Contents

  1.0  Campaign Overview

  2.0  Battle Overview

  3.0  Map Notes

  4.0  Notes On Forces

  5.0  Napoléonic Armies in Russia - 1812

  6.0  Historical Notes on the Game Formations

  7.0  Chronological Order

  8.0  Weapon Descriptions

  9.0  References

10.0  Parameter Data

11.0  Order of Battle


Campaign Overview
1.0  Campaign Overview

Borodino: Historical Background

by David C. Hamilton-Williams  ©1997

"Soldiers! The second Polish War has begun. The first was brought to an end at Friedland and at Tilsit… Let us then go forward! We will cross the Niemen and carry war into her territory. The second Polish War will be as glorious for French Arms as the first. But the peace which we shall make will guarantee and will put forward an end to the baleful influence which Russia has exercised for fifty years on the affairs of Europe."

Napoléon's Bulletin to La Grande Armée, Wednesday, 24th June 1812

In 1812, Napoléon had reached the zenith of his power. He had ruled France absolutely for twelve years. He dominated Europe, and his Empire encompassed France, The Netherlands (created the Kingdom of Holland for his brother Louis), Belgium, and parts of Italy and Yugoslavia, these being considered departments of France proper. He had sovereignty over the Kingdom of Italy, and Naples, the artificial German Kingdom of Westphalia (created for his brother Jérôme), the Kingdom of Spain (given to his brother Joseph), parts of Portugal and, as Mediator of the Swiss Confederation, a supply of troops from and right of passage through the Confederation. He controlled his 'vassal' Kingdoms of Saxony, Bavaria, Württemberg and the 'Grand Duchy' of Warsaw - the rump of Poland taken from Prussia and Austria. He had stripped the Austrian Emperor, Francis II, of his title of 'Holy Roman Emperor', thereby reducing title and numeral to Francis I of Austria. The hotchpotch of German micro-states of the old Holy Roman Empire, which were neither holy nor Roman, were converted to a manageable land area known as the Confederation of the Rhine, under Napoléon's direct control. His allies consisted of the dual Kingdom of Denmark-Norway, the Kingdom of Prussia, and the Empires of Russia and Austria, the latter having the double distinction of having fought France the longest, and being allied to Napoléon directly, he having married Francis I's daughter Marie-Louise in 1810.

Now Napoléon was poised to go to war with his fellow ally (since 1807) and Emperor, Tsar Alexander of all the Russias. What had started as a power-sharing alliance had now turned to war. In the first instance, the Tsar and his nobles had tired of playing second fiddle as the junior partner to Napoléon, and with his 'Cold War' with Britain.

To offset Napoléon's huge domination of Europe, Britain, with its huge navy and wealth, tried economic and punitive sanctions against any neutral country trading with Napoléon. In effect, anyone wishing to trade with Napoleonic Europe had first to obtain a license and pay a duty tax to Britain before landing any goods in a continental port - or face being confiscated or sunk at sea. Napoléon retaliated by closing his ports and those of Europe to Britain. In effect, he would invade and annex any country that traded with Britain. Due to these two conflicting and selfish policies, Napoléon, on his part, had invaded Spain, Portugal and the Papal States of Italy, Naples, Dalmatia and Pomerania. Britain too, in its maritime arrogance, had attached neutral Denmark and in 1807, had bombarded its capital and 'confiscated' or stolen its fleet and ship stores and armaments. It was said to avoid them falling in Napoléon's hands. Further, its high-handed treatment of the shipping and forced impressment of United States seamen had provoked that country to declare war on Britain.

For the rest of Europe dominated by France, they too, like Russia, were fed up with a preferential custom tariff that favored France, and the loss of the mass-produced British goods and foreign imports. Russia suffered greatly from the terms of the Tilsit treaty of 1807, as its main foreign income was derived from Britain for pine tar, spars and hemp for her huge navy and merchant marine. However, Russia had stomached this loss until 1809-1810 when relationships between Alexander and Napoléon came to a head. In 1809, Napoléon had defeated Austria, albeit with little help from Russia, but aid and consent he had received. Alexander expected certain returns on his investment, including carte blanche in the Balkans and Austria's Polish territory. Instead Napoléon considered that Russia had already received fair payment by allowing Russia to annex Finland and parts of Bessarabia, and instead of giving Alexander Austria's portion of Poland, he added it to the Grand Duchy of Warsaw. Alexander saw this as an ominous portent of the revival of the ancient Polish-Lithuanian kingdom that had menaced Russia for centuries. Poland was the only feasible invasion route to Russia from the west, and now the Grand Duchy as a Napoleonic puppet state had enlarged the entrance.

Thus, the two great powers of Eastern and Western Europe were now on a collision course dictated by national policies. Napoléon had tried to cement a firm alliance with Alexander by offering to marry one of his sisters. Not only did Alexander snub Napoléon by wishing time to consider this request, but inadvisably made remarks about Napoléon's lack of suitable lineage. The offshoot of this exchange was that Napoléon married the daughter of the Austrian Emperor. Alexander took this rejection as a calculated insult, which was compounded in early 1811 by Napoléon's dispossessing the Duke of Oldenburg - Alexander's brother-in-law from his German principality - contrary to the treaty of Tilsit. Alexander formally informed Napoléon that he no longer felt bound by the broken treaty and opened his ports to British ships. 1811 saw both sides mobilizing for war.

Both protagonists used diplomatic and military espionage to gather information on the other's war preparations, and in this sphere Napoléon had the advantage. Although it was usual for diplomats to be required to use whatever means they could to obtain information, Napoléon had established professional covert agents since 1800. Firstly, by using Fouché's Haute Police, then by assigning select agents from Military Intelligence based at Place Vendome No. 7, nominally headquarters of the Paris Garrison under General Hulin, but in reality, Imperial Military Intelligence under the Adjutant-General Colonel Doucet. Doucet's Russian opposite, Minister of Police Balashov, had obtained vital information from his agent, Colonel Alexander Ivanovitch Tchernishev, the military attaché at the Paris Embassy. Tchernishev had bribed a clerk called Michel in the French War Ministry to obtain a copy of 'The Summary of the Situation' - Napoléon's weekly listing of the movement orders of all the Imperial troops. From these movement orders, Alexander had no doubt that Napoléon intended to invade Russia. Colonel Doucet traced the leak to Michel, who was tried and guillotined for treason on May 1, 1812. Napoléon excited the French people with this showy trial, which appeared to evidence a nefarious Russian conspiracy, since the abuse of trust by the Russian diplomat as a spy was only permissible in wartime. Napoléon was using this incident to telegraph to Europe that Russia was clearly planning hostilities against France.

Although Napoléon was using this incident to make capital and to justify his war provisions, the truth was that Alexander had indeed been making war preparations against him. Napoléon's spies, headed by Schulmeister, had infiltrated the Prussian High Command, and he was well aware that since January 1811, Gerhard von Scharnhorst had, on King Frederick William's instructions, had secret meetings with the Russian Minister of War, Barclay de Tolly, and Alexander himself. At the Imperial Village of Tsarskoye Syelo, outside St. Petersburg, Scharnhorst had convinced the Tsar and his minister that with Russian help in the form of a separate Russian corps at Prussia's disposal, Prussia would aid him and declare war on Napoléon. In effect, whilst Napoléon advanced into Poland to confront the Russians, Prussia would secure its key fortresses, at present in French hands, with Russian aid and then raise a force through its hidden Krumper system, of 80-100,000 Prussians to harass Napoléon's rear and cut his supply lines. The Tsar readily agreed, as this tied in with his own strategic plans. These, based on Napoléon's documents of Imperial troops available and the advice of his German theorist, General Karl von Phull, were in essence to defend an entrenched position at Drissa, 160 miles over the Polish border. The idea was modeled on Phull's idol, Frederick the Great's camp at Bunzelwitz in the Seven Year's War. This appealed to the Russian military mind, as it was in accord with Peter the Great's standing orders when fighting a European foe, as used by that Tsar at Poltava in 1709: "Entrench yourself well, and rely on the weight of the artillery to break the enemy. Then and only then, advance and hold them. A separate Russian flanking force should then assault the enemy's rear and cut off its retreat."

The Tsar considered Phull's plan to be superb, combined with the Prussian insurrection. Thus it was decided that Barclay de Tolly would defend Drissa with the first main army, whilst Prince Bagration would use his second army in the south to effect the rear assault. In the north, General Wittgenstein had a third army should Napoléon decide to go for Russia's throat, its capital, St. Petersburg. The capital, unlike Moscow which had become the spiritual center of the Empire, not only contained Russia's storehouses, palaces and all the nobility's expensive brick and stone dwellings, but it was its principal outlet to the west; the Baltic trade, especially with England, and the Russian fleet. In this event, Barclay's and Bagration's armies would have to cut Napoléon's rear. The Tsar could spare but six divisions for Scharnhorst and the Prussian rising. These were accepted. On news of this meeting and Russia's plans, Napoléon moved Marshal Davout's men from Magdeburg toward Prussia. One division seized Swedish Pomerania's fortresses. Next, news came that 16,000 men under General Gulden were en route for Berlin. Spandau, the capital's massive fortress, was seized by a French ruse by some artillery officers, aided by a few companies of infantrymen suddenly admitted.

Napoléon had outwitted the Prussian King and in an open treaty invited him to join in his invasion of Russia with half his army. The weak king capitulated and fawned over Napoléon. Many Prussians such as Blücher and Clausewitz either resigned the army or joined Tsar Alexander's army. Napoléon, knowing Alexander's plan, now drew contingents from all his allied and vassal states. At the crossing into Russia, Napoléon commanded in excess of 600,000 men. His intelligence had informed him that Barclay intended sitting at Drissa with 125,000 men with Bagration's army of 48,000 men, now fronted by the Austrian auxiliary corps of 33,000 men. Napoléon placed Marshal MacDonald at Königsberg as a threat to both Wittgenstein and St. Petersburg. The Tsar, on hearing this, arranged for the Russian Navy to rest up in British waters to avoid any capture.

