Windows Basics Contents


The Windows Control Menu


Control Menu Commands


Restore Command

Restores the window to its former size after it has been enlarged (by using the Maximize command) or reduced to an icon (by using the Minimize command).


Move Command

Moves a window to another location on the desktop when you press the ARROW keys.


Size Command

Changes the size of a window when you press the ARROW keys.


Minimize Command

Reduces a window to an icon.


Maximize Command

Enlarges a window to its maximum size.


Close Command

Closes a window.


Switch To Command

Starts Task List, with which you can switch among running applications and rearrange their windows and icons on your desktop.


Introducing Windows
What's Included with Windows?

The Windows Environment

Parts of a Window

Icons

How Windows Works

Windows Memory and Modes

Windows and Your Applications

For Owners of Previous Versions of Windows


Introducing Windows
What's Included with Windows?

What's Included with Windows?

Main Group

Accessories Group

Games Group

The Windows Environment

Parts of a Window

Icons

How Windows Works

Windows Memory and Modes

Windows and Your Applications

For Owners of Previous Versions of Windows


Introducing Windows
What's Included with Windows?

The Windows Environment

Elements of Windows

The Desktop

The Windows

Application Windows

Document Windows

Parts of a Window

Icons

How Windows Works

Windows Memory and Modes

Windows and Your Applications

For Owners of Previous Versions of Windows


Introducing Windows
What's Included with Windows?

The Windows Environment

Parts of a Window

Control-Menu Box	Menus

Title Bar	Dialog Boxes

Minimize Button	Workspace

Maximize Button	Scroll Bar

Restore Button	Borders

Menu Bar

Icons

How Windows Works

Windows Memory and Modes

Windows and Your Applications

For Owners of Previous Versions of Windows


Introducing Windows
What's Included with Windows?

The Windows Environment

Parts of a Window

Icons

Icons

Program Item Icons

Application Icons

How Windows Works

Windows Memory and Modes

Windows and Your Applications

For Owners of Previous Versions of Windows


Introducing Windows
What's Included with Windows?

The Windows Environment

Parts of a Window

Icons

How Windows Works

What Microsoft Windows Can Do

How Windows Helps You Organize

How to Switch Among Applications

How to Transfer Information

How to Work with Several Documents

Automatic Updates Between Documents

The Mouse, The Keyboard, or Both

Windows Memory and Modes

Windows and Your Applications

For Owners of Previous Versions of Windows


Introducing Windows
What's Included with Windows?

The Windows Environment

Parts of a Window

Icons

How Windows Works

Windows Memory and Modes

How Windows Uses Memory	Real Mode

Conventional Memory	Standard Mode

Extended Memory	386 Enhanced Mode

Expanded Memory	What Mode to Use

Windows Modes	How to Use Expanded Memory in Real Mode

Windows and Your Applications

For Owners of Previous Versions of Windows


Introducing Windows
What's Included with Windows?

The Windows Environment

Parts of a Window

Icons

How Windows Works

Windows Memory and Modes

Windows and Your Applications

About Applications	Utilities

Windows 3.0 Applications	Pop-up Programs

Windows 2.x Applications	Options for Starting Windows

Non-Windows Applications	How to Start an Application with Windows

Memory-Resident Applications

For Owners of Previous Versions of Windows


Introducing Windows
What's Included with Windows?

The Windows Environment

Parts of a Window

Icons

How Windows Works

Windows Memory and Modes

Windows and Your Applications

For Owners of Previous Versions of Windows

New Features of  of Windows 3.0

If You Have a Previous Version of Windows


What's Included with Windows?

In addition to providing a graphical operating environment, Windows 3.0 includes 18 applications. The program item icons you can use to start them are located in these three Program Manager groups:

Related Concepts


Concepts

Accessories Group

Games Group

Main Group


program item icon

Starts an application when you double-click it.


Main group

Contains applications that help you organize your applications and files, start your applications, and adjust the way Windows looks and behaves. This is the group you see open on the desktop when you first start Windows.


Accessories group

Contains applications that provide tools you can use to conduct home or office business. This group also includes PIF Editor, a special program for controlling how non-Windows applications run in Windows.


Games group

Contains applications that are for fun, but they also give you an opportunity to practice some of the skills you need to operate Windows, especially mouse skills.


Main Group

The applications represented in the Main group give you control over how Windows looks and operates. With them, you can start applications, modify and configure Windows, and organize your applications and documents.

	File Manager helps you organize and manage all the files and directories stored on your disks. You can also start applications and load documents from File Manager.
	With Control Panel, you can change colors and fonts, set up printers and modems, connect to and disconnect from networks, change the appearance of your desktop, set up sound effects, change display modes, and control MIDI file playback.
	Print Manager keeps track of all print requests you send to your printer from Windows and non-Windows applications to your printer.
	The Clipboard acts as temporary storage for information you want to move or copy from one document to another.
	With DOS Prompt, you can type MS-DOS commands just as you would if you were not running Windows.
	With Setup, you can add hardware and software to your Windows environment and modify information about some current settings.
	README.TXT is a text file containing documentation written after HyperGuide was produced and information reserved for advanced users. You can use Notepad to read README.TXT.
	HyperGuide is your online documentation for learning how to use Windows. HyperGuide provides a comprehensive description of Windows, including explanations and procedures for first-time users.
CAUTION: Do not run CHKDSK /f from the Windows DOS Prompt, or any other commands that modify file allocation tables. Quit Windows first; then use the command from MS-DOS.


Accessories Group

With the applications represented in the Accessories group, you can get started working in Windows right away. Included are three full-featured applications and several other programs that add business conveniences to your Windows desktop.

	Write is a graphical word processor. With it you can create and print documents.
	Paintbrush is a drawing tool you can use to create simple or elaborate color drawings that include text. If you have a color printer, you can print your work in color.
	Terminal is a communications tool that can connect your computer to other computers.
	Notepad is a simple text editor for jotting down notes and short memos. It is also a handy tool for editing and creating batch files.
	Recorder is an efficiency tool for recording the keystroke and mouse sequences you use most often. Instead of repeating them manually, Recorder can play them back whenever you need them.
	Cardfile is like a set of index cards you can use to record names, addresses, phone numbers, directions, or any other brief information you want easy access to.
	Calendar combines a month-at-a-gance calendar and a daily appointment book.
	Calculator includes a standard view and a scientific view.
	Alarm Clock keeps track of the time as you work and includes an alarm with optional sound effects.
	With PIF Editor, you can modify important settings that control how non-Windows applications run with Windows. PIF stands for program information file.
	With Media Player, you can play multimedia files, such as recorded sounds and music, MIDI files, animation, and so on.
	With Sound Recorder, you can play, record, and edit sound files. You can also mix sounds and add sound effects to a file.
	Music Box plays your audio compact discs. You can program a playlist, select songs you want to hear, and move to any track on the disc.


Games Group

The two games you received with Windows serve you twice. They will entertain you and provide an opportunity to practice the skills you need to operate Windows.

	Solitaire is a universally popular card game that you play alone.
	Reversi is a game of strategy and second-guessing that pits you against the originator of the program.


Elements of Windows

The Windows graphical environment is easy to use because it's intuitive, and basic elements work the same across all Windows applications.

Related Procedures


desktop

The screen background.


windows

Contain applications you've started and documents you're working on.


program item icon

Represents an application or document you can start from a Program Manager group.


menu

Contains the commands you can choose to tell applications what to do.


dialog box

Appears when Windows needs more information before carrying out a command you've chosen.


application icon

Appears when you minimize an application or a document window.


Procedures

Displaying Custom Wallpaper

Moving Windows, Icons, or Dialog Boxes

Selecting Existing Desktop Patterns

Starting Applications


The Desktop

The Windows desktop is your work surface. On it, you can:

Start and quit applications.

Open and close documents.

Move windows and icons from one spot to another.

You can change the way your Windows desktop looks and responds by setting options in Control Panel.

Related Procedures


desktop

The background of your screen, on which windows, icons, and dialog boxes appear.

You can change the desktop by choosing from sample color schemes or create your own in Control Panel.

You can add more interest to the desktop surface by choosing (or creating) a two-color pattern or a multi-color bitmap like the one in the illustration. Using other options, you can also set the spacing for an invisible sizing grid that changes the spacing between icons.


Procedures

Changing the Grid

Changing the Spacing Between Icons

Creating New Desktop Patterns

Displaying Custom Wallpaper

Selecting Existing Desktop Patterns


The Windows

In the Windows environment, you'll work in two types of windows: application windows and document windows.

Most application and document windows have these parts in common:

Related Topics


application window

The main window for an application. It contains the application's menu bar and main workspace. An application window may contain multiple document windows.


document window

A window inside an application window. Each document window contains a single document or other data file. There can be more than one document window inside an application window.


title bar

Tells you the name of the application or document. The color or intensity of the title bar of the active window is usually different from that of the inactive window.


workspace

Area in a window where your work appears.


scroll bars

Bars that let you use your mouse to view parts of a document that are not visible in a window.


window border

Outside edge of a window. You can use your mouse to resize windows by dragging their borders.


Concepts

Application Windows

Document Windows

Procedure

Changing a Window's Size


Application Windows

When you start a Windows application, it opens in an application window like this:

You can open as many application windows as your computer's memory allows. Each new window you open becomes the active window and overlaps other open windows.

If you are running Windows in 386 enhanced mode, most non-Windows applications can run in windows too.

Related Procedures


Procedures

Changing a Window's Size

Maximizing a Window

Minimizing a Window

Moving Windows, Icons, or Dialog Boxes

Selecting Windows or Icons

Starting Applications


Usually the title bar for the active window is a different color or intensity than that of inactive windows. This difference makes the active window easier to identify.


Document Windows

With some Windows applications, you can open several documents in the same workspace. These documents appear in their own windows, like this:

Document windows belong to applications.They open inside an application's workspace and share the application's menu commands. When you close the application or minimize it, the document windows close or shrink with it.

You can move and resize document windows inside the application's workspace. Each document window has its own Control menu.

Related Procedures


document window

A window inside an application window. Each document window contains a single document or other data file.

In Program Manager, document windows are called group windows. In File Manager, there are two types of document windows: the Directory Tree window and directory windows.


Procedures

Arranging Document Windows

Changing a Window's Size

Minimizing a Window

Moving Windows, Icons, or Dialog Boxes

Opening the Control Menu


Control-Menu Box

The Control-menu box for an application opens into a Control menu like this:

Control-menu commands like these are especially useful for operating Windows with your keyboard.

You can also open Control menus for documents and some dialog boxes. The contents of Control menus can vary.

Related Procedure


Here's a Control menu for a dialog box:


Title Bar

All application windows, document windows, and dialog boxes have title bars.

When you want to move a window or dialog box with your mouse, you drag its title bar to the new location. The color of the active window's title bar makes it easy to identify.

Related Procedures


title

Tells you which application, document, or dialog box occupies the window.


Maximize button

Enlarges the application window to cover the entire desktop or enlarges the document window to fill the application's workspace.


Minimize button

Reduces the application or document window to an icon.


Control-menu box

Gives you access to commands for moving, resizing, maximizing, minimizing, switching among, and closing application and document windows.


Concepts

Control-Menu Box

Maximize Button

Minimize Button

Procedures

Maximizing a Window

Minimizing a Window

Moving Windows, Icons, or Dialog Boxes

Opening the Control Menu


Minimize Button

You can use your mouse to reduce a window to an icon by clicking the Minimize button.

Sometimes you'll have so many applications and documents open that your screen will seem cluttered.

Click  [image]  to see how crowded a desktop can get.

Using the Minimize button is a quick way to temporarily reduce the clutter. When minimized, application windows shrink to icons at the bottom of the desktop. Some document windows shrink to icons at the bottom of the application workspace.

Click  [image]  to see a minimized application window.

When you want to restore the window to its previous size, double-click its icon.

Related Procedures


Procedures

Minimizing a Window

Restoring a Window or Icon to Its Previous Size


The applications and documents you reduce to icons are still running. They are still in computer memory, ready to be restored to a window whenever you are ready to use them again.


Maximize Button

You can use your mouse to enlarge a window to its maximum size by clicking the Maximize button.

Sometimes you'll have so many applications and documents open that your screen will seem cluttered.

Click  [image]  to see a cluttered desktop.

Using Maximize is a quick way to temporarily enlarge the window you're working with so that it covers all the others. Maximized application windows cover the entire desktop. Maximized document windows fill the application's workspace.

Click  [image]  to see a maximized application window.

When you want to return the window to its previous size, click the Restore button.

Related Topics


Concept

Restore Button

Procedures

Maximizing a Window

Restoring a Window or Icon to Its Previous Size


Notice that maximized windows do not have borders. You must use the Restore button to resize them.


Restore Button

When you click the Restore button, a maximized window returns to its previous size.

Related Procedure


Menu Bar

You open menus by selecting a menu name from the menu bar.

Some menu names, such as File, Edit, and Help, are common to many applications. Other menu names vary from one application to another, depending on the functions that are available.

Related Procedure


Menus

You can determine what an application does by choosing commands from menus. Menus open by dropping down from the application's menu bar or Control-menu box. Menu contents vary, but these features are consistent throughout Windows:

Menus stay open until you choose a command or cancel them.

Related Procedures


dimmed command

A command that is currently unavailable.


shortcut key

Indicates a keystroke that you can use to choose a menu command quickly.


ellipsis

Indicates a dialog box will appear when you choose the command.


triangle

Indicates that a cascading menu or submenu will open if you choose the command.


checkmark

Appears next to commands you have activated. No check mark appears when they're inactive.


Procedures

Choosing Menu Commands

Opening the Control Menu

Selecting and Canceling Menus


Dialog Boxes

Dialog boxes request information that Windows needs before before carrying out a command. You provide the information by specifying options like these:

Related Procedures


title bar

Identifies the name of the dialog box.


text box

Box in which you type information, such as a filename. Typing and editing an entry in a text box is similar to typing in Windows documents.


check box

Box for selecting an option. You can select as many check boxes as you want.


option button

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Button for selecting an option. You can select only one option button in a giv
Related Procedure


scroll arrow

Used to scroll through the contents of a window or list box. Clicking a scroll arrow moves the contents one line. Holding down a scroll arrow scrolls the contents continuously.

