parsers to select language specific choices for quotation marks, ligatures and hypenation rules etc. The language attribute is composed from the two letter language code from ISO 639, optionally followed by a period and a two letter country code from ISO 3166.

CLASS -  [image] This a space separated list of SGML NAME tokens and is used to subclass tag names. For instance, <DIV CLASS=APPENDIX> defines a division that acts as an appendix. By convention, the class names are interpreted hierarchically, with the most general class on the left and the most specific on the right, where classes are separated by a period. The CLASS attribute is most commonly used to attach a different style to some element, but it is recommended that where practical class names should be picked on the basis of the element's semantics, as this will permit other uses, such as restricting search through documents by matching on element class names. The conventions for choosing class names are outside the scope of this specification.

ALIGN -  [image] The ALIGN attribute can be used to explicitly specify the horizontal alignment of paragraphs within a division:

align=left - Paragraphs are rendered flush left (the default).

align=center - Paragraphs are centered.

align=right - Paragraphs are rendered flush right.

align=justify - Text lines are justified where practical, otherwise this gives the same effect as the default align=left setting.

NOWRAP -  [image] The NOWRAP attribute is used when you don't want the browser to automatically wrap lines. You can then explicitly specify line breaks in paragraphs using the BR element.

CLEAR -  [image] This attribute is common to all block-like elements. When text flows around a figure or table in the margin, you sometimes want to start the division below the figure rather than alongside it. The CLEAR attribute allows you to move down unconditionally:

clear=left - move down until left margin is clear

clear=right - move down until right margin is clear

clear=all - move down until both margins are clear
Alternatively, you can decide to place the element alongside the figure just so long as there is enough room. The minimum width needed is specified as:

clear="40 en" - move down until there is at least 40 en units free

clear="100 pixels" - move down until there is at least 100 pixels free
The style sheet (or browser defaults) may provide default minimum widths for each class of block-like elements.

STYLE - [image] Defines the visual formatting. See Styles.

Example

<DIV CLASS=Abstract>
<P>TheChieftain product range is the white hot hope for the
coming year. This report sets out how to position Chieftain
against competing products.
</DIV>


Paragraph

Description

The Paragraph element is used for normal text.  Normal text is automatically wrapped by the browser at the current window margin and adapts to changes in window size.  The text is generally shown in a proportional font.  HTML level 0 has only a <P> tag, but no </P> tag.  In HTML 2 and HTML 3 the P element acts as a container for the text between the start tag <P> and the end tag </P>. However, you don't need to give the end tag as it is implied by the context, e.g. the following <P> tag. If you wish, you may think of the <P> tag as a paragraph separator. This works since HTML formally doesn't require you to wrap text up as paragraphs.

Status

Basic <P> tag is HTML 0.

Block Element <P>...</P> is HTML 2.

Attributes

The following attributes are part of the current HTML 3 draft specification.

ID - [image] An identifier for the current paragraph.

ALIGN - [image] The alignment of the paragraph (e.g., left, right, justify, center or indent)

NOWRAP - [image] Can be set to OFF to prevent automatic word-wrapping of text.

STYLE - [image] Defines the visual formatting. See Styles.

Example

<P>This is a regular paragraph</P>

<P ALIGN=center>This paragraph is centered.</P>

The text that makes up your paragraph in HTML does not rely on carriage returns.  Multiple spaces and carriage returns or reduced to a single space.

This will all appear

    as only one continuous sentence.  <P>

Would  do exactly what it says.  Web browsers pay no attention to line breaks and start new paragraphs only if they reach a <P> tag.  Just make sure that you do separate paragraphs with <P>.


Preformatted

Description

Preformatted text between the start and end PRE tag is rendered using a fixed width font, in addition whitespace characters are treated literally. The spacing and line breaks are rendered directly, unlike other elements, for which repeated whitespace characters are collapsed to a single space character and line breaks introduced automatically.

Line breaks within the text are rendered as a move to the beginning of the next line. The exceptions are line breaks immediately following the starting PRE tag or immediately preceding the ending PRE tag, which should be ignored.

The <P> tag should be avoided, but for robustness, user agents are recommended to treat these tags as line breaks.

Anchor elements, and character highlighting elements may be used.

FORM elements may be included, and the fixed width font exploited to control layout (the TAB or TABLE elements give similar control for normal text though).

Block-like elements such as headers, lists, FIG and TABLES should be avoided.

The horizontal tab character (encoded in US ASCII and ISO 8859-1 as decimal 9) should be interpreted as the smallest nonzero number of spaces which will leave the number of characters so far on the line as a multiple of 8.

Attributes

WIDTH - [image] specifies the width of the presentation.

ID - [image] An SGML identifier used as the target for hypertext links or for naming particular elements in associated style sheets. Identifiers are NAME tokens and must be unique within the scope of the current document.

LANG - [image] This is one of the ISO standard language abbreviations, e.g. "en.uk" for the variation of English spoken in the United Kingdom. It can be used by parsers to select language specific choices for quotation marks, ligatures and hypenation rules etc. The language attribute is composed from the two letter language code from ISO 639, optionally followed by a period and a two letter country code from ISO 3166.

CLASS - [image] This a space separated list of SGML NAME tokens and is used to subclass tag names. By convention, the class names are interpreted hierarchically, with the most general class on the left and the most specific on the right, where classes are separated by a period. The CLASS attribute is most commonly used to attach a different style to some element, but it is recommended that where practical class names should be picked on the basis of the element's semantics, as this will permit other uses, such as restricting search through documents by matching on element class names. The conventions for choosing class names are outside the scope of this specification.

CLEAR - [image] This attribute is common to all block-like elements. When text flows around a figure or table in the margin, you sometimes want to start the preformatted text below the figure rather than alongside it. The CLEAR attribute allows you to move down unconditionally:

clear=left	move down until left margin is clear

clear=right	move down until right margin is clear

clear=all	move down until both margins are clear

Alternatively, you can decide to place the element alongside the figure just so long as there is enough room. The minimum width needed is specified as:

clear="40 en"	move down until there is at least 40 en units free

clear="100 pixels"	move down until there is at least 100 pixels free

·	The style sheet (or browser defaults) may provide default minimum widths for each class of block-like elements.

Example

 A verse from Shelley (To a Skylark):

<PRE>
       Higher still and higher
         From the earth thou springest
       Like a cloud of fire;
         The blue deep thou wingest,
And singing still dost soar, and soaring ever singest.</PRE>

which is rendered as:

       Higher still and higher
         From the earth thou springest
       Like a cloud of fire;
         The blue deep thou wingest,
And singing still dost soar, and soaring ever singest.


Phrase Tags

HTML Phrase Tags

HTML provides for the formatting of blocks of text with the following elements.

The Cite element specifies a citation. Sections tagged with the CITE element are typically rendered in italics.

The Code element indicates an example of code; typically rendered in a mono-spaced font. Do not confuse with PRE.

The DFN element indicates the defining instance of a term.

The EM element provides typographic emphasis, typically italics. While <EM> and <I> often give the same effect, use <EM> except where it is necessary in the text to refer to the formatting, as in "The italic parts are mandatory". This will help to ensure consistency between documents from various sources if (for example) the reader prefers to use color in place of italics for emphasis.

The KBD  element indicates text typed (keyboarded) by the user. It might typically be used in an instruction manual.

The Samp (Sample) element indicates a sequence of literal characters.

The Strong  element provides strong typographic emphasis, typically bold.

The Var element indicates a variable name, and might typically be used in an instruction manual.

Description

HTML distinguishes between two groups of character-formatting tags; Logical character-attribute tags and Physical character-attribute tags.  It may help to think of Physical character-attribute tags as closely related to the direct formatting you could apply to text from a word processor, e.g., bold.  The appearance of HTML text formatted with Physical character-attribute tags is more likely to remain constant from one browser to another.  Logical character-attribute tags in HTML can be thought of as "styles" in a word processor, i.e., the appearance of the text formatted with a style in a word processor depends on how that style is defined in that word processor.  Similarly, the appearance of HTML text formatted with Logical character-attribute tags depends upon that browsers interpretation of that Logical character-attribute tag.

Examples

This text contains an <em>emphasized</em> word.
<strong>Don't assume</strong> that it will be italic!
It was made with the <code>EM</code> element. A cite is
often italic and has no formally required structure:
<cite>Moby Dick</cite> is a book title.

HTML source code giving examples of various HTML Logical Font Style Tags.

<HTML>

<HEAD>

<TITLE>Logical Font Style Tags</TITLE>

</HEAD>

<BODY>

<H3>Logical Font Style Tags</H3>

<ABBREV>Abreviation</ABBREV><BR>

<ACRONYM>Acronym</ACRONYM><BR>

<ARG>Argument</ARG><BR>

<CITE>Citation</CITE><BR>

<CODE>Code</CODE><BR>

<DFN>Defining Instance</DFN><BR>

<Q>Inline Quote</Q><BR>

<PERSON>Person</PERSON><BR>

<SAMP>Sample</SAMP><BR>

<VAR>Variable</VAR><BR>

<HR>

</BODY>

</HTML>


Citation

Description

The Citation element is used to logically denote citations and is typically rendered in italic.

Attributes

None

Example

<CITE>Hahn, Harley (1996),

<U>The Internet Yellow Pages, Third Edition</U>,

Osborne McGraw-Hill.</CITE>


Code

Description

The Code element is used to logically denote an inline example of program code and is typically rendered in a fixed pitch font.  This is a text formatting element and not a block formatting element.  To format multiple lines of code, use the Preformatted element.

Attributes

None

Example

To copy a string, use the <CODE>LPSTR lstrcpy(lpszString1,

lpszString2);</CODE> function.


Defining Instance

Description

The Defining Instance element is used to logically denote the defining instance of a term.

Attributes

None

Example

Fear of computers is often called <DFN>technophobia</DFN>.


Emphasis

Description

The Emphasis <EM> element provides typographic emphasis, typically italics. While <EM> and <I> often give the same effect, use <EM> except where it is necessary in the text to refer to the formatting, as in "The italic parts are mandatory". This will help to ensure consistency between documents from various sources if (for example) the reader prefers to use color in place of italics for emphasis.

Attributes

None

Example

<EM>It is recommended that you register your shareware.</EM>


Keyboard

Description

The <KBD> element indicates text typed (keyboarded) by the user. It might typically be used in an instruction manual.

Attributes

None

Example

Select <KBD>File</KBD> and press <KBD>Enter</KBD>.


Sample

Description

The Sample element is used to logically denote sample output or a sequence of literal characters.

Attributes

None

Example

The report will have a title such as <SAMP>1996 Crop Report</SAMP>.


Strong Emphasis

Description

The Strong <STRONG> element provides strong typographic emphasis, typically bold.

Attributes

None

Example

<STRONG>It is strongly recommended that you register your software.</STRONG>


Variable

Description

The Variable element is used to logically denote a variable name, and is typically rendered in italic.

Attributes

None

Example

The variables <VAR>X</VAR> and <VAR>Y</VAR> represent a point on the grid.


Physical Font Style Tags

HTML Logical Font Style Text Formats

HTML provides for the formatting of blocks of text with the following elements.

The Basefont element sets a font size over a range of text.

The Big element changes the physical rendering of the contents of the element to a bigger font than normal text, if practical.

The Blink element specifies that the enclosed text should blink.

The B (Boldface) element specifies that the enclosed text should be displayed in a boldface. If this is not practical, an alternative mapping is allowed.

The Font tag sets a font's size, color and typeface.

The Heading element marks the beginnings of sections of text.

The I (Italic)  element specifies that the enclosed text should be displayed, if practical, in an italic font (or slanted).

The S (Strike through) element specifies that the enclosed text should be displayed with a horizontal line striking through the text. If this is not practical, an alternative mapping is allowed.

The Small element changes the physical rendering of the contents of the element to a smaller font than normal text, if practical.

The SUB (Subscript) element specifies that the enclosed text should be displayed as a subscript, and if practical, using a smaller font (compared with normal text). The ALIGN attribute for SUB is only meaningful within the MATH element.

The SUP (Superscript) element specifies that the enclosed text should be displayed as a superscript, and if practical, using a smaller font (compared with normal text). The ALIGN attribute for SUP is only applicable within the MATH element.

The TT (TeleType) element specifies that the enclosed text should be displayed, if practical, in a fixed-pitch typewriter font.

The U (Underline) element specifies that the enclosed text should be displayed, if practical, as underlined.

Description

HTML distinguishes between two groups of character-formatting tags; Physical character-attribute tags and Logical character-attribute tags.  It may help to think of Physical character-attribute tags as closely related to the direct formatting you could apply to text from a word processor, e.g., bold.  The appearance of HTML text formatted with Physical character-attribute tags is more likely to remain constant from one browser to another.  Physical character-attribute tags may be nested within one another, but browsers may not always be able to combine the different tags predictably.  Logical character-attribute tags in HTML can be thought of as "styles" in a word processor, i.e., the appearance of the text formatted with a style in a word processor depends on how that style is defined in that word processor.  Similarly, the appearance of HTML text formatted with Logical character-attribute tags depends upon that browsers interpretation of that Logical character-attribute tag.

Examples

This text contains some <b><i>bold italic</i></b> text, some
<S>struck through</S> text and some <SMALL>small print</SMALL>.

HTML source code giving examples of various HTML Physical Font Style Tags.

<H2>Physical Font Style Tags produced on Netscape 1.1</H2>

<BLINK>Blink</BLINK><BR>

<B>Bold</B><BR>

<EM>Emphasis</EM><BR>

<I>Italic</I><BR>

<KBD>Keyboard</KBD><BR>

<S>Strikethrough</S><BR>

<STRONG>Strong Emphasis</STRONG><BR>

<SUB>Subscript</SUB><BR>

<SUP>Superscript</SUP><BR>

<TT>Typewriter Text</TT><BR>

<U>Underlined</U><BR>

Blink actually does blink in Netscape, but Subscript, Superscript and Underlined are not supported.


Base Font

Description

The Basefont tag sets a font size over a range of text.  Within the bounds of the Basefont tag, the Font Size tag may be used to override the Basefont.

Attributes

SIZE=n - [image] Specifies font size between 1 and 7 (7 is largest).

Example

<BASEFONT SIZE=4>Some text at the Basefont size of 4.

<FONT SIZE=7>Some text at the specified font size</FONT>

And some more text at the Basefont size.


Big

Description

The Big <BIG> element changes the physical rendering of the contents of the element to a bigger font than normal text, if practical.

Attributes

None

Example

This is small<BIG>This is big</BIG>


Blink

Description

The Blink <BLINK> element specifies that the enclosed text should blink.

Attributes

None

Example

Click here to <BLINK><A HREF="newfile.zip">download new files</A></BLINK>.


Bold

Description

The Bold <B> element specifies that the enclosed text should be displayed in a boldface. If this is not practical, an alternative mapping is allowed.

Attributes

None

Example

Click here to <B><A HREF="newfile.zip">download new files</A></B>.


Font

Description

The Font tag sets a font's size, color and typeface.  Within the bounds of the Basefont tag, the Font Size tag may be used to override the Basefont.

Attributes

SIZE=n SIZE=+n or -n [image] Specifies font size between 1 and 7 (7 is largest). A plus or minus before the number indicates a size relative to the current BASEFONT setting. Note: Relative font sizes are not cumulative. Putting two<FONT SIZE=+1> tags in a row does not result in the font size being increased by 2.

FACE="name [,name2] [,name3]" - [image] Sets the font. A list of font names can be specified. If the first font is available on the system, it will be used, otherwise the second will be tried, and so on. If none are available, a default font will be used.

COLOR=#rrggbb or COLOR=color name - [image] Sets text color. rrggbb is a hexadecimal number denoting a red-green-blue color value (the pound sign is optional). Can also be set to a colorname.

Example.

<TD BGCOLOR="Black"></TD>

Cell color is black

<TD BGCOLOR="#FF0000"></TD>

Cell color is red

<BASEFONT SIZE=3> This sets the base font size to 3.

<FONT SIZE=+4> Now the font size is 7.

<FONT SIZE=-1> Now the font size is 2.

<FONT SIZE=+2>Now the font size is 5.

<FONT SIZE=1>Now the font size is 1.

A second example to demonstrate when the tags are effective

<BASEFONT SIZE=4>Some text at the Basefont size of 4.

<FONT SIZE=7>Some text at the specified font size</FONT>

And some more text at the Basefont size.</BASEFONT>

<FONT FACE="Arial,Lucida Sans,Times Roman"> This text will be in either Arial, Lucida Sans, or Times Roman, depending on which fonts you have installed on your system.</FONT>


Headings

Description

HTML uses six levels of headings, with heading one being the largest and heading six being the smallest.  For example the coding for a level six heading would be <H6>Heading</H6>.  A heading element implies all the font changes, paragraph breaks before and after, and any white space necessary to render the heading. The heading elements are H1, H2, H3, H4, H5, and H6 with H1 being the highest (or most important) level and H6 the least.

Use the DIV element together with header elements when you want to make the hierarchical structure of a document explicit. This is needed as header elements themselves only contain the text of the header, and do not imply any structural division of documents into sections. Header elements have the same content model as paragraphs, that is text and character level markup, such as character emphasis, inline images, form fields and math.

Headers play a related role to lists in structuring documents, and it is common to number headers or to include a graphic that acts like a bullet in lists. HTML 3.0 recognizes this with attributes that assist with numbering headers and allow authors to specify a custom graphic.

The numbering style is controlled by the style sheet, e.g.

The style sheet specifies whether headers are numbered, and which style is used to render the current sequence number, e.g. arabic, upper alpha, lower alpha, upper roman, lower roman or a numbering scheme appropriate to the current language.

Whether the parent numbering is inherited, e.g. "5.1.d" where 5 is the current sequence number for H1 headers, 1 is the number for H2 headers and 4 for H3 headers.

The seqnum and skip attributes can be used to override the default treatment of header sequence numbers, and provide for a continuity with numbered lists.

The dingbat or src attribute may be used to specify a bullet-like graphic to be placed adjacent to the header. The positioning of this graphic is controlled by the style sheet. The graphic is for decorative purposes only and silently ignored on non-graphical HTML user agents.

Attributes

STYLE - [image] Defines the visual formatting. See Styles.

Example

<HTML>

<HEAD>

<TITLE>Sample Headings</TITLE>

</HEAD>

<BODY>

<H1>Heading 1</H1>

<HR>

<H2>Heading 2</H2>

<HR>

<H3>Heading 3</H3>

<HR>

<H4>Heading 4</H4>

<HR>

<H5>Heading 5</H5>

<HR>

<H6>Heading 6</H6>

<HR>

</BODY>

</HTML>


Italic

Description

The Italic <I> element specifies that the enclosed text should be displayed, if practical, in an italic font (or slanted).

Attributes

None

Example

He found the <I>dialectic</I> of hermeneutics historicity redundant historicity while other aspects seemed mere exigencies.


Small

Description

The Small <SMALL> element changes the physical rendering of the contents of the element to a smaller font than normal text, if practical.

Attributes

None

Example

This is normal <SMALL>This is small</SMALL>


Strikethrough

Description

The Strikethrough <STRIKE> element specifies that the enclosed text should be displayed with a horizontal line striking through the text. If this is not practical, an alternative mapping is allowed.

Attributes

None

Example

Some aspects of editing should <S>never</S> not be revealed.


Subscript

Description

The Subscript <SUB> element specifies that the enclosed text should be displayed as a subscript, and if practical, using a smaller font (compared with normal text). The ALIGN attribute for SUB is only meaningful within the MATH element.

Attributes

None

Example

When you get thirsty your best drink value is H<SUB>2</SUB>O.


Superscript

Description

The Superscript<SUP> element specifies that the enclosed text should be displayed as a superscript, and if practical, using a smaller font (compared with normal text). The ALIGN attribute for SUP is only applicable within the MATH element.

Attributes

None

Example

Force = Mass X Velocity<SUP>2</SUP>, but E=MC<SUP>2</SUP>.


Typewriter Text

Description

The Typewriter Text<TT> element specifies that the enclosed text should be displayed, if practical, in a fixed-pitch typewriter font.

Attributes

None

Example

The message read <TT>All questions must be submitted in writing.</TT>


Underlined

Description

The Underlined <U> element specifies that the enclosed text should be displayed, if practical, as underlined. Not widely supported

Attributes

None

Example

Why didn't <U>somebody</U> think of this years ago.


Miscellaneous Tags

HTML Miscellaneous Tags

These tags provide the means for defining miscellaneous types of control over the appearance of HTML documents.

ActiveX uses the Object element.

The BGSound element specifies a background sound to play when the page is displayed.

The Comment  element specifies that the text between the tags should not be displayed.

The Horizontal Rule element specifies that there should be a horizontal line drawn across the screen.

The Hyperlink element brackets (or anchors) a piece of text (and/or image) which is identified as a hypertext link.

The Image tag is used to incorporate in-line graphics (typically icons or small graphics) into an HTML document.

The Line Break element specifies that there should be a line break at that tag.

The Marquee element specifies a scrolling line of text at the tag location.

Netscape Live! tags give you audio/visual control over Netscape Navigator.

The No Break element specifies that there should be no line breaks for any text between the <NOBR>and</NOBR> tags.

The Word Break element specifies that there should be a break within the <NOBR>and</NOBR> tags.

The Marquee tag specifies that there be a scrolling line of text.


Background Sound

Description

The BGSOUND tag allows you to create pages with background sounds or "soundtracks." Sounds can either be samples (.wav or .au format) or MIDI (.mid format). Be careful with the size of the sound file you choose (large files take longer to download) - the user of your page might be already on to your next page before the sound loads!