On June 24th, 1812, Napoléon crossed the Niemen River into Russia. His plan was simple: his spies had informed him that the Russian camp at Drissa was badly sited and near stagnant water.

French officers from Portugal, looking at the maps, declared that it had no natural topographical defenses such as used by Wellington at Torres Vedras - in short, the position could be encircled and cut off as the Austrians' had been at Ulm in 1805. Meanwhile, Barclay was falling back toward Drissa as arranged. Napoléon, however, always his own master, sent Marshals Murat, Ney and Oudinot to fix and encircle Barclay. At the same time, Prince Jérôme, with Reynier's corps and Latour-Maubourg's cavalry, would drive Bagration south and away from Drissa. At the same time, Marshal Davout and General Grouchy drove through the center to face Bagration if he headed toward Drissa; and if evaded, to take command of Jérôme's force and turn to encircle Barclay. In case this could not be effected, Napoléon sent a second force of St. Cyr, Eugène and the Imperial Guard between the two forces to join in the pincer that would entrap Alexander and Barclay de Tolly.

History now took a momentous turn. In the east, on his own initiative, Marshal Kutuzov had ended the Russian war with Turkey. And although the Tsar disliked him, this could not have happened at a more timely moment. Having reached the Drissa camp, the Tsar realized, as did his vocal generals, that it was a death trap. Barclay de Tolly was dismissed as Commander-in-Chief (and scapegoat), and Kutuzov appointed. Now the Russians moved as fast as they could to avoid Napoléon's clever trap. Day after day, rear-guard actions were fought with Russian desperation to stave off the desperate trap that Napoléon was eager to spring. At last, against Barclay de Tolly's wishes, the Russians concentrated at Smolensk. Bagration had forced his hand by a near mutiny in Barclay's army, and his own staff intrigued against him, calling him a 'German' and 'traitor' . Smolensk was a hard-fought battle that gained neither side a decisive victory. The tenacious Russians fought in the rubble and from building to building. The French lost some 15,000 men whilst the Russians 14-20,000 by their stubborn resistance. Meanwhile, the bulk of the Russian army retreated toward Borodino and the entrenchment's that Kutuzov, the new commander, had ordered. Napoléon was now in a huge predicament. Having never intended to march deeply into Russia, and obtaining this huge multi-national force for a quick, crushing victory which had been thwarted by his enemy, he was in no position to dictate a quick peace and disband his victorious troops.

Common sense now dictated that he either fall back ignominiously, perhaps precipitating a Prussian/Austrian/Russian and British alliance, or sit it out until spring in Smolensk with safer lines of communication. The latter did not appeal to him because he knew that the Russians were dispirited and worn out. By the spring, they could outnumber him and encircle his position. For better or worse, he would go on to Moscow. Although he had given out that this was his object, it was only a ruse to ensure the Russians stood at Drissa. Napoléon now rued that he had not advanced on St. Petersburg with a shorter line of communication and worthwhile target. On August 19, at Valutino, two miles east of Smolensk, he made up mind: his advance guard under Ney attacked the retreating Russians. Napoléon, having viewed it, rode back to Smolensk confident that the Russian rearguard was retreating. However, no sooner had Ney attacked than he was bloodily repulsed. The Russians had placed three position batteries, screened by infantry. These batteries were twice the size of European ones: 12 to 14 guns - 8 large caliber cannon, with 4-6 licornes, long-barreled howitzers that threw shell and canister a very long way. Bagration's rear guard cut bloodied swaths through the French and counterattacked with the support infantry. By the end of the day, the batteries withdrew, having bloodied Ney, held up his entire corps eight hours and causing losses out of proportion to the size of the rear guard.

Napoléon, on hearing this amongst the rubble of Smolensk, determined to advance and destroy the bear even in Moscow if necessary. Then, dictating a humiliating peace, he would winter there and return to Paris. Meanwhile, at Moscow, Kutuzov had arranged a fortified position at Borodino - against his will - and raised all the troops that time would allow. Kutuzov believed that as the capital of St. Petersburg was not at risk, they should evacuate Moscow and lead Napoléon deeper into Russia, attack his flanks, destroy his supply line, and let desertion, hunger, cold and insurrection at home cause him to retreat, thus saving Russian lives; then harry him all the way back to Poland. Alexander, however, believed that his army, modernized and well-equipped, could do at Borodino that which had eluded them at Drissa. The venue was appointed for the greatest battle the world had yet seen.


Battle Overview
2.0  Battle Overview

Borodino - September 7th, 1812

by David C. Hamilton-Williams  ©1997

After making his decision to advance and engage the Russian army after Smolensk, Napoléon, with his now-concentrated force of 133,000 men and 587 guns, arrived at Shevardino, a huge Russian redoubt three miles southwest of Borodino, a small village on the banks of the Kolocha river, 72 miles west of Moscow.

The French advance guard had captured this redoubt on the 5th September, when to their surprise, a tremendous cannonade announced the presence of the combined Russian army, 120,860 men and 640 cannon. The 6th saw the French army streaming along the post road from Smolensk while Napoléon reconnoitered the Russian dispositions. At this juncture, Kutuzov had disposed his army with Borodino in his front and center. Over half his army faced northward along the south bank of the Kolocha river; his left wing, facing west, ran from the Raevskii (Great) Redoubt to the south of Borodino. This 'Great' Redoubt held one and a half position batteries - eighteen heavy guns with a half-battery of eight licornes in reserve. The line continued south through the village of Semenovskoe, past three large open-ended redoubts called flèches (each housing a position battery), then south to the village of Utitza and its large knoll on the New Smolensk (the Old Post) Road, and on to the thick woodland. Barclay de Tolly had suggested that the right wing need only be lightly held by a few jager divisions, and to hold a large reserve behind the center. But the unjustly disgraced ex-war minister, denigrated for the Drissa camp fiasco - which had been the Tsar's idea - was now ignored, to Russia's detriment.

Napoléon, observing these dispositions, remarked to Marshal Davout that Kutuzov expected him to attempt to turn the Russian right flank, but this was ruled out by the exceptionally steep banks of the Kolocha. Obviously, Napoléon observed, his adversary "…had planned his positions on paper without examining the ground". During this academic discussion, Davout ventured his own views that Napoléon should take advantage of this situation and plan a wide sweep around the south and Utitza, thereby cutting the Russian escape road to Moscow and trapping them against the steeply banked stream. The Kolocha might not stop them, but would cause them to become disorganized and perhaps rout.

Napoléon decided against this sound advice and announced that the army would carry the position by a frontal assault on the morrow. At 5:00 AM on the 7th, Marshal Ney informed Napoléon that the army was in position and ready to attack. An hour later, one hundred French guns commenced firing against the flèches and Bagration's center; however, the range had been misjudged and the army and its guns moved forward another 1,300 yards. The French appeared to get off to a good start, with Prince Eugène's Italian divisions capturing Borodino village on the French left. Marshal Davout made progress with his assault on the Semenovskoe position; and to his right, the Polish Prince Poniatowski seized Utitza and a good part of the surrounding woods.

Russian reserves were now being committed in large numbers, and Kutuzov desperately began to withdraw many formations from his right wing to reinforce his left and center. This involved a huge time delay for the troops to march three miles across shot and shell, through smoke, and around and through other units. Confusion and disorientation played an added part in the delayed arrival of these units. Eugène, flushed with his capture of Borodino, launched a premature attack on the Great Redoubt - but this was checked by the huge battery and driven off by supporting cavalry. In the south, Poniatowski's advance on the knoll beyond Utitza was thwarted by a Russian counterattack that pushed as far as the village. Marshal Davout's attack was met by the combined forces of Generals Raevskii, Baggovut and Borozdin, and these held him fast. Napoléon threw in part of Ney's corps and that of Junot to support; but the Russians, with their huge position batteries, refused to give ground.

At 10:00 AM, the battle had become a meat-grinder, a struggle of attrition - with Napoléon holding only his Imperial Guard and cavalry as his sole reserves. Casualties on both sides were appalling. In desperation, Napoléon ordered Ney, Davout and Junot to launch an all-out attack against Semenovskoe, in the horrifying face of 300 Russian guns pouring in double-shot and canister. Ney received four wounds and Prince Bagration was mortally wounded. Judging the time right, Marshal Murat launched his heavy cavalry in force and overran the flèches that had suffered from this artillery and infantry assault. However, the Russians regrouped on the Psarevo plateau. Appeals now flooded in asking Napoléon to release the Guard and to take the center. Napoléon met these requests in silence and the Guard remained static. By 12:00 PM, the Russians had given some ground in the center but were holding tenaciously everywhere else. Ney and Davout regrouped, and were about to resume their attack on the center when from the Russian right wing, Count Osterman-Tolstoi's IV Corps, aided by Platov's Cossacks, crossed the Kolocha at a small ford and counterattacked Borodino itself. This onslaught by fresh troops postponed the central attack, as Eugène and the French left wing pulled back to deal with this crisis. By 2:00 PM, this situation had been stabilized with the repulse of most of the Russians, and with Eugène's men in almost complete control of Borodino. Eugène felt confident enough to commit three divisions in an assault on the Great Redoubt. Whilst the infantry stormed the ramparts amid murderous canister at close range, a well-timed attack at the Redoubt's rear by General Auguste Caulaincourt, who led the 5th Cuirassiers into the melee, routed the Russians. Although this brave cavalry general was killed, the redoubt was now firmly in French hands. By 3:00 PM, the cornerstone of Kutuzov's position appeared to have been taken.

Whilst this attack was being launched, around Utitza some two miles to the south, Poniatowski's force and the Russians in the woods had reached a stalemate and settled down to a long firefight. Victory would now come only in the center. Murat, in an attempt to rout the Russian center, led two whole cavalry corps into the fray hoping to rout the remnants of Bagration's force. The Russian line nearly broke, but was saved by the charge of five Russian cuirassier regiments. Again, appeals for the Guard to advance and take the center fell on deaf ears. Eugène tried desperately to use his dominant position at the Great Redoubt to effect a rupture. Barclay de Tolly, however, checked the attempt and stood like a wall - neither side having the extra strength required to break the other's will.