Scroll arrows also control the playing of media in some applications, such as Media Player and Sound Recorder.


scroll box

Indicates your relative position within a document or list box. You can drag the scroll box up or down quickly through long documents.

A scroll box is also used to control playing of media in some applications, such as Media Player and Sound Recorder.


scroll bar

Appears at the right and/or bottom edge of a window whose contents aren't completely visible. Each scroll bar contains two scroll arrows and a scroll box.

A scroll bar is also used to control playing of media in some applications, such as Media Player and Sound Recorder.


Borders

When you want to change the size of a window with your mouse, you drag the window's borders. Window borders define the outer edges of application and document windows.

To change the size of a window with your keyboard, choose commands on the application's Control menu.

Related Procedure


Icons

Icons are graphical representations of elements in Windows. They make starting applications and opening documents quick and easy:

In addition to the icons shown above, each Windows application can have its own icons that are not necessarily used by any other application.


program item icon

Represents an application you can start from Program Manager.


group icon

Represents a group window that is minimized.


application icon

Represents an application that is minimized.


Program Item Icons

You can start applications and open documents by choosing program item icons from a Program Manager group. The easiest way to start an application is to double-click its icon.

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Windows can operate in three distinct modes, depending on the computer you're using and the amount of memory it has. For example, when operating in standard mode, Windows makes use of extended memory so you can switch among non-Windows, as well as Windows, applications.

The way Windows uses your computer's memory makes it possible to run several applications at once and work with large documents without running out of memory.

Related Concepts


Concepts

Automatic Updates Between Documents

How to Switch Among Applications

How to Transfer Information

How to Work with Several Documents

How Windows Helps You Organize

How Windows Uses Memory

Windows Modes


How Windows Helps You Organize

If you work with a number of applications and documents throughout the day, Windows can help by putting them into groups that make them easier for you to use.

Suppose you use these applications to produce a monthly newsletter:

This application	Is used for

Write	Creating and editing text

Paintbrush	Creating graphics

Calendar	Scheduling

Clock	Tracking time

File Manager	Organizing and deleting files

Solitaire	Coffee breaks

Using Program Manager, you can bring all these applications and their related documents into a single group.

Click  [image]  to see what the Newsletter group might look like.

Related Procedures


Procedures

Adding Items to a Group

Creating Groups


To work on the newsletter, you would simply open the Newsletter group (in Program Manager) and choose the icons that start the applications you want to use.


How to Switch Among Applications

Because of the way Windows uses your computer's memory, you don't have to quit one application before starting another. You can run as many applications as memory will allow, and switch among them quickly.

You can switch from an active application to an inactive application in four ways:

Click the inactive appliction window with your mouse.

Hold down the ALT key and press the ESC key. Repeat until the application you want is active.

Open the Task List by double-clicking anywhere on the desktop. Then choose the inactive application from the list.

Open the active application's Control menu and choose the Switch To command. Then choose the inactive application from the list.

Related Topics


Keys

System Keys

Procedures

Opening the Control Menu

Selecting Windows or Icons

Switching Among Application Windows

Switching to Applications


For example, you could work on a newsletter article in your word processor . . .

 . . . then switch to your calendar to change a deadline, like this:

Switching saves you time since you don't have to quit one application before you start another.


How to Transfer Information

You can select information in one application and transfer it to another.

Suppose you want to include a map in a flyer you're creating. You can move the map artwork from your drawing program into the text in your word processor like this:

By transfering information in this way, you can bring work from a number of applications into a single, compound document.

NOTE: Information stays on the Clipboard until you transfer something else to it or exit Windows.

Related Topics


Procedures

Copying the Window or Screen with Non-Windows Applications

Copying with Non-Windows Applications

Copying, Cutting, and Pasting with Windows Applications

Pasting into a Full-Screen, Non-Windows Application

Pasting into a Windowed, Non-Windows Application


How to Work with Several Documents

Sometimes you'll want to compare information in two applications. Instead of switching between the applications, you can reposition and resize their windows so they both fit on the screen.

Click  [image]  to see windows resized in this way.

In fact, with some Windows applications you can open several documents at a time. Each one appears in its own document window. You can position and adjust these windows to fit side by side as well.

Click  [image]  to see an application with several documents.

Related Topics


Procedures

Arranging Document Windows

Changing a Window's Size


Automatic Updates Between Documents

Some Windows applications allow dynamic data exchange between Windows applications. Suppose you want to include the same information in a business report that you keep track of in a spreadsheet, and both applications allow dynamic data exchange.

Setting up the link between the two is simple. You select the data from the spreadsheet and copy it to the Clipboard using the Copy Link command. Then you paste it into the report using the Paste Link command. Whenever you change that information in the spreadsheet, it is updated automatically in the report.


The Mouse, The Keyboard, or Both

You can use either your mouse alone or your keyboard alone to operate Windows. But you'll probably find that using some combination of both gives you maximum efficiency and ease of use.

Your mouse works best for actions like these:

Moving windows and icons by dragging title bars.

Changing the size of a window by dragging borders.

Starting and quitting applications by double-clicking.

Scrolling through documents with scroll bars.

Enlarging or reducing windows by clicking the Maximize or Minimize buttons.

Selecting large blocks of text by dragging from the first character to the last you want to include.

After you learn key combinations, your keyboard might be faster for actions like these:

Opening menus by pressing ALT and then the underlined letter.

Choosing commands by pressing the underlined letter.

Switching among open applications by pressing ALT+ESC.

Using any of the shortcut key combinations that appear on menus (such as ALT+F4 to close a window).


How Windows Uses Memory

Your computer's memory is limited. It is located on chips on the main system board inside the central processing unit. Memory is measured in bytes. Your multimedia computer comes with at least 2 megabytes (MB) of memory, but you can add more.

Computer memory is a temporary storage space. It contains only the information you give it, and the information remains in memory until you replace or erase it, or turn off your computer.

Before you can use your computer, MS-DOS must be loaded into memory. Before you can use an application, the application must be loaded into memory. Documents also require memory space.

When you close documents or exit most applications, they are cleared from memory. (Some applications are memory-resident, meaning they stay in memory after you exit them. However, when you turn off your computer, they are also removed from memory.)

Disk space is different from memory.

Although the space on a disk is limited too, it is more permanent than memory. When you save a file on a disk, it stays there until you erase it, even after you turn off your computer.

What Are Memory Limitations?

MS-DOS is the operating system your computer uses. MS-DOS can recognize up to 640K of memory. But many of today's powerful applications require more than 640K of memory.

Windows 3.0 recognizes and manages memory beyond the 640K limit of MS-DOS. Windows can use all the memory your computer has (up to 16 MB). This means you can run several applications simultaneously and work with much larger document files without running out of memory.

Three Types of Memory

Windows can use these three kinds of memory:

Conventional memory

Expanded memory

Extended memory

Related Concepts


Concepts

Conventional memory

Expanded memory

Extended memory


Conventional Memory

Your computer has at least 2 MB of memory. Of that, at least 256K is conventional memory. Most computers can accommodate 640K.

Conventional memory is the kind MS-DOS uses first. Here's how MS-DOS distributes conventional memory when you start your computer:

1	MS-DOS loads itself into some of your computer's conventional memory.

2	MS-DOS starts the utilities and applications listed in your CONFIG.SYS and AUTOEXEC.BAT files. These utilities and applications use up more conventional memory.

3	The memory that is left over is available for running applications (including Windows).


Extended Memory

Extended memory is general-purpose memory beyond the 640K of conventional memory. Your computer has more than 1 MB of extended memory.

Windows includes a file named HIMEM.SYS, the extended memory manager required to run Windows in standard or 386 enhanced mode.

In standard or 386 enhanced mode, Windows takes full advantage of extended memory and its performance benefits. In real mode, Windows uses extended memory only for storing information that would otherwise be discarded and later read back from the disk.

Extended memory works well with Windows applications. However, not all non-Windows applications were designed to take advantage of it.


Expanded Memory

You can add memory beyond conventional memory to most computer systems by installing a piece of hardware called an expanded memory board and loading memory manager software.

The expanded memory board contains memory chips. The expanded memory manager is a program that answers an application's requests (including those of Windows) for more memory.

Not all applications were designed to recognize expanded memory. However, since expanded memory was on the market before extended memory, more applications recognize it.

Because an expanded memory manager releases expanded memory in measured amounts (64K), using it is slower and more cumbersome than using extended memory. Windows uses expanded memory only when running in real mode. (When running in 386 enhanced mode, Windows can simulate expanded memory for applications that require it, even if your system does not actually have any.)


Windows Modes

Windows is versatile. You can run it on several generations of personal computers, from the earlier 80286 to the more powerful 80386 and 80486. To make the full power of each computer available, these three operating modes are included with Windows:

386 enhanced mode

Standard mode

Real mode

When you type win at the MS-DOS command prompt and press ENTER, Windows starts in standard mode if it is running on an 80286 computer or in 386 enhanced mode if it is running on an 80386 or 80486 computer.

The only reason for starting Windows in real mode is to run Windows 2.x applications or some older MS-DOS applications. Real mode has no multimedia functionality, such as sound or animation.

To discover which mode Windows is using, choose the About command from the Help menu in Program Manager or File Manager.

Related Concepts


Concepts

386 enhanced mode

Options for Starting Windows

Real mode

Standard mode


The About message also tells you how much memory is available to Windows and the percentage of system resources that are free.


Real Mode

If you want to run Windows 2.x applications or some older MS-DOS applications, you should start Windows in real mode.

Since older Windows applications were designed for real mode, you should have no problem operating them successfully in that mode. However, in real mode, Windows does not use extended memory. Only your system's conventional memory and expanded memory will be available to applications.


Standard Mode

If your computer system is an 80286 with 2 MB of RAM, Windows starts in standard mode:

This mode provides access to extended memory and enables switching among non-Windows applications.

With access to extended memory, more Windows applications can run at the same time and can run faster than they could without the additional memory.


386 Enhanced Mode

If your computer system is an 80386 or 80486 with more than 2 MB of RAM, Windows operates in real, standard, or 386 enhanced mode:

In 386 enhanced mode, Windows can use the virtual memory capabilities of the Intel 80386 processor. With virtual memory capabilities, Windows applications can use more memory than is physically available.

386 enhanced mode also allows for the multitasking of non-Windows applications. Windows provides settings for multitasking so you can allocate system resources between Windows applications and non-Windows applications. This is a way of optimizing your operating environment.

Finally, 386 enhanced mode gives you greater control over non-Windows applications. For example, instead of non-Windows applications taking up the entire desktop, you can run most of them in their own windows. That way, you can take full advantage of the graphical environment.

Related Procedure


What Mode to Use

Windows can run in three modes: real mode, standard mode, or 386 enhanced mode. When you type win at the MS-DOS command prompt and press ENTER, Windows examines your system's configuration and starts in the most appropriate mode for your system.

Sometimes you might want to run Windows in a different mode. If you try to start an application that was designed for a previous version of Windows, a message might appear, telling you to start Windows in real mode.

To start Windows in a specific mode, type one of the following switches after you type win at the MS-DOS command prompt.

Use this switch	To do this

/r	Run Windows in real mode. Use this mode to run Windows 2.x applications.

/s	Run Windows in standard mode. Windows will automatically choose this mode if your computer is an 80286.

You might also want to use this mode if your computer is an 80386 with between 2 and 3 MB of memory, and you do not use non-Windows applications with Windows. On such systems, Windows runs faster in standard mode than in 386 enhanced mode, as long as you use only Windows applications. You might also want to use this switch if you are having hardware compatibility problems when running in 386 enhanced mode.

/3	Run Windows in 386 enhanced mode. Windows will choose this mode automatically if your computer is an 80386.

Windows will probably run more slowly in 386 enhanced mode than in standard mode, but even so, you might prefer to use this mode.

NOTE: To determine what mode Windows is running in, choose About Program Manager from the Program Manager Help menu.


example

For example, to run Windows in real mode, you would type win /r at the MS-DOS command prompt.


How to Use Expanded Memory in Real Mode

When running in real mode, Windows can use your system's expanded memory if there is any. When Windows starts in real mode, it examines your system's memory configuration and determines the most efficient way to use the expanded memory.

If you want to control the way Windows uses expanded memory, you can type one or more of these switches immediately after you type win at the MS-DOS command prompt.

Use this switch	To do this

/e	Tell Windows how much conventional memory must be available to use large-frame EMS mode. If there is less conventional memory available than the amount you specify, Windows starts in small-frame EMS mode instead.

/L	Move the EMS bank line up or down by 1-K increments. To move the bank line up, specify the /L switch, followed by a plus sign (+) and the number of kilobytes you want to move the bank line. For example, to move the bank line up 16K, you would specify the value /L+16. To move the bank line down, specify the /L switch, followed by a minus sign (-) and the number of kilobytes you want to move the bank line. For example, to move the bank line down 8K, you would specify the value /L-8. (Because the EMS bank line exists only in large-frame EMS mode, the /L switch has no effect when Windows uses small-frame EMS mode.)

/n	Prevent Windows from using any expanded memory. When running in real mode, Windows normally uses expanded memory if it is available.


EMS memory

A type of expanded memory available on systems that conform to the Lotus-Intel-Microsoft Expanded Memory Specification (LIM EMS).


example

For example, to run Windows in real mode and prevent it from using any expanded memory, you would type win /r /n at the MS-DOS command prompt.


About Applications

With Windows, you can start as many applications as your computer's memory will allow. This means that you don't have to exit one application before starting another. And you can switch between applications quickly.

Many applications run in application windows. Others require the entire desktop. All applications can run minimized as application icons.

Windows 3.0 recognizes these four basic types of applications:

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Non-Windows applications were not designed for Windows. Such applications do not include elements of the Windows graphical design, nor do they take advantage of memory sharing. However, most will run successfully in all three Windows modes.

If you run Windows in 386 enhanced mode, you can run most non-Windows applications in their own windows. This makes it easier to share information between applications. You can also run multiple non-Windows applications simultaneously.