Attributes

SRC - [image] Specifies the address of a sound to be displayed.

<BGSOUND SRC="boing.wav">

The user will hear a boinging noise as soon as the page is loaded by the browser.

LOOP - [image] Specifies how many times a sound will loop when activated. If n=-1, or if LOOP=INFINITE is specified, it will loop indefinitely.

<BGSOUND SRC="boing.wav" LOOP=5><BR>

You will hear a boinging noise five times in a row.

<BGSOUND SRC="boing.wav" LOOP=INFINITE><BR>

You will hear boinging noises as long as the page is active.


Comment

Description

To include comments in an HTML document that will be ignored by the parser, surround them with <!-- and -->. Comments cannot be nested.

Example

<HEAD>
<TITLE>Comment Usage</TITLE>
<!-- Id: 06/18/95 11:03:35 AM -->
</HEAD>


Horizontal Rule

Description

The Horizontal Rule <HR> element is used for making lines that act as dividers between sections.

Attributes

SIZE - [image] The SIZE tag lets the author give an indication of how thick they wish the horizontal rule to be.<HR SIZE=number>

WIDTH - [image] The default horizontal rule is always as wide as the page. With the WIDTH tag, the author can specify an exact width in pixels, or a relative width measured in percent of document width. <HR WIDTH=number|percent>

ALIGN - [image] Now that horizontal rules do not have to be the width of the page we need to allow the author to specify whether they should be pushed up against the left margin, the right margin, or centered in the page. <HR ALIGN=left|right|center>

NOSHADE - [image] Finally, for those times when you really want a solid bar, the NOSHADE tag lets you specify that you do not want any fancy shading of your horizontal rule. <HR NOSHADE>


Hyperlink

Description

The A element brackets (or anchors) a piece of text (and/or image) which is identified as a hypertext link. The A element must have either an HREF attribute or a NAME attribute. The HREF attribute identifies a destination URL, and the bracketed text is rendered as a hypertext link to the URL. Browsers will display the contents of an A element with an HREF attribute in a special manner to indicate that if the contents are selected, the browser will execute that hypertext link. The NAME attribute identifies a destination tag, and the bracketed text is thereby identified as an available hypertext target within this document. Browsers do not display the contents of an A element with a NAME attribute in any special way. However, an A element with an HREF attribute can now be constructed by using the document URL suffixed with #name.

This will load the document, but will position the display starting at the location of this NAME tag. An A element with an HREF attribute can also be constructed to jump directly to this destination tag within the same document by a URL consisting solely of #name The presence of REL=relation in document A with HREF to document/object B identifies a relationship that B has to A that A recognizes/authorizes/verifies.The presence of REV=relation of the identical relation in document B with HREF to document/object A identifies a desired/expected/claimed relationship that B has to A, but must be verified by checking with A.

The LINK element indicates a relationship between the document and some other object. A document may have any number of LINK elements. The LINK element is empty (does not have a closing tag), but takes the same attributes as the hyperlink element.

Attributes

HREF - [image] The HREF attribute implies that the hyperlink acts as the start of a hypertext link. The destination is designated by the value of the HREF attribute, which is expressed in the Universal Resource Identifier (URI) notation.

NAME - [image] This attribute is used to define a named hyperlink for use as the destination of hypertext links. For example, the following defines a hyperlink than can be used as the destination of a jump into a description of the Boston area.

The <A NAME="potomac"&gtPotomac river</A> flows into Boston harbor.

TARGET - [image] Links in any window can refer to another window by name using the TARGET attribute. When you click the link, the document you requested will appear in that named window. If the window is not already open, the browser will open and name a new window for you.

TITLE - [image] This is informational only and describes the object specified with the HREF attribute. It can be used for object types that don't possess titles, such as graphics, plain text and Gopher menus.

REL - [image] Used to describe the relationship of the linked object specified with the HREF attribute. The set of relationship names is not part of this specification, although "Path" and "Node" are reserved for future use with hypertext paths or guided tours. The REL attribute can be used to support search for links serving particular relationships.

 Extensions to the Rel attribute; Rel can be used to define a series of values for browser toolbar or other buttons:

          Rel = Home; defines the home page link relative to this document

          Rel = ToC; table of contents link

          Rel = Index; an index

          Rel = Glossary; the glossary of terms

          Rel = Copyright; the copyright statement

          Rel = Up; the parent document

          Rel = Next; the next document to visit in a "tour"

          Rel = Previous; the previous document in a "tour"

          Rel = Help; a link to a help document or service

Rel = Bookmark. Bookmarks are used to provide direct links to key entry points into an extended document. The TITLE attribute may be used to label the bookmark. Several bookmarks may be defined in each document, and provide a means for orienting users in extended documents.

          Rel = StyleSheet; a stylesheet to control the rendering of the current document

REV - [image] This defines a reverse relationship. A link from document A to document B with REV=relation expresses the same relationship as a link from B to A with REL=relation. REV=made is sometimes used to identify the document author, either the author's email address with a mailto URI, or a link to the author's home page. Tables of contents can use anchors with REV="ToC" to allow software to insert page numbers when printing hypertext documents. The plain text version of this specification was generated in this way!

STYLE - [image] Defines the visual formatting. See Styles.

Examples

Hyperlinks in other documents

<A HREF="WebEdit.zip">Download WebEdit Now</A>

the text Download WebEdit Now would appear in color and/or underlined indicating it is a link.

Hyperlinks in parts of other documents

If you wanted to create a link from one document to another, specific section of a second document you need to create a named hyperlink in the second document.  For example, to set up a hyperlink named "Support" in the second document you would type,  Welcome <A NAME = "Support">to Tech Support.Then just create a link to it from document one, including the filename and the named anchor, separated by a hash mark (#).

For example,

This is your <A HREF ="doc2.htm#Support">link</A> to the second document.

Hyperlinks in the same document

This is handled in the same manner as linking to part of another document except that there is no need to include the filename.

For example, to link to the Support anchor from the same file (second document), you could use:

This is your <A HREF="#Support">link</A> within the second document.


Image

Description

The <IMG> tag is used to incorporate in-line graphics (typically icons or small graphics) into an HTML document. This element is NOT intended for embedding other HTML text.

Additions

There have been two major additions to the functionality of the IMG tag. Client-Side Image Mapping and AVI Video.

Attributes

ALIGN - [image] Takes values TOP or MIDDLE or BOTTOM, defining whether the top or middle or bottom of the graphic should be aligned with the baseline for the text line in which the IMG element appears. With ALIGN=LEFT, the graphic will float down and over to the current left margin, and subsequent text will wrap around the right hand side of the graphic. Likewise for ALIGN=RIGHT, the graphic aligns with the current right margin and, and text wraps around the left. It is inappropriate to use this feature for larger graphics as these are best represented with the FIG element.

Additions

ALIGN=texttop [image] does what many people thought top should do which is align itself with the top of the tallest text in the line (this is usually but not always the same as ALIGN=top).

ALIGN=absmiddle [image] does what middle should have done which is align the middle of the current line with the middle of the image.

ALIGN=baseline [image] aligns the bottom of the image with the baseline of the current line.

ALIGN=bottom [image] does just what it always did (which is identical to ALIGN=baseline but baseline is a better name).

ALIGN=absbottom [image] does what bottom should have done which is align the bottom of the image with the bottom of the current line.

ALT (Alternate text) - [image] Optional alternative text as an alternative to the graphics for display in text-only environments. The alt text can contain entities e.g. for accented characters or special symbols, but it can't contain markup. The latter is possible, however, with the FIG element.ID - An SGML identifier used as the target for hypertext links or for naming particular elements in associated style sheets. Identifiers are NAME tokens and must be unique within the scope of the current document.

BORDER - [image] This lets the document author control the thickness of the border around an image displayed. Warning: setting BORDER=0 on images that are also part of anchors may confuse your users as they are used to a colored border indicating an image is an anchor.

CLASS - [image] This a space separated list of SGML NAME tokens and is used to subclass tag names. By convention, the class names are interpreted hierarchically, with the most general class on the left and the most specific on the right, where classes are separated by a period. The CLASS attribute is most commonly used to attach a different style to some element, but it is recommended that where practical class names should be picked on the basis of the element's semantics, as this will permit other uses, such as restricting search through documents by matching on element class names. The conventions for choosing class names are outside the scope of this specification.

HEIGHT - [image] Optional suggested height for the image. By default, this is given in pixels. If specified, the viewer of the document will not have to wait for the image to be loaded over the network and its size calculated.

HSPACE - [image] specifies horizontal margins for the image. Similar to BORDER, except the margins are not painted with color when the image is a hyperlink.

<IMG SRC="sample.gif" HSPACE=5 VSPACE=10>

This image has five pixels of space on its left and right, and 10 pixels of space above and below.

LANG - [image] This is one of the ISO standard language abbreviations, e.g. "en.uk" for the variation of English spoken in the United Kingdom. It can be used by parsers to select language specific choices for quotation marks, ligatures and hypenation rules etc. The language attribute is composed from the two letter language code from ISO 639, optionally followed by a period and a two letter country code from ISO 3166.

MD - [image] Specifies a message digest or cryptographic checksum for the associated graphic specified by the SRC attribute. It is used when you want to be sure that the image is indeed the same one that the author intended, and hasn't been modified in any way. For instance, MD="md5:jV2OfH+nnXHU8bnkPAad/mSQlTDZ", which specifies an MD5 checksum encoded as a base64 character string. The MD attribute is generally allowed for all elements which support URI based links.

SRC - [image] The SRC attribute specifies the URI for the image to be embedded. Its syntax is the same as that of the HREF attribute of the <A> tag. SRC is mandatory.

TARGET - [image] Links in any window can refer to another window by name using the TARGET attribute. When you click the link, the document you requested will appear in that named window. If the window is not already open, the browser will open and name a new window for you.

UNITS - [image] This optional attribute specifies the units for the width and height attributes. It is one of: units=pixels (the default) or units=en (half the point size).

USEMAP - See Client Side Image Mapping.

VSPACE- [image] specifies vertical margins for the image. Similar to BORDER, except the margins are not painted with color when the image is a hyperlink.

<IMG SRC="sample.gif" HSPACE=5 VSPACE=10>

This image has five pixels of space on its left and right, and 10 pixels of space above and below.

WIDTH - [image] Optional suggested width for the image. By default, this is given in pixels. If specified, the viewer of the document will not have to wait for the image to be loaded over the network and its size calculated.

XALTSRC - If the browser supports it, this will display an image that uses the Johnson-Grace ART image compression standard. For more information than what follows see http://www.jgc.com.

To add a graphic image to your Web pages, you use the IMG tag. Its basic format is

<IMG SRC="URL">

And here's an example that references a GIF file:

<IMG SRC="/images/daytona.gif">

In the relatively simple case where your entire audience is using ART-enabled Web browsers and you don't care about supporting "old-style" (non-ART-enabled) browsers, you can use a URL that directly references an ART image. Here's an example:

<IMG SRC="/images/daytona.art">

In this case, an ART-enabled browser would easily recognize the ART file format and do the right thing. But an old-style browser would not recognize the format and therefore would display no image at all, clearly a problem if you have a diverse audience and are unable to predict what vintage browsers they might be using. In fact, what you'd probably like to see happen for users of old-style browsers is that they would see a GIF or JPEG image rather than no image at all. To handle this situation, Johnson-Grace and the major browser companies have come up with alternative, actually a companion, to the SRC attribute.

The X-ALTSRC Attribute

To allow newer browsers to access ART images while still allowing old-style browsers to access non-ART images, Johnson-Grace and many of the major browser companies have settled on a new attribute for the IMG tag. Here's its general form:

<IMG X-ALTSRC="[mime/type;]URL">

When used in conjunction with the SRC attribute, this new attribute allows you to specify an alternate source file that can be used to display a graphic image. For ART-enabled browsers, this means that the browser would automatically select an ART image. Old-style browsers continue to work as before. Here's an example:

<IMG X-ALTSRC="/images/daytona.art" SRC="/images/daytona.gif">

In this case, ART-enabled browsers would read the entire IMG tag and use /images/daytona.art instead of /images/daytona.gif. Old-style browsers, who know nothing of X-ALTSRC, would use /images/daytona.gif. We call this "dual encoding", and it is the easiest and safest way to incorporate support for ART images into your HTML scripts.

The optional [mime/type;] portion of the attribute bears a little explaining. It lets you explicitly tell the browser the format of the file that follows, rather than having the browser determine the format based on the file extension, its default behavior. Here's a variation of the previous example that illustrates how this works:

<IMG X-ALTSRC="image/x-art;/images/daytona.v1" SRC="/images/daytona.gif">

In this case, the browser knows that the file format is ART based on the mime/type, and the file extension is ignored.

Examples

Here are some more examples of how to use the new X-ALTSRC attribute.

Here's another example that illustrates how different browsers might behave:

<IMG X-ALTSRC="image/x-art;/images/picture.art" SRC="/images/picture.xbm">

In this example, old-style browsers that know nothing of X-ALTSRC would use /images/picture.xbm, provided they recognize the XBM format. (In case you're wondering, XBM is an X-Windows graphics format.) ART-enabled browsers would use /images/picture.art, unless the XBM format is known to the browser and the user had somehow set the browser's preferences to indicate that XBM files were more desirable than ART files.

This next example illustrates how your knowledge of your target audience might affect your use of the SRC and X-ALTSRC attributes.

<IMG X-ALTSRC="image/x-art;triangle.art" X-ALTSRC="triangle.tif" SRC="triangle.gif" ALT="Warning:"> Be very careful.

Suppose all the members of your target audience were using a sophisticated ART-enabled browser capable of displaying a fallback image if another image could not be successfully displayed. In this case, depending on the preferences that the user had set, the browser might attempt to select the ART file, then TIFF, then GIF. If for some reason it had trouble displaying all of the images, it would display the text associated with the ALT attribute.


Line Break

Description

The Line Break element and tab elements can be used when you need a little more control over how the browser renders the text. The <BR> element is used to force a line break. Remember that browsers are free to wrap lines at whitespace characters so as to ensure lines fit within the current window size. Use the &nbsp; entity for the non-breaking space character, when you want to make sure that a line isn't broken! Alternatively, use the NOWRAP attribute to disable word wrapping and the <BR> element to force line breaks where desired.

Netscape includes two tags: <NOBR>...</NOBR>, and <WBR>. The former turns off word-wrapping between the start and end NOBR tag, while WBR is for the rare case when you want to specify where to break the line if needed.

Note: Do not use empty paragraphs to add white space around headings, lists or other elements. White space is added by the rendering software.

Example

This is the first line<BR>

and this is the second<BR>

and this is the third


Marquee

Description

The MARQUEE tag allows you to create pages with scrolling text messages.

Attributes

ALIGN - [image] Specifies how the text around the marquee should align with the top, bottom or middle of the marquee.

<MARQUEE ALIGN=TOP>The following words, "Hi there!", will be aligned with the top of this marquee.</MARQUEE> Hi there!

BEHAVIOR - [image] Specifies how the text should behave. SCROLL (the default) means start completely off one side, scroll all the way across and completely off, and then start again. SLIDE means start completely off one side, scroll in, and stop as soon as the text touches the other margin. ALTERNATE means bounce back and forth within the marquee.

<MARQUEE BEHAVIOR=SCROLL>This text will scroll all the way on and then all the way off.</MARQUEE>

<MARQUEE BEHAVIOR=SLIDE>This marquee will scroll in and "stick."</MARQUEE>

<MARQUEE BEHAVIOR=ALTERNATE>This text will bounce back and forth.</MARQUEE>

BGCOLOR - [image] Specifies a background color for the marquee, either as a RGB triple or using a "friendly" colorname

<MARQUEE BGCOLOR=#FF0000>This marquee has a red background!</MARQUEE>

DIRECTION - [image] Specifies which direction the text should scroll. The default is LEFT, which means scrolling to the left from the right.

<MARQUEE DIRECTION=RIGHT>This marquee will scroll from the left in a rightward direction.</MARQUEE>

HEIGHT - [image] Specifies the height of the marquee either in percentage of screen size or in pixels.

<MARQUEE HEIGHT=50% WIDTH=80%>This marquee is half the height of the screen and 80% of the width.</MARQUEE>

WIDTH - [image] Specifies the width of the marquee either in percentage of screen size or in pixels.

<MARQUEE HEIGHT=50% WIDTH=80%>This marquee is half the height of the screen and 80% of the width.</MARQUEE>

HSPACE - [image] Specifies the left and right margins for the outside of the marquee in pixels.

<MARQUEE HSPACE=10 VSPACE=10> This marquee will beseparated from the surrounding text by a 10-pixel border.</MARQUEE>

VSPACE - [image] Specifies the top and bottom margins for the outside of the marquee in pixels.

<MARQUEE HSPACE=10 VSPACE=10>This marquee will be separated from the surrounding text by a 10-pixel border.</MARQUEE>

LOOP - [image] Specifies how many times a marquee will loop when activated. If n=-1, or if LOOP=INFINITE is specified, it will loop indefinitely.

<MARQUEE LOOP=5>This marquee will loop five times.</MARQUEE>

SCROLLAMOUNT - [image] Specifies the number of pixels between each successive draw of the marquee text.

<MARQUEE SCROLLDELAY=5 SCROLLAMOUNT=2>This is a very slow marquee.</MARQUEE>

SCROLLDELAY - [image] Specifies the number of milliseconds between each successive draw of the marquee text.

<MARQUEE SCROLLDELAY=5 SCROLLAMOUNT=50>This is a very fast marquee.</MARQUEE>

STYLE - [image] Defines the visual formatting. See Styles.


Netscape Live!

Netscape Live is a collection of technologies containing Live Audio, Live Video, Live3D and Live Connect. All of these use the EMBED tag.

LIVE AUDIO

DESCRIPTION

LiveAudio plays audio files in WAV, AIFF, AU, and MIDI formats. Audio controls appear according to the size specified in the WIDTH  and HEIGHT parameters in the EMBED tag. You can create an audio console with any of the following six views.

Console - consisting of a Play, Pause, Stop, and volume control lever.
SmallConsole - consisting of a Play, Stop, and volume control lever (upon invoking this view of the applet class, a sound will "autostart" by default). This view will have smaller buttons than the standard Console buttons.
PlayButton - a button that starts the sound playing.
PauseButton - a button that pauses (without unloading) the sound while it is playing.
StopButton - a button that ends the playing of sound and unloads it.
VolumeLever - a lever that adjusts the volume level for playback of the sound (and adjusts the system's volume level).

These views may be used many times on one Web page, with all the view instances controlling one sound file, or many sound files, depending on how the file is called in the HTML or JavaScript.

It is also important to remember that these controls can be called by other applets to do things like control the systems' universal volume.

HTML SYNTAX

<EMBED SRC= [URL] AUTOSTART=[TRUE|FALSE] LOOP=[TRUE|FALSE|INTEGER] STARTTIME=[MINUTES:SECONDS] ENDTIME=[MINUTES|SECONDS] VOLUME=[0-100] WIDTH=[# PIXELS] HEIGHT=[# PIXELS] ALIGN=[TOP|BOTTOM|CENTER|BASELINE|LEFT|RIGHT |TEXTTOP|MIDDLE|ABSMIDDLE|ABSBOTTOM] CONTROLS=[CONSOLE|SMALL CONSOLE|PLAYBUTTON|PAUSEBUTTON|STOPBUTTON|VOLUMELEVER] HIDDEN=[TRUE] MASTERSOUND NAME=[UNIQUE NAME TO GROUP CONTROLS TOGETHER SO THAT THEY CONTROL ONE SOUND]...>

SRC=[URL] - The URL of the source sound file.

AUTOSTART=[TRUE|FALSE] - Setting the value to TRUE allows the sound, music, or voice to begin playing automatically when the Web page is loaded. The default is FALSE.

LOOP=[TRUE|FALSE|INTEGER] - Setting the value to TRUE allows the sound to play continuously until the stop button is clicked on the console or the user goes to another page. If an INTEGER value is used, the sound repeats the number of times indicated by the integer.

STARTTIME=[MINUTES:SECONDS] - Use STARTTIME to designate where in the sound file you would like playback to begin. If you want to begin the sound at 30 seconds, you would set the value to 00:30 (implemented only on Windows 95, NT, and Macintosh).

ENDTIME=[MINUTES:SECONDS] - Use ENDTIME to designate where in the sound file you would like playback to end. If you want to stop the sound at 1.5 minutes, you would set the value to 01:30 (implemented only on Windows 95, NT, and Macintosh).

VOLUME=[0-100] - This value must be a number between 0 and 100 to represent 0 to 100 percent. This attribute sets the volume for the sound that is playing [unless the MASTERVOLUME (see NAME attribute below) is used, then this value sets the sound for the entire system]. The default volume level is the current system volume.

WIDTH=[# PIXELS] - This attribute is used to display the width of the console or console element. For the CONSOLE and SMALLCONSOLE, the default is WIDTH=144. For the VOLUMELEVER, the default is WIDTH=74. For a button, the default is WIDTH=37.

HEIGHT=[# PIXELS] - This attribute is used to display the height of the console. For the CONSOLE, the default is HEIGHT=60. For the SMALLCONSOLE, the default is HEIGHT=15. For the VOLUMELEVER, the default is HEIGHT=20. For a button, the default is HEIGHT=22.

ALIGN=[TOP|BOTTOM|CENTER|BASELINE|LEFT|RIGHT|TEXTTOP|MIDDLE|ABSMIDDLE|ABSBOTTOM] - This attribute tells Netscape Navigator how you want to align text as it flows around the consoles. It acts similarly to the IMG tag.