By 3:30 PM, Kutuzov had ordered Doctorov and the Russian Imperial Guard Corps to counterattack in the center.

Napoléon, awake at last to the desperate situation, ordered forward the eighty guns of the reserve artillery. This battery pounded the Russian Guards as they attempted to form columns for the assault and these were hastily withdrawn rather than lose the Tsar's bodyguard. At 4:00 PM, Poniatowski, who had fired up his men with promises of winning freedom for Poland, managed to take Utitza and its knoll. His élan appeared to revitalize the French offensive, but this petered out as a mass of fresh troops arrived several hundred yards to his front. Unknown to the Prince, they were the newly raised Moscow Militia, poorly armed and trained, with hardly a gun amongst them, but their appearance to troops who had been fighting nearly ten hours was enough. Sporadic fighting continued along the front, but no further offensives were launched. The French had captured the entire Russian starting positions, but the latter had merely fallen back to their second line. That night both armies occupied the field.

Overnight, Kutuzov decided to withdraw - as was his original wish - and to evacuate Moscow: "Moscow is not the capital," he said; "Moscow is not Russia!" Napoléon was left to occupy an almost empty city. The butcher's bill at the end of the day was 33,000 French-Allied casualties and 44,000 Russian. Napoléon occupied Moscow, which was of no use to him at all, with 95,000 of his original army. His supply lines, continually harassed, required nearly 110,000 men to hold. During the coming weeks, Russian armies from Finland, Georgia and St. Petersburg arrived, raising the Russian forces to 220,000. After the Malet plot in Paris, which nearly unseated Napoléon, he decided against his own wishes to retreat. The Grande Armée gradually foundered in the mud and lay down to die in the snow, harassed all the way home by Russian soldiers, partisans and Cossacks.

Napoléon was not yet finished. He still had the brilliant German Campaign of 1813, culminating in the battle of Leipzig ahead of him, and the campaign of France in 1814, which Wellington considered his finest. Finally, he had the road to Brussels and Waterloo in 1815 - three years in the future. But his zenith had been reached. It peaked and started to decline at Borodino on September 7th, 1812.

CONCLUSION

Did Napoléon win the Battle of Borodino? Did Kutuzov lose it? Certainly at the end of the day both armies held the field. Napoléon had taken the Russian first line of defense - but at what cost? Napoléons losses in dead and wounded exceeded 33,000 men including 49 Generals, 14 of Division, 33 of Brigade, 2 from the Staff, 37 Colonels, 37 staff officers and 86 ADCs. Towards the end of the battle, when Napoléon rode across the field of the dead, he met five officers and sixty men at the second flèche at Semionovskaya. "Rejoin your regiment," he said - but they remained at attention. Napoléon, annoyed at this disobedience, repeated his order. Thereupon, one officer with a sweep of his arm at the bodies lying nearly six deep said "Sire, there, there is our regiment. We have been ordered to hold this position at all costs - Sire". Napoléon, wordless, tearfully gave the officer his own Legion of Honour and told his aide to give one to each of the survivors.(1)

The Russians likewise had suffered 44,000 casualties - but had more men and two armies marching to join them. Napoléon could not withstand another such pyrrhic victory - and he knew it. The indomitable characteristics of the Russian soldier fighting for his homeland had inflicted terrible losses on Napoléon for every yard of soil gained. Kutuzov, having fought the Tsar's battle which he never wished to do, now evacuated Moscow and waited for the Russian troops to arrive, giving him overwhelming odds, whilst Napoléon's troops as he knew, having the run of an empty city of 750,000 souls, would soon break down as a fighting force. With its inevitable dispersion amongst the huge city, drinking and looting, and a Bourbon-inspired plot at home (the Malet Plot) aimed at toppling Napoléon, together with the knowledge that come the spring his dubious allies would review the situation and the immense army that Kutuzov would field, doomed Napoléon's army to retreat and destruction. What would have happened if Napoléon had used Davout's plan and outflanked and entrapped the two Russian armies? Would not the Tsar have had to agree to a peace? What if Napoléon had been defeated at Borodino, would not he have pulled back to his magazine at Smolensk? Can you as either General do better?

(1) Quoted in Thier's Consulate and Empire, Adolphe Thiers, London, 1857, trans. T. Readhead, III vols, Vol.III., p. 202.


Map Notes
3.0  Map Notes

by Rick Barber

On the previous projects I did for you at TalonSoft (the Antietam and South Mountain map layouts), I had the luxury of not only working with good period 2D topographic maps but also being able to actually check them against reality by walking the battlefields themselves. In the case of Borodino, the complete opposite was the case.

My friend Charlie Tarbox was able to provide me with several different map sources, including the very detailed if hand - drawn set from L'Armée Russe, by Zweguintzov (Zernachev) which wasn't even in the War College archives. He also had an entire album of photos taken of the field when he was there in April of 1986, so I wasn't entirely operating blind. I copied his postcards of the Borodino Cyclorama, which were noted by several sources as being particularly true to the ground.

Unfortunately, we came up dry when trying to get a copy of the WWII German Staff maps that covered the area. Mr. Tarbox remembered seeing them at Stanford when he lived in California, but that sheet turned up among the missing when they inventoried after moving the collection due to the last quake.

I spent a day in the archives at the Military History Institute at the Army War College in Carlisle, PA. I ended up with about ten different sources of period maps. So, while I haven't had access to an actual topographic map of the area around Borodino, I think this version should be pretty close.

Notes on a few specifics:

Embankment hexsides: While the area in general is pretty flat, it is cut with a large number of the steep-sided gullies that are very common in this part of the world. The hexsides I have marked as steep should have a greater penalty to movement and combat than that for simply moving up/down one level of elevation. In particular, it should be almost impossible to get artillery up or down on such a hexside. Charlie Tarbox is a Civil War artillery re-enactor, and having spent some time helping out with his gun (10-pdr Parrott), I'm starting to get a real appreciation for what you can and can't do with artillery!

Area Covered: I wanted to include enough of an area that the French Player has the option of trying his luck against either end of the Russian line as well as simply going up the middle as Napoléon tried. There's plenty of space now allowed for Davout's flanking attack coming around south of Utitza.

Utitza: The area south of Utitza is somewhat conjectural. Most of the source maps were vague and contradictory, and both Charlie Tarbox and David Chandler found out that you're simply not allowed to go south of the railroad embankment paralleling the main road just north of Utitza. (Perhaps there's a SAM battery near Utitza still looking for stray B-52's.)

Fords: while the Kolocha is fordable in many places, especially above Borodino, I've stuck with the ones shown. The French put up pontoon bridges simply to speed up the process.

Flèches: the position of the Bagration Flèches is somewhat uncertain, as you can tell from looking at the source maps. I chose these positions because:

1.  Napoléon totally missed the easternmost flèche, and it came as a nasty surprise to his troops when they overcame the north and south ones.

2.  While the eastern one doesn't exist on the 1912 Centennial reconstruction, that's because it's supposedly under the site of a later church/monastery which, from Mr. Tarbox's photos, is where I've shown it.

3.  The Cyclorama shows it as I have.

Shevardino Redoubt: This was a pentagonal earthen fort suited for all-round defense. The Bagration Flèches, on the other hand, were deliberately open at the back so that they would be of no use to the French if they fell.

The Great Redoubt: This was an earthen fort some 200 yards wide, with additional wings out to the flanks. The rear, except for access at the ends, was open but protected by a palisade consisting of two rows of upright log stakes (shown as "high wall" hexsides in the game). The hexes in front of the Great Redoubt were dug with "wolf pits" - holes about 4-6' deep which should be very disruptive to attackers.

Semenovka and Kamenka Streams: Except for an occasional marshy pool, these streams were pretty well dried up at this time of the year - the major obstacle being the steep-sided ravine they flowed through.

Semenovskoe: This village had been partially dismantled, as the wooden buildings would only serve as fire traps for any troops attempting to hold them. However, the sunken stone foundations, shored up with the wood at hand, were used as makeshift strongpoints and artillery positions - the Borodino cyclorama clearly shows this.

Woods: It was hard to decide exactly where to put some of the woods, given so much contradictory evidence. This is what we came up with, though there is some argument for even more woods in places.

Open Ground: Charlie's photos of the battlefield, which I've included, were taken in April - after 174 years of erosion, farming and such. However, all accounts seem to say that much of the "open" ground was covered with scattered scrub growth and brush.


Notes On Forces
4.0  Notes On Forces

Gathering the Order of Battle was a monumental task. Almost all of the references gave the number of battalions or squadrons but little or no strengths. Most sources would agree on the number of troops that was at the battle and even as far as those in the corps. For division level and lower it was a lot work. I read through all of the sources getting bits from here and tidbits from there. Mr. Hamilton-Williams sent information on pre-Smolensk and post-Borodino, which helped a lot. John D. Wladis provided use an excellent Order of Battle that helped fill in many holes and questionable situations. Along with that and many long evenings mulling over many books I finally came up with an Order of Battle I can live with. The Order of Battle does not contain the organizations the French and Russians used at the battle but rather of how they were organized before the battle, so as to aid the A/I in the what-if scenarios. I hope this will suffice, for it was a monumental task. The main reason for this was that the Russian military was a poor record keeper and what records the French had were lost on their hurried retreat from Russia.


Napoléonic Armies in Russia - 1812
5.0  Napoleonic Armies in Russia - 1812

by David Hamilton-Williams  ©1997

FRENCH, IMPERIAL AND ALLIED CONTINGENTS

By Spring 1812, Napoléon had assembled his "army of twenty nations" as he had named it, for his invasion into Russia. An immense force of 614,000 men, containing reserves and rearward area support troops. On June 23, when it was clear that the Tsar would not agree to Napoléon's terms, 449,000 of these troops crossed the Niemen without any official declaration of war. Of this number about one-third were Frenchmen and the rest were made up of Dutch, Swiss, Italians, Egyptians (Mamelukes), Portuguese, Hessians, Westphalians, Neapolitans, Prussians, Austrians, Saxons, Belgians, Poles, Bavarians, Württemburgers, Spaniards, Croatians, and contingents from the tiny micro-mini states of Napoléon's Confederation of the Rhine - such as Oldenburg; the Grand Duchy of Baden, Saxe-Weimar, Saxe-Coburg, Lippe, Anhalt-Dessau and Würzburg. Surely this was one of the most colourful, if not the greatest multi-national coalition force that the world had yet seen under the command of a single man.