If you use real mode or standard mode, non-Windows applications cover the entire desktop and cannot run in their own windows.

Related Concept


non-Windows application running in a window

An application that was not designed to run in Windows. In 386 enhanced mode, you can run a non-Windows application in a window.

Like Windows applications, you can have more than one non-Windows application running at a time. However, few non-Windows applications can take advantage of the ability of Windows to share memory resources among running applications. A non-Windows application requests a certain amount of memory when it starts, and keeps that memory until you exit it. That means you might see out-of-memory messages when several large non-Windows applications are running.


non-Windows application running full-screen

An application that was not designed to run in Windows. In real and standard mode, you can only run a non-Windows application full-screen.

Like Windows applications, you can have more than one non-Windows application running at a time. But, unlike Windows applications, whenever you use a non-Windows application, the activities of any other open applications are suspended.

In addition, few non-Windows applications can take advantage of the ability of Windows to share memory resources among running applications. A non-Windows application requests a certain amount of memory when it starts, and keeps that memory until you exit it. That means you might see out-of-memory messages when several large non-Windows applications are running.


Memory-Resident Applications

Memory-resident software is loaded into memory when you start it, and is then available whenever you need it, even when another application is running. Memory-resident software comes in these two forms:

Utilities that load various drivers and network software automatically when you start up your computer.

Pop-up programs that stay in memory when you start them, but don't show up on your screen until you press a key combination.

Related Concepts


Concepts

Pop-up programs

Utilities


Utilities

Utilities are special programs that load information your computer needs before you can use certain hardware, such as a mouse or network serverj, and even some applications. Normally, you do not interact directly with these utilities.

If you want such memory-resident information to be available to all Windows and non-Windows applications, make sure it loads before you start Windows. The best way to do this is to include the information in your CONFIG.SYS or AUTOEXEC.BAT file.

NOTE: Some software programs do this for you during installation.

When you start up your computer, MS-DOS is loaded into memory first, followed by the information in your CONFIG.SYS file and then your AUTOEXEC.BAT file. The memory that is left is available for running your applications.

Sometimes you'll have one application that requires memory-resident information that's not required by the other applications you use. You can keep this information from reducing available memory until it is needed by starting it in one of these two ways:

Create an MS-DOS batch file that loads the information and then the application. You can run that batch file from Windows.

If only a particular Windows application needs the memory-resident information, you might want to load it from the special batch file WINSTART.BAT. When you use this batch file, the utility is available to Windows applications, but not to non-Windows applications. This ensures that no memory will be taken from non-Windows applications.

Related Procedure


Pop-up Programs

Pop-up programs stay in memory after you start them. When a pop-up program is active, all other applications are suspended. These applications become available again as soon as you dismiss the pop-up.

You should start pop-up programs, such as Borland's SideKick, directly from Windows. You can then switch to and from that program as you would any non-Windows application.

When you start a pop-up program, Windows displays this message confirming that the program has been loaded:

When you want to use the pop-up, press the key combination that causes the program to pop up, just as you would without Windows. You can also switch to a pop-up program using normal Windows methods rather than by pressing the key combination.

Sometimes you might use a pop-up program only in conjunction with one other application. In that case, you can wait to load the pop-up until you start the application.

For example, you might want to load Borland's SideKick in conjunction with the Framework II application. To do so, you could create a batch file that starts Sidekick and then starts Framework II.

Sidekick would then be available from Framework II and would not take away memory from other applications.

NOTE: Some pop-up programs require a key combination that is usually reserved for Windows (for example, ALT + ESC). You can change the key combination by modifying the pop-up program's program information file (PIF). To do so, use PIF Editor from the Accessories group in Program Manager.

Related Procedure


Options for Starting Windows

You generally start Windows by typing win at the MS-DOS command prompt. Windows examines your hardware and starts in the most compatible mode.

However, sometimes you might want to start Windows in a different mode, or have Windows run a particular application at startup.

The command you type to start Windows can indicate:

What mode to use

How to use expanded memory in real mode

Which application or command to start when Windows starts

The Windows command line looks like this:

Click  [image]  to see other examples of command lines.

Related Concepts


Concepts

How to Start an Application with Windows

How to Use Expanded Memory in Real Mode

What Mode to Use


How to Start an Application with Windows

The command you use to start Windows can include the pathname to an application and the program filename. That way, the application is loaded immediately after Windows starts.

For example, the following command line starts Windows, then immediately loads Microsoft Excel:

win c:\excel\excel.exe

If you are also including one of the mode or memory switches, make sure you type the pathname and program filename last on the command line.

For example, the following command line starts Windows in real mode, then immediately runs the application MYEDITOR.EXE:

win /r myeditor.exe

Click  [image]  to see other examples of command lines.


command line

Information you type at the MS-DOS command prompt to tell MS-DOS what to do. These are standard parts of a command line:


sample command lines

Starting Windows in real mode

win /r

Starting Windows and an application

win d:\editors\textedit.com

Tells Windows that TEXTEDIT.COM is in the \EDITORS directory on drive D.

Starting Windows and editing a document

win /s agenda.txt

Starts Notepad. Windows "associates" documents so they start the Windows application used to create them.

Starting Windows and an application, and editing a document

win c:\word\word.com letter.doc

Starts Windows, then starts Microsoft Word and opens the Word document LETTER.DOC.

Canceling expanded memory

win /r /n

Starts Windows in real mode (/r) and prevents it from using any expanded memory (/n).


New Features of  of Windows 3.0

If you have a previous version of Microsoft Windows, you might have noticed these additions to version 3.0:

In addition, three new applications--Program Manager, File Manager, and Task List--provide more powerful, more intuitive ways to start programs, manage files and directories, and switch between running applications.

One of the most dramatic improvements is the way Windows 3.0 can use memory. Windows looks beyond the previous limitation of 640K and uses extended memory, the additional memory that is available in today's more powerful personal computers. With extended memory, you can run several applications at once and work with much larger document files without running out of memory.

Here are other new features and improvements:

A new Setup program makes it easier to install Windows and later view or change your setup options.

Multimedia enhancements include support for audio, animation, MIDI, and near-photographic images.

With the redesigned Control Panel, you can connect to network printers, set up additional ports, set multitasking options for 386 enhanced mode, and customize the appearance of your desktop.

Print Manager provides more information about files that are printing--allowing you to view network print queues, for example.

With Program Manager, you can organize your applications into distinct groups and then start the applications and their related documents quickly and easily.

File Manager allows a full range of mouse maneuvers so you can copy and move files and directories by dragging and dropping their icons with your mouse.

With File Manager, you can also connect to and disconnect from network servers while using Windows.

With Recorder, you can save a series of keyboard and mouse sequences and play them back whenever you want to repeat the sequence. This procedure creates what is known as a macro.

With Paintbrush, a more powerful and sophisticated painting program, you can create full-color illustrations.

Terminal supports new terminal emulations, communications protocols, file-transfer capabilities, and the assignment of multiple keystroke sequences to single keys.

Printing support has been improved for HP/PCL and PostScript printers.

With new commands, you can rearrange the windows on your desktop, making them easier to find and view.

A new, expanded symbol font set is included.

Running Windows in 386 enhanced mode provides increased control over non-Windows applications.

System messages now include clear explanations and recommended remedies.

With a new game, Solitaire, you can practice the basic skills you use to operate Windows.

Related Concept


If You Have a Previous Version of Windows

If you have applications that were designed for previous versions of Windows (2.x) and you want to use them with Windows 3.0, you can:

Start Windows in real mode. All Windows 2.x applications were designed to run in real mode and will probably have trouble running in any other Windows mode.

Request an upgrade for your 2.x applications.

Related Concepts


Concepts

What Mode to Use

Windows Modes


Glossary to Windows HyperGuide


A

386 enhanced mode

active

active printer

animation

application

application icon

application window

arrow keys

associate

AUTOEXEC.BAT


B

<< button

>> button

Back button

base-level synthesizer

batch file

baud rate

bitmap

branch

browse

byte


C

cascading menu	complementary color

CD-ROM	compound device

channel	CONFIG.SYS

check box	Contents button

choose	Control menu

Clipboard	Control-menu box

close	conventional memory

collapse	cutout

command

command button

command line


D

data bits	Directory Tree window

default button	directory window

default printer	disk-drive icon

desktop	display box

desktop pattern	document

destination directory	document file

device contention	document window

device driver	DOS

dialog box	drag

directory path	drop-down list box

Directory Tree


E

error-checking

expand

expanded memory

extended memory

extended synthesizer

extension


F

file

file information line

flow control

font

font size

format

full-screen application


G

General MIDI Mode standard

group

group icon

group window


H

History button

hotspot

hue

HyperGuide button bar


I

icon

insertion point

International MIDI Association


J

No defined terms.


K

keymaps

keyword

kilobyte


L

list box

local printer

local queue

luminosity


M

maximize	MIDI Mapper

Maximize button	MIDI sequencer

Media Control Interface	MIDI Manufacturer's Association (MMA)

memory	minimize

menu	Minimize button

menu bar	movie file

menu command	MSCDEX

menu name	multimedia extensions

menu title	Multimedia PC

MIDI	multitasking

MIDI file


N

network printer

network queue

network server

non-Windows application


O

open

option button


P

parity	print option

palette	printer-driver file

patch	printer font

patchmaps	printer queue information line

pathname	program file

picture elements	program information file (PIF)

pixels	program item

playlist	program item icon

pointer

port


Q

No defined terms.


R

RGB components

read-only

real mode

Restore button

root directory


S

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sample
serial port
saturation
shortcut key
scaled font size
shrink
screen font
simple device
screen saver
solid color
scroll arrow
source directory
scroll bar
spin box
scroll box
standard mode
Search button
status bar
select
stop bits
selectio


application, defined
application

A computer program used for a particular kind of work, such as word processing. This term is often used interchangeably with "program."


application icon, defined
application icon

An icon that represents an application that is running.


application window, defined
application window

The main window for an application. It contains the application's menu bar and main workspace. An application window may contain multiple document windows.


ARROW keys, defined
arrow keys

The four arrow keys on your computer keyboard. These keys move the cursor or pointer on your screen to locations you choose. Each arrow key moves the cursor or pointer in the direction of the arrow on the key. Each arrow key is named for the direction in which arrow points: UP ARROW, DOWN ARROW, LEFT ARROW, and RIGHT ARROW.


associate, defined
associate

To assign files that have the same extension to a program. When you choose a file with the specified extension, the associated application runs with the file loaded.


AUTOEXEC.BAT, defined
AUTOEXEC.BAT

Batch file that lists MS-DOS commands. MS-DOS automatically carries out the commands in your AUTOEXEC.BAT file when you turn on your computer. The file is located in the root directory of your first hard disk, which is usually drive C.

Typically, an AUTOEXEC.BAT file starts memory-resident utilities such as a network and sets up environment variables that are used later by applications. In addition, your AUTOEXEC.BAT file might set your MS-DOS prompt or start pop-up programs such as Borland's SideKick.


<< button, defined
<< button

Displays the previous topic in a series of topics, until you reach the first topic in the series. Then the button is dimmed. Use this button when you want to backtrack through topics the way they are organized in HyperGuide.


>> button, defined
>> button

Displays the next topic in a series of topics, until you reach the last topic in the series. Then the button is dimmed. Use this button to move from topic to topic in the recommended order.


Back button, defined
Back button

Displays the last topic you viewed. HyperGuide moves back one topic at a time, in the order in which you viewed them.


base-level synthesizer, defined
base-level synthesizer

One of the two types of synthesizers accommodated by Windows.

MIDI files authored for Windows include two versions of a song: one version for base-level synthesizers and another version for extended synthesizers. The distinctions between base-level and extended synthesizers are based on the number of instruments and notes the synthesizer can play.


batch file, defined
batch file

A file that runs a sequence, or "batch," of commands when you type its filename. All filenames of batch files end with the extension .BAT, even though you don't have to type this extension to run the batch file.


baud rate, defined
baud rate

Signalling speed measured by the number of signals per second.


bitmap, defined
bitmap

An image stored as an array of bits.


branch, defined
branch

A segment of the Directory Tree, representing a directory and any subdirectories it contains.


browse, defined
browse

To look through files and directories. In some dialog boxes, the Browse button shows a list of files and directories from which you can choose.


byte, defined
byte

The amount of memory space (normally 8 bits) that a computer needs to represent a single character or word.


cascading menu, defined
cascading menu

A menu that opens from a command on another menu.


CD-ROM

Compact Disc-Read Only Memory. An optical data-storage technology that allows large quantities of data (such as animations, images, music, and sound) to be stored on a compact disc similar to discs used by the music industry.


channel

MIDI uses channels to send messages to individual devices within a MIDI setup. There are 16 MIDI channel numbers. Devices in a MIDI setup can be directed to respond only to messages marked with a channel number specific to the device.


check box, defined
check box

A small square box that appears in dialog boxes and can be selected or cleared. When the check box is selected, an X appears in the box.


choose, defined
choose

To use key combinations or your mouse to carry out a command in Windows. You often choose a command after you have selected an item or made it active.


Clipboard, defined
Clipboard

A temporary storage area in memory, used to transfer information. You can cut or copy information onto the Clipboard and then paste it into another document or application.


close, defined
close

To reduce a document window or application window to an icon or, in some cases, to remove it from the desktop. You close a window by double-clicking the Control-menu box or choosing the Close command from the Control menu. When closing an application window, you can choose to save or abandon changes to the current document before you close it.


collapse, defined
collapse

To hide a level of directory information in the Directory Tree window. When you first start File Manager, all directories but the root directory are collapsed.


command, defined
command

A word or phrase, usually found in a menu, that you choose to carry out an action.


command button, defined
command button

A button in a dialog box that carries out or cancels the selected action. Two common command buttons are OK and Cancel. The button that carries out the action will often have a label that describes it (for example, Open, Create, Install). Another dialog box appears when you choose a command followed by ellipses.


command line, defined
command line

Information given to MS-DOS that specifies a command and all the pertinent information to carry it out. For example, to start Windows, you type win at the MS-DOS prompt.


complementary color, defined
complementary color

The color exactly opposite a color on the RGB color wheel. For example, the complementary color of blue is yellow.


compound device, defined
compound device

Devices, such as the waveform audio driver, that have an associated file and require a filename specification when opened.