CONTROLS=[CONSOLE|SMALLCONSOLE|PLAYBUTTON|PAUSEBUTTON|STOPBUTTON|VOLUMELEVER] - This attribute defines which control a content creator wishes to use. The default for this field is CONSOLE.

HIDDEN=[TRUE] - The value for this attribute should be TRUE, or it should not be included in the EMBED tag. If it is specified as TRUE, no controls will load and the sound will act as a background sound.

MASTERSOUND - This value must be used when grouping sounds together in a NAME group. This attribute takes no value (it must merely be present in the EMBED tag), but tells LiveAudio which file is a genuine sound file and allows it to ignore any stub files. Stub files have a minimum length necessary to activate LiveAudio.

NAME=[UNIQUE NAME TO GROUP CONTROLS TOGETHER SO THAT THEY CONTROL ONE SOUND] - This attribute sets a unique ID for a group of CONTROLS elements, so they all act on the same sound as it plays. For example, if a content creator wishes to have one sound controlled by two embedded objects (a PLAYBUTTON and a STOPBUTTON), they must use this attribute to group the CONTROLS together. In this case, the MASTERSOUND tag is necessary to flag LiveAudio and let it know which of the two EMBED tags actually has the sound file you wish to control. LiveAudio ignores any EMBED(s) with no MASTERSOUND tag.

If you want one VOLUMELEVER to control multiple NAMEs (or the system volume), create an EMBED using the VOLUMELEVER CONTROL. Then set NAME to MASTERVOLUME.

JAVASCRIPT FUNCTIONS

LiveAudio includes the ability to defer loading a sound file until the Play button is pushed. This enables a Web page designer to comfortably embed several sounds on one page, without worrying about page load time.

To implement this feature, the Web designer must create a file like the following:

<SCRIPT LANGUAGE=SoundScript>

OnPlay(http://YourURL/YourSound.aif);

</SCRIPT>

This file should be saved and named as a sound file (such as script1.aif). When the Play button is pushed, the URL you defined for the OnPlay function is loaded.

EXAMPLES OF LIVEAUDIO USES

To play a sound as a background sound for a Web page:

<EMBED SRC="mysound.aif" HIDDEN=TRUE>

To have several CONTROLS controlling one sound file:

<EMBED SRC="mysound.aif" HEIGHT=22 WIDTH=37 CONTROLS=PLAYBUTTON NAME="MyConsole" MASTERSOUND>

<EMBED SRC="stub1.aif" HEIGHT=22 WIDTH=37 CONTROLS=PAUSEBUTTON NAME="MyConsole">

<EMBED SRC="stub2.aif" HEIGHT=22 WIDTH=37 CONTROLS=STOPBUTTON NAME="MyConsole">

<EMBED SRC="stub3.aif" HEIGHT=20 WIDTH=74 CONTROLS=VOLUMELEVER NAME="MyConsole">

To use a SMALLCONSOLE:

<EMBED SRC="mysound.aif" HEIGHT=15 WIDTH=144 MASTERSOUND CONTROLS=SMALLCONSOLE>

LIVECONNECT

LiveAudio is LiveConnect enabled. The following functions will work in JavaScript to control a loaded LiveAudio plug-in:

•	Controlling functions (all Boolean):

•	play('TRUE/FALSE or int','URL of sound')

•	stop()

•	pause()

•	start_time(int seconds)

•	end_time(int seconds)

•	setvol(int percent)

•	fade_to(int to_percent)

•	fade_from_to(int from_percent,int to_percent)

•	start_at_beginning() = Override a start_time()

•	stop_at_end() = Override an end_time()

•	State indicators (all Boolean, except *, which is an int):

•	IsReady() = Returns TRUE if the plug-in instance has completed loading

•	IsPlaying() = Returns TRUE if the sound is currently playing

•	IsPaused() = Returns TRUE if the sound is currently paused

•	GetVolume() = Returns the current volume as a percentage

LIVE3D SYNTAX

DESCRIPTION

Live3D is a plug-in that allows Netscape Navigator 3.0 to display VRML worlds directly on a Web page.

HTML SYNTAX

<EMBED SRC=[URL] ...>

JAVA AND JAVASCRIPT FUNCTIONS

LoadScene(SceneURL, Frame) - Loads a new scene in the specified frame. If the frame is NULL, the URL is loaded into the _current Frame.

SetBackgroundImage(BackgroundImage) - Specifies the background image for the current scene. Supported image formats include PNG, RGB, GIF, JPEG, BMP, and RAS.

GotoViewPoint(ViewPoint, nAnimationSteps) - Animates the camera to the named viewpoint over nAnimationSteps.

SpinObject(Object, Pitch, Yaw, Roll, nLocal) - Spins the named object around the specified axes. Rotations occur in World Coordinate Space if nLocal is FALSE; otherwise, rotation occurs around the object's geometric center point.

AnimateObject(Object, URL) - Animates an object. The animation file is specified in the URL. Supported animation files include Autodesk's VUEformat.

Morph Object(Object, num_vertices, fCoords, nFrames, nMorphType) - Morphs the specified object. Morphing occurs over nFrames with interpolation between the object's original vertices to the target fCoords. nMorphType is one of LOOP, ONCE, BACKFORTH.

HideObject(Object) - Hides an object.

ShowObject(Object) - Makes an object invisible.

DeleteObject(Object) - Deletes an object from the scene graph.

SetObjectAnchor(Object, Anchor) - Changes the anchor for the named object. The anchor may be a relative URL.

JAVA AND JAVASCRIPT CALLBACKS

onAnchorClick() - Called when an anchor has been clicked.

onMouseMove() - Called whenever the mouse moves over the plug-in window.

JavaScript programmers can now control plug-ins and Java applet functions. Programmers of Java and plug-ins can now make functions available to JavaScript programmers. Objects of different types, such as Java applets, plug-ins, and HTML (forms, buttons, and images), can interact with each other to create live applications.

LIVECONNECT WITH JAVASCRIPT

All EMBED tags on your screen can now include the NAME parameter, as in:

<EMBED NAME="MyMovie" SRC="steve.avi"... >

It's now possible to reference the object MyMovie in JavaScript, as in:

function StartTheMovie(){

document.MyMovie.play();

}

Also, some plug-ins can create callbacks, which can be defined as follows:

// Called whenever the movie advances

function AviFrameCallback(frame_number) {

// code here

}

The above function can be defined in JavaScript scripts. The plug-in looks for the function and executes it if it has been defined.

LIVEVIDEO SYNTAX

DESCRIPTION

LiveVideo plays video files in AVI format. (Currently for Windows 95 and NT only.)

HTML SYNTAX

<EMBED SRC=[URL] AUTOSTART=[TRUE|FALSE] LOOP=[TRUE|FALSE] WIDTH=[# PIXELS] HEIGHT=[# PIXELS] ALIGN=[TOP|BOTTOM|CENTER|BASELINE|LEFT|RIGHT|TEXTTOP

MIDDLE|ABSMIDDLE|ABSBOTTOM]...>

EMBED - Use this tag to place AVI movies into your Web document.

SRC=[URL] - The URL of the source AVI file.

AUTOSTART=[TRUE|FALSE] - Setting the value to TRUE allows the AVI movie to begin playing automatically when the Web page is loaded. The default is FALSE.

LOOP=[TRUE|FALSE] - Setting the value to TRUE allows the AVI movie to play continuously until the user clicks on the movie to stop it from playing or goes to another page. The default is FALSE.

WIDTH=[# PIXELS] - Use this attribute to display the width of the AVI movie.

HEIGHT=[# PIXELS] - Use this attribute to display the height of the AVI movie. Standard sizes for movies are 90x120, 120x160, 180x240, and 240x320 (all size references are HEIGHT x WIDTH). These are all standard sizes using the 4:3 aspect ratio.

ALIGN=[TOP|BOTTOM|CENTER|BASELINE|LEFT|RIGHT|TEXTTOP|MIDDLE|ABSMIDDLE|ABSBOTTOM] - This attribute tells Netscape Navigator how you want to align text as it flows around the AVI movie. It acts similarly to the IMG tag.

JAVA AND JAVASCRIPT FUNCTIONS

play() - Starts playing the source file at the current location.

stop() - Stops the currently playing video.

rewind() - Rewinds the currently loaded video.

seek(frame-number) - Sets the current frame of the video to the given frame number.


No Break

Description

The NOBR element stands for NO BReak. This means all the text between the start and end of the NOBR elements cannot have line breaks inserted between them. While NOBR is essential for those odd character sequences you really don't want broken, please be careful; long text strings inside of NOBR elements can look rather odd.

Note: Do not use empty paragraphs to add white space around headings, lists or other elements. White space is added by the rendering software.


Style Information

Style sheets: Step By Step

Step 1: Do you need to design a style sheet, or do you just want to add style here and there?

Style sheets are a powerful way of adding formatting to HTML pages. Using style sheets, you will be able to specify font sizes in points, set margins, change link colors, and do many other formatting tasks that were not possible before.

Style information can be added to a document in several ways. Which ones are right for you? That depends on the kind of site you're putting together.

•	If you want to add style information here and there in a document, you can get away with placing style information in-line. This is the quick-and-dirty method, and it defeats the purpose of style sheets, which is to separate style from structure. But it may be best for your purposes.

•	If you want to standardize the look of a few Web pages, your best bet is to place a style sheet at the top of each page. This allows you to ensure that various elements headers, paragraphs, etc. look the same throughout one page or a few pages.

•	If you want to standardize the look of an entire site, you will want to link to an external style sheet. This is the preferred method by changing one file you can modify the appearance of every page on an entire Web site. (This method does cause a very slight decrease in performance, roughly equivalent to placing a small image on each page, because often an extra connection must be opened to download the style sheet.)

Once you've decided which category you fit into, you'll know which of the next three Steps to read.

Note: Normally you can use these three methods all at the same time. If similar style information is specified both in the page and outside the page, the in-page style is used.

However, for Internet Explorer 3.0 beta 1, if you link to an external style sheet, that style sheet will be used for the entire page; in-page styles will not be used. This will be fixed in an upcoming version.

Step 2: Placing style information in-line.

There are two ways to place style information in-line. The first is to assign a style to a particular tag right when you use it. For example, let's say we want to have a paragraph where the font size is 20 points. Here's how we do it:

<P STYLE="font-size: 20pt"> This paragraph is in 20-point text. As Hemingway once said, it is a great thing to be able to specify point sizes, especially large ones.</P>

The result:

This paragraph is in 20-point text. As Hemingway once said, it is a great thing to be able to specify point sizes, especially large ones.

The second way to place style information in-line is to use a new tag called SPAN. SPAN by itself doesn't mean anything; you use it to surround text to which you want to add style information. Here's how the SPAN tag might be used:

<SPAN STYLE="margin-left: 1.0in"> This paragraph is 1.0 inches from the left margin. That's one small step for a paragraph, one giant leap for browserkind.</SPAN>

The result:

This paragraph is 1.0 inches from the left margin. That's one small step for a paragraph, one giant leap for browserkind.

As you can see, adding style information in-line is easy. But it's much harder to go through a document and change a great number of STYLE attributes than it is to change a handful of them at the top of the document. That's why it's generally better to place style information in a centralized lo cation, such as at the top of a page.

Step 3: Placing style information at the top of a page.

This is done by inserting a <STYLE> block at the top of your document. The block should come after the <HTML> tag and before the <BODY> tag. Here's an example:

<HTML>

<STYLE>

BODY {background: white; color: black}

H1 {font: 14pt Arial bold}

P {font: 10pt Arial; text-indent: 0.5in}

A {text-decoration: none; color: blue}

</STYLE>

<BODY>

<H1>This is a headline! In 14-point Arial bold!</H1>

<P>Yes, folks, here it is in black and white — this page is actually using style sheets. Oh, by the way, <A HREF="http://www.microsoft.com">this is a link,</A> but it's not underlined, because we set text-decoration for links to "none."</P>

</BODY>

</HTML>

Note that to assign more than one kind of style information at once, you simply separate the styles with semicolons. For example, to set the font of an entire HTML page to 10-point Times font, the colors to black on white, and both left and right margins to one inch, place the following before t he <BODY> tag:

<STYLE>

BODY {font: 10pt Times; color: black; background: white; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 1in}

</STYLE>

Step 4: Linking to an external style sheet.

To link to an external style sheet, simply create a file that contains what you would normally place in a <STYLE> block at the top of a page (see Step 3 above). Suppose you've created a file with the following contents:

BODY {background: white; color: black}

H1 {font: 14pt Arial bold}

P {font: 10pt Arial; text-indent: 0.5in}

A {text-decoration: none}

Let's say you have placed this on your server at the following address: http://www.mycompany.com/mystyles.css. To link a page to this style sheet, simply place the following in the <HEAD> portion of the page:

<LINK REL=STYLESHEET HREF="http://www.mycompany.com/mystyles.css" TYPE="text/css">

Note: You will need to make sure that the MIME type reported for "mystyles.css" is text/css.

Step 5: Add text formatting.

Now that you've figured out where to put the style information, here are the text formatting features currently supported by Internet Explorer 3.0.

font: [bold] [italic] [font size]/[font leading] [list of font names]

Sets many font properties at once. You can specify a list of font names separated by commas; if the first is not available, the next will be tried, and so on. Examples:

font: 10pt Arial

font: bold 12pt/14pt "Arial,Helv"

font-family: [list of font names]

Chooses which font to use to display text. As above, you can specify a list of font names separated by commas.

Example: font-family: Courier New

font-size: size

Sets font size. You can set font size not only in points but in inches (in), centimeters (cm), or pixels (px).

Example: font-size: 10pt

font-weight: bold or normal

Sets the font weight. Currently only normal and bold are supported.

Example: font-weight: bold

font-style: italic

Used to set various text styles. Currently only italic is supported.

text-decoration: none , underline, italic, or line-through

Sets text decoration. This is useful for turning link underlining off: simply set text-decoration to "none".

Example: text-decoration: line-through

line-height: [measurement]

Otherwise known as leading, this sets the height of each line of text. (Note: currently the extra spacing is added before lines, not after. This may be changed later to match the standards set by desktop publishing applications.)

Example: line-height: 20pt.

background: #rrggbb, color name, or URL([address of image])

Places a color or image behind text. This can be used to "highlight" portions of text. Examples:

background: #ffffff

background: white

background: URL(http://www.mycompany.com/images/white.gif)

Step 6: Add layout information.

Once you've formatted your text, choose from the following features to control the layout of your pages. As above, all measurements can be set in inches, centimeters, or pixels.

margin-left: [measurement] and margin-right: [measurement]

Sets the left and right margins. Example: margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in

text-indent: [measurement]

Sets the indentation for each paragraph. Example: text-indent: 0.25in

text-align: left, right, or center

Sets text alignment. Example: text-align: right

Congratulations!

That's all it takes to add style to your pages!

Copyright Microsoft 1997.


URLs
URL's

URL's are used by the World Wide Web to specify the location of files on other servers.  For example to create a link to a file on another server you could use:

<A HREF = "http://www.luckman.com/download.html">Download WebEdit Now</A>

A URL consists of several parts:

•	a resource type,

•	a server name,

•	a port number,

•	a file name, and

•	an anchor

The resource type specifies whether the link points to a Web page, a gopher server, a file on an ftp server, an email address, etc.  For example, in the above tag, "http://" is the resource type.  This indicates that the file is a Web page.  If the file were on an ftp server, the resource type would be "ftp://".  Gopher resources are specified with "gopher://". Some browsers such as NetScape even support extended resource types like "mailto:" for sending email, etc.

A server name is the name of a host on the Internet.  As an example, Microsoft has a web server at www.microsoft.com.  You can usually connect to a remote host with nothing more than a resource type and a server name. Specifying http://www.microsoft.com/ will provide a hotlink to Microsoft's Web home page.

Ordinarily, resources are on "well-known" ports.  Web resources are on port 80, ftp files on port 79 and so on.  Sometimes though, a resource will be on a non-standard port.  In this case, the hotlink needs to include the port number as part of the server name, separated by a colon, as in this example:

http://www.lysator.liu.se:7500/

Sometimes, you will also need to specify a directory path as well, as in http://www.geom.umn.edu/apps/gallery.html.  This indicates that the file gallery.html is in the subdirectory /apps.

Lastly, if the file is an HTML file, it can have bookmarks within the file, called anchors, allowing you to point not just to a file, but to a specific point within the file.  Anchors are tagged onto the end of the filename, separated by a pound sign, as in myfile.html#myanchor. In most cases, URLs consist of just three parts: a resource type, a server name and a file name.


Word Break

Description

Netscape includes two tags: <NOBR>...</NOBR>, and <WBR>. The former turns off wordwrapping between the start and end NOBR tag, while WBR is for the rare case when you want to specify where to break the line if needed. At some point HTML 3.0 may provide an equivalent mechanism to WBR, (either a tag or an entity), but It currently is not implemented.

The WBR element stands for Word BReak. This is for the very rare case when you have a NOBR section and you know exactly where you want it to break. Also, any time you want to give the Netscape Navigator help by telling it where a word is allowed to be broken. The WBR element does not force a line break (BR does that) it simply lets the Netscape Navigator know where a line break is allowed to be inserted if needed.

Note: Do not use empty paragraphs to add white space around headings, lists or other elements. White space is added by the rendering software.


Character Format

Extended Characters

Special Characters


Extended Characters

Certain characters may be interpreted by a Web browser as markup or may not be accessible from your keyboard.  WebEdit makes it simple to use these characters by letting you select them from a dialog box.  Simply click on the desired character and WebEdit inserts the character as they should be "escaped"; that is, represented by markup -- numeric character or entity references.

Additions

 &reg; -> Registered Trademark -> ®

 &copy; -> Copyright -> ©

Numeric Character References

Any printing character within the 8-bit character encoding of ISO 8859/1 (256 character positions) or the 7-bit character encoding of ISO 646 (128 character positions) may be represented within the text of an HTML document by a numeric character reference, e.g. &#233; is a small e with an acute accent. It is recommended that character entity references such as &eacute; are used in preference to numeric character references.


Special Characters

Certain characters may be interpreted by a Web browser as markup or may not be accessible from your keyboard.  WebEdit makes it simple to use these characters by letting you select them from a dialog box.  Simply click on the desired character and WebEdit inserts the character as they should be "escaped"; that is, represented by markup -- numeric character or entity references.

Special Characters

Certain characters are taken to have special meaning within the context of an HTML document.

Space

Interpreted as a word space in all contexts except <PRE>.

Interpreted as a no-break space within <PRE>.

The character entities &ensp; and &emsp; denote an en space and an em space respectively, where an en space is half the point size and an em space is equal to the point size of the current font. For fixed pitch fonts, the user agent can treat the en space as being equivalent to a single space character, and the em space as being equivalent to two space characters.

Non-breaking Space (&nbsp;)

This should be treated in the same way as the space character (ASCII character code 32 decimal), except that the user agent should never break lines at this point. It is useful when you want to ensure that neighboring words always stay together and don't get split across lines.

Hyphen

Interpreted as a hyphen glyph in all contexts.

Interpreted as a potential word space by hyphenation engine.

The character entities &endash; and &emdash; denote dash marks with the same widths as the &ensp; and &emsp; entities respectively.

Control Characters

Control characters are non-printable characters that are typically used for communication and device control, as format effectors, and as information separators.

In SGML applications, the use of control characters is limited in order to maximize the chance of successful interchange over heterogeneous networks and operating systems. In HTML, there are only three control characters which are used. The remaining 55 control characters are shunned and should not appear in an HTML document. The valid control characters and their interpretation are:

Horizontal Tab (HT - 9 dec)

Interpreted as a word space in all contexts except <PRE>.

Within <PRE>, the tab should be interpreted to shift the horizontal column position to the next position which is a multiple of 8 on the same line; that is, col := (col+8) mod 8.

Line Feed (LF - 10 dec)

Interpreted as a word space in all contexts except <PRE>.

Within <PRE>, the tab should be interpreted as a shift to the start of a new line; that is, col := 0; row := row+1

Carriage Return (CR - 13 dec)

Interpreted as a word space in all contexts except <PRE>.

Within <PRE>, the tab should be interpreted as a shift to the start of the line; that is, col := 0;


Form Tags

HTML Form Tags

HTML provides the means for passing information from HTML documents.

The Form element indicates the beginning and end of a form. HTML fill-out forms can be used for questionnaires, etc. The form is specified as part of an HTML document.  Every form must be enclosed within a FORM element. There can be several forms in a single document, but the FORM element can't be nested.

The Input element is used to specify a simple input element inside a FORM.  It is a standalone tag; it does not surround anything and there is no terminating tag.

The Option element is used within SELECT tags to present a number of options for the user to select.

The Select element is used inside <FORM>...</FORM>, any number of SELECT tags are allowed, freely intermixed with other HTML elements (including INPUT and TEXTAREA elements) and text (but not additional forms).

The Textarea element can be used to place a multiline text entry field with optional default contents in a fill-out form.


Forms

Description

HTML fill-out forms can be used for questionnaires, hotel reservations, order forms, data entry and a wide variety of other applications. The form is specified as part of an HTML document. The user fills in the form and then submits  it. The user agent then sends the form's contents as designated by the FORM element. Typically, this is to an HTTP server, but you can also email form contents for asynchronous processing.

Note  You are not allowed to nest FORM elements!

Every form must be enclosed within a FORM element. There can be several forms in a single document, but the FORM element can't be nested. The browser is responsible for handling the input focus, i.e. which field will currently get keyboard input. Many platforms have existing conventions for forms, for example, using Tab and Shift-Tab to move the keyboard focus forwards and backwards between fields, and using the Enter key to submit the form.