The French Army

Allied Troops

Other Contingents

The Russian Army


The French Army:
The French Army

The French Army of 1812 was the last and the most experienced Grande Armée that Napoléon would ever lead into combat. Although he would, in 1813-15, have highly patriotic and nationalistic armies, the majority of the units were filled with young soldiers. Though filled with fervour for la Patrie in danger, this did not make up for their lack of battle and campaign experience. The majority of the French line troops(1) of the Army of 1812 had not only been the victors of the campaigns of 1805, 1806, 1807, 1809 and of the continuing meat-grinding war in Spain since 1808; but also the preponderance had fought in appalling conditions throughout the French revolutionary wars and in Egypt and Syria. Such experience had sharpened and hardened these men.(2)

Another advantage that the French army possessed was its ability to move faster than its opponents. This much quoted statement has been little understood. The French armies since 1791, of the Revolution, the Directory, the First Consulship and then the Empire, had evolved a system of living off the land that had been ingrained as a military way of life, both in the ranks and in the officers. After twenty-one years, their system had adapted to it, so however low on sustenance a unit might be, it still operated well and with an esprit de corps. General von Scheler, commanding a division of Württembergers in Ney's Corps, reported to his king that a French soldier was not only trusted to go off on his own to forage food for his messmates,(3) but:"...almost ignoring his own welfare. He was satisfied to have found some provisions, packed up quickly, run after the regiment with whatever he had got, put up with very few hour's sleep and was little worried by fatigue. If he could not arrive by daylight, he traveled through the night and felt himself rewarded by the thanks of his messmates."

By contrast, Scheler relates the Germans had to send officers, with units who were not adept at finding food and who did not like to travel without sleep, to catch up. They were also prone to rather eat themselves what they found and then preferred to ditch the surplus when its weight became a burden. They were also inclined to straggle and abscond, rather than to continue through the hostile country without a good food supply.

As well as his line troops (see the on-line notes), Napoléon also had the Imperial Guard Corps which were his praetorians, the corps d'elite of his army, and his ultimate reserve. Like the others, it comprised all arms, but the infantry of the Grenadiers and Chasseurs of the Old Guard were perhaps the most famous. These were the grognards (grumblers), selected for the Guard individually by the Emperor himself on their records, character and long service throughout many campaigns and battles. The tradition of the Old Guard had grown since 1800; the men enjoyed a reputation for fearlessness and invincibility; and they inspired terror in the hearts of the enemy merely by the sight of the serried ranks of their great bearskin shakos as they stood waiting ominously behind the field of battle.

EGYPTIANS/SYRIANS: Napoléon had a small contingent of Mamelukes, which had impressed him in Egypt, incorporated into his Imperial Guard cavalry. Comprising about 100 men all told including supports. These were elite and quite vicious fighters, recruited from the Egyptian ruling class (those in 1812). When the people of Madrid rose in 1808, the Mamelukes ruthlessly cut down guilty and innocent alike and virtually overawed the Spanish capital. They were attached to Napoléon's Chasseurs Chevals, and always to his personal escort squadron. Napoléon also had a personal bodyguard/servant Roustam from this squadron.(4)

TACTICS: The Napoleonic army corps was the basic unit of maneuver, a well-balanced unit comprising all arms: infantry, cavalry and artillery, with attached engineers, auxiliary trains and a headquarters staff. The corps was in effect an army in miniature, although its size, anywhere from 5,000 to 40,000 men, could rival that of many 18th-century armies. The corps would be made up of a number of infantry and cavalry divisions, each of two or more brigades with attached artillery. As Napoléon's corps-structured army went into battle against a traditionally organized enemy force, each of his corps, being a complete fighting force, could go into action without delay as soon as it arrived on the field. When Davout, one of the pre-eminent corps commanders of the period, brought his men by an epic forced march directly into the fray at Austerlitz in 1805, he undoubtedly stopped the great Russian envelopment of the French right which would have threatened to cut across Napoléon's line of communication and make his position untenable. In his generalship, Napoléon was a firm believer in the superiority of aggression over passivity, and of attack over defense. In the form of attack that he would usually mount against an enemy line of battle, a basic pattern may be discerned. A preliminary bombardment by artillery would thin the enemy ranks and cause confusion as they prepared to meet his approaching columns. The columns, preceded by clouds of skirmishers, would attempt to pierce the enemy line, which would already have been significantly thinned by the bombardment and by the sniping of the skirmishers. Often the enemy line would break and rout at the point of attack before the columns had come to close quarters. In any case, if the enemy line were broken, the foot would hold the shoulders of the gap while heavy cavalry rode in, turning to right and left to roll up the enemy line. Following the heavy cavalry, the light horses would swarm through to sabre and harry the disorganized enemy, giving them no chance to rally or withdraw in a coherent body. Such an attack could be either a diversion, to induce the enemy to commit his reserves, or the main thrust - and ideally the enemy would be suffering the further anxiety of not knowing which it was. If it were the main effort, the breakthrough, once achieved, would be exploited by additional troops following the attack columns. By 1812, most of France's enemies had learned by bitter experience the efficacy of Napoléon's battle tactics and had made efforts to adopt and emulate them.(5)

(1) For brevity, see the on-line reference notes for troop types, weaponry and firepower etc.

(2) For an example, see The [Journal] Note-Books of Captain Coignet, Greenhill books, London 1986/1994 [ facsimile of the 1897 version] by Captain Jean-Roche Coignet.

(3) Cited in 1812: Eyewitness accounts of Napoleon's Defeat in Russia, edited and translated by Antony Brett-James, Macmillan, London & New York 1966, pp.53-55.

(4) See La Grande Armée, by Georges Blond, trans. Marshall May, London & New York 1995.

(5) See The Campaigns of Napoleon, David G Chandler, London & New York 1966 [multiple reprints], pp.307-367, pp.813-852.


Allied Troops

The preponderance of all the major Allied powers, including Russia, had by 1812 (except Britain) emulated Napoléon's corps structure and techniques. Listed below are the majority of the contingents and some of their qualities.

Westphalia

Poland

Württemberg

Bavaria

Italy

Saxony

Portugal

Spain

Holland

Switzerland

Prussia

Croatia

Confederation of the Rhine


Westphalia

All of VIII Corps was supplied by Westphalia. Napoléon had created this kingdom out of many micro-provinces and parts of Hanover, Prussia and Hesse. The Westphalians were proud of their new status, rivaling Prussia and Saxony in territory and military strength. King Jérôme commanded his troops personally until he was unjustly superseded by Marshal Davout and replaced by General Junot. The Royal Guard units were superb veterans and acquitted themselves well. Jerome called for an army of 70,000 men, and this popular king found that an extra 3,000 men volunteered. As an example of their willingness to fight for both Napoléon and their new kingdom, it should be noted that Westphalians earned 14 Legions d'Honneur in Spain and 93 in Russia!(1) Gunner Weseman of the 1st Westphalian Artillery relates that even after Napoléon's defeat and their capture, no Westphalian soldier accepted the Tsar's offer to join his Russo-German Legion. Special mention should also be made of the elite rifled carbine light infantry unit, the Chasseur-Carabiniers, recruited from foresters and gamekeepers of the Royal estates, whose fire and accuracy enabled them to tie down three times their number in one incident, causing the Russians to withdraw due to lack of ammunition.

(1) Gunther Rothenberg, The Art of Warfare in the Age of Napoleon, London & New York, 1981 [several reprints] p.158.


Poland

There were two Polish elements in Napoléon's invasion force. The first, Dombrowski's Vistula Legion, was a veteran unit of all arms that had fought with France since the Revolution and their homeland's partition in 1794/5. They had gained a ruthless reputation in Spain, and looked to Napoléon for national independence. Napoléon recognized their loyalty and experience by attaching them to his Imperial Guard. The second contingent were the troops of The Grand Duchy of Warsaw, created by Napoléon on 22nd August 1806, under the command of Prince Joseph Poniatowski, commanding V Corps and later made a Marshal of France by Napoléon. These troops contributed the whole of V Corps and supplied a brigade each to IX and X Corps, and also a light cavalry division. No foreign force fought as courageously for Napoléon, nor were more steadfast. After 1812, they raised more units for Napoléon, fighting for him until his abdication in 1814, then served as his Guard cavalry on Elba and at Waterloo.


Württemberg

Duke Frederick of Württemberg had been allied with Napoléon since 1802, and in 1806 had been rewarded with additional territory from the new Confederation and from Prussia in particular. With this territory Napoléon also elevated the Duke to King in Württemberg. The King's troops had fought well for Napoléon in all of his campaigns, and were mostly all veterans. In particular the König jäger battalion had gained such distinction that during the 1809 campaign Napoléon appointed them as his bodyguard.(1) The jägers fought in pairs; and as one man fired, his partner stood loaded with fixed sword-bayonet, covering him, then they moved on, with the second man kneeling, but not giving fire until his partner behind had loaded - thereby giving him cover fire if required - and so the ritual proceeded throughout the skirmish. The Württemberg troops constituted the 25th Division of III Corps, and supplied its cavalry, Guard and artillery - 15,800 men, 3,400 horses and 32 guns. The Guard cavalry, cavalry, the jäger and some line regiments were of elite status.

(1) See With Eagles to Glory, by John H. Gill, London & California, 1992.p.144. This incredible definitive work of Napoleon's German Allies [1809], is a must for the background on these troops and their regimental histories.