CONFIG.SYS, defined
CONFIG.SYS

A file that defines device drivers and specifies your MS-DOS configuration. For example, a typical CONFIG.SYS file might specify the location of the MS-DOS file COMMAND.COM, define an extended memory manager, and specify how many files an application can have open at once. MS-DOS runs the commands in the CONFIG.SYS file each time you turn on your computer. Your CONFIG.SYS file is located in the root directory of your first hard disk, which is usually drive C.


Contents button, defined
Contents button

Displays the HyperGuide contents.


Control menu, defined
Control menu

The menu in the upper-left corner of a window. The Control menu appears on every application that runs in a window and on some non-Windows applications. Document windows, icons, and some dialog boxes also have Control menus.

Control menu commands move, change the size of, and close windows. You can also switch to Task List by using the Control menu. For non-Windows applications, Control menu commands transfer information and perform other functions, depending on the application.


Control-menu box, defined
Control-menu box

The box located in the upper-left corner of a window. Clicking the Control-menu box opens the Control menu for the window.


conventional memory, defined
conventional memory

The first 640K of memory that MS-DOS uses to run applications. Most computers have at least 256K of conventional memory and can accommodate up to 640K of conventional memory.


cutout, defined
cutout

A portion of a Paintbrush drawing you select with the Scissors or Pick tool.


data bits, defined
data bits

The bits in each package of data sent between two computers during telecommunication. Most characters are transmitted in 7 or 8 data bits.


default button, defined
default button

The command button in some dialog boxes that is automatically selected or chosen by Windows as the most logical or safest choice. The default button has a bold border, indicating that it will be chosen if you press ENTER. You can override a default button by choosing Cancel or another command button.


default printer, defined
default printer

The printer that Windows applications automatically use when you choose the Print command. You can have only one default printer, which must also be the active printer on the port. The printer you use most often should be made the default printer.


desktop, defined
desktop

The background of your screen, on which windows, icons, and dialog boxes appear.


desktop pattern, defined
desktop pattern

A geometric pattern that appears across your desktop. You can design your own pattern or choose one of the patterns provided by Windows.


destination directory, defined
destination directory

The directory to which you intend to copy or move one or more files.


device contention, defined
device contention

When several applications simultaneously request use of a peripheral device, such as a printer or modem.

Windows automatically handles device contention when all the applications are Windows applications. When one of the applications is a non-Windows application, however, the conflict is handled according to the options you select in the 386 Enhanced dialog box. This dialog box appears when you choose the 386 Enhanced icon in Control Panel.


device driver, defined
device driver

Tells Windows how to control a piece of hardware. Using Setup, you can install device drivers for your:

Display (monitor)

Keyboard

Mouse

Network


dialog box, defined
dialog box

A rectangular box that either requests or provides information. Many dialog boxes present options that you must choose from before Windows can carry out a command. Some dialog boxes present warnings or explain why a command can't be completed.


directory path, defined
directory path

The directions to a directory or file within your system.

In the illustration, C:\ART stands for the ART directory on drive C. Any commands you use affect the files and subdirectories in this directory.

When you want to specify a file, make sure the filename follows the directory path.


Directory Tree, defined
Directory Tree

A graphic display of a disk's directory structure. The directories on the disk are shown as branching from the disk's root directory.


Directory Tree window, defined
Directory Tree window

A File Manager window that shows the complete branching structure of the selected disk drive.


directory window, defined
directory window

A File Manager window that lists the contents of a specific directory. The directory window shows all the files and subdirectories contained in the directory.


disk-drive icon, defined
disk-drive icon

An icon in the Directory Tree window of File Manager that represents a disk drive on your system. Different icons depict floppy disk drives, hard disk drives, RAM drives, CD-ROM drives, and network disk drives.


display box, defined
display box

A display box is not an option, but a type of text box that shows an example of another option you have selected, in this case a sample of the 10 pt, underlined, Helvetica font.


document, defined
document

Whatever you create with an application, including information you enter, edit, view, or save. A document can be a business report, a spreadsheet, a picture, and so on.


document file, defined
document file

Files that are associated with an application. You can start an application and open the associated file by choosing a document file icon.


document window, defined
document window

A window inside an application window. Each document window contains a single document or other data file. There can be more than one document window inside an application window.


DOS

Disk Operating System, typically known as MS-DOS (Microsoft) or PC-DOS (IBM). This is the underlying software that must exist for your PC to operate.


drag, defined
drag

A mouse move. You drag a Windows element by pointing to it, holding down the mouse button, and sliding the mouse from one spot on the surface of your desk to another and releasing the mouse button.


drop-down list box, defined
drop-down list box

A list box that opens and closes in dialog boxes.

Before you open a drop-down list box, it looks like this:

After the list box is open, it looks like this:

NOTE: When the list is longer than the box, scroll bars are provided.


error checking, defined
error checking

A method for validating transmissions.


expand, defined
expand

To show hidden directory levels in the Directory Tree. With File Manager, you can expand a single directory level, one branch of the Directory Tree, or all branches at once.


expanded memory, defined
expanded memory

Memory in addition to conventional memory that is available to applications. It is allocated in 16K blocks. Windows makes use of expanded memory only if the /r switch is used at startup. Windows running in 386 enhanced mode simulates expanded memory for the applications that need it. Windows running in standard mode or 386 enhanced mode allows applications to use expanded memory, but does not use expanded memory itself in managing applications.


extended memory, defined
extended memory

Memory in addition to conventional memory that is not readily accessible to MS-DOS or MS-DOS applications. Extended memory cannot be used on 8086 and 8088 computers. Windows running in standard mode or 386 enhanced mode uses extended memory to manage and run applications.


extended synthesizer, defined
extended synthesizer

One of the two types of synthesizers accommodated by Windows.

MIDI files authored for Windows include two versions of a song: one version for base-level synthesizers and another version for extended synthesizers. The distinctions between base-level and extended synthesizers are based on the number of instruments and notes the synthesizer can play.


extension, defined
extension

Part of a file or directory name that appears after a period and provides additional information. It usually indicates the type of file or directory. For example, program files have default extensions of .COM or .EXE .

Many applications include a default extension automatically when you save a file the first time. For example, Notepad adds a .TXT extension to all filenames unless you specify otherwise.


file, defined
file

A document or application that has been given a name. All documents are stored as files in Wiindows.


file information line, defined
file information line

Information specific to each file in a print queue. The information can include these details:

The file's position in the queue or a printer icon if the file is printing.

The title of the print job assigned by the application (if your network software supports this).

What percentage of the file has printed so far.

The size of the file in kilobytes (if the Print File Size command on the View menu is selected).

The time and date you sent the file to Print Manager (if the Time/Date Sent command on the View menu is selected).

If you are connected to a network printer, the printer queue information line shows the network server connection. Any detailed information the network can provide appears in the message box at the upper-right corner of the Print Manager window. Networks can provide varying degrees of detailed information.


flow control, defined
flow control

The method for controlling the flow of information.


font, defined
font

A graphic design applied to all numerals, symbols, and characters in the alphabet. A font usually comes in different sizes and provides different styles, such as bold, italic, and underlining for emphasizing text.


font size, defined
font size

The height of a printed character, measured in points. One inch equals 72 points. For example, 12-point Helv is 12 points high.

The font and font size you use determine the amount of text that fits on one page.


format, defined
format

(1) The appearance of text on the pages of a document. (2) To prepare a disk so it can hold information. Formatting a disk erases all information that was previously on it.


full-screen application, defined
full-screen application

A non-Windows application that uses the entire screen--rather than a window--to run in the Windows environment.


General MIDI Mode Standard, defined
General MIDI Mode standard

A MIDI specification controlled by the MIDI Manufacturers Association (MMA). The purpose of this specification is to enable MIDI file authors to create files that sound the same across a variety of different synthesizers.


group, defined
group

A collection of applications within Program Manager. Grouping your applications makes them easier to find.


group icon, defined
group icon

A group window you have reduced to an icon in Program Manager.


group window, defined
group window

A window that displays the items in a group within Program Manager. These items can be applications, files associated with applications, or a combination of both.


History button, defined
History button

Displays a list of the HyperGuide topics you have viewed. Use this button to revisit any of the last 40 HyperGuide topics you have viewed. The most recent topic appears first.


hotspot

Text, graphics, or parts of graphics that provide links to other HyperGuide topics or more information about the current topic.

Whether text or graphics, the pointer changes to the shape of a hand whenever it is over a hotspot. If you click a hotspot that is linked to another topic, that topic will appear in the HyperGuide window. If the hotspot is linked to more information, HyperGuide displays the information in a popup window on top of the HyperGuide window.


hue, defined
hue

The position of a color along the color spectrum.


Help button bar, defined
HyperGuide button bar

Contains the HyperGuide buttons you use to move among topics and contents screens. It is located near the top of the HyperGuide window.


icon, defined
icon

A graphic representation of a disk drive, directory, group, application, document, and so on. You can restore an application icon to a window when you want to use the application.


insertion point, defined
insertion point

The place where text will be inserted when you type.The insertion point usually appears as a flashing vertical bar in an application's window or in a dialog box. The text you type appears to the left of the insertion point, which moves to the right as you type.


International MIDI Association (IMA)

The non-profit MIDI organization that circulates information about the MIDI specification.


keymaps, defined
keymaps

Percussion instruments are key-based--each note plays a different percussion instrument. Keymaps translate MIDI key values to ensure the proper percussion instruments are used to play MIDI files. All MIDI files for Windows are authored using standard key assignments based on the General MIDI Mode standard.


keyword, defined
keyword

Words in the HyperGuide Search dialog box that are associated with topics. Each application's documentation has its own keyword list, including the glossary words in HyperGuide. You select from the list of keywords or type a keyword to see the list of topics associated with that keyword.


kilobyte, defined
kilobyte

The measurement used for the size of a computer's memory, where 1 kilobyte (K) = 1,024 bytes.


list box, defined
list box

A box within a dialog box that lists available choices--for example, the list of all available files in a directory. If all the choices don't fit in the box, there will be a vertical scroll bar to the right of the list box. In some list boxes, you can select more than one item.


local printer, defined
local printer

A printer that is directly connected to your printer by a cable.


local queue, defined
local queue

Lists the files that you directed to any active printer connected to your computer. The computer and printers are connected locally by a cable.

When Print Manager starts printing on a local printer, its icon appears at the bottom of your screen. If you restore the icon to a window, you see the print queue for any active printer connected to your computer. You can use the Print Manager window to check the status of files in the print queue or to interrupt or cancel a print job.


luminosity, defined
luminosity

The brightness of the color on a scale from black to white.


maximize, defined
maximize

To enlarge a window to its maximum size by using the Maximize button or the Maximize command.


Maximize button, defined
Maximize button

The small button at the upper-right corner of a window that contains an Up arrow. Mouse users can click the Maximize button to enlarge a window to its maximum size. Keyboard users can use the Maximize command on the Control menu.


Media Control Interface, defined
Media Control Interface (MCI)

A standard control interface for multimedia devices and files. MCI allows a multimedia application to easily control a variety of multimedia devices and files.


memory, defined
memory

The space in a computer where information is stored while you are working with it. Most PCs have a small amount of read-only memory (ROM), containing the built-in programs that start the operation of the computer when it is turned on, and a large amount of random-access memory (RAM) for users' programs and data.


menu, defined
menu

A list of available commands in an application window. Menu names appear in the menu bar near the top of the window. The Control menu, represented by the Control-menu box at the left end of the title bar, is common to all Windows applications. You use a command on a menu by selecting the menu name, then choosing the command you want.


menu bar, defined
menu bar

The horizontal bar containing the names of an application's menus. It appears just under the title bar.


menu command, defined
menu command

A word or phrase in a menu that you choose to carry out an action, such as copying a file.


menu name, defined
menu name

The name for a particular menu that appears in the menu bar and opens a menu when you choose it.


menu title, defined
menu title

A word or phrase in the menu bar that identifies a group of commands. Selecting the menu title causes the title to be highlighted and its menu of commands to appear below it.


MIDI

Musical Instrument Digital Interface. MIDI sets a communications standard for transferring data between musical instruments and associated devices.


MIDI file

A file format for storing MIDI songs. In Windows, MIDI files have a .MID filename extension.


MIDI Mapper

A Control Panel option that lets you create and edit MIDI setup maps. Windows uses these maps to translate and redirect MIDI data.


MIDI Sequencer

Software that creates or plays songs stored as MIDI files. When a sequencer plays MIDI files, it sends MIDI data from the file to a MIDI synthesizer that produces the sounds. Windows provides a MIDI sequencer to play MIDI files.


MIDI Manufacturer's Association (MMA)

A collective organization composed of MIDI instrument manufacturers and MIDI software companies. The MMA works with the MIDI Standards Committee to maintain the MIDI specification.


minimize, defined
minimize

To reduce a window to an icon using the Minimize button or the Minimize command. The document or application remains open (or running), and can be the active application or document.


Minimize button, defined
Minimize button

The small button at the upper-right corner of a window that contains a Down arrow. Mouse users can click the Minimize button to reduce a window to an icon. Keyboard users can use the Minimize command on the Control menu.


movie file

A multimedia data file with a .MMM filename extension. You can play movie files with the Media Player accessory. Movie files are also called animations.


MSCDEX

Microsoft Compact Disc Extensions. MSCDEX is software that makes CD-ROM drives appear to DOS as network drives. You must have MSCDEX installed on your computer for the CD-ROM drive to work.


multimedia extensions

Additional features added to Windows version 3.0 that enable your computer to run animations, play sound and MIDI files, and display high-quality images.


Multimedia PC

Multimedia personal computer. A multimedia computer satisfies a minimum set of hardware/software requirements necessary for multimedia computing. The requirements include:

An 80286/386/486 microprocessor running at 10MHz or faster

2MB or more of RAM

30MB or larger hard disk

VGA display

A digital audio subsystem

A CD-ROM drive

Systems software compatible with Microsoft Windows version 3.0 with multimedia extensions


multitasking, defined
multitasking

The ability of a single computer to perform several tasks simultaneously.