This standard defines and requires support for the HTTP access protocol only. Under any protocol, the submitted contents of the form logically consist of a list of name/value pairs where the names are given by the NAME attributes of the various fields in the FORM. Each field will normally be given a distinct name. Several radio buttons can share the same name, as this is how you specify that they belong to the same control group - at any time, only one button in the group can be selected.

Note  The contents list of name/value pairs excludes unselected radio buttons and checkboxes. In general, any field with a null value can be omitted from the contents list.

Forms are created by placing input fields within paragraphs, preformatted text, lists and tables. This gives considerable flexibility in designing the layout of forms.

HTML 3.0 supports the following kinds of fields:

- Simple text fields

- Multi-line text fields

- Radio buttons

- Checkboxes

- Range controls (sliders, or knobs)

- Single/multiple choice menus

- Scribble on image

- File widgets for attaching files to forms.

- Submit buttons for sending form contents

- Reset buttons for resetting fields to their initial values

- Hidden fields for book keeping information

It is expected that future revisions to HTML will add support for audio fields, multi-row entry of database tables, and extending multi-line text fields to support a range of other data types, in addition to plain text. Client-side scripts will provide the means to constrain field values and to add new field types.

Attributes

ACTION - [image] The ACTION attribute is a URL specifying the location to which the contents of the form is submitted to elicit a response. If the ACTION is missing, the URL for the document itself is assumed. The way data is submitted varies with the access protocol of the URL, and with the values of the METHOD and ENCTYPE attributes.

METHOD - [image] This specifies variations in the protocol used to send the form contents. It is currently restricted to GET (the default) or POST. The attribute was introduced to inform user agents which HTTP methods the server supports.

ENCTYPE - [image] This attribute specifies the MIME content type to be used to encode the form contents. It defaults to the string: "application/x-www-form-urlencoded"

SCRIPT - This can be used to give a URI for a script. The scripting language and the interface with the user agent is not part of the HTML 3.0 specification.

Example

This fictitious example is a questionnaire. It uses the INPUT element for simple text fields, radio buttons, checkboxes, and the submit and reset buttons. The TEXTAREA field is used for a multi-line text entry field. The form fields are laid out with several paragraph elements and an unordered list. Notice the use of the NAME attribute to name each field:

<TITLE>Sample Questionnaire</TITLE>
<H1>Sample Questionnaire</H1>
<P>Please fill out this questionnaire:
<FORM METHOD=post ACTION="http://www.hal.com/sample">
<P>Your name: <input name="name" size="48">
<P><input name="male" type=radio> Male
<P><input name="female" type=radio>Female
  Number in family: <input name="family" type=int>
<P>Cities in which you maintain a residence:
<UL PLAIN>
<LI><input name="city" type=checkbox value="kent"> Kent
<LI><input name="city" type=checkbox value="miami"> Miami
<LI>Others <textarea name="other" cols=48 rows=4></textarea>
</UL>
<P>Nickname: <INPUT NAME="nickname" size ="42">
<P>Thank you for responding to this questionnaire.
<P><INPUT TYPE=SUBMIT> <INPUT TYPE=RESET>
</FORM>


Input

Description

The INPUT element is used to specify a simple input element inside a FORM.  It is a standalone tag; it does not surround anything and there is no terminating tag.

Attributes

TYPE - [image]  must be one of:

"text" (text entry field; this is the default)

"password" (text entry field; entered characters are represented as asterisks)

"checkbox" (a single toggle button; on or off)

"radio" (a single toggle button; on or off; other toggles with the same NAME are grouped into "one of many" behavior)

"submit" (a pushbutton that causes the current form to be packaged up into a query URL and sent to a remote server)

"reset" (a pushbutton that causes the various input elements in the form to be reset to their default values)

NAME - [image] the symbolic name (not a displayed name -- normal HTML within the form is used for that) for this input field.  This must be present for all types  except "submit" and "reset", as it is used when putting together the query string that gets sent to the remote server when the filled-out form is submitted.

VALUE - [image] for a text or password entry field, can be used to specify the default contents of the field.  For a checkbox or a radio button, Value specifies the value of the button when it is checked  (unchecked checkboxes are disregarded when submitting queries);  can be used to specify the label for the pushbutton.

CHECKED - [image] (no value needed) specifies that this checkbox or radio button is checked by default; this is only appropriate for checkboxes and radio buttons.

SIZE - [image] the physical size of the input field in characters; this is only appropriate for text entry fields and password entry fields.  If this is not present, the default is 20.  Multiline text entry fields can be specified as SIZE=width,height; e.g., SIZE=60,12.  Note: the SIZE attribute should not be used to specify multiline text entry fields now that the TEXTAREA tag is available.

MAXLENGTH - [image] the maximum number of characters that are accepted as input; this is only appropriate for text entry fields and password entry fields (and only for single-line text entry fields at that).  If this is not present, the default will be  unlimited.  The text entry field is assumed to scroll appropriately if MAXLENGTH is greater than SIZE.

Example

<TITLE>Sample Questionnaire</TITLE>
<H1>Sample Questionnaire</H1>
<P>Please fill out this questionnaire:
<FORM METHOD=post ACTION="http://www.hal.com/sample">
<P>Your name: <input name="name" size="48">
<P><input name="sex" type=radio value="male"> Male

<P><input name="sex" type=radio value="female"> Female

  Number in family: <input name="family" type=int>
<P>Cities in which you maintain a residence:
<UL PLAIN>
<LI><input name="city" type=checkbox value="kent"> Kent
<LI><input name="city" type=checkbox value="miami"> Miami
<LI>Others <textarea name="other" cols=48 rows=4></textarea>
</UL>
<P>Nickname: <INPUT NAME="nickname" size ="42">
<P>Thank you for responding to this questionnaire.
<P><INPUT TYPE=SUBMIT> <INPUT TYPE=RESET>
</FORM>


Option

Description

OPTION tags are used within SELECT tags to present a number of options for the user to select.

Attributes

PLAIN - [image] specifies that this option is not disabled or specified.

SELECTED - [image] specifies that this option is selected by default.  If the SELECT allows multiple selections (via the MULTIPLE attribute), multiple options can be specified as SELECTED.

DISABLED - [image] specifies that this option is visible but not selectable.  It should appear "greyed-out".

Example

<SELECT NAME="FooBar">

<OPTION>First Option

<OPTION SELECTED>Second Option

<OPTION DISABLED>Third Option

</SELECT>


Select

Description

Inside <FORM>...</FORM>, any number of SELECT tags are allowed, freely intermixed with other HTML elements (including INPUT and TEXTAREA elements) and text (but not additional forms).

Unlike  INPUT, SELECT has both opening and closing tags.  Inside SELECT, only a sequence of OPTION tags -- each followed by an arbitrary amount of plain text (no HTML markup ) -- is allowed.

Attributes

NAME - [image] the symbolic name for this SELECT element.  This must be present, as it is used when putting together the query string for the submitted form.

SIZE - [image] if SIZE is 1 or if the SIZE attribute is missing, by default the SELECT will be

MULTIPLE - [image] if present (no value), specifies  that the SELECT should allow multiple selections (n of many behavior).  The presence of MULTIPLE forces the SELECT to be represented by a scrolled list, regardless of the value of SIZE.

Example

<SELECT NAME="FooBar">

<OPTION>First Option

<OPTION SELECTED>Second Option

<OPTION DISABLED>Third Option

</SELECT>


Text Area

Description

The TEXTAREA tag can be used to place a multiline text entry field with optional default contents in a fill-out form.

Attributes

NAME - [image] the symbolic name of the text entry field.

ROWS - [image] the number of rows (vertical height in characters) of the text entry field.

COLS - [image] the number of columns (horizontal width in characters) of the text entry field.

WRAP - [image] Specifies how to handle word-wrapping in text input areas in forms.

<TEXTAREA WRAP=OFF> -- the default setting

Wrapping doesn't happen. Lines are sent exactly as typed.

<TEXTAREA WRAP=VIRTUAL>

The display word-wraps, but long lines are sent as one line without new-lines.

<TEXTAREA WRAP=PHYSICAL>

The display word-wraps, and the text is transmitted at all wrap points.

TEXTAREA fields automatically have scrollbars; any amount of text can be entered in them.

The TEXTAREA element requires both an opening and a closing tag.  A TEXTAREA with no default contents looks like this:

<TEXTAREA NAME="foobar" ROWS=3 COLS=20></TEXTAREA>

A TEXTAREA with default contents looks like this

<TEXTAREA NAME="foobar2" ROWS=4 COLS=20>

Default contents go here

</TEXTAREA>

The default contents must be straight ASCII text.  New lines are respected (so in the above example there will be a new line both before and after "Default contents go here.").


List Tags

HTML List Tag Formats

HTML provides the means for defining different types of lists in HTML documents.

The Ordered List element specifies that the following list items should be ordered, i.e., numbered.  WebEdit provides a dialog for selecting the type of numbering to be used.

The Unordered List element specifies that the following list items should be unordered, i.e., unnumbered, (bulleted). WebEdit provides a dialog for selecting the type of bulleting to be used.

The Menu List  element specifies that the following list items should appear as simple bulleted menu items.

The Directory List element specifies that the following list items should appear as simple bulleted menu items.

The List Item element specifies each of the items included in a certain list.

The Definition List  element specifies that the following items will include Definition Titles and Definition Items, i.e., words and their definitions.

The Definition Title element specifies that the following item is a Definition Title, i.e., a word to be defined.

The Definition Item element specifies that the following item is a Definition Item, i.e., the definition of a word (Definition Title).


Definition Item

Description

The Definition Item <DD> element specifies that the following item is a Definition Item, i.e., the definition of a word (Definition Title).

Example

<DL>
<LH>List Header</LH>
<DT>Term 1<dd>This is the definition of the first term.
<DT>Term 2<dd>This is the definition of the second term.
</DL>

which could be rendered as:

List Header

Term 1	This is the definition of the first term.

Term 2	This is the definition of the second term.


Definition Title

Description

The Definition Title <DT> element specifies that the following item is a Definition Title, i.e., a word to be defined.

Example

<DL>
<LH>List Header</LH>
<DT>Term 1<dd>This is the definition of the first term.
<DT>Term 2<dd>This is the definition of the second term.
</DL>

which could be rendered as:

List Header

Term 1	This is the definition of the first term.

Term 2	This is the definition of the second term.


Definition List

Description

A definition list is a list of terms and corresponding definitions. Definition lists are typically formatted with the term on the left with the definition following on the right or on the next line. The definition text is typically indented with respect to the term.

An alternative format places the term left aligned in a wide margin and the definition on one or more lines to the right of the term. If the DT term does not fit in the DT column (one third of the display area), it may be extended across the page with the DD section moved to the next line, or it may be wrapped onto successive lines of the left hand column.

The opening list tag must be <DL>. It is followed by an optional list header (<LH>caption</LH>) and then by term names (<DT>) and definitions (<DD>).

Example:

<DL>
<LH>List Header</LH>
<DT>Term 1<dd>This is the definition of the first term.
<DT>Term 2<dd>This is the definition of the second term.
</DL>

which could be rendered as:

List Header

Term 1	This is the definition of the first term.

Term 2	This is the definition of the second term.

The definition list element can take the COMPACT attribute, which suggests that a compact rendering be used, and is appropriate if the list elements are small and/or the entire list is large.

Note: Use the NOTE element when you want to have an indented note. The practice of using <DD> elements without corresponding <DT> elements is deprecated.

Attributes

ID - [image] An SGML identifier used as the target for hypertext links or for naming particular elements in associated style sheets. Identifiers are NAME tokens and must be unique within the scope of the current document.

LANG - [image] This is one of the ISO standard language abbreviations, e.g. "en.uk" for the variation of English spoken in the United Kingdom. It can be used by parsers to select language specific choices for quotation marks, ligatures and hypenation rules etc. The language attribute is composed from the two letter language code from ISO 639, optionally followed by a period and a two letter country code from ISO 3166.

CLASS - [image] This a space separated list of SGML NAME tokens and is used to subclass tag names. By convention, the class names are interpreted hierarchically, with the most general class on the left and the most specific on the right, where classes are separated by a period. The CLASS attribute is most commonly used to attach a different style to some element, but it is recommended that where practical class names should be picked on the basis of the element's semantics, as this will permit other uses, such as restricting search through documents by matching on element class names.

CLEAR - [image] This attribute is common to all block-like elements. When text flows around a figure or table in the margin, you sometimes want to start an element like a header, paragraph or list below the figure rather than alongside it. The CLEAR attribute allows you to move down unconditionally:

clear=left	move down until left margin is clear

clear=right	move down until right margin is clear

clear=all	move down until both margins are clear

Alternatively, you can decide to place the element alongside the figure just so long as there is enough room. The minimum width needed is specified as:

clear="40 en"	move down until there is at least 40 en units free

clear="100 pixels"	move down until there is at least 100 pixels free

The style sheet (or browser defaults) may provide default minimum widths for each class of block-like elements.

COMPACT - [image] The presence of this attribute indicates the user agent should use reduced interitem spacing. The COMPACT attribute may also reduce the width of the left-hand (DT) column. In practice, there are several ways to increase the compactness of lists: reduced vertical interitem spacing, smaller font size, or even to avoid line breaks between items. This is best handled through associated style sheets and the class attribute.
The opening list tag must be DL COMPACT. It must be immediately followed by the first term (DT).

Example

<DL compact>
<DT>Term<DD>This is the first definition in compact format.
<DT>Term<DD>This is the second definition in compact format.

</DL>


Directory List

Description

DIR lists are used to present lists of items containing up to 20 characters each. Items in a DIR list are arranged in columns. You can get the same effect with <UL PLAIN WRAP=HORIZ>.

Example

<DIR>List Of Items

<LI>Apples

<LI>Oranges

<LI>Peaches</DIR>


List Item

Description

The List Item element specifies each of the items included in any of the list types except the Definition List.

Example

<DIR>List Of Items

<LI>Peaches

<LI>Pears

<LI>Prunes</DIR>


Menu List

Description

Both MENU and DIR consist of one or more LI elements, similar to UL. MENU lists are typically rendered without bullets in a more compact style than UL. You can get the same effect with <UL PLAIN>.

Example

<MENU>Minimum Configuration

<LI>Dual Pentium 150

<LI>9 Gig Hard Drive

<LI>8 Meg Video Card

</MENU>


Ordered List

Description

An ordered list typically is a numbered list of items. Additions to HTML 0 give you the ability to control the sequence number - to continue where the previous list left off, or to start at a particular number. The numbering style is left to associated style sheets, e.g. whether nested lists contribute to a compound item number, e.g. "3.1.5", or whether numbers are rendered as arabic, upper or lower case roman numerals or using the numbering scheme appropriate to the language context.

The opening list tag must be <OL>. It is followed by an optional list header (<LH>caption</LH>) and then by the first list item (<LI>).

Example:

    <OL>
      <LH>Meeting Agenda</LH>
      <LI>Minutes of the last meeting
      <LI>Do we need yet more meetings?
      <LI>Any other business
    </OL>

which could be rendered as:

Meeting Agenda

1. Minutes of the last meeting

2. Do we need yet more meetings?

3. Any other business

Attributes

ID - [image] An SGML identifier used as the target for hypertext links or for naming particular elements in associated style sheets. Identifiers are NAME tokens and must be unique within the scope of the current document.

LANG - [image] This is one of the ISO standard language abbreviations, e.g. "en.uk" for the variation of English spoken in the United Kingdom. It can be used by parsers to select language specific choices for quotation marks, ligatures and hypenation rules etc. The language attribute is composed from the two letter language code from ISO 639, optionally followed by a period and a two letter country code from ISO 3166.

CLASS - [image] This a space separated list of SGML NAME tokens and is used to subclass tag names. By convention, the class names are interpreted hierarchically, with the most general class on the left and the most specific on the right, where classes are separated by a period. The CLASS attribute is most commonly used to attach a different style to some element, but it is recommended that where practical class names should be picked on the basis of the element's semantics, as this will permit other uses, such as restricting search through documents by matching on element class names. The conventions for choosing class names are outside the scope of this specification.

CLEAR - [image] This attribute is common to all block-like elements. When text flows around a figure or table in the margin, you sometimes want to start an element like a header, paragraph or list below the figure rather than alongside it. The CLEAR attribute allows you to move down unconditionally:

clear=left	move down until left margin is clear

clear=right	move down until right margin is clear

clear=all	move down until both margins are clear

Alternatively, you can decide to place the element alongside the figure just so long as there is enough room. The minimum width needed is specified as:

clear="40 en"	move down until there is at least 40 en units free

clear="100 pixels"	move down until there is at least 100 pixels free

The style sheet (or browser defaults) may provide default minimum widths for each class of block-like elements.

CONTINUE - [image] Don't restart the sequence number, i.e. continue where previous list left off, e.g. <OL CONTINUE>

SEQNUM - [image] Set the starting sequence number for the first item, e.g. <OL SEQNUM=23>

COMPACT - The presence of this attribute indicates the user agent should use reduced inter-item spacing. In practice, there are several ways to increase the compactness of lists: reduced vertical interitem spacing, smaller font size, or even to avoid line breaks between items. This is best handled through associated style sheets and the class attribute.

TYPE - [image] Specifies whether list items are marked with: capital letters (TYPE=A), small letters (TYPE=a), large roman numerals (TYPE=I), small roman numerals (TYPE=i), or the default numbers (TYPE=1).

START - [image] Specifies the starting count. START is always specified in the default numbers, and will be converted based on TYPE before display. Thus START=5 would display either an 'E', 'e', 'V', 'v', or '5' based on the TYPE tag.


Un-ordered List

Description

An unordered list typically is a bulleted list of items. HTML 3.0 gives you the ability to customize the bullets, to do without bullets and to wrap list items horizontally or vertically for multicolumn lists.

The opening list tag must be <UL>. It is followed by an optional list header (<LH>caption</LH>) and then by the first list item (<LI>).

Example

    <UL>
      <LH>Table Fruit</LH>
      <LI>apples
      <LI>oranges
      <LI>bananas
    </UL>

which could be rendered as:

Table Fruit

•	apples

•	oranges

•	bananas

Attributes

ID - [image] An SGML identifier used as the target for hypertext links or for naming particular elements in associated style sheets. Identifiers are NAME tokens and must be unique within the scope of the current document.

LANG - [image] This is one of the ISO standard language abbreviations, e.g. "en.uk" for the variation of English spoken in the United Kingdom. It can be used by parsers to select language specific choices for quotation marks, ligatures and hypenation rules etc. The language attribute is composed from the two letter language code from ISO 639, optionally followed by a period and a two letter country code from ISO 3166.

CLASS - [image] This a space separated list of SGML NAME tokens and is used to subclass tag names. By convention, the class names are interpreted hierarchically, with the most general class on the left and the most specific on the right, where classes are separated by a period. The CLASS attribute is most commonly used to attach a different style to some element, but it is recommended that where practical class names should be picked on the basis of the element's semantics, as this will permit other uses, such as restricting search through documents by matching on element class names. The conventions for choosing class names are outside the scope of this specification.

CLEAR - [image] This attribute is common to all block-like elements. When text flows around a figure or table in the margin, you sometimes want to start an element like a header, paragraph or list below the figure rather than alongside it. The CLEAR attribute allows you to move down unconditionally:

clear=left	move down until left margin is clear

clear=right	move down until right margin is clear

clear=all	move down until both margins are clear

Alternatively, you can decide to place the element alongside the figure just so long as there is enough room. The minimum width needed is specified as:

clear="40 en"	move down until there is at least 40 en units free

clear="100 pixels"	move down until there is at least 100 pixels free

The style sheet (or browser defaults) may provide default minimum widths for each class of block-like elements.

PLAIN - [image] The presence of this attribute suppresses the display of bullets, e.g. <UL PLAIN>.

SRC - [image] Specifies an image for use as a bullet. The image is specified as a URI. This attribute may appear together with the MD attribute.

MD - [image] Specifies a message digest or cryptographic checksum for the associated graphic specified by the SRC attribute. It is used when you want to be sure that a linked object is indeed the same one that the author intended, and hasn't been modified in any way. For instance, MD="md5:jV2OfH+nnXHU8bnkPAad/mSQlTDZ", which specifies an MD5 checksum encoded as a base64 character string. The MD attribute is generally allowed for all elements which support URI based links.

DINGBAT - [image] Specifies an iconic image for use as a bullet. The icon is specified as an entity name.

WRAP - [image] The WRAP attribute is used for multicolumn lists. Use wrap=vert if you want to arrange the list items down the page before wrapping to the next column. Use wrap=horiz if you want to arrange the items across the page (less useful). The user agent is responsible for determining how many columns are appropriate.

COMPACT - [image] The presence of this attribute indicates the user agent should use reduced interitem spacing. In practice, there are several ways to increase the compactness of lists: reduced vertical interitem spacing, smaller font size, or even to avoid line breaks between items. This is best handled through associated style sheets and the class attribute.

TYPE  - [image] Specifies the shape of the bullet.


Table Specification

HTML Table Specification Formats

HTML provides for the arranging of data into tables for clearer displays of information.

The Table element by default sizes a table automatically according to the cell contents and the current window size.

The Caption element is optional and used at the start of a table followed by one or more rows.

The Table Header element is used for naming columns and rows of data.

The Table Data element specifies information to be included in a certain cell.

The Table Row element determines the row count - any rows implied by cells spanning rows beyond this should be ignored.