Bavaria

VI Corps of the Grande Armée was composed of the Bavarian contingent, under Marshal Gouvion Saint-Cyr. These were the 19th & 20th Divisions, but this corps was not engaged at Borodino as they were heavily committed against the Russian Army of General Wittgenstein on the northern flank at Polotsk (13 August 1813). However, its cavalry was detached under the Bavarian General Count Maximillian Preysing; the 3rd & 6th Light-Horse and the 4th & 5th, constituted part of 20th & 21st Cavalry Division of IV Corps. With the 1st & 2nd, Bavaria's previous Dragoon brigade, as part of the III Reserve Cavalry Corps - all these regiments fought well at Borodino. For two months, VI Corps and the Bavarian contingent held Polotsk until the second great battle (18 October 1812) when Saint-Cyr was forced to retreat and fall back to join Marshal Victor.


Italy

In Milan on May 26 1805, Napoléon was crowned King of Italy with the ancient Iron Crown of the Lombards. On the birth of his son, he passed the title to the young Napoléon with the courtesy title of King of Rome. Prince Eugène de Beauharnais, Napoléon's step-son, was made Vice-Roi, proving himself an able soldier during the 1809 campaign. Italy raised 90,000 men in 1812. Notwithstanding the nationalistic bias by contemporary historians, these were equal to French troops. 30,000 troops were dispatched to Spain to replace those of the Guard and other specialized troops that Napoléon had withdrawn for this campaign, and 27,000 sent under Eugènes direct command to Russia, with 33,000 to hold the Kingdom from Austrian and British excursions. Eugènes IV Corps was composed of his Italian troops and some French and other allies. The Italians acquitted themselves well at Borodino, first capturing the village, then in the see-saw battle to keep it, and then in taking the Raevskii redoubt. The Italian Guard also distinguished itself during the retreat at the battle of Malo-Jaroslavets (23 October 1812). Russian Field Marshal Kutuzov had attacked the town at dawn, hoping to destroy the sleeping French advance guard under Eugène. Then, holding the bridge across the river he started encircling Eugène and Napoléon, who was with Eugènes corps. Kutuzov hoped by this maneuver to 'cut off the head of the snake', as he put it. The Italians fought well, and with the French, just about kept open the jaws of the trap. However, Kutuzov had sent a large force that drove them back effectively, seemingly sealing the fate of the Corps and Napoléon. Eugène at this point threw in his greatly reduced Royal Italian Guard (brigade strength) - all he had left uncommitted. Under Napoléon's eyes they threw back everything before them, cleared the bridge, and advanced on the Russian batteries. Here, they too were driven back due to overwhelming odds. However, by their actions, they gave Eugène time to scrape together enough oddments to form a defensive force and widen the bridgehead area. The Russians withdrew and Napoléon, escaping capture, renewed his withdrawal.


Saxony

Under pressure from Prussia, and in fact partly occupied by its troops in 1806, the Saxon Elector joined reluctantly in Prussia's war with Napoléon. Following this debacle, Napoléon informed its Elector, Frederick Augustus, that he would not consider this an act of aggression but one of coercion. Napoléon then bound Frederick to him and the Confederation of the Rhine by the Treaty of Posen (11 December 1806), in which Napoléon elevated Frederick to King of an enlarged Saxony (with territory taken from Prussia), and later made him the Grand Duke of Warsaw. Frederick in return supplied Napoléon with troops. In Russia in 1812, nearly all of the Saxon Army were placed in Reynier's VII Corps, with a further brigade of infantry and a chevau-léger regiment in Victor's IX Corps. At Borodino, the elite cavalry, Garde du Corps and Von Zastrow's Cuirassiers, brigaded with the Polish cuirassiers, had the distinction of capturing the Raevskii Redoubt. An eyewitness recalled: "...trampling everything under the hooves of their horses and throwing themselves infuriatedly on the Russian masses behind...in the midst of this scene of carnage I discovered the body of a Russian cannoneer decorated with three crosses...there were dead and mutilated men and horses lying six or eight deep. Their bodies covered the whole area of the entrances. They filled the ditch and were heaped up inside the fortification...surprisingly enough during this turmoil they [Russians] managed to extricate six of their precious guns".(1)

(1) A Circumstantial narrative of the Campaign in Russia, E. Labaume, Engl. trans., 2nd ed., London 1815. pp.74-5.


Portugal

By the secret Convention of Fontainebleau of 27th October 1807, Spain agreed to the dismemberment of Portugal between itself and France. Spain, ruled by the degenerate queen and through her lover the 'Prince of Peace', Prince Godoy, allowed 28,000 French soldiers passage through their country to invade Portugal, England's oldest ally. Spain would also secretly attack Portugal with an army of 27,000 men, and was to have a third of Portugal as an independent Principality for the queen's lover. General Junot entered Lisbon on 30 November 1807, with 2,000 men of his advance guard to find that the British Royal Navy had evacuated the Royal family, the treasury, and other well heeled and well placed nobles, not one of which had stayed to look to their people's welfare. Junot disbanded the Portuguese army and enlisted a Legion of afrancasados soldiers, who looked to Napoléon's enlightened laws ( such as abolition of the Inquisition) for a more modern Portugal. This legion comprised five infantry regiments, two light horse regiments and an artillery regiment. They fought for Napoléon in Spain, against Austria in 1809 and in 1812, by which time the Infantry had been reorganized into three regiments of two battalions each. Ney's III Corps had two of these regiments, which fought with exemplary bravery under his eye. Oudinot's II Corps had the other regiment and the cavalry. The artillery was placed with the reserve.


Spain

Spain proved itself a feckless ally to France. The queen's lover, Prince Godoy, the 'Prince of Peace', tried to do a better deal with Britain - which was rejected - after its army had landed in Portugal after he had declared war on France. As desperate as Britain was, it didn't want this Spanish Benedict Arnold. Godoy suddenly found the French army passing through Spain to have exceeded the agreed-upon quota, bivouacking all over the country in fact. The people turned on the 'Prince of Peace' and tried to lynch him, the Queen had the vapors and the king abdicated - under pressure from his wife and son. The king then fled to Napoléon to mediate for his crown back, as did his son Ferdinand. They remained Napoléon's 'guests' for another five years.

Spain, technically without a monarch, was soon given another one - Napoléon's brother Joseph. Spain erupted into violence, supported by Britain's expeditionary force which found itself ejected by Napoléon and his army in 1808-1809. However, a large part of the intelligentsia of Spain wished for a meritocracy as in France. This group was dubbed Afrancasados, and Napoléon was obliged to divide Spain into huge military districts under his Marshals. Andalusia, governed by Marshal Soult, was very pro-French and supplied 5,000 recruits for 'King Joseph's Army'. Afrancasados Spain provided King Joseph regiments 1 and 2 for the campaign, each of two battalions. Both were equal in enthusiasm to serve Napoléon, and fought well in Russia. They were as ruthless as their fellow countrymen and the Cossacks when foraging. After the French left Spain, the Spanish remnants and the remnants of these four battalions became the 14th and 15th Voltigeurs of Napoléon's Imperial Guard (Young).


Holland

Holland had been incorporated as French departments since 1810, its Royal Guard having been assimilated into Napoléon's Old Guard. It also provided thirteen line battalions, two Cuirassier regiments, two Horse artillery batteries, one foot artillery regiment, a train battalion and engineers. These units wore French uniforms and were counted as French.


Switzerland

The Swiss troops in French Service were among the best in Europe. On creating his first unit in July 1805, Napoléon wrote: "...the Swiss of our day, like their fathers, will appear with the same glory on the field of honour. I value their bravery, fidelity and loyalty; it is this sentiment that brings me to decide that all these regiments shall be composed only of citizens [of Switzerland] without mingling in deserters or other foreigners, for it is not the number of soldiers that makes the strength of armies but their loyalty and good faith...". Napoléon had four regiments in his Swiss 'Red' (the Swiss coat colour) Division in Russia, all serving with Marshal Oudinot's II Corps (which was not present at Borodino). They fought with distinction at both battles of Polotsk, and during the retreat they repeatedly charged the Russians at the Berezina River crossing to enable the crossing to be made. Saint-Cyr in his report states, "They held the line and saved their Eagles, but left 80% of their men on the field. They were, right to the end of the retreat, invincible; they outdid nature, and they spread a radiance of heroism into this desert of Snow...".


Prussia

Napoléon's most reluctant and implacable foe(1). In Russia, Prussia's contingent numbered 32,000 infantry, 2,500 cavalry and 84 guns. The bulk of this was assigned to Macdonald's X Corps, which was directed towards St.Petersburg and Riga. In addition, two batteries of artillery were attached to the Imperial Guard Artillery and a regiment of Hussars and Uhlans to the I Cavalry Reserve Corps. All the Prussian units were composite companies from each parent regiment. The German General staff wished the Prussian Army as a whole to experience battle and then disseminate the veterans back amongst the whole army, to leaven it with a battle-hardened backbone, as Prussia had not fought since 1807 and had entirely renovated its small army (42,000 men was the limit placed on it by Napoléon). That was the theory. The Prussians at Borodino fought well - having little choice; the average Russian perceived them as the enemy, and they were miles from home and likely to be killed by partisans if they deserted - a strong incentive to do the job and get home.

(1) The Campaigns of Napoleon, David G Chandler, London & New York 1966 [multiple reprints], chapters 8, 9,10,13,14,15,16,17.


Croatia

On 1st December 1809 the French gained six Croatian regiments when Austria ceded part of Croatia, Illyria and the Dalmatian coast to France after its defeat in that year's war. In Croatia, every peasant was a soldier and every soldier a peasant. The people lived in military communities and were exempt from Imperial taxation in return for military duties. For two hundred years this was mainly to stop Turkish excursions, and they were called Grenzers. The men were natural hardy fighters. For 1812 Napoléon raised three provisional regiments of two battalions each, all of light infantry. The 1st Provisional Regiment, 1,700 men strong, joined Eugène's IV Corps and were instrumental in the taking of Borodino village. Napoléon, informed of the exploits of this elite unit during the day promoted its colonel Slivarich to a General of Brigade after the battle.(1) The 2nd Provincial Regiment served with like distinction in Saint-Cyr's IV Corps at Polotsk.

(1) For the definitive history of Croatian warfare, tactics, society and soldiers see The Military Border in Croatia, 1740-1881, Univ. of Chicago Press, 1966, Dr.Gunther G.E.Rothenberg.