Multitasking makes it possible to print one document while editing another, or to perform lengthy computations while you work on something else.


network printer, defined
network printer

A printer that is accessible to your computer only through a network.


network queue, defined
network queue

Lists the files on the network server if you are using a network printer.


network server, defined
network server

A computer on a network that provides a particular service to other computers. For example, a disk server manages a large file server, and a print server manages a printer.


non-Windows application, defined
non-Windows application

An application that was not designed to run in Windows. Generally, non-Windows applications do not conform to Windows user-interface standards.


open, defined
open

To display the contents of a directory or file in a window, or to enlarge an icon to a window.


option button, defined
option button

A small round button that appears in a dialog box and is used to select an option. Within a group of related option buttons, you can select only one button.


palette

Defines the colors used in a bitmap image. Every device independent bitmap (DIB) has an associated color palette.


parity, defined
parity

The method of detecting errors in data transmission.


patch

A particular setup of a MIDI synthesizer that results in a particular sound, usually a sound simulating a specific musical instrument.


patchmaps, defined
patchmaps

A patch is a specific sound created by a synthesizer. A synthesizer plays notes using sounds defined as patches. Patchmaps translate MIDI patch changes to ensure the proper instruments are used to play MIDI files. All MIDI files for Windows are authored using standard patch assignments based on the General MIDI Mode standard.


pathname, defined
pathname

The directions to a directory or file within your system. For example, C:\WINDOWS3\APPTS\JUNE.CAL is the pathname of the JUNE.CAL file in the APPTS subdirectory in the WINDOWS3 directory on drive C.


picture elements, defined
picture elements

The smallest graphics unit on the screen. Also known as pels.


pixels, defined
pixels

The smallest graphic units on the screen. Also known as picture elements (pels).


playlist, defined
playlist

A list of compact disc titles and tracks that determines the order in which the tracks on the disc are played.

Use the Program button to assign or edit titles, and to change the playlist.


pointer, defined
pointer

In Windows, the shape of the pointer indicates its function.

	For selecting Windows items, scrolling, resizing windows, and moving windows and dialog boxes with your mouse. This is the pointer you will see most often.
	For choosing a HyperGuide hotspot.
	For selecting text with your mouse.
	For changing the size of a window with your mouse.
	For changing the location or size of a window with your keyboard.
	For indicating the application is processing your request.


port, defined
port

A connection on a computer where you plug in a cable that carries data to a device.

LPT ports are parallel ports. COM ports are serial ports. EPT is a port used for certain printers, such as the IBM Personal Pageprinter. You can use the EPT port only if you have installed a special card in your computer.


print options, defined
print options

Printer-specific settings such as page orientation--portrait or landscape--or the manner in which paper feeds through the printer. These options vary from printer to printer.


printer-driver file, defined
printer-driver file

A file that gives Windows important information about how to control your printer, including details about printer features and the printing interface, descriptions of fonts (such as sizes and styles), character translations, and control sequences the printer uses to achieve various formats. Windows has printer-driver files for most commonly used printers.


printer font, defined
printer font

A series of dots connected by lines that can be scaled to different sizes. Another name for printer fonts is vector (or stroke) fonts. Plotters typically use vector fonts.


printer queue information line, defined
printer queue information line

Indicates the following:

The name of the printer.

Where the printer connects to your computer.

The current status of the printer.


program file, defined
program file

A file that contains information that controls an application. In File Manager, each program file is represented by an icon. You can start the application by choosing the icon. Filenames for program files can have these extensions: .EXE, .COM, .PIF, and .BAT.


program information file (PIF), defined
program information file (PIF)

A file that provides important information that Windows needs to run a non-Windows application. PIFs contain information such as the name of the file, a startup directory, whether the program writes directly to the screen or to memory, and multitasking options for applications running in 386 enhanced mode.


program item, defined
program item

A program file or associated document represented by an icon in Program Manager. The program item provides the instructions Windows needs to start an application and open a document (if specified) when you choose the icon.


program item icon, defined
program item icon

An icon representing an application you can start or an associated document you can open from a group in Program Manager. The program item provides the instructions Windows needs to start an application and open a document (if specified) when you choose the icon.


RGB components, defined
RGB components

The amount of each of the three primary colors--red, green, and blue--present in a color. Every color and pattern is made by varying the three primary colors. This is true even in monochrome (black and white) mode. For instance, white is made by mixing together 255 parts of red, 255 parts of green, and 255 parts of blue. Black, on the other hand, is 0 red, 0 green, and 0 blue.


read-only, defined
read-only

Describes a file or CD-ROM disc that can only be opened and read. You cannot edit a read-only file or CD-ROM disc and save your changes.


real mode, defined
real mode

An operating mode that Windows runs in to provide maximum compatibility with versions of Windows applications released prior to Windows version 3.0. Real mode is the only mode available for computers with less than 1 MB of extended memory.


Restore button, defined
Restore button

The small button at the upper-right corner of a window that contains both an Up arrow and a Down arrow. The Restore button appears only after you have enlarged a window to its maximum size. Mouse users can click the Restore button to return the window to its previous size. Keyboard users can use the Restore command on the Control menu.


root directory, defined
root directory

The main directory on a disk. The root directory is created at the first level when you format a disk. The symbol used to indicate the root directory of a disk is the backslash (\). For example, the root directory for drive C is noted as C:\.


sample

A piece of waveform data represented by a single numerical value. You convert sound into digital form by taking samples of the sound at specific time intervals and converting them to numeric values.


saturation, defined
saturation

The purity of a hue, moving from gray to the pure color.


scaled font size, defined
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The marking device that shows where you are in a window, menu, or dialog box and what you have selected. The selection cursor appears as a dotted box around the text in a dialog box option.


serial ports, defined
serial ports

Ports used by your system, named COM1, COM2, and so on. Serial ports are typically used for connecting modems, mouse devices, and some kinds of printers.


shortcut key, defined
shortcut key

A key or key combination, available for some commands, that you can press to carry out a command without first selecting a menu. The shortcut key for a command is listed to the right of the command name on the menu.


shrink, defined
shrink

To reduce a window to an icon using the Minimize button or the Minimize command. The document or application remains open (or running), and can be the active application or document.


simple device, defined
simple device

Devices, such as audio compact-disc players, that don't have an associated file and can be opened without a filename specification.


solid color, defined
solid color

A color directly supported by your display.


source directory, defined
source directory

The directory containing the file or files you intend to copy or move.


spin box, defined
spin box

A spin box shows one item in a range of possible choices. Clicking the Up or Down arrow to the right of the entry lets you "spin" through the available choices until your choice appears in the display rectangle.


standard mode, defined
standard mode

The normal operating mode for running Windows. This mode provides access to extended memory. In standard mode, you can also switch among non-Windows applications.


status bar, defined
status bar

A line of information located at the top or bottom of a window. For example, in a directory window the status bar tells how many files are selected, how much disk space they occupy, and the total number of files in the directory. In the Directory Tree window, the status bar shows the number of bytes available on the disk and the total disk capacity. Not all windows have a status bar.


stop bits, defined
stop bits

The timing unit between characters.

Stop bits are not actually bits; they determine the time between transmitted characters.


synthesizer

An electronic instrument able to make music and sounds by creating its own audio waveforms and sending them out to an audio system.


Task List, defined
Task List

A window that shows all the applications you have running so you can switch among them. You can open the Task List window by choosing Switch To from the Control Menu or by pressing CTRL+ESC.


text box, defined
text box

A box within a dialog box where you type the information needed to carry out a command. When the dialog box appears, the text box may be blank or may contain text.


text file, defined
text file

A file containing only plain text, numbers or symbols. The text in a text file is uniform and does not contain any formatting, such as bold, underline, or different fonts and font sizes. A text file usually consists of characters coded from the ASCII character set.

The advantage of a text file is that it can be transferred to almost any text editor or word processor. Also, MS-DOS and Windows use text files, such as AUTOEXEC.BAT, CONFIG.SYS, and WIN.INI.


title

Another name for a software application written to run on a Multimedia PC.


title bar, defined
title bar

The horizontal bar at the top of a window that contains the title of the window or dialog box. On many windows, the title bar also contains the Control-menu box and Maximize and Minimize buttons.


topic, defined
topic

The level in the HyperGuide hierarchy at which you see information in the main window. This information can be in the form of a Quick Look graphic, an explanation of a command, a conceptual overview, a procedure, or a table of keys. Information in pop-up windows and contents screens are not considered topics.


track

A sequence of sound on a CD disc, which usually corresponds to a song.


Up button

Moves up one level in the HyperGuide hierarchy.


vector fonts, defined
vector fonts

A series of dots connected by lines that can be scaled to different sizes.


virtual memory, defined
virtual memory

A memory management system used by Windows running in 386 enhanced mode, which allows Windows to behave as if there were more memory than is actually present in the sytem. Virtual memory equals the amount of free RAM plus the amount of disk space allocated to a swap file that Windows uses to simulate additional RAM.


volume label, defined
volume label

The name you give a disk by using the Label command. Disk labels are optional. You see this information in File Manager only if you assigned a label to your disk. You can change or add a disk label through File Manager.


WAVE format, defined
WAVE format

Microsoft's format for digitized waveform files. These files have a .WAV extension.


waveform

A sound waveform graphically displays variances in air pressure over time. An audio signal waveform graphically displays variances in voltage over time.


wildcard characters, defined
wildcard characters

Two MS-DOS characters you can substitute for all or part of a file or directory name when you want to find similarly-named files or want one command to affect a number of files or directories.

An asterisk (*) substitutes for all characters. A question mark (?) substitutes for a single character.

For example, this entry covers all files with a .DOC extension in the current directory:

*.DOC

And this entry covers everything named with FY, three other characters, and the extension .90:

FY???.90


window, defined
window

A rectangular area on your screen in which you view an application or document. You can open, close, and move windows, and change the size of most windows. You can open several windows on the desktop at the same time and you can shrink windows to icons or enlarge them to fill the entire desktop.


window border, defined
window border

The outside edge of a window. You can lengthen or shorten each border. You can also change the width of the border with Control Panel's Desktop command.


Windows application, defined
Windows application

An application that was designed for Windows and will not run without Windows. All Windows applications follow the same conventions for arrangement of menus, style of dialog boxes, use of the keyboard and mouse, and so on.


wrap, defined
wrap

The automatic movement of the insertion point from the end of one line to the beginning of the next line as you type. When text wraps, you do not need to press ENTER at the end of each line in a paragraph.


Basic Windows Procedures
Working with Windows

Working with Menus

Working with Dialog Boxes

Working with Applications

Working with Documents and Files


Basic Windows Procedures
Working with Windows

Selecting Windows or Icons

Moving Windows, Icons, or Dialog Boxes

Changing a Window's Size

Minimizing a Window

Maximizing a Window

Restoring a Window or Icon to Its Previous Size

Using Scroll Bars

Closing Active Windows

Working with Menus

Working with Dialog Boxes

Working with Applications

Working with Documents and Files


Basic Windows Procedures
Working with Windows

Working with Menus

Selecting and Canceling Menus

Choosing Menu Commands

Opening the Control Menu

Working with Dialog Boxes

Working with Applications

Working with Documents and Files


Basic Windows Procedures
Working with Windows

Working with Menus

Working with Dialog Boxes

Moving Within Dialog Boxes

Selecting and Clearing Check Boxes

Choosing Command Buttons

Using Drop-down List Boxes

Using List Boxes

Browsing Through the Directories List Box

Selecting Option Buttons

Filling inText Boxes

Using Spin Boxes

Closing Dialog Boxes

Working with Applications

Working with Documents and Files


Basic Windows Procedures
Working with Windows

Working with Menus

Working with Dialog Boxes

Working with Applications

Starting Applications

Using the DOS Prompt

Switching Among Application Windows

Arranging Application Windows and Icons

Receiving Messages from Inactive Windows

Quitting Applications

Working with Documents and Files


Basic Windows Procedures
Working with Windows

Working with Menus

Working with Dialog Boxes

Working with Applications

Working with Documents and Files

Switching Among Document Windows

Arranging Document Windows

Moving the Insertion Point

Entering Text

Correcting Typing Mistakes

Selecting Text

Editing Selected Text


Selecting Windows or Icons

In Windows, you first select a window or icon to indicate what you want to work on. Commands and actions affect the window or icon you selected. The window you're working on is the active window.

To select a window and make it active:

Click anywhere inside the window except the Minimize and Maximize buttons.

The window is brought to the front; its title bar is highlighted, and its scroll bars and other elements become visible.

To select an icon:

1	Position the tip of the pointer on the icon.

2	Click the left mouse button.

The icon becomes highlighted to show that it is selected.

Related Concepts	Keyboard Procedure


Concepts

Icons

The Windows


Moving Windows, Icons, or Dialog Boxes

You can move application windows, document windows, icons, and any dialog box that has a title bar.

To move a window, icon, or dialog box:

1	Drag the icon or the title bar of a window or dialog box to a new location.

An outline of the icon, window, or dialog box moves as you drag it.

2	Release the mouse button when the icon, window, or dialog box is positioned where you want it.

To cancel the move, press ESC anytime before you release the mouse button.

Keyboard Procedure


Changing a Window's Size

You might want to change the size and shape of the windows open on your desktop. For example, to compare the contents of two documents, you could reduce the size of both windows until they fit side by side on the screen.

The minimum size for all windows is about 2 inches by 1 inch. In addition, some application windows have size limitations. For example, the Windows Setup window has a fixed size.

To change the size of a window:

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To restore a maximized window to its previous size:

Click the Restore button.

To restore an icon to a window:

Double-click the icon.

Related Concept	Keyboard Procedure


Using Scroll Bars

Some windows and dialog boxes have scroll bars you can use to view text that requires more than the available space.

To scroll	Do this

Up or down one line	Click one of the scroll arrows.

One window	Click the scroll bar above or below the scroll box on vertical scroll bars, and to the left or right of the scroll box on horizontal scroll bars.

Continuously	Point to one of the scroll arrows and hold down the mouse button until the information you want comes into view.