Description

The HTML table model was chosen for its simplicity and flexibility. By default the table is automatically sized according to the cell contents and the current window size. The COLSPEC attribute can be used when needed to exert control over column widths, either by setting explicit widths or by specifying relative widths. You can also specify the table width explicitly or as a fraction of the current margins (see WIDTH attribute).

Tables start with an optional caption followed by one or more rows. Each row is formed by one or more cells, which are differentiated into header and data cells. Cells can be merged across rows and columns, and include attributes assisting rendering to speech and Braille, or for exporting table data into databases. The model provides little direct support for control over appearance, for example border styles and margins, as these can be handled via subclassing and associated style sheets.

Tables can contain a wide range of content, such as headers, lists, paragraphs, forms, figures, preformatted text and even nested tables. When the table is flush left or right, subsequent elements will be flowed around the table if there is sufficient room. This behavior is disabled when the noflow attribute is given or the table align attribute is center (the default), or justify.

Example

<TABLE BORDER>
  <CAPTION>A test table with merged cells</CAPTION>
  <TR><TH ROWSPAN=2><TH COLSPAN=2>Average
      <TH ROWSPAN=2>other<BR>category<TH>Misc
  <TR><TH>height<TH>weight
  <TR><TH ALIGN=LEFT>males<TD>1.9<TD>0.003
  <TR><TH ALIGN=LEFT ROWSPAN=2>females<TD>1.7<TD>0.002
</TABLE>

There are several points to note:

•	By default, header cells are centered while data cells are flush left. This can be overridden by the ALIGN attribute for the cell; the COLSPEC attribute for the TABLE element; or the ALIGN attribute on the enclosing row's TR element (from the most specific to the least).

•	Cells may be empty.

•	Cells spanning rows contribute to the column count on each of the spanned rows, but only appear in the markup once (in the first row spanned).

•	If the column count for the table is greater than the number of cells for a given row (after including cells for spanned rows), the missing cells are treated as occurring on the right hand side of the table, and rendered as empty cells.

•	The row count is determined by the TR elements - any rows implied by cells spanning rows beyond this should be ignored.

•	The user agent should be able to recover from a missing <TR> tag prior to the first row as the TH and TC elements can only occur within the TR element.

•	It is invalid to have cells overlap, see below for an example. In such cases, the rendering is implementation dependent.

•	Table data can be lists, images, Forms, and other elements.

•	TH element is typically rendered as bold text.

•	TD element is typically rendered as regular weight text.

•	Always use TR's as "holders" for TH's and TD's.

•	The browser sets the number of columns in a table to be the greatest number of columns in all the row. Blank cells are used to fill any extra columns in the rows.

An example of an invalid table:

<table border>
<tr><tdrowspan=2>1<td>2<td>3<td>4<td>5
<tr><td rowspan=2>6
<tr><td colspan=2>7<td>8
</table>

which looks something like:

    /-------------------    | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
    |   |---------------|
    |   | 6 |   |   |   |    The cells labeled 6 and 7 overlap!
    |---|...|-----------|
    | 7 :   | 8 |   |   |
    \-------------------/

Borderless tables are useful for layout purposes as well as their traditional role for tabular data, for instance with fill-out forms:

  name: [John Smith]
card number: [4619 693523 20851]
    expires: [03] / [97]
  telephone: [212 873 2739]

This can be represented as a table with one row and two columns. The first column is right aligned, while the second is left aligned. This example could be marked up as:

<table>
  <tr valign=baseline>
  <td align=right>
    name:<br>
    card number:<br>
    expires:<br>
    telephone:
  <td align=left>
    <input name="name" size=18><br>
    <input name="cardnum" size=18><br>
    <input name="expires-month" size=2> /
    <input name="expires-year" size=2><br>
    <input name="phone" size=18><br>
</table>

The use of such techniques is one of the motivations for using nested tables, where borderless tables are used to layout cell contents for an enclosing table

Hint: You can achieve a similar effect to the above by using decimal alignment and using the DP attribute to set the alignment character to a convenient character, for example:

<table>
  <tr align=decimal dp=":">
  <td>
    name: <input name="name" size=18><br>
    card number: <input name="cardnum" size=18><br>
    expires: <input name="expires-month" size=2> /
    <input name="expires-year" size=2><br>
    telephone:<input name="phone" size=18><br>
</table>

Each line in the table is then indented so that all the colons are positioned under one another.

Attributes

ID - [image] An SGML identifier used as the target for hypertext links or for naming particular elements in associated style sheets. Identifiers are NAME tokens and must be unique within the scope of the current document.

LANG - [image] This is one of the ISO standard language abbreviations, e.g. "en.uk" for the variation of English spoken in the United Kingdom. It can be used by parsers to select language specific choices for quotation marks, ligatures and hypenation rules etc. The language attribute is composed from the two letter language code from ISO 639, optionally followed by a period and a two letter country code from ISO 3166.

CLASS - [image] This a space separated list of SGML NAME tokens and is used to subclass tag names. By convention, the class names are interpreted hierarchically, with the most general class on the left and the most specific on the right, where classes are separated by a period. The CLASS attribute is most commonly used to attach a different style to some element, but it is recommended that where practical class names should be picked on the basis of the element's semantics, as this will permit other uses, such as restricting search through documents by matching on element class names. The conventions for choosing class names are outside the scope of this specification.

CLEAR - [image] When there is a figure or another table in the margin, you sometimes want to start another table below the figure rather than alongside it. The CLEAR attribute allows you to move down unconditionally:
clear=left	move down until left margin is clear

clear=right	move down until right margin is clear

clear=all	move down until both margins are clear

Alternatively, you can decide to place the table alongside the figure just so long as there is enough room. The minimum width needed is specified as:

clear="40 en"	move down until there is at least 40 en units free

clear="100 pixels"	move down until there is at least 100 pixels free

The style sheet (or browser defaults) may provide default minimum widths for each class of block-like elements.

NOFLOW - [image] The presence of this attribute disables text flow around the table. It avoids the need to use the CLEAR or NEEDS attributes on the following element.

ALIGN - [image] Specifies horizontal alignment of the table (not its contents):

BLEEDLEFT - [image] Flush left with the left (window) border.

LEFT - [image] Flush left with the left text margin.

CENTER - [image] The table is centered between the text margins and text flow around the table is disabled. This is the default setting for ALIGN.

RIGHT - [image] Flush right with the right text margin.

BLEEDRIGHT - [image] Flush right with the right (window) border

JUSTIFY - [image] When applicable the table should be sized to fill the space between the left and right text margins. Text flow around the table is disabled for align=justify.

UNITS - [image] Specifies the choice of units for the COLSPEC attribute:

units=en - Specifies en units (a typographical unit equal to half the point size). This is the default setting and allows user agents to render the table a row at a time without waiting until all of the table's data has been received.

units=relative - Used to set the relative width of columns. The user agent sums the values to determine the proportional width of each column.

units=pixels - The least useful!

A design issue for user agents is how to handle cases where cell contents won't fit into the specified column widths. One approach is to clip the contents to the given column width, another is to resize the columns to fit the contents regardless of the COLSPEC attribute (its best to wait until all of the table's data has been processed before resizing).

COLSPEC - [image] The colspec attribute is a list of column widths and alignment specifications. The columns are listed from left to right with a capital letter followed by a number, e.g. COLSPEC="L20 C8 L40". The letter is L for left, C for center, R for right alignment of cell contents. J is for justification, when feasible, otherwise this is treated in the same way as L for left alignment. D is for decimal alignment, see DP attribute. Capital letters are required to avoid a particularly common error when a lower case L is confused with a one. Column entries are delimited by one or more space characters. The number specifies the width in en's, pixels or as a fractional value of the table width, as according to the associated units attribute. This approach is more compact than used with most SGML table models and chosen to simplify hand entry. The width attribute allows you to specify the width of the table in pixels, em units or as a percentage of the space between the current left and right margins.

DP - This specifies the character to be used for the decimal point with the COLSPEC attribute, e.g. dp="." (the default) or dp=",". The default may be altered by the language context, as set by the LANG attribute on enclosing elements.

WIDTH - [image] This specifies the width of the table according to the UNITS attribute. If units=relative, the width is taken as a percentage of the width between the current left and right margins. The user agent should disregard this attribute if it would result in columns having less than their minimum widths.

BORDER - [image] This presence of this attribute instructs the user agent to render borders around tables. For instance: <TABLE BORDER>. The precise appearance, along with the size of margins around cells, can be controlled by associated style sheets, or via information in the STYLE element in the document head. Subclassing tables, rows and cells is particularly useful in this regard.

NOWRAP - The NOWRAP attribute is used when you don't want the browser to automatically wrap lines. You can then explicitly specify line breaks in paragraphs using the BR element.


Caption

Description

The CAPTION element is used for putting a Title above the Table.

Attributes

ALIGN - [image] Take values TOP or MIDDLE or BOTTOM, defining whether the top or middle or bottom of the graphic should be aligned with the baseline for the text line in which the Table element appears. With ALIGN=LEFT, the caption will float down and over to the current left margin, and subsequent text will wrap around the right hand side of the caption. Likewise for ALIGN=RIGHT, the caption aligns with the current right margin and, and text wraps around the left.

Example

<CAPTION>A test table with merged cells</CAPTION>


Table

Description

The TABLE element defines a series of rows of table cell elements. The contents of the TABLE element contains a sequence of elements which describe various parts of the table. The order in the sequence is important and consists of: at most one CAPTION element, possibly some COL or possibly some COLGROUP elements, at most one THEAD element, at most one TFOOT element, and finally at least one TBODY element or at least one TR element.

Attributes

ALIGN -   [image] the horizontal alignment of the table on the screen (not the contents of the table). Possible values are:

bleedleft: aligned at the left window border

left: at the left text margin

center: centered between text margins

right: at the right text margin

bleedright: aligned at the right window border

justify: table should fill space between text margins

BORDER -  [image] causes browser to render a border around the table; if missing, the table has no grid around it or its data.

WIDTH -  [image] specifies how wide the table will be; if given as "NN%", the width is NN% of the width of the display.

COLSPEC -  [image] specifies the alignment of items in the columns; for example, Colspec="Lnn Rnn Cnn" specifies that column contents of column 1 are to be aligned left, column 2 right, and column 3 centered. The "nn" specifies the column width in Units.

CELLSPACING -  [image] defines spacing between cells.

CELLPADDING -  [image] defines spacing within cells.

STYLE - [image] Defines the visual formatting. See Styles.

COLOR=#rrggbb or COLOR=color name - [image] Sets table color. rrggbb is a hexadecimal number denoting a red-green-blue color value (the pound sign is optional). Can also be set to a colorname.

Example:

<TABLE BGCOLOR="Black"></TABLE>

Table color is black

<TABLE BGCOLOR="#FF0000"></TABLE>

Table color is red

Example

<TABLE Border>

   <CAPTION>January Standings</CAPTION>

   <TR><TH Rowspan="5"><TH Colspan="1">Totals</TR>

   <TR><TH>Wins<TH>Losses</TR>

   <TR><TH Align="left">Bears<TD>22<TD>55</TR>

   <TR><TH Align="left">Bengals<TD>84</TD><TD>8</TD></TR>

</TABLE>


Table Data

Description

The Table Data element is for inserting a data point into a Table.

Attributes

ALIGN -  [image] The ALIGN attribute can be used to explicitly specify the horizontal alignment of paragraphs within a table row:

align=left - Paragraphs are rendered flush left (the default).

align=center - Paragraphs are centered.

align=right - Paragraphs are rendered flush right.

align=justify - Text lines are justified where practical, otherwise this gives the same effect as the default align=left setting.

VALIGN -  [image] vertical alignment of material in a cell. Values include "top," "middle," "bottom," "baseline."

COLSPAN -  [image] the number of columns the cell spans.

ROWSPAN -  [image] the number of rows the cell spans.

NO WRAP -  [image] prevents the browser from wrapping the contents of the cell.

WIDTH -  [image] This specifies the width of the table according to the UNITS attribute. If units=relative, the width is taken as a percentage of the width between the current left and right margins. The user agent should disregard this attribute if it would result in columns having less than their minimum widths.

STYLE - [image] Defines the visual formatting. See Styles.

COLOR=#rrggbb or COLOR=color name - [image] Sets cell color. rrggbb is a hexadecimal number denoting a red-green-blue color value (the pound sign is optional). Can also be set to a colorname.

Example:

<TD BGCOLOR="Black"></TD>

Cell color is black

<TD BGCOLOR="#FF0000"></TD>

Cell color is red

Examples

<TR><TH ALIGN=LEFT>males<TD>1.9<TD>0.003


Table Row

Description

The Table Row element is for defining a row of data that will presumably be filled with data points.

Attributes

ALIGN -  [image] The ALIGN attribute can be used to explicitly specify the horizontal alignment of paragraphs within a table row:

align=left - Paragraphs are rendered flush left (the default).

align=center - Paragraphs are centered.

align=right - Paragraphs are rendered flush right.

align=justify - Text lines are justified where practical, otherwise this gives the same effect as the default align=left setting.

VALIGN -  [image] vertical alignment of material in a cell. Values include "top," "middle," "bottom," "baseline."

STYLE - [image] Defines the visual formatting. See Styles.

COLOR=#rrggbb or COLOR=color name - [image] Sets cell color. rrggbb is a hexadecimal number denoting a red-green-blue color value (the pound sign is optional). Can also be set to a colorname.

Example:

<TD BGCOLOR="Black"></TD>

Cell color is black

<TD BGCOLOR="#FF0000"></TD>

Cell color is red

Example

<TR><TH ALIGN=LEFT>males<TD>1.9<TD>0.003


Table Header

Description

The Table Header element <TH> is used for naming columns and rows of data.

Attributes

ALIGN -  [image] The ALIGN attribute can be used to explicitly specify the horizontal alignment of paragraphs within a table row:

align=left - Paragraphs are rendered flush left (the default).

align=center - Paragraphs are centered.

align=right - Paragraphs are rendered flush right.

align=justify - Text lines are justified where practical, otherwise this gives the same effect as the default align=left setting.

VALIGN -  [image] vertical alignment of material in a cell. Values include "top," "middle," "bottom," "baseline."

COLSPAN -  [image] the number of columns the cell spans.

ROWSPAN -  [image] the number of rows the cell spans.

NO WRAP -  [image] prevents the browser from wrapping the contents of the cell.

STYLE - [image] Defines the visual formatting. See Styles.

COLOR=#rrggbb or COLOR=color name - [image] Sets header color. rrggbb is a hexadecimal number denoting a red-green-blue color value (the pound sign is optional). Can also be set to a colorname.

Example:

<TH BGCOLOR="Black"></TH>

Header color is black

<TH BGCOLOR="#FF0000"></TH>

Header color is red

Example

<TH>Widgets</TH>


Java Tags

HTML Java Tags

HTML provides these means for defining ways of interacting with Java.

The Applet element identifies and invokes a JAVA application.

TheParam (Java)  element is a mechanism to define general purpose parameters to be passed to APPLET applications.


Applet

Description

The APPLET element replaced the APP element as the mechanism to identify and invoke a JAVA(tm) application. A browser that understands this element will ignore everything in the content of the APPLET element except the PARAM elements. Browsers that do not understand this element should ignore it and the PARAM elements and instead process the content of the element. Thus the content is the alternate HTML if the application is not invoked.

Attributes

CODE -  [image] the name of the file that contains the compiled Applet subclass. This name is relative to the base URL of the applet and cannot be an absolute URL.

CODEBASE -  [image] specifies the base URL of the applet.

ALT -  [image] specifies parsed character data to be displayed if the brower understands the APPLET tag but can't/won't run them. NAME specifies a name for the applet instance, which allows applets on the same page to commuicate with each other.

WIDTH and HEIGHT -  [image] give the initial width and height (in pixels) of the applet display area.

ALIGN -  [image] specifies the display alignment.

VSPACE and HSPACE -  [image] specify the reserved space around the applet (in pixels).


Param (Java)

Description

The PARAM element is a mechanism to define general purpose parameters to be passed to APPLET applications.

Attributes

NAME - [image] the name of the parameter.

VALUE - [image] value obtained by the applet with the getParameter() method.


Object Tags

HTML Object Tag Formats

This specification extends HTML to support the insertion of multimedia objects including Java applets, Microsoft Component Object Model (COM) objects (e.g. OLE Controls and OLE Document embeddings), and a wide range of other media plug-ins. The approach allows objects to be specified in a general manner and provides the ability to override the default implementation of objects.

The Object  element is used to insert an object into an HTML document.

The Alias element is used to define an object without inserting it into the document.

The Param element allows a list of named property values (used to initialize a OLE control, plug-in module or Java applet) to be represented as a sequence of PARAM elements.


Object

Description

The OBJECT element is used to insert an object into an HTML document. It requires both start and end tags. The OBJECT element has the same content model as the HTML BODY element, except that one or more optional PARAM, or EVENT elements can be placed immediately after the OBJECT start tag and used to initialize the inserted object. The content of the OBJECT element is rendered if the object specified by the data, code or classid attributes can't be rendered (user agents may choose to display the content of the OBJECT element if displaying the actual element will take a long time to render). This provides for backwards compatibility with existing browsers, and allows authors to specify alternative media via nested OBJECT elements.

Note that this doesn't provide the same level of flexibility as would be provided by a richer description of resource variants. For instance when a resource in available are several media types and for each such type in English, Spanish, French and German.

Attributes

CODE - [image] This specifies a URL referencing where to find the code which implements the object's behaviour. If this URL is insufficient to locate the intended object, when for instance, a file contains the implementations for several classes, the CLASSID may be used to supply a disambiguating class identifier.

DATA - [image] Specifies a URL referencing the object's data. This could be a GIF file or the pickled data representing an object's state. In many cases the media type or the data itself contains sufficient information to identify what code is needed to initialize the object. Note that an object's data can even be included inline for super efficient loading. This specification proposes a new URL scheme "data:". The rest of the URL is a base64 encoded character string that specifies the object's data as an opaque byte stream. On its own, this would be meaningless. If the DATA attribute appears without a CODE or CLASSID attribute, then a TYPE attribute may be sufficient to interpret the data. For instance a Microsoft COM object can be asked to write its state using the WriteClassStream procedure. This inserts the object's class id as the first 16 bytes of the stream. If the TYPE attribute indicates that the data is in the COM persistent stream format, then the class id can be retrieved from the DATA attribute and used to find the code implementing the object's behaviour. The CLASSID attribute can be used to override the default implementation as implied by the DATA attribute. For example, you may have the pickled data for an Excel spread sheet but want to view it with the "SuperGraph" package. You would then use the DATA attribute to point to the Excel spreadsheet data, and the CLASSID or CODE attribute to point to the SuperGraph plug-in. The CLASSID, CODE and DATA attributes specify URLs. Any fragment identifier included as part of these URLs should be passed to the object, either directly, or by callback.

TYPE - [image] This specifies an Internet Media Type (see RFC 1590) for the object's data. The attribute can be used to allow user agents to quickly skip media they don't support, and instead to render the contents of the OBJECT element. It is also useful when loading objects off local drives as it allows the media type to be specified explicitly rather than being derived from the file extension. The following grammar for media types is a superset of that for MIME because it does not restrict itself to the official IANA and x-token types.

       media-type     = type "/" subtype *(";" parameter )

       type           = token

       subtype        = token

     where token is defined by:

       token          =  1*<any (ASCII) CHAR except SPACE, CTLs, or tspecials>

       tspecials      = <one of the set>   ( ) < > @ , ; : \ " / [ ] ? =

     Parameters may follow the type/subtype in the form of attribute/value pairs.

       parameter      = attribute "=" value

       attribute      = token

       value          = token | quoted-string

The type, subtype, and parameter attribute names are case-insensitive. Parameter values may or may not be case-sensitive, depending on the semantics of the parameter name. White space characters must not be included between the type and subtype, nor between an attribute and its value. If a given media-type value has been registered by the IANA, any use of that value must be indicative of the registered data format. Although HTML allows the use of non-registered media types, such usage must not conflict with the IANA registry. Data providers are strongly encouraged to register their media types with IANA via the procedures outlined in RFC 1590.  All media-type's registered by IANA must be preferred over extension tokens. However, HTML does not limit applications to the use of officially registered media types, nor does it encourage the use of an "x-" prefix for unofficial types outside of explicitly short experimental use between consenting applications.

STYLE - [image] The STYLE attribute allows you to include rendering information.

CLASSID - [image] This can be used to specify a class identifier for an object. This could be a DCE universally unique object identifier (uuid), Java class name, or another type of class name as appropriate to the object system, e.g. Corba. This allows effective use of caching, as the user agent can use simple string comparison to check whether two objects are the same independent of their location. The CLASSID attribute value takes the form of a URL scheme prefix separated by a colon from the character string defining the class identifier. The prefix is used to identify the object system for the class identifier, for example classid="clsid:{663C8FEF-1EF9-11CF-A3DB-080036F12502}" gives the (clsid) uuid for a Microsoft COM object, using the CLSID name space, while classid="java:Animator.class" gives the class name for Java applet. CLASSID may be sufficient for the user agent to locate the code implementing the object. However, the CODE attribute can be used with CLASSID to provide a hint as to where to look for this code. The search mechanism will in general depend on the object system the identifier belongs to. Note that the value specified with CLASSID takes precedence over a class identifier derived from the object's data stream. When searching for the implementation of an object, the CLASSID attribute takes precedence over the DATA/TYPE attributes. A decision tree giving further details on this resolution procedure appears later on in this specification. In the absence of CLASSID a value for the class identifier may be derivable from the DATA attributes, for instance the Internet media type for the DATA may sufficient, e.g. when the data is for a GIF encoded image.