Confederation of the Rhine

Hesse-Darmstadt

Baden

Berg

Mecklenburg

Mecklenburg-Strelitz


Hesse-Darmstadt

The Ladgrave Louis X joined Napoléon's Confederation in 1806, and was the last ally to leave him. He was elevated to the status of Grand Duke in 1807. The Hessians fought well for Napoléon in Poland in 1807, in Spain in 1808 where their part in the defense of Badajoz was noted by Napoléon. Again in 1809 the Hessian contingent was crucial during Napoléon's dire peril at Aspern-Essling - and its artillery, as part of the rearguard, covered Napoléon's retreat to Lobau Island. In 1812 at Borodino, the Hessian Leib-Garde on Napoléon's order was attached to the Imperial Guard. The rest of the Hessian forces were attached to IX Corps, which did not become actively involved until the withdrawal.


Baden

Baden became allied to France in 1796, and its Ladgrave was elevated to electoral prince in 1803. Baden assisted in the Austerlitz campaign in 1805, with its miniature army of 3,200 men of all arms. In 1806-1807 it became a Corps of Observation against Sweden under Marshal Brune with 8,450 men. It was further elevated to the status ( and territory of) a Grand Duchy, therebyincreasing its strength to 18,000 men. In 1808 it sent a brigade to Spain, and in 1809 committed its forces against Austria. In Russia its Leib-Garde Regiment was attached to the Imperial Guard, and a brigade of infantry and its hussar regiment were both attached to IX Corps. During the retreat and the crossing of the Berezina, the Baden Hussars, brigaded with the Hessian Chevau-legers, passed into everlasting fame whilst acting as the rearguard by repeatedly attacking the Russian vanguard, thus enabling the French to cross the river. The Baden Hussars drove in and sabred a square of the 34th Russian Jagers, only to be crushed in turn by a division of Russian Cuirassiers. Less than fifty of each regiment survived this 'Charge of Death', as Marshal Ney named it.


Berg

The Grand Duchy of Berg was created on 14 November 1808 from the former Prussian territories of Cleve and Wesel and the Bavarian possessions of Ansbach and Berg. The Grand Duchy was initially given to Marshall Joachim Murat, Napoléon's brother-in-law; however Murat was made King of Naples in 1809, and Napoléon subsequently installed his nephew Louis, son of his brother Louis, King of Holland. In 1812 Berg supplied IX Corps with a brigade of infantry for the 26th Division, and a regiment of lancers and one horse and foot battery. The rest of the Duchy's troops remained in Spain.


Mecklenburg

The tiny Duchy of Mecklenburg supplied one regiment to Davout's I corps. At Borodino this was the 127th Line Regiment.


Mecklenburg-Strelitz

The 8th Rhinebund regiment of the Confederation. Three battalions, comprising the entire armed forces of the Duke of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, was attached to the Oldenburgers as the 2nd Brigade of Davout's I Corps.


Other Contingents

The majority of these contingents were placed in XI Corps, which does not appear in the game. Some are too small to be touched on here. But, as an example, the 5th Regiment of the Confederation (Rhinebund) of the Rhine was attached to XI Corps. The 5th Regiment's 1st Battalion had six line companies (120 men each) from the Duchies of Lippe; the 2nd Battalion two companies from Anhalt-Dessau (350 men), two from Anhalt-Kothern (220 men), and two from Anhalt-Bernberg (240 men). The 3rd Battalion had two companies from Lippe-Detmold (300 men) and one company from Lippe-Schaumburg (150 men). Therefore this one regiment of three battalions, 1,980 men in all, represented the armed forces of six Dukedoms!


The Russian Army

To its contemporaries, Russia in the Napoleonic period appeared half medieval and half oriental. Peter the Great (1672-1725) had dragged a superstitious, iconolatric and backward nation struggling and screaming into the eighteenth century, and carried out a westernizing program that broke the medieval powers of the nobles(Boyars). During the early eighteenth century, Peter adopted the Prussian Spartan method of administering his state by making most positions of state a military office as well as a civilian one. Catherine the Great and her mad son Paul carried this into the extreme. Alexander I came to the throne in 1801, after a group of Russian Army generals strangled his father. The generals had become sick of mad Paul's vicious mood swings and sudden policy switches (e.g., having fought the French during the revolution, he suddenly changed tack and befriended Napoléon).

Between 1796 and 1815 the Russians considered the French as heathens, having executed their King anointed by God, and their revolutionary toleration of atheism and heretical religions. The Russian Orthodox Church had preached (and continued to do so into the early twentieth century), that Holy Mother Russia was the last country to remain true to the faith and God's own country. With the fall of Constantinople to the Turks in 1453 and of the last eastern Orthodox empire of David of Trezibond in 1461, Russia alone was considered holy and the keeper of the true religion.

Russia, although feudal, backward and autocratic, had developed differently to western cultures and this is important to the reader to understand the nature of the Russian in the Napoleonic period. Russia, having become Christianized from Byzantium, had defended its identity through centuries of domination by the Mongol Khans and Tartars, and later the muslim Ottoman Sultans. It had withstood the Teutonic Crusaders sent against it by Western Popes, and during all its suffering had remained faithful to its church. The Russian princes, who were in effect lesser kings, had created a Tsar - a little father, appointed by God to rule over them. The serfs of this period, having no communication with the west, had no thought of the rights of man. Having been serfs and treated with unspeakable cruelty by the Mongols, Tartars and Turks, they saw nothing wrong with their station in life in 1812. The Tsar was God's anointed. Russia itself was holy and God's gift to the people, not to be profaned by the French anti-Christ, and the people were prepared to die for that doctoring.(1) Britain's military adviser to the Tsar at Borodino, Sir Robert Wilson, leaves a vivid description of the Russian soldier: "...composed of athletic men between the ages of eighteen and forty, endowed with great bodily strength, but generally of short stature, with martial countenance and complexion; inured to extremes of weather and hardship, to the worst and scantiest food, to marches for days and nights, of four hours' repose and six hours' progress; accustomed to hard work and to carry heavy loads; ferocious, but disciplined; obstinately brave, and susceptible of enthusiastic excitements; devoted to their sovereign, their chief, and their country. Religious, without being weakened by superstition; patient, docile, and obedient; possessing all the energetic characteristics of a barbaric people, with the advantages engrafted by civilization."(2) Most Russian officers were also illiterate, and spoke little or no French or German.

TACTICS: Russia had developed very little military strategy, either in purpose or doctrine. Since the time of Peter the Great it had been customary wherever possible to receive an attack from behind prepared fortified positions, using cannon to their best advantage, as at Poltava in 1709. This is understandable if one remembers that Russia had been required to fight four different types of wars: against Swedes and Finns in the Baltic highland terrain among 60,000 lakes; in Siberia against the Chinese; in the Crimea against the Turks; and in Europe against modern tactics. The Tsar's closest military advisers were mostly foreigners - and were deeply resented. The troops were conscripted by levies on the 'souls' - i.e., the serfs - usually at a ratio one in five hundred, which says something of the population when this alone produced 32,000 soldiers. In times of peace there were no levies. However, during 1811-12 there were three levies at a ratio of one soul in five.(3) The term of service was twenty-five years, and it was accepted that it would be very doubtful for a family to see the conscript again in their lifetime. Notwithstanding the military reforms since Friedland in 1807, the Russians were still in favour of the doctoring of the great Generalissimo Alexander Suvorov (1730-1800), who had scrapped Mad Paul's Prussian linear tactics of Fredrick the Great ( his Instructions to his Generals, 1747) as "... a rat-eaten parchment found in the corner of some old castle".(4) Suvorov advocated - and utilized with great success against the French - the attack in massed columns using the bayonet. Russia's western tactics were basically a good entrenched defensive position with a preponderance of artillery, massed infantry columns on the flanks and rear, with the cavalry on the flanks and masking the guns, prior to commencement. The whole position, masked by swarms of skirmishers and cossacks, pushed out in front. In attack, the infantry columns advanced, supported by cavalry and the skirmishers out front, preceded and supported by a massive artillery barrage.

COMMAND: At the beginning of the campaign the Russian army was under the command of Mikhail Bogdanovitch Barclay de Tolly (1761-1818) of Scots descent and a good education (rare in Russia at that time), born in the German settlement of Livonia. He entered the army as a private and rose to become an NCO. It is a singular mark of his abilities that he was commissioned by Prince Repnin, who also made him adjutant. By 1806-7 he had made a lightning leap to Major General and, following his command of one of the three invasion divisions in the Finnish War of 1808-9, was made a General Lieutenant and Minister of War. However, due to the resentment of this 'foreigner' and Barclay's inability to work with the envious Prince Bagration, overall command at Borodino was given to Field-Marshal Prince Golenishchev-Kutuzov.(5) Tsar Alexander loathed Kutuzov, having assigned him to the backwater of the Danube after Austerlitz. Kutuzov had been overruled on that occasion by the Tsar, who had unjustly passed the blame for the disaster from his own ill-judgment of advisers ( Dolgorukov and Weirother). Now the Russian armies had to conduct a fighting retreat from Drissa to Moscow, on deferring to the advice of von Phull. Kutuzov was the only overall commander that the other Russian Generals would accept.(6) Further, having concluded peace with the Turkish Grand Vizier, ending that war personally, Kutuzov's standing throughout Russia was at its peak. Thrown in at the deep end, and ordered against his will to fight Napoléon before Moscow, the sixty-seven year old commander set out by droshky to join his army at Tsarevo, to consolidate and repair its morale after a 400-mile fighting retreat. With very little time, he chose Borodino as the only available position in which to fight Napoléon. In keeping with Peter the Great's doctrine, he ordered the Moscow peasants to build the Great, or Raevskii, Redoubt in his center, entrenched and surrounded with stakes and wolf-pits, holding 18 heavy guns and a battalion of troops and dominating the center of the field. It was supported on its left, near the village of Semenovskoi, by three mutually supporting battery positions called flèches, two in front and one in the rear. These were open-ended, making them indefensible from the rear and easy for dislodged troops to retake if need be. About a mile in front of Kutuzov's position, on a flattened knoll at Shevardino, he ordered a redoubt built, which was to be an outpost to be held long enough to give time for the defense works and the troops to be deployed in the main position.