To any position	Drag the scroll box along the scroll bar to the place you choose.

The section of the document or list that moves into view depends on the placement of the scroll box. For example, if you position the scroll box halfway down the scroll bar, the text halfway through the document or list appears.

Related Concept	Keyboard Procedure


Closing Active Windows

When you finish working with an application window, document window, or dialog box, you can close it.

To close the active window:

Double-click the Control-menu box.

If you have made changes to a document since last saving it, Windows prompts you to save the document before closing the window.

Keyboard Procedure


Selecting and Canceling Menus

Windows commands are listed on menus. Each application has its own menus, with a Control menu common to all applications. Other menus are represented by names in the menu bar at the top of each application window.

In Windows, you select a menu, and then choose a command from that menu. Choosing a command carries out an action.

To select a menu:

Point to the name of the menu on the menu bar and click the name to open the menu.

You can drag the highlight down the menu if you want to move to a menu item immediately.

To cancel a menu:

Click the menu name or anywhere outside the menu.

Related Concept	Keyboard Procedure


Choosing Menu Commands

The items listed on menus are most often commands. But they can also be characteristics you assign to graphics or text (such as bold or centered), a list of open windows or files, or the names of cascading menus (menus that contain other menus). You use the same procedure, regardless of which items you choose.

To choose an item from a selected menu:

Click the name of that item.

Windows applications follow these conventions when listing items on a menu:

This convention	Means

Dimmed item	The command is not available. You might have to select something before you can use the command, or you might not be able to use the command with your application.

Ellipsis (...)	A dialog box appears when you choose the command, requesting information the application needs before carrying out the command.

Check mark	The command is active. This convention is used for commands that can be turned on or off.

Key combination	A key combination (such as SHIFT+F4) is a shortcut for this command. Use this key combination to choose the menu command without first opening the menu.

Triangle ( [image])	The command leads to a cascading menu, which lists additional commands that are available.

Click  [image]  to see an example of each convention.

Keyboard Procedure


Opening the Control Menu

Application windows, document windows, application icons, group icons, and some dialog boxes have Control menus.

The procedure you use to open the Control menu varies slightly, depending on what you are working with.

To open the Control menu for an application window or application icon:

Click the Control-menu box in the upper-left corner of the window.

Or click the icon.

Be careful not to double-click; this will close the window or open the icon.

To open the Control menu for a document window or document icon:

Click the Control-menu box in the document window.

Or click the document icon.

To open the Control menu for a dialog box:

Click the Control-menu box in the dialog box.

To open the Control menu for a non-Windows application running in 386 enhanced mode:

Click the Control-menu box in the upper-left corner of the window.

Or click the icon.

Be careful not to double-click; this will close the window or open the icon.

Control menus for non-Windows applications that are running in 386 enhanced mode are available from the windows of windowed applications and from the icons of full-screen applications.

Note that the Control menu for a non-Windows application running in 386 enhanced mode includes a cascading menu for the Edit command. You open the cascading menu by clicking it.

To open the Control menu for a non-Windows application running in standard or real mode:

1	Press ALT+ESC to switch from the running application back to Windows.

Non-Windows applications running in standard mode or real mode do not run in application windows, but occupy the entire screen. You can open their Control menus only by switching back to Windows, thereby reducing the non-Windows application to an icon. The Control menu is available from the application icon.

2	Click the icon to open the Control menu.

Keyboard Procedure


hint

To find out which mode Windows is running in, switch to Program Manager and choose the About Program Manager command from the Help menu.


Moving Within Dialog Boxes

Often you need to move around within a dialog box to make several selections. The current option is marked by a selection cursor around the name of the option.

To move within a dialog box:

Click the option or group of options you want to move to.

Related Topics	Keyboard Procedure


Concept

Dialog Boxes

Procedure

Moving Windows, Icons, or Dialog Boxes


Selecting and Clearing Check Boxes

Check boxes indicate options you can switch on and off. You can select as many or as few check-box options as you want. When a check box is selected, it contains an X. When it is cleared, the box is empty. Names of options that are temporarily unavailable are dimmed.

To select check-box options:

Click each empty check box you want to select.

To clear check-box options:

Click each check box that contains an X.

Keyboard Procedure


Choosing Command Buttons

Command buttons initiate an immediate action. One command button in each dialog box carries out the command you choose, using the information supplied in the dialog box. With other command buttons, you can cancel the command or choose from additional options.

To choose a command button:

Click the command button.

Like menu commands, command buttons use the following conventions:

This Convention	Means

Dark border	The button is currently selected or is the default button.

Dimmed button	The button is unavailable.

Ellipsis (...)	The button opens another dialog box so you can provide more information.

Chevron (>>)	The button expands the current dialog box to show you additional options.

Click  [image]  for an example of a chevron button.

To close a dialog box without completing any commands, choose Cancel.

Keyboard Procedure


example

The Color dialog box in Control Panel has a chevron button that expands the Color dialog box to show more options:


Using Drop-down List Boxes

Drop-down list boxes are typically used in dialog boxes that are too small or too crowded to contain open list boxes. A drop-down list box appears initially as a rectangular box with the current choice selected in the box. The arrow in a square box to the right opens a list of available choices when you select it. If there are more choices than can fit in the drop-down list box, scroll bars are provided.

To open a drop-down list box and select an item:

1	Click the arrow at the right of the box to open the drop-down list box.

2	Click the Up or Down scroll arrow, or drag the scroll box to move to the item you want.

3	Click the item.

Keyboard Procedure


Using List Boxes

A list box shows a group of available choices. If the choices won't fit in the list box, scroll bars are included so you can move up and down through the list.

In some list boxes, you can select more than one item.

To select a single item from a list box:

1	Click the scroll arrows until your choice appears in the list box.

2	Click the item you want to select.

Or double-click the item to choose it and complete the selected command.

To change your selection, simply select a different item.

If you can select more than one item in a list box, the selection process works like a toggle switch, turning the selection on or off. You can select as many items as you want and also cancel any selections.

To select more than one item in a list box:

Click each item you want to select.

Click the item again to cancel a selection.

Keyboard Procedure


Browsing Through the Directories List Box

In many dialog boxes, you can browse through the Directories list box to find the file you want to open, save, or add to a group.

To browse through the Directories list box:

1	Double-click the directory you want.

Double-clicking the two periods (..) shows the files and directories located one directory level closer to a disk's root directory. Double-clicking a directory name shows the files and subdirectories for that directory. Double-clicking a drive letter shows the files and directories for that disk drive.

2	Repeat step 1 until the Files list box shows the file you want to select.

Click  [image]  for an example.

Keyboard Procedure


Suppose you want to select MEMO116.WRI. In the above example, you can choose the two periods [..] to move closer to the root directory:

You can then choose the Memos directory:

In the Files list, you can now select MEMO116.WRI.


Selecting Option Buttons

Option buttons indicate mutually exclusive items. You can select only one option at a time. You can change an option by selecting a different button.

The selected option button contains a black dot. Unavailable options are dimmed.

To select an option button:

Click the option button.

Keyboard Procedure


Filling in Text Boxes

A text box is a rectangle into which you type information.

When you move to an empty text box, an insertion point often appears at the left side of the box. The text you type starts at the insertion point.

If the box already contains text when you move to it, all the text in the box is automatically selected and any text you type replaces it. Or you can erase the existing text by pressing DEL or BACKSPACE.

To select text in a text box:

Drag the pointer across the text you want to select.

Or double-click to select one word at a time.

Related Procedures	Keyboard Procedure


Procedures

Correcting Typing Mistakes

Entering Text

Selecting Text


Using Spin Boxes

A spin box shows one item in a range of possible choices. By clicking the up or down arrow to the right of the entry, you "spin" through the available choices until your choice appears.

To specify a setting in a spin box:

Click the up or down arrow until the setting you want comes into view.

Or type the setting you want.

Keyboard Procedure


Closing Dialog Boxes

When you choose a command button, the dialog box closes and the command takes effect.

To close a dialog box without completing a command:

Click Cancel.

Or double-click the Control-menu box.

For dialog boxes that do not have Cancel buttons, choose the Close command from the Control menu. For dialog boxes that do not have Cancel buttons or Control menus, choose the appropriate button in the dialog box.

Keyboard Procedure


Starting Applications

If an application belongs to a Program Manager group, the easiest way to start it is to choose the program icon from the group window. If you included a document with the program item, the document will appear in the application workspace.

To start an application from a group:

1	Open the Program Manager window (if it is not already open) and open the group window that contains the application's program item icon.

2	Double-click the icon.

Starting Applications with the Run Command

The Run command is a handy way to start applications that you run only occasionally or have not yet added to a group. You can also use it to open a document at the same time you start an application. Unless the program file is in your current path, you need to know the exact pathname of the program file (and document) before you can start the application.

To start an application with the Run command:

1	Choose Run from the File menu in Program Manager.

2	Type the pathname of the program file, including the extension if there is one.

Click  [image]  for an example.

You can open a document at the same time you start most applications by typing a space followed by the document pathname after the program name.

Click  [image]  for an example.

3	Select the Run Minimized check box if you want the application to shrink to an icon as soon as it starts.

4	Click OK.

Starting Applications Using the DOS Prompt

Occasionally you might want to run a non-Windows application, such as an MS-DOS utility program, from Windows. You can run it by choosing the DOS Prompt icon in Program Manager's Main group window. That way, you can type MS-DOS commands just as if you were not running Windows.

Starting Applications from File Manager

You can also start applications and associated documents from File Manager.

Related Topics	Keyboard Procedure


Concept

Start an Application or Command When Windows Starts

Option

Start-up Directory

Procedures

Adding Items to a Group

Changing Item Properties

Starting an Application

Opening a Document


example

If WordPerfect is stored in the directory C:\WP50, you would type c:\wp50\wp.exe in the text box.


example

To open a document called FACTS in the MAY subdirectory of C:\WP50, you would type c:\wp50\wp.exe  may\facts in the text box.


Using the DOS Prompt

Occasionally, you might want to start an application or use MS-DOS commands from the DOS Prompt. You start the DOS Prompt in Program Manager as you would start an application.

The DOS Prompt icon is located in Program Manager's Main group, so you can get to MS-DOS without leaving Windows.

CAUTION: CHKDSK /f and other MS-DOS commands that might modify file allocation tables do not run properly from inside Windows. (CHKDSK without the /f switch runs fine.) Other commands that you should avoid running from inside Windows include file undelete utilities, and disk compaction or optimization utilities such as Norton's SD.EXE. If you need to run such commands, exit Windows first.

To start the DOS Prompt:

Double-click the DOS Prompt icon in Program Manager's Main group window.

When the MS-DOS command prompt appears, you can enter MS-DOS commands and start non-Windows applications.

To exit the DOS Prompt:

Type exit at the MS-DOS prompt and then press ENTER.

You can also leave MS-DOS running and switch to a Windows Application using your keyboard.

Keyboard Procedure


hint

Press ALT+ENTER to switch a non-Windows application between running in a window and running full screen.


Switching Among Application Windows

Many times you'll have more than one application window open on your desktop. The window you are currently working in is called the active window. When you want to work with another application, you must select its window to make it active.

To switch among application windows:

Click anywhere in the inactive window you want to make active.

When you run several applications, some of their windows may not be visible. Whether their windows are visible or not, you can easily switch from one application to another by using Task List.

To use Task List in switching application windows:

1	Double-click anywhere on the desktop to display Task List.

Or choose Switch To from an application window's Control menu.

2	Double-click the name of the application in the Task List box.

Or select the name of the application and then choose Switch To.

When an application window appears as an icon, you can switch to the application and open the application window in one step with your mouse.

To switch to and open an application icon:

Double-click the icon.

Related Concept	Keyboard Procedure


active window

Describes the window you are currently working with. Windows always applies the next keystroke or command you choose to the active window.

If a window is active, it appears on top of all other windows on the desktop, which means it might overlap non-active windows, partially or completely obscuring them. You can move part of the active application window beyond the borders of the desktop, thereby forcing some of the window's contents outside your view, but the active window cannot be covered by any other window.

The title bar of the active window changes color or intensity to differentiate it from other windows.

Inactive is the opposite of active and describes windows that are not selected.


Arranging Application Windows and Icons

You can use the Cascade and Tile commands from Task List to rearrange application windows so all open applications are visible on your desktop. The Cascade command overlaps the windows so that each title bar is visible. The Tile command arranges the open windows in smaller sizes to fit on the desktop.

To arrange application windows on your desktop:

1	Double-click anywhere on the desktop to display Task List.

Or choose Switch To from the application's Control menu.

2	Choose Cascade or Tile.

If you have a number of applications running as icons, and they are scattered across your desktop, you can rearrange them evenly across the bottom of your screen with the Arrange Icons command.

To rearrange application icons:

1	Double-click on the desktop to open Task List.

Or choose Switch To from the application’s Control menu.

2	Choose Arrange Icons.

Keyboard Procedure


Receiving Messages from Inactive Windows

When an inactive application has a status or error message for you, a beep sounds and the application flashes its title bar or icon.

To receive a status or error message:

Select the application window or icon.

The message appears as soon as you select the window or icon.

Keyboard Procedure


Quitting Applications

To quit a Windows application:

Choose Exit from the application's File menu.

Or choose Close from the Control menu.

Or double-click the Control-menu box.

If you have changed a document since you last saved it, Windows will prompt you to save the file.

To quit a non-Windows application:

Choose the application's Exit command.

Or type exit and press ENTER if you are using the DOS Prompt.

When you exit a non-Windows application that is running full-screen, Windows usually returns you to the Windows desktop. However, you can change a setting in the program information file (PIF) if you want an inactive window to remain on your desktop after you exit.

Some applications display important information when exiting. The inactive window captures information from the application that was displayed as you exited.

Related Option	Keyboard Procedure


Switching Among Document Windows

With some applications, you can open more than one document at a time, each in its own window.

To switch among document windows in the application workspace:

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Click anywhere in the document window that y
Correcting Typing Mistakes

Do this	To

Press BACKSPACE	Erase the character (or selected text) to the left of the insertion point.