DIR - [image] Human writing systems are grouped into scripts, which determine amongst other things, the direction the characters are written. Elements of the Latin script are nominally left to right, while those of the Arabic script are nominally right to left. These characters have what is called strong directionality. Other characters can be directionally neutral (spaces) or weak (punctuation). The DIR attribute specifies an encapsulation boundary which governs the interpretation of neutral and weakly directional characters. It does not override the directionality of strongly directional characters. The DIR attribute value is one of LTR for left to right, or RTL for right to left, e.g. DIR=RTL.

STYLE - [image] Defines the visual formatting. See Styles.

ALIGN - [image] This determines where to place the object. The ALIGN attribute allows objects to be placed as part of the current text line, or as a distinct unit, aligned to the left, center or right. The following values are chosen for their ease of implementation, and their independence of other graphics occurring earlier on the same line:

For ALIGN=TEXTTOP, the top of the object is vertically aligned with the top of the current font.

For ALIGN=MIDDLE, the middle of the object is vertically aligned with the baseline.

For ALIGN=TEXTMIDDLE, the middle of the object is vertically aligned with the position midway between the baseline and the x-height for the current font. The x-height is defined as the top of a lower case x in western writing systems. If the text font is an all-caps style then use the height of a capital X. For other writing systems, align the middle of the object with the middle of the text.

For ALIGN=BASELINE, the bottom of the object is vertically aligned with the baseline of the text line in which the object appears.

For ALIGN=TEXTBOTTOM, the bottom of the object is vertically aligned with the bottom of the current font.

The following alignment values allow the object to float rather than being treated as part of the current line:

For ALIGN=LEFT, the object is floated down and over to the current left margin. Subsequent text is flowed past the right hand side of the visible area of the object.

For ALIGN=CENTER, the object is floated to after the end of the current line and centered between the left and right margins. Subsequent text starts at the beginning of the next line.

For ALIGN=RIGHT, the object is floated down and over to the current right margin. Subsequent text is flowed past the left hand side of the visible area of the object.

WIDTH - [image] This gives the suggested width of a box enclosing the visible area of the object. The width is specified in standard units. User agents may use this value to scale an object to match the requested width if appropriate. Smooth scaling a small image to a larger size provides an effective solution to reducing the time needed to download an image, offering better subjective results when compared to color reduction.

HEIGHT - [image] This gives the suggested height of a box enclosing the visible area of the object. The height is specified in standard units. User agents may use this value to scale an object to match the requested height if appropriate.

BORDER - [image] This attribute applies to the border shown when the object forms part of a hypertext link, as specified by an enclosing anchor element. The attribute specifies the suggested width of this border around the visible area of the object. The width is specified in standard units. For BORDER=0 no border should be shown. This is normally used when such a border would interfere with the visual affordances presented by the object itself. For instance, the object could render itself as a number of beveled buttons.

HSPACE - [image] The suggested width of the space to the left and right of the box enclosing the visible area of the object. The width is specified in standard units. This attribute is used to alter the separation of preceding and following text from the object.

VSPACE - [image] The suggested height of the space to the top and bottom of the box enclosing the visible area of the object. The height is specified in standard units.

DECLARE - [image] Used to indicate that the object is not to be instantiated, only declared.


Alias

Description

The ALIAS element is used to define an object without inserting it into the document. It is used with the valueref attribute of the PARAM element to allow an object to be passed as parameter, when initializing an object associated with another OBJECT or ALIAS element. The attributes take exactly the same meaning as for the OBJECT element. The ALIAS element is a container and requires both start and end tags. It can be placed anywhere in the document HEAD or BODY. The contents are limited to PARAM and ALIAS elements, although it is anticipated that this may be extended to cover the same content model as OBJECT at some point in the future.

Note that the object isn't created until its needed by something that references it (i.e. late binding). Each such reference when bound creates a separate copy of the object. In other words, the alias element is treated as a declaration for making an object. When another object is being created and has an alias as a parameter, the declaration defined by the alias is then used to create a new object. Notice that a given object class may be used by different aliases to create multiple instances of that class with different data.

If the aliased object isn't supported, or fails to load, the user agent should try the contents of the ALIAS element, which is currently restricted to another ALIAS element. The TYPE attribute can be used to specify the Internet Media Type for the object as a hint for this situation.

Like the OBJECT, ALIAS elements are limited in scope to the document in which they appear. The objects created for these elements have a life time at least equal to that of the document. So if the user clicks on a link to move to another document, the objects are not destroyed and can be seen again when the user backtracks to the original document.

Attributes

ID - [image] Used to define a document-wide identifier. This can be used for naming positions within documents as the destination of a hypertext link. It may also be used by style sheets for rendering an element in a unique style. An ID attribute value is an SGML NAME token. NAME tokens are formed by an initial letter followed by letters, digits, "-" and "." characters. The letters are restricted to A-Z and a-z. It may also be used by the user agent or other objects in the document to find and communicate with objects on the document.

CODE - [image] This specifies a URL referencing where to find the code which implements the object's behaviour. If this URL is insufficient to locate the intended object, when for instance, a file contains the implementations for several classes, the CLASSID may be used to supply a disambiguating class identifier.

DATA - [image] Specifies a URL referencing the object's data. This could be a GIF file or the pickled data representing an object's state. In many cases the media type or the data itself contains sufficient information to identify what code is needed to initialize the object. Note that an object's data can even be included inline for super efficient loading. This specification proposes a new URL scheme "data:". The rest of the URL is a base64 encoded character string that specifies the object's data as an opaque byte stream. On its own, this would be meaningless. If the DATA attribute appears without a CODE or CLASSID attribute, then a TYPE attribute may be sufficient to interpret the data. For instance a Microsoft COM object can be asked to write its state using the WriteClassStream procedure. This inserts the object's class id as the first 16 bytes of the stream. If the TYPE attribute indicates that the data is in the COM persistent stream format, then the class id can be retrieved from the DATA attribute and used to find the code implementing the object's behaviour. The CLASSID attribute can be used to override the default implementation as implied by the DATA attribute. For example, you may have the pickled data for an Excel spread sheet but want to view it with the "SuperGraph" package. You would then use the DATA attribute to point to the Excel spreadsheet data, and the CLASSID or CODE attribute to point to the SuperGraph plug-in. The CLASSID, CODE and DATA attributes specify URLs. Any fragment identifier included as part of these URLs should be passed to the object, either directly, or by callback.

TYPE - [image] This specifies an Internet Media Type (see RFC 1590) for the object's data. The attribute can be used to allow user agents to quickly skip media they don't support, and instead to render the contents of the OBJECT element. It is also useful when loading objects off local drives as it allows the media type to be specified explicitly rather than being derived from the file extension. The following grammar for media types is a superset of that for MIME because it does not restrict itself to the official IANA and x-token types.

       media-type     = type "/" subtype *(";" parameter )

       type           = token

       subtype        = token

     where token is defined by:

       token          =  1*<any (ASCII) CHAR except SPACE, CTLs, or tspecials>

       tspecials      = <one of the set>   ( ) < > @ , ; : \ " / [ ] ? =

     Parameters may follow the type/subtype in the form of attribute/value pairs.

       parameter      = attribute "=" value

       attribute      = token

       value          = token | quoted-string

The type, subtype, and parameter attribute names are case-insensitive. Parameter values may or may not be case-sensitive, depending on the semantics of the parameter name. White space characters must not be included between the type and subtype, nor between an attribute and its value. If a given media-type value has been registered by the IANA, any use of that value must be indicative of the registered data format. Although HTML allows the use of non-registered media types, such usage must not conflict with the IANA registry. Data providers are strongly encouraged to register their media types with IANA via the procedures outlined in RFC 1590.  All media-type's registered by IANA must be preferred over extension tokens. However, HTML does not limit applications to the use of officially registered media types, nor does it encourage the use of an "x-" prefix for unofficial types outside of explicitly short experimental use between consenting applications.

CLASSID - [image] This can be used to specify a class identifier for an object. This could be a DCE universally unique object identifier (uuid), Java class name, or another type of class name as appropriate to the object system, e.g. Corba. This allows effective use of caching, as the user agent can use simple string comparison to check whether two objects are the same independent of their location. The CLASSID attribute value takes the form of a URL scheme prefix separated by a colon from the character string defining the class identifier. The prefix is used to identify the object system for the class identifier, for example classid="clsid:{663C8FEF-1EF9-11CF-A3DB-080036F12502}" gives the (clsid) uuid for a Microsoft COM object, using the CLSID name space, while classid="java:Animator.class" gives the class name for Java applet. CLASSID may be sufficient for the user agent to locate the code implementing the object. However, the CODE attribute can be used with CLASSID to provide a hint as to where to look for this code. The search mechanism will in general depend on the object system the identifier belongs to. Note that the value specified with CLASSID takes precedence over a class identifier derived from the object's data stream. When searching for the implementation of an object, the CLASSID attribute takes precedence over the DATA/TYPE attributes. A decision tree giving further details on this resolution procedure appears later on in this specification. In the absence of CLASSID a value for the class identifier may be derivable from the DATA attributes, for instance the Internet media type for the DATA may sufficient, e.g. when the data is for a GIF encoded image.


Param

Description

The PARAM element allows a list of named property values (used to initialize a OLE control, plug-in module or Java applet) to be represented as a sequence of PARAM elements. Note that PARAM is an empty element and should appear without an endtag.

Attributes

NAME - [image] defines the property name. The case sensitivity of the name is dependent on the code implementing the object.

VALUE -  [image] used to specify the property value. It is an opaque character string whose meaning is determined by the object based on the property name. Note that CDATA attribute values need characters such as & to be escaped using the standard SGML character entities, e.g. &amp; for "&". It is also essential to escape the > character to defend against incorrect handling by many existing browsers (use &gt;).

VALUEREF - [image] used when the property is itself an object. A distinct attribute is needed as in some cases the property type cannot be deduced from the property name. VALUEREF typically provides a URL based reference to an OBJECT DECLARE element that defines the object itself. VALUEREF can also be used to specify an object directly. For example valueref=foo.gif. Another possibility is to use inline data with the "data:" URL scheme. Both of these options save having to include an associated ALIAS element.

The VALUEREF attribute of PARAM allows properties to be "object valued"; the property is an object itself. For example, Windows provides a standard Font object that is exposed as a COM object. Any OLE Control can use the "font object type" as the type of the "Font" property. The following Visual Basic example illustrates how a programmer would manipulate such a property:

Set x = CreateObject("Button")

x.Text = "Press me"

x.BackColor = vbWhite

x.Font.Face = "Courier New"

x.Font.Bold = True

x.Font.Size = 12

The equivalent OBJECT tag would look like this:

<object id="x" classid=#CLSID-CoolButton>

   <object declare id=Btn1Font classid=#CLSID-StdFont>

      <param name="Face" value="Courier New">

      <param name="Bold" value="True">

      <param name="Size" value=12>

   </object>

   <param name="Text" value="Press me">

   <param name="BackColor" value=0xFFFFFF >

   <param name="Font" valueref=Btn1Font>

</object>

TYPE - [image] required when the "data:" URL scheme is used. It specifies the media type for the data stream and allows the user agent to decode the stream, e.g. to pick out an embedded class identifier.


Client-Side Image Mapping

Introduction

Image maps allow users to access documents by clicking on different areas in an image.

Tutorial

There is a tutorial available for the Map Builder.

Syntax

Adding a USEMAP attribute to an IMG element indicates that it is a client-side image map.  The argument to USEMAP specifies which map to use with the image, in a format similar to the HREF attribute on anchors. If the argument to USEMAP starts with a '#', the map is assumed to be in the same document as the IMG tag.

The different regions of the image are described using a MAP element. The map describes each region in the image and indicates where it links to. The basic format for the MAP element is as follows:

<MAP NAME="name">

<AREA [SHAPE="shape"] COORDS="x,y,..." [HREF="reference"] [NOHREF]>

</MAP>

The name specifies the name of the map so that it can be referenced by an IMG element. The shape gives the shape of this area. Currently the only shape defined is "RECT", but the syntax is defined in such a way to allow other region types to be added. If the SHAPE tag is omitted, SHAPE="RECT" is assumed. The COORDS tag gives the coordinates of the shape, using image pixels as the units. For a rectangle, the coordinates are given as "left,top,right,bottom". The rectangular region defined includes the lower-right corner specified, i.e. to specify the the entire area of a 100x100 image, the coordinates would be "0,0,99,99".

The NOHREF tag indicates that clicks in this region should perform no action. An HREF tag specifies where a click in that area should lead. Note that a relative anchor specification will be expanded using the URL of the map description as a base, rather than using the URL of the document from which the map description is referenced. If a BASE tag is present in the document containing the map description, that URL will be used as the base.

An arbitrary number of AREA tags may be specified. If two areas intersect, the one which appears first in the map definition takes precedence in the overlapping region. For example, a button bar in a document might use a 160 pixel by 60 pixel image and appear like this:

<MAP NAME="buttonbar">

<AREA SHAPE="RECT" COORDS="10,10,49,49" HREF="about_us.html">

<AREA SHAPE="RECT" COORDS="60,10,99,49" HREF="products.html">

<AREA SHAPE="RECT" COORDS="110,10,149,49" HREF="index.html">

<AREA SHAPE="RECT" COORDS="0,0,159,59" NOHREF>

</MAP>

<IMG SRC="../images/tech/bar.gif" USEMAP="#buttonbar">

This example includes a region encompassing the entire image with a NOHREF tag, but this is actually redundant. Any region of

the image that is not defined by an AREA tag is assumed to be NOHREF.

Examples:

<IMG SRC="../images/picture1.gif" USEMAP="maps.html#map1">

This states that when picture1.gif is clicked on, the browser will look up the map file (map1) found inside maps.html to determine what action to take.

<IMG SRC="../images/picture1.gif" USEMAP="#map1">

This is very similiar to above except that the map file (map1) is looked for in the current HTML document rather than an external file.

<A HREF="no_csim.html"> <IMG SRC="../images/picture3.gif" USEMAP="maps.html#map3"></A>

This allows for browsers that do not support client-side image mapping. In such a browser clicking on picture3.gif will access the no_csim.html document.


Map Builder Tutorial

After starting the Map Builder choose the new session button. Now select the image that will be used as the basis for the map. The picture will load and new buttons and text boxes will appear. Give your map a name by entering it in the Map Name box located in the upper right hand corner. Next, select an area with the mouse. Now we must assign a URL to be called when this area is selected. Do this by entering a URL in the lower left hand text box (the URL builder button, located to the right of the URL text box can be used to quickly build a URL). Optionally, a comment can be added describing the purpose of this area. More areas can be added - to move from area to area use the arrow buttons. The currently selected area will be outlined in white. If your image is composed of mostly light colors it might make the areas easier to see by selecting the black area fill button.

At any time you can view the current text of the map file by clicking on the view map tags button. When finished creating areas either of the two large buttons on the bottom of the form will return you to the image window. 'Exit and place map in document' will place the map text you have created into the html document you are currently working on. There is no limit to the number of maps withing a single document, but be sure that each map has a distictive name. When using this button you will also be prompted to save the map to a file - this is simply to back up your map file so that it can be reloaded at a later time, it does not affect the how the map file is used. The 'Exit and use external map file' button will place the map text into a seperate file; in this case the IMAGE tag in your document will reference this external file to read the map information.

Because client-side mapping is an HTML 3.0 feature be aware that not all browsers support it. WebEdit's quick preview, being only HTML 2.0 compatable, does not allow you to test your map; however, using the 'View Document with Browser' feature along with an HTML 3.0 compatable browser such as Netscape 2.0 will.


AVI Video

Description

These attributes allow you to embed .avi (Audio Video Interleave) video clips in HTML pages.

Attributes

CONTROLS - [image] If a video clip is present, a set of controls is displayed under the clip.

<IMG DYNSRC="fun.avi" CONTROLS><BR>

The above video has a set of transport controls under it.

DYNSRC=URL - [image] Specifies the address of a video clip or VRML world to be displayed in the window. Stands for Dynamic Source.

<IMG SRC="sample.gif"DYNSRC="test.avi">

If your browser supports inline video, you will see the movie Test.avi; otherwise you will see the picture Sample.gif.

LOOP=n, LOOP=INFINITE - [image] Specifies how many times a video clip will loop when activated. If n=-1, or if LOOP=INFINITE is specified, it will loop indefinitely.

<IMG SRC="preview1.gif" DYNSRC="movie.avi" LOOP=3><BR>

The above video will loop three times when activated.

<IMG SRC="preview1.gif"DYNSRC="movie.avi" LOOP=INFINITE><BR>

The above video will loop indefinitely until stopped.

START= FILEOPEN and/or MOUSEOVER - [image] For video clips: specifies when the file should start playing. FILEOPEN means start playing as soon as the file is done opening. This is the default. MOUSEOVER means start playing when the user moves the mouse cursor over the animation.

<IMG SRC="preview1.gif" DYNSRC="skiing.avi" START=FILEOPEN><BR>

The above video will start playing as soon as it is opened.

<IMG SRC="preview2.gif" DYNSRC="curling.avi" START=MOUSEOVER LOOP=5><BR>

The above video will start playing when the user moves the mouse over it, and will loop five times before stopping. IExplore The user can specify both together.

<IMG SRC="preview3.gif" DYNSRC="windsurfing.avi" START=MOUSEOVER,FILEOPEN><BR>

The above video will play once as soon as it opens and thereafter will play whenever the user moves the mouse over it.


User-Defined Tags

Description

User-Defined Tags are one way of ensuring that WebEdit allows you to stay absolutely current with the latest feature of HTML.  Suppose, for example, that your favorite browser software develops a tag of their own that is not included with your version of WebEdit.  Or you might frequently nest certain tags. With User-Defined Tags you can create your own.  To create a User-Defined Tag select New... and type in the tag exactly as you want it, then select OK.  Whenever you need to use this tag again just come back to User Defined Tags and select the tag, it will be inserted into the open HTML document at the cursor.

You can also specify the name of a text file, e.g., MYFILE.HTM.  Choosing this tag and clicking OK causes the contents of the file MYFILE.HTM to be inserted into the active document and the current insertion point.

Example

Some browser that you want to write HTML for might support a feature of their own called NEON.  You could create the NEON User-Defined Tag.

<NEON></NEON>


Quick Previewer

WebEdit's quick preview utilities are a quick and easy way to preview your HTML documents.

WebEdit uses two different previewers, one is built into WebEdit while the other is based on Microsoft's Internet Explorer. To use this second previewer you must have Internet Explorer (version 2 or greater) installed on your machine.  Being based on Microsoft's Internet Explorer browser, it supports all the latest tags. To view browser specific tags such as Netscape Navigator or Mosaic tags you can use WebEdit's 'View Document with Browser' button in combination with a browser that supports the features you need. The only downside to Internet Explorer (other than it must already be installed on your machine) is that it is a little slower to load and a has a bigger memory requirement.

The other previewer that WebEdit can use is an internal previewer. The is is previewer that all previous versions of WebEdit has used. While not as powerful as Internet Explorer (it can only handle tags up to HTML 2.0) it makes up for this in speed.

You can choose between these previewers but selecting the one you want on the Configuration->Previewer dialog.


File


Open Location

Open Location allows you to download a document from the Net into WebEdit. The details button will allow you to see all of the information going back and forth from the remote location.


Export

Export allows you to save your documents in different formats so that they can be read correctly by other operating systems. While these other operating systems will read files saved by WebEdit they may have strange characters at the end of each line.

Export has two options:

Unix

This replaces the MS-DOS standard Carriage Return/Line Feed markers at the end of every line with UNIX standard Line Feeds only.

Macintosh

This replaces the MS-DOS standard Carriage Return/Line Feed markers at the end of every line with Macintosh standard Carriage Returns only.


Project

WebEdit's project manager allows you to keep multiple files together in groups for easier, quicker access.

There are five buttons across the top of the Project Manager - from left to right they allow you to:

Add the current document to the project

Add a file to the project.

Remove a document from the project.

Open the selected documents.

Display the full path and filename or just the filename.

You may use a combination of Shift and Control keys to select or deselect multiple files.

WebEdit can be set to close all open documents in WebEdit that belong to the project when the project is closed. See the Configure section.

The Project Manager can visually display information on each file.

 C:\Filename	A standard file.

 C:\Filename	The file is loaded.

 C:\Filename	The file is loaded and has been modified.

 C:\Filename	The file could not be found.

These extra abilites of the Project Manager slow it down somewhat - users with slower machines may wish to turn these functions off. See the Configure section.


Insert


Current Date/Time

Inserts the current date and time at the cursor position.


ID / Class / Language

In HTML 3.2, most tags within the Body element can have ID, CLASS and LANG attributes.

ID - An SGML identifier used as the target for hypertext links or for naming particular elements in associated style sheets. Identifiers are NAME tokens and must be unique within the scope of the current document.

LANG - This is one of the ISO standard language abbreviations, e.g. "en.uk" for the variation of English spoken in the United Kingdom. It can be used by parsers to select language specific choices for quotation marks, ligatures and hypenation rules etc. The language attribute is composed from the two letter language code from ISO 639, optionally followed by a period and a two letter country code from ISO 3166.

CLASS - This a space separated list of SGML NAME tokens and is used to subclass tag names. By convention, the class names are interpreted hierarchically, with the most general class on the left and the most

specific on the right, where classes are separated by a period. The CLASS attribute is most commonly used to attach a different style to some element, but it is recommended that where practical class names should be picked on the basis of the element's semantics, as this will permit other uses, such

as restricting search through documents by matching on element class names. The conventions for choosing class names are outside the scope of this specification.