SPECIAL TACTICS: It should be noted that the Russian soldier was formidable in attack, the Russian regulations "Precepts for Infantry Officers on the Day of Battle", issued in June 1812, held "that the bayonet was the true Russian weapon and that the push of the bayonet was far more decisive than musketry". The regulation also stated that "In a bayonet charge, the true place of the officer was at the head of his men". This doctrine cost Prince Bagration his life at Borodino and that of countless officers, but the tactic unnerved the Franco-Allied Army. On the defensive "they displayed a bovine endurance, clinging together in dense masses in which the living were jammed together with the dying and dead. As Fredrick the Great found in the Seven Years War, and the British were to discover in the Crimea, it was not enough simply to kill Russians - you had to knock them down as well".(7) The various troop types are dealt with elsewhere, but below are listed certain troop types which, through mis-translation have not been well understood and need clarifying.

Opolochenie

Militia

Cossacks

Pavlovski Grenadiers

Russian Artillery Units

NOTE: After the 1812 campaign, most accounts have come to the English reader via German or French translations of Russian accounts, documents, journals etc., and the early Victorian translators were usually employed for their academic abilities, not for their technical knowledge ( Sir Robert Wilson was an exception, being also a soldier). Thus many unfamiliar Russian military units were translated into German as their nearest equivalent, and likewise from German to English. As an easy example, a French musket ball (balle de fusil) and cannonball (boulet) became either a 'rifle bullet' or bullet and cannonball became a shell! Likewise the terms Opolochenie, Militia and Cossacks have become intermixed and mistranslated.

(1) Peter The Great, Robert K.Massie, London & New York, 1987.et.seq. Borodino, Christopher Duffy, London & New York 1973, pp.11-29. Also: Russia In War And Peace, Alan. Palmer, London, 1972, chaps. 1-4.

(2) Brief Remarks on the Character and Composition of the Russian Army, Sir Robert Wilson, London, 1810. pp.1-2.

(3) Duffy, ibid., pp.15-47.

(4) Duffy, ibid., p.37.

(5) The Commander: The Life of Barclay de Tolly, Michael Johnson and Diana Josselson, London & New York, 1980, pp.123-125.

(6) For the life of Kutuzov see The Fox Of The North, by Roger Parkinson, New York, 1976.

(7) Duffy, ibid., p.39


Opolochenie

This was the levée en masse. On the Tsar's orders, every able-bodied man in Moscow and a set number in various cities - 192,000 in total - were to be equipped with pikes from blacksmiths, hatchets and any knives that could be requisitioned. They were formed into cohorts or battalions, and placed under the orders of officers and NCOs recalled from depots and from retirement. The peasants' enthusiasm was high, for religious reasons, and in some was the hope that eventually the Tsar might even free them. The Tsar and the nobles saw this as a measure in extremis, and as soon as Napoléon retreated from Russian soil, the Opolochenie were quickly disarmed and disbanded. Alexander's manifesto to his people in 1814 from Paris included but one line of gratitude to them: "The peasants, our loyal people, will be recompensed by God".


Militia

This was in effect a city's police force; i.e., the Moscow Militia, St.Petersburg Militia, etc.The Militia wore a distinct uniform for their district; Black for St.Petersburg, Grey for Moscow. Armed and trained with muskets, they were a paramilitary unit in the sense that they came under the orders of General Alexander Dimitrevitch Balachov, the Tsar's Minister of Police. They were under the direction of the City Governor who communicated with Balachov. Even today, the Russian police are still called the Militia - a different meaning than in the west.


Cossacks

There were three types of Cossack at this time. First were those raised by the army as military units, such as the Imperial Guard and the Don Line Regiments. Secondly there were the free cossacks, under their hetman, who fought for the Tsar in time of war in the feudal manner in lieu of taxes and a certain amount of self government. Thirdly were the wilder elements on the outer reaches of government control, such as the Bashkirs and Kalmuks, who fought with muskets, pistols and bows and arrows. These fought on a mercenary basis, for payment, food and loot. They were very primitive and sometimes cruel, and responsible for many of the atrocities committed in France in 1814. Finally, from some of the highland and Ural areas there were the 'Foot Cossacks', which one can liken to Stonewall Jackson's foot cavalry. Inured from childhood from evading the enemy by walking over mountainous terrain on a daily basis, they could cover a great deal of area on the flat quickly. At Borodino, these troops astounded Marshal Ney by the speed at which they could hit and run, doing the maximum amount of damage, then withdrawing at speed.


Pavlovski Grenadiers

This was an elite unit which at Friedland in 1807 was instrumental in holding the French whilst the remnant of the Russian army escaped. In recognition, the Tsar decreed that as a distinction its men should keep their distinctive brass-fronted mitred headgear, most of which had been dented from French General Senarmont's decisive massed canister attack. Napoléon, who saw this feat, later awarded several Pavlovian soldiers with the Legion of Honour at Tilsit. In 1813, in recognition for the part they played in stopping the French on the Russian left at Borodino, Tsar Alexander made them a regiment of his Guard. The Pavlov Grenadiers continued to wear these battered brass-fronted, Seven-Year-War style headgear until 1918. When one soldier left, a new recruit received the hat in a special ceremony.(1)

(1) Zapiski A.P.Yermolov (Memoirs of [General] A.P Yermolov), ch.1, 1800-1812, Moscow, 1865.


Russian Artillery Units

The artillery was the most important branch of the Russian army. Its weaponry included the Licorne, a long-barreled howitzer that had a greater range and more accuracy than the howitzers used by the other European armies. In 1805 the Russian artillery had been standardized by Count Arakcheyev in order to provide the army with a uniform selection of 6-pounder guns, 12-pounder guns, 10-pounder Licornes and 20-pounder Licornes. Russia also had the most advanced gun-sight of the period, the Karbanov system that used a screw mechanism to elevate the gun. European armies by contrast elevated their guns by means of wedge blocks.

The Russians had three types of batteries. The light and horse batteries corresponded generally to those of the Franco-Allied armies. The third type was the position battery, which consisted of four 20pdr Licornes, four medium 12pdrs and four heavy 12pdrs. The position battery was twice the size of European armies, with twice the frontage. They devastated the advancing French infantry with canister. All Russian batteries were guarded by a unit of support troops. The artillery commander advocated, "Conceal your guns and their number, and then increase the quality in action as the combat goes on".(1) The Russians were very adroit in masking their guns until the last moment, then removing their covering troops and opening up with canister at short range. The support troops then counter-attacked.

The Russians treated their guns with greater reverence than the French did their eagles. It was considered more than a disgrace to lose a gun. The reason for this situation has a historic basis. In 1701, Peter the Great was in desperate need for artillery. In June he issued his historic decree:"From the whole of Tsardom, in leading towns, from churches, and monasteries, a proportion of the bells are to be collected to make guns and mortars".(2) This was considered sacrilege by the people as, having been blessed, the bells were considered as holy as the churches themselves. Over the years, the guns had been melted down to produce newer models, and to the Russian soldier they had a sacred dimension that was little understood by Westerners, but explains the superhuman efforts made by Russians to safeguard their guns and, if captured, the ferocity of the counter-attack to retake them.

(1) Quoted in Borodino, Christopher Duffy, London & New York 1973, p.47.

(2) Cited in Peter The Great, Robert K.Massie, London & New York, 1987.et.seq., p.343.


Historical Notes on the Game Formations
6.0  Historical Notes on the Game Formations

by David C. Hamilton-Williams

Whilst all possible means have been adopted to re-create for the gamer every aspect of historical accuracy, unfortunately, one slight visual difference is inevitable when playing against the A/I, the Artificial Intelligence of the computer. It is an accepted historical fact that when an attack column approaches an enemy in line formation, it was at a distinct disadvantage from the weight of musketry that could be brought to bear against the column. However, just as the British Army in the Spanish Peninsular War (1808-14) and at Waterloo in 1815 had retained its fire and attack capabilities in linear formation (which had been abandoned by Prussia, Austria, etc., in favor of emulating Napoléon's columns of manoeuvre), so too had the Russians retained Peter the Great's regulations (1716) to attack in columns using the bayonet. General Barclay de Tolly, The first Russian to change Peter the Great's regulations,(1) advocated in the 'yellow book' (1810-12) army regulations a greater use of musketry in line. Because of the time scale of implementation and entrenched traditionalism, these were implemented only at the individual divisional/brigade/regimental commander's preference. Thus in NAPOLEON IN RUSSIA, when the A/I is controlling a side it will sometimes adopt a linear posture (if it has time) to receive the assault to maximize its firepower, as would either of the two combatants in a similar situation. Obviously, if the game is being played head-to-head, each player can choose (if he really wants to) to receive or attack a line in column. However, the artificial intelligence, not being human, will deploy in the most practical, logical and advantageous formation within its ability. Whilst this will in no way spoil the enjoyment or outcome of the simulation, to the purest gamer this may appear to fly in the face of reality. However, it is the only way that any Artificial Intelligence can emulate the true historical situation of the scenario and not be placed at a further disadvantage, i.e., not being human.

From a historical and personal point of view I think in light of my own researches that the computer is correct, as I have indicated in my notes on the various contingents. However, as my friend David Chandler always says, paraphrasing professor Pieter Geyl, "History is an argument without end - and so it always should be".

(1): See The Commander: A Life of Barclay de Tolly, M. Josselson and D. Josselson, Oxford University Press, London and New York, pp.83-85, 92, 105, 206. Also see Borodino and the War of 1812, Dr. C. Duffy, London and New York, 1973, pp.40-43.