Press DEL	Erase the character (or selected text) to the right of the insertion point.

Type	Insert characters at the insertion point.


Selecting Text, Windows Basics
Selecting Text

You can make changes to blocks of text by selecting the text you want to change and then choosing one of the commands from the application's Edit menu.

To select text:

1	Point to the first character you want to select.

2	Drag the insertion point to the last character you want to select.

3	Release the mouse button.

If you want to cancel the selection, click again anywhere in the document.

In some applications you can double-click a single word to select it.

Keyboard Procedure


Editing Selected Text

You can edit selected text using the Edit menu in most applications.

Do this	To

Choose Cut	Delete the selected text and place it on the Clipboard.

Choose Copy	Place a copy of the selected text on the Clipboard.

Type the new text	Replace the selected text with new text.

Press DEL or BACKSPACE	Delete the selected text (without placing it on the Clipboard).

Choose Undo	Undo the previous editing operation.

Choose Paste	Insert text from the Clipboard into the active window.

Keyboard Procedure


Windows Keys
Topics


Windows Keys
Topics

Dialog Box Keys

Editing Keys

Help Keys

Menu Keys

Movement Keys

System Keys

Text Selection Keys

Window Keys


Dialog Box Keys

Use the following keys within dialog boxes:

Press	To

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TAB
Move from option to option (left to right and top to bottom).
SHIFT
+
TAB
Move from option to option in reverse order.
ALT
+letter
Move to the option or group whose underlined letter matches the one you type.
ARROW
keys
Move the selection cursor from option to option within a group of options.
Or move the cursor left, right, up, or down withi
Menu Keys

Use the following keys to select menus and choose commands:

Press	To

ALT or F10	Select the first menu on the menu bar.

Letter key	Choose the menu or menu item whose underlined letter matches the one you type.

LEFT or RIGHT ARROW	Move among menus.

UP or DOWN ARROW	Move among menu items.

ENTER	Choose the selected menu item.

ESC	Cancel the selected menu.


Movement Keys, Windows
Movement Keys

The following keys move the insertion point in text boxes and most other places where you can type text:

Press	To move the insertion point

UP ARROW	Up one line.

DOWN ARROW	Down one line.

RIGHT ARROW	Right one character.

LEFT ARROW	Left one character.


System Keys

You can use the following keys from any window, regardless of the application you are using:

Press	To

CTRL+ESC	Switch to Task List.

ALT+ESC	Switch to the next application window or minimized icon, including full-screen programs.

ALT+TAB	Switch to the next application window, restoring applications that are running as icons.

PRINT SCREEN	Copy an image of the screen contents onto the Clipboard.

ALT+PRINT SCREEN	Copy an image of the active window onto the Clipboard.

ALT+F4	Close the active application window.

CTRL+F4	Close the active document window.

F1	Get Help and display the Help Index for the application. (See Help Keys.)


Text Selection Keys, Windows
Text Selection Keys

You can use the following keys in Windows applications to select text in text boxes and most other places where you can type text:

Press	To select

SHIFT+LEFT or RIGHT ARROW	Text one character at a time to the left or right. Or, if the character is already selected, these keys cancel the selection.

SHIFT+DOWN or UP ARROW	One line of text up or down. Or, if the line is already selected, these keys cancel the selection.


Window Keys

Press	To

ALT+SPACEBAR	Open the Control menu for an application window.

ALT+HYPHEN	Open the Control menu for a document window.

ALT+F4	Close a window.

ALT+ESC	Switch to the next application window or minimized icon, including full-screen programs.

ALT+TAB	Switch to the next application window, restoring applications that are running as icons.

ALT+ENTER	Switch a non-Windows application between running in a window and running full screen.

ARROW keys	Move a window when you have chosen Move from the Control menu.

Or change the size of a window when you have chosen Size from the Control menu.


Windows Basics Keyboard Procedures
Working with Windows

Working with Menus

Working with Dialog Boxes

Working with Applications

Working with Documents and Files


Windows Basics Keyboard Procedures
Working with Windows

Selecting Windows or Icons

Moving Windows, Icons, or Dialog Boxes

Changing a Window's Size

Minimizing a Window

Maximizing a Window

Restoring a Window or Icon to Its Previous Size

Using Scroll Bars

Closing Active Windows

Working with Menus

Working with Dialog Boxes

Working with Applications

Working with Documents and Files


Windows Basics Keyboard Procedures
Working with Windows

Working with Menus

Selecting and Canceling Menus

Choosing Menu Commands

Opening the Control Menu

Working with Dialog Boxes

Working with Applications

Working with Documents and Files


Windows Basics Keyboard Procedures
Working with Windows

Working with Menus

Working with Dialog Boxes

Moving Within Dialog Boxes

Selecting and Clearing Check Boxes

Choosing Command Buttons

Using Drop-down List Boxes

Using List Boxes

Browsing Through the Directories List Box

Selecting Option Buttons

Filling inText Boxes

Using Spin Boxes

Closing Dialog Boxes

Working with Applications

Working with Documents and Files


Windows Basics Keyboard Procedures
Working with Windows

Working with Menus

Working with Dialog Boxes

Working with Applications

Starting Applications

Using the DOS Prompt

Switching Among Application Windows

Arranging Application Windows and Icons

Receiving Messages from Inactive Windows

Quitting Applications

Working with Documents and Files


Windows Basics Keyboard Procedures
Working with Windows

Working with Menus

Working with Dialog Boxes

Working with Applications

Working with Documents and Files

Switching Among Document Windows

Arranging Document Windows

Moving the Insertion Point

Entering Text

Correcting Typing Mistakes

Selecting Text

Editing Selected Text


Keyboard: Selecting Windows or Icons

In Windows, you first select a window or icon to indicate what you want to work on. Commands and actions affect the window or icon you selected. The window you're working on is the active window.

To select a window and make it active:

Press ALT+ESC to cycle through application windows until you reach the one you want.

Or press CTRL+F6 to cycle through document windows.

The window is brought to the front; its title bar is highlighted, and its scroll bars and other elements become visible.

To select an icon:

Press ALT+ESC to cycle through application icons until you reach the one you want.

Or press CTRL+F6 to cycle through document icons.

The icon becomes highlighted to show that it is selected.

Related Concepts	Mouse Procedure


Concepts

Icons

The Windows


Keyboard: Moving Windows, Icons, or Dialog Boxes

You can move application windows, document windows, icons, and any dialog box that has a title bar.

To move a window, icon, or dialog box:

1	Select the window, icon, or dialog box you want to move.

2	Open the Control menu.

To open the Control menu for an application window, press ALT and then the SPACEBAR.

To open the Control menu for a document window, press ALT and then the HYPHEN (-) key.

3	Press M.

4	Use the ARROW keys to move the window, icon, or dialog box.

An outline of the icon, window, or dialog box moves as you press the keys.

5	Press ENTER when the window, icon, or dialog box is positioned where you want it.

To cancel the move, press ESC anytime before you press ENTER.

Mouse Procedure


Keyboard: Changing a Window's Size

You might want to change the size and shape of the windows open on your desktop. For example, to compare the contents of two documents, you could reduce the size of both windows until they fit side by side on the screen.

The minimum size for all windows is about 2 inches by 1 inch. In addition, some application windows have size limitations. For example, the Windows Setup window has a fixed size.

To change the size of a window:

1	Select the window you want to resize.

2	Open the Control menu.

To open the Control menu for an application window, press ALT and then the SPACEBAR.

To open the Control menu for a document window, press ALT and then the HYPHEN (-) key.

3	Press S.

4	Use the ARROW keys to move the pointer to the border you want to move.

5	Use the ARROW keys to move the border.

If you want to change the size both horizontally and vertically, press two ARROW keys simultaneously to select a corner of the window. (UP ARROW+RIGHT ARROW, for example, selects the top-right corner of the window.)

Then press the RIGHT ARROW key to stretch the window to the right and the UP ARROW key to stretch the window toward the top of the desktop until the window is the size you want. An outline of the window border moves as you drag it. Press ENTER to complete the resizing.

6	Press ENTER when the window is the size you want.

To cancel the resizing, press ESC anytime before you press ENTER.

Mouse Procedure


Keyboard: Minimizing a Window

When you finish working with an application, but want it available for later use, you can reduce its window to an icon. When you shrink an application window to an icon with the Minimize button, the application is still running in memory, but its window does not take up space on your desktop. You can also minimize some document windows.

To minimize a window:

1	Select the window you want to minimize.

To minimize a document window that is maximized, you must first restore it to its previous size before you can minimize it.

2	Open the Control menu.

To open the Control menu for an application window, press ALT and then the SPACEBAR.

To open the Control menu for a document window, press ALT and then the HYPHEN (-) key.

3	Press N.

Related Concept	Mouse Procedure


Keyboard: Maximizing a Window

You can maximize, or enlarge, most application windows to fill a large portion of the desktop or even the entire desktop.

You can maximize document windows to fill an entire application window except the menu bar space. You cannot maximize a document window beyond the boundaries of its application window.

To maximize a window:

1	Select the window you want to maximize.

2	Open the Control menu.

To open the Control menu for an application window, press ALT and then the SPACEBAR.

To open the Control menu for a document window, press ALT and then the HYPHEN (-) key.

3	Press X.

The window enlarges, and the Maximize button is replaced by the Restore button.

When you enlarge a document window, it covers all other document windows and icons, and its name appears after the application’s name on the title bar.

Related Concept	Mouse Procedure


Keyboard: Restoring a Window or Icon to Its Previous Size

Restoring a window or an icon returns it to the size and position it occupied before you changed it.

To restore a maximized window to its previous size:

1	Open the window’s Control menu.

To open the Control menu for an application window, press ALT and then the SPACEBAR.

To open the Control menu for a document window, press ALT and then the HYPHEN (-) key.

2	Press R.

To restore an icon to a window:

1	Press ALT+ESC to select an application icon.

Or press CTRL+F6 to select a document icon.

2	Open the Control menu.

To open the Control menu for an application window, press ALT and then the SPACEBAR.

To open the Control menu for a document window, press ALT and then the HYPHEN (-) key.

3	Press R.

Related Concept	Mouse Procedure


Keyboard: Using Scroll Bars

Some windows and dialog boxes have scroll bars you can use to view text that requires more than the available space.

To scroll	Press

Up or down one line	Press the ARROW key that points in the direction you want to scroll.

Up or down one window	PAGE UP or PAGE DOWN.

Left or right one window	CTRL+PAGE UP or CTRL+PAGE DOWN.

To the top of the window	HOME (for a list box).

CTRL+HOME (for a document).

To the end of the window	END (for a list box).

CTRL+END (for a document).

Related Concept	Mouse Procedure


Keyboard: Closing Active Windows

When you finish working with an application window, document window, or dialog box, you can close it.

To close the active window:

Press ALT+F4.

If you have made changes to a document since last saving it, Windows prompts you to save the document before closing the window.

Mouse Procedure


Keyboard: Selecting and Canceling Menus

Windows commands are listed on menus. Each application has its own menus, with a Control menu common to all applications. Other menus are represented by names in the menu bar at the top of each application window.

In Windows, you select a menu, and then choose a command from that menu. Choosing a command carries out an action.

To select a menu:

1	Press ALT (or F10) to select the menu bar.

2	Press the underlined letter in the menu name.

Or press the LEFT ARROW or the RIGHT ARROW key to select the menu you want. Then press ENTER.

You can also select the Control menu of an application or document with the ARROW keys.

To cancel a menu:

Press ALT (or F10) to cancel the menu and move back to the application workspace.

Or press ESC to cancel the menu but remain on the menu bar so that you can select another menu.

Related Concept	Mouse Procedure


Keyboard: Choosing Menu Commands

The items listed on menus are most often commands. But they can also be characteristics you assign to graphics or text (such as bold or centered), a list of open windows or files, or the names of cascading menus (menus that contain other menus). You use the same procedure, regardless of which items you choose.

To choose an item from a selected menu:

Press the underlined letter in the item name.

Or use the UP ARROW and DOWN ARROW keys to select the item you want. Then press ENTER.

Windows applications follow these conventions when listing items on a menu:

Menu convention	What it means

Dimmed item	The command is not available. You might have to select something before you can use the command, or you might not be able to use the command with your application.

Ellipsis (...)	A dialog box appears when you choose the command, requesting information the application needs before carrying out the command.

Check mark	The command is active. This convention is used for commands that can be turned on or off.

Key combination	The key combination (such as SHIFT+F4) is a shortcut for this command. Use this key combination to choose the menu command without first opening the menu.

Triangle ( [image])	The command leads to a cascading menu, which lists additional commands that are available.

Click  [image]  to see an example of each convention.

Mouse Procedure


Keyboard: Opening the Control Menu

Application windows, document windows, application icons, group icons, and some dialog boxes have Control menus.

The procedure you use to open the Control menu varies slightly, depending on what you are working in.

To open the Control menu for an application window or application icon:

1	Press ALT+ESC until the application window or icon is selected.

2	Press ALT and then the SPACEBAR.

Press ALT to close the menu without choosing a menu item.

To open the Control menu for a non-Windows application running in 386 enhanced mode:

Press ALT+SPACEBAR.

Press ALT to close the menu without choosing a menu item.

Control menus for non-Windows applications that are running in 386 enhanced mode are available from the windows of windowed applications and from the icons of full-screen applications.

Note that the Control menu for a non-Windows application that you are running in 386 enhanced mode includes a cascading menu for the Edit command. You open the cascading menu by typing E.

To open the Control menu for a document window or document icon:

1	Press CTRL+F6 (or CTRL+TAB) until the document window or icon you want is selected.

2	Press ALT and then HYPHEN (-).

Press ALT to close the menu without choosing a menu item.

To open the Control menu for a dialog box:

Press ALT and then the SPACEBAR.

Press ALT to close the menu without choosing a menu item.

To open the Control menu for a non-Windows application running in standard or real mode:

1	Press ALT+ESC to switch from the running application back to Windows.

Non-Windows applications running in standard mode or real mode do not run in application windows, but occupy the entire screen. You can open their Control menus only by switching back to Windows, thereby reducing the non-Windows application to an icon. The Control menu is available from the application icon.