Tools


Extended Chars -> Tags

This will scan the HTML document changing all special characters into a form that browsers can process. The character output is the same as if the Special Characters dialog was used.

Examples:

The character  'ó' would be changed to '&oacute;'

The character  'ü' would be changed to '&uuml;'


Tags -> Extended Chars

This will scan the HTML document changing all HTML character tags into special characters.

Examples:

The tag '&oacute;'would be changed to character  'ó'

The tag '&uuml;'would be changed to character  'ü'


Modules

These are plug-in programs that extend the functionality of WebEdit. WebEdit ships with different Modules depending on the version of WebEdit you are using. All versions come with the Home Page Wizard. You can also write your own Modules.


Options


Configure

This is where you can configure WebEdit to your personal preferences.

The Configuration box has eight pages

Preferences

Color

Font

Files

Previewer

Carriage Returns

Tags and Paths

Project Manager  (Professional version)


Preferences

Editor

Drag and Drop Behavior

This setting controls what WebEdit does in response to having a file or files dropped onto it.

There are two options:

Insert file as tag

A tag is inserted according to the type of file or files. A picture file will produce <IMG SRC="PICTURE.JPG">, any other file will produce <A HREF="FILE.ZIP">

Open file as new document

The file or files will be opened, ready for editing.

Lowercase Filenames

Selects whether all filenames should hold their original case or be all lowercase. This is used primarily for compatibility reasons with Unix - some older versions of Unix require that filenames contain only lower case characters.

Word Wrap

When selected this causes the window text to automatically wrap around to the next line when the edge of the window is reached. This is useful while editing in order to see all of the text without scrolling the window around.

Open new document at startup

Selects whether a new document should be opened up each time WebEdit is run.

Syntax Highlighting

This tells WebEdit to highlight HTML tags a different color from the normal text.

Toolbar

Show Toolbars

Determines if the chosen toolbar should be visible.

Configure Toolbar

Opens up the User toolbar configuration box to allow the changing of buttons on the User toolbar.

See Toolbars for more information.

Browsers

Internet Explorer version

Microsoft's Internet Explorer accepts files from other programs using two different formats. Set this button according to which version of Internet Explorer you are using to check your documents with. If you are not using Internet Explorer this setting is not used.

Add or Edit browser

Brings up the Browsers screen to allow the addition or editing of third-party browsers.


Color

This is where you can change some of the colors that WebEdit uses.

Element

Select the text you whose color you wish to modify. Hint: you can also click on the text in the example boxes.

Editor Text

Document Text: the standard text in your document

Document Tag: the HTML tags (and only the tags) in your document. Make sure to turn on Syntax Highlighting to see the color.

Document Tag Attribute: the tag attributes.

Document Tag Value: the attribute values.

Document Tag Symbol: symbols between attributes and values (usually the " symbol).

Color

Use the left mouse button to select the foreground color or the right button to select the background color (if applicable).

Use default colors

This will set the color back to a 'standard color'.


Font

Select Font

Editor

This selects the font that the HTML text is displayed in on YOUR system. This does NOT determine the font it will be seen in on the Web. Use the <FONT> tag to change the font as it is viewed in a browser. You can type in the sample box to see what a particular word or arrangement of letters looks like in the selected font.

Printer

This selects the font printed by your printer.


Files

Determines the save path for all configuration files that WebEdit generates - an example being URL files. A URL file is generated the first time a dialog box containing a URL button is used. These files allow you to quickly and easily pull up URLs that you have used in the past, thus saving you much typing!

The Default extension for opening files lets you select between having WebEdit default to loading either '*.HTML and *.HTM' or just '*.HTML' files. This adjustment is provided for users of certain versions of Windows NT who experience the problem of having the same file repeated twice in the File Open box.

You may also set up your own filters for what file types show up in the Open and Save Document screens.

Creating your own filters

Create a text file and place text in it describing what files should show up in the dialog box. The files should be located in the configuration files directory. The following are what WebEdit uses if you do not specify a file.

Open Document

Filename: OPENFILT.WE

HTML Files (*.html)|*.html|Scot Files (*.htm; *.ht3)|*.htm;*.ht3|HTML Template (*.htx)|*.htx|Parsed HTML (*.htp)|*.htp|Internet Data Connector (*.idc)|*.idc|SSI Files (*.html-ssi,*.shtml,*.sht)|*.html-ssi;*.shtml;*.sht|URL Files (*.url)|*.url|Cascading Style Sheets (*.css)|*.css|Text Files (*.txt)|*.txt|All Files (*.*)|*.*

Save Document

Filename: SAVEFILT.WE

HTML Files (*.html)|*.html|HTM Files (*.htm)|*.htm|HTML Version 3 (*.ht3)|*.ht3|HTML Template (*.htx)|*.htx|Parsed HTML (*.htp)|*.htp|SSI Files (*.shtml,*.sht)|*.shtml;*.sht|Internet Data Connector (*.idc)|*.idc|Cascading Style Sheets (*.css)|*.css|Text Files (*.txt)|*.txt|All Files (*.*)|*.*


Previewer

Settings

Display Preview

Determines whether the quick viewer should be visible. A quicker way to accomplish this is to use the yellow 'lightning bolt' button on the Document Toolbar.

Full window Preview

If set, this displays the quick previewer using the whole WebEdit screen.

Orientation

Vertical & Horizontal

Vertical displays the quick previewer to the side of the document while Horizontal displays it to the bottom.


Carriage Returns

This allows you to have WebEdit automatically place a Carriage Return and Line Feed either before or after the selected type of HTML tag.


Tags and Paths

Tags

Tag Case

This selects between uppercase and lowercase tags. This only affects tags that WebEdit generates from that point on - it does not change any existing tags in the document.

Pathing

Path

This selection determines what type of pathing WebEdit should use when a file is selected for use in an HTML tag.

As an example let's say this is how a hard drive is laid out:

The current document in WebEdit is located at:

'C:\My HTML Documents\Home Page\Page1.html'

The file you are adding as a background is located at:

'C:\Pictures\Kitten.gif'

You have selected a fixed directory (see below) of:

'C:\My HTML Documents\Common Pictures\Construction.gif'

The filenames generated by each pathing option

None

No path is used.

'Kitten.gif'

Absolute

Only the path of the picture is used.

'C:\Pictures\Kitten.gif'

Relative

A path to the picture relative to the documents' path.

'..\..\Pictures\Kitten.gif'

Relative to a fixed directory

'..Common Pictures\Construction.gif'

Fixed Directory

This is where you select the fixed directory which is used with 'Relative to a fixed directory' pathing.

Reverse Slashes

If selected, Unix '/' slashes are used, otherwise DOS slashes '\' are used.


Browser

The browser feature allows you to preview your document using whichever browser you specify.

To add a browser, click the add button and enter the name of the browser and the location of it's program file. If your browser requires any switches (ex. Mosaic takes a '-s' to operate in stand-alone mode) enter them after the filename.

You can have any number of browsers in the browser list but only the first ten will appear when the Check Document button is pressed.


Toolbars

WebEdit has four toolbars:

Document

This shows the operations common to all documents, such as File Open, Save, Find and Print.

User

This toolbar contains the user chosen buttons.

Menu

This is where the drop down menus reside.

Status

This reports on the status of the current document.

Cursor Position | Cursor Mode (Insert or Overwrite) | Has the file been modified? | Full path and filename | Last status message

OPTIONS

Show Toolbar

Each toolbar can be either visible or hidden determined by the presence of a checkmark next to the name of the toolbar.

Alignment

Most toolbars can be moved to either the top, bottom, left or right side of the document. The alignment of each toolbar can be changed by right-clicking anywhere on the toolbar.

Configure

This only applies to the user toolbar. To configure the toolbar right click on it and select Configure or go up to the main menu and select Options > Toolbars > Configure > User. Also, this may be chosen through the Options box. The Toolbar Configuration box will appear.

To add a button simply left click on it, and while holding down the left mouse button drag it to the User toolbar.

To remove a button from the user toolbar simply left click on it, and while holding down the left mouse button drag it to the Toolbar Configuration box and let go of the button.

To re-arrange existing buttons of the user toolbar just left click on them and drag them to the new location.


Project Manager

Close open documents on Project Manager shutdown.

When you close down Project Manager it will close down every file that belongs to the project, or not, depending on the setting of this check box.

Extended Functionality

The Project Manager can visually display information on each file.

 C:\Filename	A standard file.

 C:\Filename	The file is loaded into WebEdit.

 C:\Filename	The file is loaded into WebEdit and has been modified.

 C:\Filename	The file could not be found.

These extra abilites of the Project Manager slow it down somewhat - users with slower machines may wish to turn these functions off.


Style Builder

The style builder allows you to quickly enter style information. If the builder is accessed from another dialog, all style information from the dialog will be read in and entered in the fields automatically. For more information see either the Style tag or Style Information.


Spelling Checker

To check the spelling of a document, select Tools|Spelling... or press the F7 key.  The Check Spelling Dialog appears if a word requiring your attention is detected. You can use the dialog to specify whether the word should be ignored or replaced.

Add: Causes the reported word to be added to the dictionary selected in the Add Words To list. Use the add button if correctly spelled word you use often is reported as a misspelling (e.g., your family name). If the word is not used frequently, you may want to select the Ignore or Ignore All buttons instead.

Add words to: Indicates which user dictionary words will be added to when you select the Add button. The Add Words To list shows all ignore-type user dictionaries currently open. You can open or close other dictionaries via the Dictionaries dialog, which is accessible by selecting the Dictionaries button.

Cancel: Stops the current spell-checking operation.

Change: Causes the reported word to be replaced with the word in the Change To field. Only this occurrence of the reported word is replaced. If you want this and all following occurrences of the word replaced, select the Change All button.

Change all: Causes this and all following occurrences of the reported word to be replaced with the word in the Change To field. If you want only this occurrence of the word to be replaced, use the Change button. If the reported word is one you frequently misspell, you might consider adding it to a change-type or suggest-type dictionary via the Dictionaries dialog. You can display the Dictionaries dialog by selecting the Dictionaries button.

Change to: Contains a word which will replace a misspelled word when you select the Replace or Replace All buttons. You can enter a word in the Change to field by typing, or you can select one of the suggested replacements from the Suggestions list.

Consider changing: Contains a word which may be misspelled or otherwise incorrect, and is presented with a candidate replacement word. You can change the word by selecting the Change button, or skip it by selecting the Ignore button.

Dictionaries: Causes the Dictionaries dialog to be displayed. You can use the Dictionaries dialog to open or close user dictionaries, and to edit the contents of user dictionaries.

Ignore: Causes this occurrence of a misspelled word to be skipped. If the same misspelled word appears later, it will be reported.

Ignore All: Causes this and all further occurrences of a misspelled word to be skipped. You might use this button if the word reported as a misspelling is actually correctly spelled. If the word is one you use frequently, you may wish to ignore it permanently by selecting the Add button.

Mixed case: Indicates that a word containing an unusual combination of upper- and lower-case letters was detected. Examples of such words include "hapPy," "PrintScreen," and "DoT." Words containing mixed case are reported only if the "Report words with mixed case" option is enabled.

Not in dictionary: Indicates that a misspelled word was detected. The word is considered misspelled because it coult not be located in any open dictionaries, or was located in an exclude-type dictionary.

Options: Causes the Options dialog to be displayed. You can use the Options dialog to set spelling-checker options.

Suggest: Causes a set of suggested replacements for misspelled words to be added to the Suggestions list. This button is enabled only if the Always Suggest option is disabled. Each time you select the Suggest button, a more intensive search for replacements is conducted. Once all possible suggestions are located, the Suggest button is disabled.

Suggestions: Contains a list of suggested replacements for the word reported as misspelled. If you have enabled the Always Suggest option, this list will be filled in automatically when a misspelled word is reported. Otherwise, the list is filled in when you select the Suggest button. You can use the words in the list to select a replacement for the misspelled word.

Dictionaries Dialog

The Dictionaries Dialog allows you to open and close user dictionaries, and to edit the contents of an open user dictionary. The contents of dictionaries are saved in disk files. You can open some or all of your user dictionary files at any time. Only open dictionaries are checked during a spell-checking operation.

Add File: Opens a user dictionary file. When you select the Add File button, a dialog appears which you can use to select the dictionary file to open. The set of open dictionary files is remembered, so once you add a dictionary file you don't need to add it again. If you need to create a new user dictionary, use the New button.

Add Word: Causes the word entered in the edit area of the Words list to be added to the currently selected dictionary. Note that if the dictionary type is "auto change" or "conditionally change," you must enter a word and a replacement, separated by a colon (e.g., "teh:the").

Close: Closes the Dictionaries dialog.

Delete Word: Causes the word appearing in the edit area of the Words list to be removed from the currently selected dictionary. If the dictionary type is "auto change" or "conditionally change," enter just the word without the colon or replacement word.

Export: Saves the contents of the currently selected dictionary to a text file. When you select the Export button, a dialog appears which you can use to select the name of the text file to which words in the dictionary will be exported. The words are written to the file one per line. If the dictionary type is "auto change" or "conditionally change," words and their replacements are written, separated by a colon.

Files: Contains the list of open dictionary files.

Import: Adds the words contained within a text file to the currently selected dictionary. When you select the Import button, a dialog appears which you can use to select the text file to be imported. Each word in the selected file is loaded into the dictionary. If the dictionary type is "auto change" or "conditionally change," words in the file must be in word:replacement form (e.g., "teh:the").

Language: Displays the language (e.g., English or French) of the words in the currently selected dictionary.

New: Creates a new user dictionary file. When you select the New button, a dialog appears which you can use to specify attributes of the new dictionary. See the New Dictionary dialog for details.

Remove File: Closes the currently selected dictionary file. Closed dictionaries are not checked during a spelling check. Although the file is closed, it is not deleted. Closed dictionary files can be later reopened using the Add File button.

Type: Displays the type or purpose of the currently selected user dictionary. The dictionary type indicates what will happen if a word is located in the dictionary during a spelling check. For information about the specific types, see Dictionary Types.

Words: Contains the list of words in the currently selected user dictionary. If the dictionary type is "auto change" or "conditionally change," then the list contains words and their replacements, separated by colons.

Options Dialog

You can use the Options Dialog to specify various spelling-checker options. These options affect the way the spelling checker operates.

Ignore Capitalized Words: When enabled, any words beginning with a capital letter are ignored (i.e., are skipped over without being checked). You might enable this option if the text being checked contains many proper names.

Ignore All-Caps Words: When enabled, any words containing all capital letters are ignored (i.e., are skipped without being checked). You might enable this option if the text being checked contains many acronyms.

Ignore Words with Numbers: When enabled, any words containing embedded digits are ignored (i.e., are skipped without being checked). Examples of such words include "Win95" and "Q4." You might enable this option if the text being checked contains many code-words or other symbols containing digits.

Ignore Words with Mixed Case: When enabled, any words containing an unusual mixture of upper- and lower-case letters are ignored (i.e., are skipped without being checked). Examples of such words include "MicroHouse" and "CapsLock." You might enable this option if the text being checked contains many variable names or other symbols which use case changes to distinguish words.

Report Words with Mixed Case: When enabled, any words containing an unusual mixture of upper- and lower-case letters are reported via the Check-Spelling Dialog. Examples of such words include "THe" and "MonDay."

Report Doubled Words: When enabled, any word appearing twice in a row is reported via the Check-Spelling Dialog.

Always Suggest: When enabled, a list of suggested replacements fis automatically displayed when a misspelled word is reported. If this option is disabled, a list of suggestions can be obtained by selecting the Suggest button in the Check-Spelling dialog.

OK: Closes the Options Dialog, and saves any changes made to the option settings.

Cancel: Closes the Options Dialog, and discards any changes made to the option settings.

New Dictionary Dialog

You can use the New Dictionary Dialog to specify the attributes of a new user dictionary.

Browse: Displays a dialog which shows the names of other user dictionary files. You can use the dialog to view the names of existing dictionary files, and to enter the name of the new dictionary file.

Cancel: Closes the New Dictionary Dialog without creating a new dictionary.

File Name: Contains the name of the disk file used to hold the new dictionary's contents. You can enter a name here or use the Browse button to display a dialog showing the names of other dictionary files.

Language: Specifies the language (e.g., French, English) of the words the new user dictionary will contain. If the language you want to use is not listed, select "Other."

OK: Closes the New Dictionary Dialog and creates the new dictionary.

Type: Specifies the type or purpose of the new user dictionary. The type defines what happens when a word is located in the dictionary during a spelling check. For information on the different dictionary types, see Dictionary Types.

Dictionary Types

User dictionaries can be in several different types. The type indicates what happens when a word is found in the dictionary during a spelling check.

Auto Change: Words found in an Auto Change dictionary are automatically replaced with other words. Typically, Auto Change dictionaries hold frequently misspelled words and their correct replacements. For example, an Auto Change dictionary might contain the misspelled word "recieve" and its replacement "receive." Each entry in an Auto Change dictionary contains a word and the replacement, separated by a colon (e.g., "recieve:receive").

Conditional Change: Words found in a Conditional Change dictionary are presented to you as candidates for replacement, and are replaced with other words if you request. Typically, Conditional Change dictionaries hold potentially misspelled words and their usual replacements. Each entry in a Conditional Change dictionary contains a word and the replacement, separated by a colon (e.g., "recieve:receive").

Exclude: Words found in an Exclude dictionary are always considered misspelled, even if they are defined in other dictionaries. Typically, Exclude dictionaries hold words you may use but don't want to appear in your writing. You might also use an Exclude dictionary to hold words you type by accident -- for example, you might enter "newt" in an Exclude dictionary if you occassionally type "newt" when you mean to type "neat."

Ignore: Words found in an Ignore dictionary are considered correctly spelled. Typically, Ignore dictionaries hold words you use but which don't appear in the other dictionaries. For example, you may add your family name or street name to an Ignore dictionary.

Additional Lexicons

The WebEdit spelling checker supports optional lexicons in various languages.  These additional lexicons can be downloaded from the WebEdit download page at:

  http://www.luckman.com

If you plan to use multiple lexicons, you should also download the WebEdit lexicon manager.  The lexicon manager makes it easy activate and deactivate installed lexicons.  The lexicon manager is also available from the WebEdit download page.

The Sentry Spelling-Checker Engine Copyright © 1993 Wintertree Software Inc.


FTP Wizard

The FTP Wizard allows you to download files to WebEdit using FTP.


ODBC Wizard

Purpose

The ODBC Wizard can transfer your database information directly into an HTML table.

Example

The following shows how to use the Wizard by using the sample database (Northwind) that comes with Microsoft Access. Most other databases should work similiarly.

First make sure that your database is set up under Windows properly. In the Windows Control Panel select ODBC Administrator.

Click Add to add new data source

Select the Microsoft Access driver

Use select to specify the pathname to the data source. In this case we are using the Northind sample database. This is usually found in C:\Program Files\Microsoft Office\Office\Samples\Northwind.mdb. Then give the database a name.

Start up the WebEdit ODBC Wizard (start by clicking on the Import Button on the Table Builder dialog).

Click on Select and choose the 'Northwind Sample' database. Next, select which tables you want included.

Select the fields you wish to use.

You can modify the field values here. In most cases you'll just want to click next.

If you want to fine tune the SQL statement, you can change it here.

This is the resultant dataset. By default all records will be selected but you can include or exclude by clicking on the record. Click on finish and the dataset will be loaded into the Table builder.


Learning HTML

What is HTML?

Getting Started With HTML

HTML Elements

HTML 3.2 Document Structure

Glossary of Terms

Index of Tags


Getting Started With HTML

Getting Connected

An Internet service provider can get you connected to the Internet.  The package they provide you with may not include a browser but it will almost always include an ftp utility.  With ftp you can login to various file servers and download the current shareware versions of popular browsers.

If you don't know where to begin, there are many good books that can help you get started.  In particular, we recommend The Internet Complete Reference  andThe Internet Yellow Pages, both by Harley Hahn.

Browse The Web

Although you can use WebEdit without any experience at writing HTML, you probably would not have a clear idea of the Web page you want to create.  You would not try to publish a book without ever having looked through a book.  Similarly, you should spend as many hours as possible browsing the Web and learning all the features of your browser.  Spend your time wisely, with an eye towards style.  Find pages with a look and feel that appeals to you and add them to your "bookmarks" (in Netscape), or "hotlist" (in Mosaic). Also, some browsers allow you to see the underlying HTML source when you are viewing a Web page -  if you are using Netscape select 'Source' under the 'View' menu.

WebEdit Home Page

Once you are browsing the Web you have the means to view Web page tutorials on the subject of HTML.  There are many HTML primers and tutorials available on the World Wide Web.  If you are new to HTML you will almost certainly find these documents indispensable.  The WebEdit home page provides hotlinks to several of these.  You can connect to the WebEdit home page at: http://www.luckman.com/

Find a Good Example

One way to get started with HTML is to browse the Web until you find a Web page you like.  Select Save As from your browsers file menu and save the file on your hard drive.  You can now open this file with WebEdit and modify it.  Make some simple changes to the text and save it.  Select Open Local File from the File menu of your browser.  If you see the changes you made then you have successfully modified an HTML document.  At this point you may want to study over the document you just modified so that you can learn how to change the structure of the document as well as its content. One of the best ways to learn is by taking and modifying an existing Web page, notice what effect each of your changes has.

View the page as you create it

WebEdit offers two ways for you to visually see your Web page. The first is WebEdit's built in Quick Previewer. The second is the Check Document button. This provides an ideal way to check the progress of your Web page.  From the Options menu of WebEdit choose the item Browser .  Change to the directory for your browser and select the executable file, e.g.,  netscape.exe.  Once you have a browser configured you can check the appearance of your HTML document and test its functionality by clicking on the Check button. This will automatically load up your browser and pass it your Web page to display.