2	Press ALT and then the SPACEBAR.

Press ALT to close the menu without choosing a menu item.

Mouse Procedure


hint

To find out which mode Windows is running in, open Program Manager and choose the About Program Manager command from the Help menu.


Keyboard: Moving Within Dialog Boxes

Often you need to move around within a dialog box to make several selections. The current option is marked by a selection cursor around the name of the option.

To move within a dialog box:

1	Press TAB to move forward (left to right and top to bottom) or SHIFT+TAB to move in the opposite direction.

Or hold down ALT and press the underlined letter in the option name or group name.

2	Within a group of options, use the ARROW keys to move from one option to another.

{bmc plusbut.bmp}	Related Topics	Mouse Procedure


Concept

Dialog Boxes

Procedure

Moving Windows, Icons, or Dialog Boxes


Keyboard: Selecting and Clearing Check Boxes

Check boxes indicate options you can switch on and off. You can select as many or as few check-box options as you want. When a check box is selected, it contains an X. When it is cleared, the box is empty. Names of options that are temporarily unavailable are dimmed.

To select check-box options:

1	Press TAB to move to the empty check box you want to select.

2	Press the SPACEBAR to enter an X.

Or, if the box has an underlined letter, hold down ALT and press the underlined letter for each check box you want to select.

To clear check-box options:

1	Press TAB to move to the check box you want to clear.

2	Press the SPACEBAR to clear the X.

Or, if the box has an underlined letter, hold down ALT and press the underlined letter for each check box you want to clear.

Mouse Procedure


Keyboard: Choosing Command Buttons

Command buttons initiate an immediate action. One command button in each dialog box carries out the command you choose, using the information supplied in the dialog box. With other command buttons, you can cancel the command or choose from additional options.

To choose a command button:

1	Press TAB to select the command button you want.

A selection cursor around the button text marks the selected button.

2	Press the SPACEBAR (or ENTER) to choose the button.

Or hold down ALT and press the underlined letter in the button name (if the button has an underlined letter) to choose the button in one step.

Like menu commands, command buttons use the following conventions:

This convention	Means

Dark border	The button is currently selected or is the default button.

Dimmed button	The button is unavailable.

Ellipsis (...)	The button opens another dialog box so you can provide more information.

Chevron (>>)	The button expands the current dialog box to show you additional options.

Click  [image]  for an example of a chevron button.

You can close a dialog box without completing any commands by choosing ESC.

Mouse Procedure


example

The Color dialog box in Control Panel has a chevron button that expands the Color dialog box to show more options:


Keyboard: Using Drop-down List Boxes

Drop-down list boxes are typically used in dialog boxes that are too small or too crowded to contain open list boxes. A drop-down list box appears initially as a rectangular box with the current choice selected in the box. The arrow in a square box to the right opens into a list of available choices when you select it. If there are more choices than can fit in the drop-down list box, scroll bars are provided.

To open a drop-down list box and select an item:

1	Press ALT+DOWN ARROW to open the drop-down list box.

2	Use the UP ARROW or DOWN ARROW key to select the item you want.

3	Press ALT+UP ARROW or ALT+DOWN ARROW.

Mouse Procedure


Keyboard: Using List Boxes

A list box shows a group of available choices. If the choices won't fit in the list box, scroll bars are included so you can move up and down through the list.

In some list boxes, you can select more than one item.

To select a single item from a list box:

1	Use the ARROW keys to scroll to the item you want.

Or press the first letter of the item you want.

The highlight moves to the first item that starts with that letter.

2	Press ENTER to choose the item and complete the selected command.

To change your selection, simply select a different item before choosing the command button.

If you can select more than one item in a list box, the selection process works like a toggle switch, turning the selection on or off. You can select as many items as you want and also cancel any selections.

To select more than one item in a list box:

1	Use the ARROW keys to move the highlight to the first item you want.

2	Press the SPACEBAR to select the item.

Press the SPACEBAR again to cancel the selection.

3	Repeat steps 1 and 2 until all the items you want are selected.

Mouse Procedure


Keyboard: Browsing Through the Directories List Box

In many dialog boxes, you can browse through the Directories list box to find the file you want to open, save, or add to a group.

To browse through the Directories list box:

1	Press ALT+D.

2	Use the UP ARROW or DOWN ARROW key to select the directory you want and press ENTER.

Choosing the two periods (..) shows the files and directories located one directory level closer to a disk's root directory. Choosing a directory name shows the files and directories for a subdirectory. Choosing a drive letter shows the files and directories for a different disk drive.

Note that you cannot browse through the Directories list box in some Save As dialog boxes.

3	Repeat step 2 until the Files list box shows the file you want to select.

Click  [image]  for an example.

Mouse Procedure


Keyboard: Selecting Option Buttons

Option buttons indicate mutually exclusive items. You can select only one option at a time. You can change a selection by selecting a different button.

The selected option button contains a black dot. Unavailable options are dimmed.

To select an option button:

1	Press TAB to move into the option group.

2	Use the ARROW keys to select the option button.

Or hold down ALT and press the underlined letter if the option name contains an underlined letter.

Mouse Procedure


Keyboard: Filling in Text Boxes

A text box is a rectangle into which you type information.

When you move to an empty text box, an insertion point appears at the left side of the box. The text you type starts at the insertion point.

If the box already contains text when you move to it, all the text in the box is automatically selected and any text you type replaces it. Or you can erase the existing text by pressing DEL or BACKSPACE.

To select text in a text box:

1	Use the ARROW keys to move to the first character you want to select.

2	Hold down SHIFT and press an arrow key to extend the selection.

Press SHIFT+HOME to extend the selection to the first character in the box. Press SHIFT+END to extend the selection to the last character in the box.

Mouse Procedure


Using Spin Boxes
Keyboard: Using Spin Boxes

To specify a setting in a spin box:

Type the setting you want.

Mouse Procedure


Keyboard: Closing Dialog Boxes

When you choose a command button, the dialog box closes and the command takes effect.

To close a dialog box without completing a command:

Press ESC.

Or press ALT+F4 to choose Close from the Control menu.

Or choose the appropriate command button if the dialog box does not have a Cancel button or a Control menu.

Mouse Procedure


Keyboard: Starting Applications

If an application belongs to a Program Manager group, the easiest way to start it is to choose the program icon from the group window. If you included a document with the program item, the document will appear in the application workspace.

To start an application from a group:

1	Press ALT+ESC until you select the Program Manager window or icon.

2	If Program Manager is an icon, press ALT and then the SPACEBAR to open the Control menu. Then press R to restore the Program Manager icon to a window.

3	Press CTRL+F6 until you select the group that contains the application and then press ENTER to open the group window.

4	Use the ARROW keys to select the icon of the application you want to start.

5	Press ENTER.

Starting Applications with the Run Command

The Run command is a handy way to start applications that you want to run only occasionally or have not yet added to a group. You can also open a document at the same time you start the application. Unless the program file is in your current path, you need to know the exact pathname of the program file (and document) before you can start the application.

To start an application with the Run command:

1	Press ALT and then F.

2	Press R.

3	Type the pathname of the program file, including the extension if there is one.

Click  [image]  for an example.

You can open a document at the same time you start most applications by typing a space and the document pathname after the program name.

Click  [image]  for an example.

4	Press TAB and then the SPACEBAR to select the Run Minimized check box if you want the application to shrink to an icon as soon as it starts.

5	Press ENTER.

Starting Applications Using the DOS Prompt

Occasionally you might want to run a non-Windows application, such as an MS-DOS utility program, from Windows. You can do so in the same way you run Windows applications. You can run it by choosing the DOS Prompt icon in the Program Manager's Main group window. That way, you can type MS-DOS commands just as if you were not running Windows.

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Starting Applicati
To switch among application windows:

Press ALT+ESC until the window you want is active.

When you run several applications, some of their windows may not be visible. Whether their windows are visible or not, you can easily switch from one application to another by using Task List.

To use Task List to switch to an application window:

1	Press CTRL+ESC to display Task List.

Or press ALT and then the SPACEBAR from an application. Then press W.

2	Press UP ARROW or DOWN ARROW key to select the application you want. Then press ENTER.

To switch to and open an application icon:

1	Press ALT+ESC until the icon you want is selected.

2	Press ALT and then the SPACEBAR to open the Control menu for the application icon.

3	Press ENTER to choose the Restore command from the Control menu.

Related Concept	Mouse Procedure


Keyboard: Arranging Application Windows and Icons

You can use the Cascade and Tile commands from Task List to rearrange application windows so all open applications are visible on your desktop. The Cascade command overlaps the windows so that each title bar is visible. The Tile command arranges the open windows in smaller sizes to fit on the desktop.

To arrange application windows on your desktop:

1	Press CTRL+ESC.

Or press ALT and then the SPACEBAR from an application. Then press W.

2	Press ALT+C to cascade the windows.

Or press ALT+T to tile the windows.

If you have a number of applications running as icons and they are scattered across your desktop, you can rearrange them evenly across the bottom of your screen with the Arrange Icons command.

To rearrange application icons:

1	Press CTRL+ESC.

Or press ALT and then the SPACEBAR from an application. Then press W.

2	Press ALT+A.

Mouse Procedure


Keyboard: Receiving Messages from Inactive Windows

When an inactive application has a status or error message for you, a beep sounds and the application flashes its title bar or icon.

To receive a status or error message:

Select the application window or icon.

The message appears as soon as you select the window or icon.

Mouse Procedure


Keyboard: Quitting Applications

To quit a Windows application:

Press ALT and then F from the application. Then press X.

Or press ALT and then the SPACEBAR from the the application. Then press C.

If you have changed a document since you last saved it, Windows will prompt you to save the file.

To quit a non-Windows application:

Choose the application's Exit command.

Or type exit if you are using the DOS Prompt.

When you exit a non-Windows application that is running full-screen, Windows usually returns you to the Windows desktop. However, you can change a setting in the program information file (PIF) if you want an inactive window to remain on your desktop after you exit.

Some applications display important information when exiting. The inactive window captures information from the application that was displayed as you exited.

Related Option	Mouse Procedure


Keyboard: Switching Among Document Windows

With some applications, you can open more than one document at a time, each in its own window.

To switch among document windows in the application workspace:

Press CTRL+F6 until the document you want is selected.

Or press ALT and then the HYPHEN (-) key. Then press T to select the next document.

Or press ALT and then W. Then press the number representing the name of the document window you want to switch to.

Related Concept	Mouse Procedure


Keyboard: Arranging Document Windows

In some applications, you can use the Cascade and Tile commands to rearrange document windows so that all of them are visible within the application workspace.

The Cascade command causes the windows to overlap so that each title bar is visible. The Tile command arranges the open windows in smaller sizes to fit within the application workspace.

To arrange document windows:

Choose Cascade (SHIFT+F5) or Tile (SHIFT+F4).

Mouse Procedure


Keyboard: Moving the Insertion Point

To move the insertion point:

Use the following keys:

Press	To move the insertion point

UP ARROW	Up one line.

DOWN ARROW	Down one line.

RIGHT ARROW	Right one character.

LEFT ARROW	Left one character.

Mouse Procedure


Keyboard: Entering Text

To enter text in a new document:

Just start typing.

Or press ENTER or the SPACEBAR if you want to move the insertion point to a different place on the page. Pressing ENTER moves the insertion point one space to the next line. Pressing the SPACEBAR moves the insertion point to the right.

To enter text in an existing document:

Move the insertion point where you want text to appear, and start typing.

Note that you can move the insertion point only to a place in the document where it's been before.

Click  [image]  for an example.

Related Keys	Mouse Procedure


Keyboard: Correcting Typing Mistakes

Do this	To

Press BACKSPACE	Erase the character (or selected text) to the left of the insertion point.

Press DEL	Erase the character (or selected text) to the right of the insertion point.

Type	Insert characters at the insertion point.


Keyboard: Selecting Text

You can make changes to blocks of text by selecting the text you want to change and then choosing one of the commands from the application's Edit menu.

To select text:

1	Move the insertion point to the immediate left of the first character you want to select.

2	Press SHIFT+LEFT ARROW or SHIFT+RIGHT ARROW to select one character at a time.

Or press SHIFT+DOWN ARROW or SHIFT+UP ARROW to select a line at a time.

To cancel the selection, press an arrow key.

Related Keys	Mouse Procedure


Keyboard: Editing Selected Text

You can edit selected text using the Edit menu in most applications.

Do this	To

Press SHIFT+DEL	Delete the selected text and place it on the Clipboard.

Press CTRL+INS	Place a copy of the selected text on the Clipboard.

Type the new text	Replace the selected text with new text.

Press DEL or BACKSPACE	Delete the selected text (without placing it on the Clipboard).

Press ALT+BACKSPACE	Undo the previous editing operation.

Press SHIFT+INS	Insert text from the Clipboard to the active window.

Mouse Procedure


Welcome to the Windows Tour


The Windows Desktop


Starting Applications


Parts of a Window


Moving a Window


Resizing a Window


Enlarging or Shrinking a Window


Restoring a Window


Using Scroll Bars


Selecting Menus


Choosing Commands


Filling in Dialog Boxes


Making a Window Active


Switching Between Applications


Closing a Window


The Windows System Applications


Exiting Windows


Ending the Windows Tour


	File Manager helps you organize and manage all the files and directories stored on your disks. You can also start applications and load documents from File Manager.


	With Control Panel, you can change colors and fonts, set up printers and modems, connect to and disconnect from networks, change the appearance of your desktop, set up sound effects, change display modes, and control MIDI file playback.


	Print Manager keeps track of all print requests you send to your printer from Windows and non-Windows applications to your printer.


	The Clipboard acts as temporary storage for information you want to move or copy from one document to another.


	With DOS Prompt, you can type MS-DOS commands just as you would if you were not running Windows.


	With Setup, you can add hardware and software to your Windows environment and modify information about some current settings.


	README.TXT is a text file containing documentation written after HyperGuide was produced and information reserved for advanced users. You can use Notepad to read README.TXT.


	HyperGuide is your online documentation for learning how to use Windows. HyperGuide provides a comprehensive description of Windows, including explanations and procedures for first-time users.