Defining Your Home Page

You can have an HTML document load automatically by making it your default home page.  To do this select Preferences from your browsers Options menu and enter the path to your local file, e.g., file:///c:|webedit/welcome.html.


HTML Elements

Description

Tags indicate the beginning and end of titles, headings, paragraphs and links.  HTML elements are identified as a start tag, giving the element name and attributes, then the content, then the end tag.  Start tags are indicated with <element>, and end tags are indicated with </element>.  For example:

<H1>Level One Heading</H1>

<P>A very short paragraph.

Some elements consist of only a start tag.  A line break, for instance, is simply <BR>.  Also some elements do not require end tags, e.g., P, LI, because the end tag is implied by the context.  The content of an element consists of characters or other nested elements.

Names

The element name immediately follows the tag open delimiter. An element name consist of a letter followed by up to 72 letters, digits, periods, or hyphens. Names are not case sensitive. For example, H1 is equivalent to h1. This limit of 72 characters is set by the NAMELEN parameter in the SGML declaration for HTML 3.0.

Attributes

In a start tag, white space and attributes are allowed between the element name and the closing delimiter. An attribute typically consists of an attribute name, an equal sign, and a value (although some attributes may be just a value). White space is allowed around the equal sign.

The value of the attribute may be either:

•	A string literal, delimited by single quotes or double quotes

•	A name token (a sequence of letters, digits, periods, or hyphens)

In this example, A is the element name, HREF is the attribute name, and http://host/dir/file.html is the attribute value:

<A HREF="http://host/dir/file.html">

Some implementations consider any occurrence of the > character to signal the end of a tag. For compatibility with such implementations, when > appears in an attribute value, you may want to represent it with an entity or numeric character reference, such as:

<IMG SRC="eq1.ps" alt="a &#62; b">

To put quotes inside of quotes, you can use single quotes if the outer quotes are double or vice versa, as in:

<IMG SRC="image.ps" alt="First 'real' example">

Alternatively, you use the character representation &quot; as in:

<IMG SRC="image.ps" alt="First &quot;real&quot; example">

The length of an attribute value (after replacing entity and numeric character references) is limited to 1024 characters. This number is defined by the LITLEN parameter in the SGML declaration for HTML 3.0.

Note: Some implementations allow any character except space or > in a name token. Attributes values must be quoted only if they don't satisfy the syntax for a name token.

Attributes with a declared value of NAME (e.g. ISMAP, COMPACT) may be written using a minimized syntax. The markup:

<UL COMPACT="compact">

can be written as:

<UL COMPACT>

Note: Unless you use the minimized syntax, some implementations won't understand.

Special Characters

The characters between the tags represent text in the ISO-Latin-1 character set, which is a superset of ASCII. Because certain characters will be interpreted as markup, they should be represented by markup -- entity or numeric character references, for instance the character "&" must be represented by the entity &amp;

Comments

To include comments in an HTML document that will be ignored by the parser, surround them with <!-- and -->. After the comment delimiter, all text up to the next occurrence of --> is ignored. Hence comments cannot be nested. White space is allowed between the closing -- and >, but not between the opening <! and --.

For example:

<HEAD>
<TITLE>HTML Guide: Recommended Usage</TITLE>
<!-- Id: Text.html,v 1.6 1994/04/25 17:33:48 connolly Exp -->
</HEAD>


HTML 3.2 Document Structure

The Structure of HTML 3.2 Documents

Every HTML 3.2 document begins with the following <!DOCTYPE> declaration (to distinguish HTML 3.2 from other versions of HTML), followed by HEAD and BODY elements. The TITLE tags are required. All other tags are optional.

  <!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 3.2//EN">

  <HTML>

  <HEAD>

  <TITLE>A study of population dynamics</TITLE>

  ... other head elements

  </HEAD>

  <BODY>

  ... document body

  </BODY>

  </HTML>

Note that in practice, many documents don't contain a <!DOCTYPE> declaration. This makes it difficult for browsers, validation tools, and other software to determine the version of HTML used in the document.

The HEAD element

This contains the document head, but you can always omit both the start and end tags for HEAD. The following elements belong to the document head:

TITLE defines the document title, and is always needed.

ISINDEX for simple keyword searches, see PROMPT attribute.

BASE defines absolute URL for resolving relative URLs.

STYLE reserved for future use with style sheets.

SCRIPT reserved for future use with scripting languages.

META used to supply meta info as name/value pairs.

LINK used to define relationships with other documents.

TITLE, STYLE and SCRIPT are containers and requires both start and end tags. The other elements are not containers so that end tags are forbidden. Note that conforming browsers won't render the contents of STYLE and SCRIPT elements.

The BODY element

This contains the document body. Both start and end tags for BODY may be omitted. The key attributes are: BACKGROUND, BGCOLOR, TEXT, LINK, VLINK and ALINK. These can be used to set a repeating background image, plus background and foreground colors for normal text and hypertext links. Colors are

 given in RGB as hexadecimal numbers (e.g. "#C0FFC0") or as one of 16 widely understood color names:

   aqua, black, blue, fuchsia, gray, green, lime, maroon,

   navy, olive, purple, red, silver, teal, white, and yellow

These colors were originally picked as being the standard 16 colors supported with the Windows VGA palette.

Block and Text level elements

Most elements that can appear in the document body fall into one of two groups: block level elements which cause paragraph breaks, and text level elements which don't. Common block level elements include H1 to H6 (headers), P (paragraphs) LI (list items), and HR (horizontal rules). Common text l evel elements include EM, I, B and FONT (character emphasis), A (hypertext links), IMG and APPLET (embedded objects) and BR (line breaks). Note that block elements generally act as containers for text level and other block level elements (excluding headings and address elements), while text leve l elements can only contain other text level elements. The exact model depends on the element.

Headings

H1, H2, H3, H4, H5 and H6 are used for document headings. You always need the start and end tags. H1 elements are more important than H2 elements and so on, so that H6 elements define the least important level of headings. More important headings are generally rendered in a larger font than less

 important ones. Use the ALIGN attribute to set the text alignment within a heading, e.g.

 <H1 ALIGN=CENTER> ... centered heading ... </H1>

ADDRESS

The ADDRESS element is used for information about the author of the document. It requires start and end tags.

Block elements

P paragraphs

The paragraph element requires a start tag, but the end tag can always be omitted. Use the ALIGN attribute to set the text alignment within a paragraph, e.g. <P ALIGN=RIGHT>

UL unordered lists

These require start and end tags, and contain one or more LI elements representing individual list items.

OL ordered (i.e. numbered) lists

These require start and end tags, and contain one or more LI elements representing individual list items.

DL definition lists

These require start and end tags and contain DT elements that give the terms, and DD elements that give corresponding definitions.

PRE preformatted text

Requires start and end tags. These elements are rendered with a monospaced font and preserve layout defined by whitespace and line break characters.

DIV document divisions

Requires start and end tags. It groups related elements together and can be used with the ALIGN attribute to set the text alignment of the block elements it contains. ALIGN can be one of LEFT, CENTER or RIGHT.

CENTER text alignment

Requires start and end tags. It is used to center text lines enclosed by the CENTER element. See DIV for a more general solution.

BLOCKQUOTE quoted passage

Requires start and end tags. It is used to enclose extended quotations and is typically rendered with indented margins.

FORM fill-out forms

Requires start and end tags. This element is used to define a fill-out form for processing by HTTP servers. The attributes are ACTION, METHOD and ENCTYPE. Form elements can't be nested.

ISINDEX primitive HTML forms

Not a container, so the end tag is forbidden. This predates FORM and is used for simple kinds of forms which have a single text input field, implied by this element.

HR horizontal rules

Not a container, so the end tag is forbidden. attributes are ALIGN, NOSHADE, SIZE and WIDTH.

TABLE can be nested

Requires start and end tags. Each table starts with an optional CAPTION followed by one or more TR elements defining table rows. Each row has one or more cells defined by TH or TD elements. Attributes for TABLE elements are WIDTH, ALIGN, BORDER, CELLSPACING and CELLPADDING.

Lists

List items can contain block and text level items, although headings and address elements are excluded.

Unordered lists take the form:

  <UL>

    <LI> ... first list item

    <LI> ... second list item

    ...

  </UL>

The TYPE attribute can be used to set the bullet style on UL and LI elements.

Ordered (i.e. numbered) lists take the form:

  <OL>

    <LI> ... first list item

    <LI> ... second list item

    ...

  </OL>

The OL START attribute can be used to initialize the sequence number. You can reset it later on with the VALUE attribute on LI elements.

Definition lists take the form:

  <DL>

    <DT> term name

    <DD> term definition

    ...

  </DL>

DT elements can only act as containers for text level elements, while DD elements can hold block level elements as well, excluding headings and address elements.

Tables

These take the general form:

  <TABLE BORDER=3 CELLSPACING=2 CELLPADDING=2 WIDTH="80%">

  <CAPTION ALIGN=bottom> ... table caption ... </CAPTION>

  <TR><TD> first cell <TD> second cell

  <TR> ...

  ...

  </TABLE>

The attributes on TABLE are all optional. By default, the table is rendered without a surrounding border. The table is generally sized automatically to fit the contents, but you can also set the table width using the WIDTH attribute. BORDER, CELLSPACING and CELLPADDING provide further control ov er the table's appearence. The ALIGN attribute can be used to position the table to the LEFT, CENTER or RIGHT. The CAPTION element is used for captions. These are rendered at the top or bottom of the table depending on the optional ALIGN attribute.

Each table row is contained in a TR element, although the end tag can always be omitted. Table cells are defined by TD elements for data and TH elements for headers. Like TR, these are containers and can be given without trailing end tags. TH and TD support several attributes: ALIGN and VALIGN f or aligning cell content, ROWSPAN and COLSPAN for cells which span more than one row or column. A cell can contain a wide variety of other block and text level elements including form fields and other tables.

Text level elements

These don't cause paragraph breaks. Text level elements that define character styles can generally be nested. They can contain other text level elements but not block level elements.

Font style elements

These all require start and end tags, e.g.

  This has some <B>bold text</B>.

TT teletype or monospaced text

I italic text style

B bold text style

U underlined text style

STRIKE strike-through text style

BIG places text in a large font

SMALL places text in a small font

SUB places text in subscript style

SUP places text in superscript style

Phrase Elements

These all require start and end tags, e.g.

  This has some <EM>emphasized text</EM>.

EM basic emphasis typically rendered in an italic font

STRONG strong emphasis typically rendered in a bold font

DFN defining instance of the enclosed term

CODE used for extracts from program code

SAMP used for sample output from programs, and scripts etc.

KBD used for text to be typed by the user

VAR used for variables or arguments to commands

CITE used for citations or references to other sources

Form fields

INPUT, SELECT and TEXTAREA

INPUT elements are not containers and so the end tag is forbidden. INPUT, SELECT and TEXTAREA are only allowed within FORM elements. INPUT can be used for a variety of form fields including single line text fields, password fields, checkboxes, radio buttons, submit and reset buttons, hidden fiel ds, file upload, and image buttons. SELECT elements require start and end tags and contain one or more OPTION elements. SELECT elements are used for single or multi-selection menus. TEXTAREA elements require start and end tags, and are used to define multi-line text fields. The content of the el ement is used to initialize the field.

Special Text level Elements

Anchors, IMG, APPLET, FONT, BR and MAP.

The A (anchor) element

Used to define hypertext links and also to define named locations for use as targets for hypertext links, e.g.

  The best <a href="ouzo.html">cat</a>.

The attributes are: NAME, HREF, REL, REV and TITLE. HREF is used to supply a URL identifying the linked document or image etc. NAME is used to associate a name with this part of a document for use with URLs that target a named section of a document. Anchors can't be nested.

IMG

e.g.  <IMG SRC="canyon.gif" ALT="Grand Canyon">

Used to insert images. This is an empty element and so the end tag is forbidden. The attributes are: SRC, ALT, ALIGN, WIDTH, HEIGHT, BORDER, HSPACE, VSPACE, USEMAP and ISMAP. Images can be positioned vertically relative to the current textline or floated to the left or right. See BR with the CLE AR attribute for control over textflow.

APPLET

Requires start and end tags. This element is supported by all Java enabled browsers. It allows you to embed a Java applet into HTML documents, e.g. to include an animation. The contents of the element are used as a fallback if the applet can't be loaded. The attributes are: CODE, CODEBASE, NAME,

 ALT, ALIGN, WIDTH, HEIGHT, HSPACE and VSPACE. APPLET uses associated PARAM elements to pass parameters to the applet.

FONT

Requires start and end tags. This allows you to change the font size and/or color for the enclosed text. The attributes are: SIZE, COLOR. Colors are given as RGB in hexadecimal notation or as one of 16 widely understood color names.

BR

Used to force a line break. This is an empty element and so the end tag is forbidden. The CLEAR attribute can be used to move down past floating images on either margin, e.g. <BR CLEAR=LEFT>.

MAP

Requires start and end tags. This allows you to define client-side image maps. MAP elements contain one or more AREA elements that specify hotzones on the associated image and bind these hotzones to URLs.


Glossary of Terms

Attribute - A characteristic quality of an element, other than type or content.

Browser - A tool used to read HTML documents. Common browsers include Netscape and Mosiac.

CGI - Common Gateway Interface. The format and syntax for passing information from browsers to servers via forms or document based queries in HTML.

Document - For the purposes of this standard, an HTML instance.

DTD - Document Type Definitions (DTD). A written specification of the HTML language,

Element - A component of the hierarchical structure defined by the document type definition; it is identified in a document instance by descriptive markup, usually a start-tag and an end-tag.

HTML - HyperText Markup Language.

HTTP - A generic stateless object-oriented protocol, which may be used for many similar tasks by extending the commands, or "methods", used. For example, you might use HTTP for name servers and distributed object-oriented systems, With HTTP, the negotiation of data representation allows systems to be built independent of the development of new representations.

Internet Explorer - Microsoft's browser.

Markup - Text added to the data of a document to convey information about it. There are four different kinds of markup: descriptive markup (tags), references, markup declarations, and processing instructions.

MIME - Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions.

Netscape - A browser from NetScape Communications.

Representation - The encoding of information for interchange. For example, HTML is a representation of hypertext.

Rendering - Formatting and presenting information to human readers.

SGML - Standard Generalized Markup Language.

Tag - Descriptive markup. There are two kinds of tags; start-tags and end-tags. e.g. <StartTag> </EndTag>

URI - Universal Resource Identifiers.

URL - Universal Resource Locators.

W3 (WWW) - The World-Wide Web.


General Reference

MENUS

FILE

Open Location

Export

Project Manager

INSERT

(All Tags)

User-Defined Tags

Special Characters

Hyperlink

Image

Active-X Control

Current Date/Time

TOOLS

Spelling Checker

Easy Images

Easy Links

Extended Chars -> Tags

Tags -> Extended Chars

Map Builder

Modules

OPTIONS

Configure


Frequently Asked Questions

How can I get my Web pages onto the Web?

What is HTML?

How come some of my pictures don't show up?

How come some of the tags I use don't work?

How can I test my HTML page?

Can I write my own plug-in Modules to use with WebEdit?

Do you have any tips for using WebEdit?


What is HTML?

HTML, hypertext markup language, is a relatively standardized hypertext page description language, primarily used for creating hypertext pages for the World Wide Web (WWW).

Before you begin using WebEdit, you should have an understanding of HTML fundamentals. If you already know the basics, you will find that using WebEdit will help you learn HTML more thoroughly because it does much of the work for you, letting you choose HTML tags from menus and toolbars, and offering the attributes appropriate to each tag in dialog boxes.

To help you further we recommend the following documents:

Introductory Documents

•	A Beginner's Guide to HTML

http://www.ncsa.uiuc.edu/General/Internet/WWW/HTMLPrimer.html

•	How to Write HTML Files

http://www.ucc.ie/info/net/htmldoc.html

•	Introduction to HTML

http://melmac.harris-atd.com/about_html.html

Style Guides

•	Composing Good HTML

http://www.willamette.edu/html-composition/strict-html.html

•	CERN's style guide for online hypertext

http://www.w3.org/hypertext/WWW/Provider/Style/Introduction.html

Reference Documents

•	The HTML Quick Reference Guide

http://kuhttp.cc.ukans.edu/lynx_help/HTML_quick.html

•	The Official HTML Specification

http://www.w3.org/pub/WWW/MarkUp

•	A Description of SGML

httphttp://www.w3.org/pub/WWW/MarkUp/SGML/

•	Mosaic for X 2.0 Fill-Out Form Support

http://www.ncsa.uiuc.edu/SDG/Software/Mosaic/Docs/fill-out-forms/overview.html

•	NetScape Extensions to HTML

http://home.netscape.com/assist/net_sites/html_extensions.html

•	Thalia Guide: The Background FAQ

http://www.sci.kun.nl/thalia/guide/color/faq.html

•	Mosaic Backgrounds

http://www.ncsa.uiuc.edu/SDG/Software/WinMosaic/Backgrnd/

•	An Instantaneous Introduction to CGI Scripts and HTML Forms

http://kufacts.cc.ukans.edu/info/forms/forms-intro.html

•	The Web Browser Torture Test

http://www.cnet.com/Content/Reviews/Compare/Browsers/Test/index.html

Browser Information

•	Yahoo's list of Windows Web browsers

http://www.yahoo.com/Computers/Internet/World_Wide_Web/Browsers/

•	Microsoft's Internet Explorer

http://www.microsoft.com/ie/msie.htm

•	Netscape

http://home.netscape.com

•	Mosaic

http://www.ncsa.uiuc.edu/SDG/Software/Mosaic

Here are some additional useful places to find the above documents and learn more about HTML:

http://www.gov.nb.ca/hotlist/htmldocs.htm

An amazing site with all the HTML documentation you could want!

http://www.physics.auburn.edu/html.html

Guides and examples

http://www.loc.gov/global/html.html

Library of Congress site

http://www.dai.ed.ac.uk/html/

http://www.peinet.pe.ca:2080/1/HTML

http://www.sbcc.cc.ca.us/web/htmlinfo.html

http://www-star.stanford.edu/instructions.html

http://www.wsu.edu:8000/lsl.www.tech.res.html

http://www.utirc.utoronto.ca/HTMLdocs/NewHTML/bibliography.html


How can I get my Web pages onto the World Wide Web?

In most cases you will need to contact your Internet Service Provider and find out their procedures for placing your pages on the Web.


How come some of my pictures don't show up?

Chances are that your Web page cannot find your pictures.

WebEdit allows you to place links to your pictures in two different ways:

The first way is called a 'relative reference'. This is when your picture is located in the same directory as your Web page. If you include a link to a picture called "MYPIC.GIF" that is located in the same directory as your page, WebEdit will insert the HTML tag <IMG SRC="mypic.gif">

The second approach is called an 'absolute reference'. This is used when your picture is not  located in the same directory as your page. If you wished to include the picture "MYPIC.GIF" located in the "C:\PICTURES\" directory, WebEdit would insert the HTML tag <IMG SRC="file://c:\pictures\mypic.gif">

Both these methods should work just fine on the computer you are using. Difficulties arise when you place your page on the Web. Chances are that the computer your Web pages will reside on does not have the same directories as your own computer. In this case absolute references will not work properly - you will need to change them all to match the other computers' directory structure.

The simplest way to use pictures is to just keep your pictures in the same directory as your Web page that uses them.


How come some of the tags I use don't work?

Tags belong to different levels of HTML. Different browsers support different levels of HTML. The trick is to make sure the browser you use supports that level tag. Usually a browser will support all of the tags previous to its' level of HTML.

For example, Netscape 2.0 supports most of HTML 0,1,2,3 and Netscape 1.1 in addition to the new Netscape 2.0 tags, but does not support the Internet Explorer tags..

When you find a tag you want to use. look at its HTML level. If the browser you use is farther down the list than the tag it should support that tag. An example being: Why doesn't the MARQUEE tag work in Netscape 2.0? Well by looking up the tag we see that it is Internet Explorer 2.0 level. Looking at the chart it states that the only two browsers that support the MARQUEE tag are Internet Explorer 2 and Internet Explorer 3.

There are always exceptions to rules - check your browser's documentation to see exactly what tags it supports.


How can I test my HTML page?

There are several HTML validation services on the Web. These can not only help you spot problems in your documents, but they can also help you learn to write better HTML documents. Here are a few we have seen:

WebLint

http://www.unipress.com/cgi-bin/WWWeblint

WebTech's HTML Validation Service

http://www.webtechs.com/html-val-svc/

Gerald Oskoboiny's "Kindler, Gentler Validator

http://ugweb.cs.ualberta.ca/~gerald/validate/


Can I write my own plug-In Modules for WebEdit?

Yes you can! We have developed an API for programmers to follow that allows their programs to interface with WebEdit. If you write a Module to this API it should work on future versions of WebEdit. To download the latest version of this API go to the WebEdit Home Page http://www.luckman.com/.


Do you have any tips for using WebEdit?

Well we have put many, many features into WebEdit - if you blink you might miss some of them!

Have you tried:

•	Right-clicking on the toolbars and in dialog boxes like the Custom Tags and Project Manager?

•	Alt - Right Arrow and Alt - Left Arrow?

•	Shift - Enter and Control - Enter?

•	Control - < or > (with more than one document open)?

•	Highlighting text and selecting a list tag?

•	Configuring the user toolbar?

•	Dragging and Dropping a file onto WebEdit?