Chronological Order
7.0  Chronological Order

September 7, 1812

5:00 AM	Poniatowski's V Corps begins its advance toward Utitza and becomes entangled in rough terrain for almost 3 hours.
6:00 AM	The Grand Battery begins the battle with a bombardment of the Flèches. Unfortunately the shots fall short and the artillery would have to be moved forward to be effective. Ney's III Corps artillery begins it bombardment of the northern Flèche. The Russian artillery immediately begins to return fire.
6:30 AM	Delzon's 13th Division begins its attack on Borodino, which is defended by the Lifeguard Jagers. The French drive the Jagers out of the town and across the bridge. Davout's 5th Division begins its attack on the southern Flèche,supported by the 4th Division. The two divisions drive out the Russians from the Flèche, only to be driven out in turn by a Russian counter-attack. Tuchkov's 3rd division is ordered to reinforce the southern Flèche, thus weakening the Russian left flank around Utitza.
7:00 AM	Ney's III Corps begins its attack on the northern Flèche. Baggovout's II Corps is ordered to reinforce Tuchkov on the Russian left flank. The Russian V Corps and Artillery Reserve begin to move forward.
8:00 AM	Ney's lead division captures the northern Flèche, but takes a pounding from Russian artillery. Davout's two divisions capture the southern Flèche for a second time. They are driven out, and are pursued by Russian cavalry who in turn are driven back by French cavalry. Poniatowski's V Corps finally begins its attack on Utitza, forcing the Russians out of the town and back to the Utitza mound.
8:30 AM	Ney's and Davout's divisions retake the two Flèches only to find a third Flèche, which they immediately begin efforts to capture. Bagration sends 6 Russian infantry regiments and 5 cavalry regiments which drive the French out of the two Flèches, but they are then driven back by a French counter-attack. After two hours of attacks on the Flèches, they have changed hands at least four times.
9:00 AM	Junot's VIII Corps moves down between Ney's and Davout's corps so as to give them support if needed. Ney's and Davout's corps continue to assault the Flèches. Baggovout's II Corps moves down to reinforce the Russian left flank and give support to the Flèches' defense.
9:30 AM	Broussier's 14th Division makes an unsuccessful attack on the Great Redoubt.
10:00 AM	More Russian troops are sent from the right flank to reinforce the left. Morand's division begins its assault on the Great Redoubt, but is soon repulsed.
10:30 AM	The French renew their assault on the Great Redoubt, with the support of Grouchy's III Reserve Cavalry Corps. The center begins receiving reinforcements from the Russian right flank. Poniatowski's V Corps renews its attack against the Russian left flank.
11:00 AM	The French finally drive the Russians out of the third Flèche, taking final control of the Flèches. Friant's 2nd Division, with the support of the I and IV Reserve Cavalry Corps, attacks the town of Semenovskoe. A battle occurs around Semenovskoe between the French cavalry and the Russian IV Cavalry Corps, with heavy losses on both sides. The French assault on the Great Redoubt is been repulsed again, and action around the redoubt quiets down. Poniatowski's V Corps is on the verge of taking the Utitza mound when Russian reinforcements arrive in time to drive them back to Utitza.
12:00 PM	After heavy fighting with the Russian Lifeguards and Cavalry, Semenovskoe is finally in French hands. The Lifeguards have shown the French that they can take whatever the French can give them and still remain in good order.
1:00 PM	Uvarov's I Cavalry Corps and Platov's Cossacks launch an attack on the French left flank north of the Kolocha. The French divert a total of 16 regiments to stop the attack, forcing a temporary halt in the assault on the Great Redoubt.
2:00 PM	All available French artillery begins a devastating bombardment of the Great Redoubt.
3:00 PM	Eugène launches a coordinated attack against the Great Redoubt with three divisions (Broussier, Morand and Gerard), while French cavalry from the II, III and IV Reserve Cavalry Corps begin a pincer movement around the Great Redoubt. Russian reinforcements from the north continued to enter the fray.
3:30 PM	French infantry enter the Great Redoubt for the last time.
4:00 PM	The French cavalry advance pass the Great Redoubt and engage the Russian infantry in a desperate fight. An hour-long fight ensues, with Russian and French cavalry intermixed with Russian infantry.
5:00 PM	The Russians fall back to reform their line and attempt to counter-attack, which never materializes. With both sides exhausted, the battle ends by nightfall.


Weapon Descriptions
8.0  Weapon Descriptions

Code 	Description

A	Artillery

During the Napoleonic wars each nation had its own pattern of artillery, but the designs and employment were essentially the same. There were three basic types: the cannon (usually called a "gun"), whose barrel length was usually twelve times the diameter of its bore; the howitzer, a shorter-barrel (hence lower-velocity) weapon that was intended for high-angle fire instead of the ordinary cannon's direct fire; and the licorne (used only by Russia), a long-barreled howitzer with a longer range and greater accuracy than the short-barrel howitzer. Artillery was generally classified into types according to the weight of shot (e.g., a "9-pounder"). All artillery used during this period were smoothbore muzzle-loaders.

Cannon or guns ranged in size from diminutive 3-pounders up to large 32-pounders. Generally the heaviest guns used in the field were 12-pounders, with 18- and 24-pounders used only for siege warfare. Cannons and howitzers were usually grouped together in batteries of 4-12 pieces. Most contained a mixture of sizes and types so as to enable the battery to perform various tasks during the battle. A typical battery would contain six cannons and two howitzers. By this time most nations had standardized their batteries to the point where for game purposes they can be classified into four groups:

A = 12-pound Battery, with:

[six 12-pdr guns & two 10-pdr Howitzers] or

[six 12-pdr guns & two 6-inch Howitzers] or

[eight 12-pdr guns & four 18-pdr Licornes]

B = 6 or 9 pound Battery with:
[six 6-pdr guns & two 5.2-inch Howitzers] or

[six 6-pdr guns & two 7-pdr Howitzers] or

[five 9-pdr guns & one 5.5-inch Howitzer] or

[eight 6-pdr guns & four 9-pdr Licornes]

C = Howitzer Battery, with:

[six 5.5-inch Howitzers] or

[six 7-pdr Howitzers]

D = Horse Battery, with:

[four 6-pdr guns & two 5.5-inch Howitzers] or

[five 6-pdr guns & one 5.5-inch Howitzer] or

[six 6-pdr guns & four 9-pdr Licornes]

L	Lance

By the mid 17th Century the lance, one of the most ancient of cavalry weapons, had disappeared from Western European warfare. In Eastern Europe it was primarily a Polish weapon, from where it eventually spread back to the West. In the Napoleonic period most of the major powers formed various types of lancer regiments, manned mostly by Poles in Polish-style uniforms, though these units remained small in number. Only France and Russia formed any appreciable quantities of lancers after 1811, since the use of a lance required particular skill and exceptional circumstances to be truly effective.

The lance was effective against enemy cavalry only if the enemy could not "turn the lance". Once the lance was turned and the enemy got within saber's length, the lancer was nearly incapable of defending himself. Against infantry the lancer was very deadly indeed. He could assault infantry in squares, when the weather was bad, and was able to strike at infantry from beyond bayonet range. Lancers were also effective against artillery crews, who could be stabbed even when lying prone or hiding beneath their guns and limbers (which would normally provide some protection against regular cavalry.)

M	Smoothbore Musket

The infantryman and his musket were the basic elements of Napoleonic warfare. The musket was a smoothbore weapon with ignition by the flintlock system. It consisted basically of an iron tube attached to a wooden stock. Being muzzle-loaded, the propellant charge and projectile had to be inserted via the muzzle. A "touch-hole" at the right side above the trigger allowed the igniter spark to penetrate to the propellant in the tube. This spark was made by striking a lump of flint upon a hinged steel plate, sometimes know as a "frizzen" or "steel". The projectile was a lead ball weighing about an ounce. Most muskets used a prepared cartridge, which comprised a greased paper tube holding the ball and sufficient powder for one shot.

Loading the musket took discipline and practice. The infantryman would take a cartridge from his pouch and bite off the end. He would then hold the musket horizontally and draw back the hammer one notch to the "half-cocked" position. (In this setting the trigger would have no effect on the hammer, thus preventing a premature discharge.) He would push the frizzen in the direction of the muzzle to open the primer-pan, then pour a small amount of powder into the pan from the cartridge, and then move the frizzen back to a vertical position to seal the powder in the primer-pan. Next he would place the musket in a vertical position with the butt on the ground, pour the remaining powder from the cartridge into the muzzle, then drop the ball in after it. Next he would remove the ramrod from its housing beneath the barrel, turn it around, and ram the paper tube of the cartridge down the barrel after the powder and ball, thus forming a "wad" to hold them in place. The ramrod was then put back in its housing and the musket was returned a firing position. Only now could the infantryman pull back the hammer to the "full-cocked" position and be ready to fire. The typical rate of fire for a musket was three shots per minute, with the best-trained infantry able to fire four.

To fire the musket, the infantryman simply pointed it in the general direction of the enemy and pulled the trigger. (The black powder made so much smoke that after a volley or two he probably couldn't see the enemy anyway.) Pulling the trigger sent the hammer crashing down so that the flint struck sparks upon the frizzen. This also uncovered the primer-pan, allowing the sparks to fall on the powder, which ignited. The flame would travel down the touch-hole to the powder in the barrel, which would explode with a load report and a thick cloud of smoke. With a vicious recoil, the musket ball was fired.

The musket was not a very accurate weapon. At 100 yards a volley from a unit in formation could be expected to hit its target about 15 percent of the time; and at 200 yards a mere 3 or 4 percent - and these were under good conditions. The percentages were reduced even more when stress, smoke, fatigue and malfunctions were taken into account.
During the Napoleonic wars two varieties of muskets became famous: those used by France and by Britain. The French musket - called the "Charleville" after one of the main factories that produced it - was a good weapon, but its performance was hindered by the poor to average quality of French gunpowder, which tended to clog the barrel. (It usually had to be cleaned after about 50 shots.) More than two million of these were produced during the period. The British musket - known as the "Brown Bess" - was in general a weapon of good quality, and vast numbers were exported to Britain's allies throughout the wars. Some 1,604,000 British muskets were manufactured during this period. Some 113,000 were sent to Prussia and 60,000 to Russia, where they were so prized that their issue was made a reward to distinguished soldiers.

P	Pike

The term Pike represents an assorted mixture of pikes, hatchets and knives. The only units in the game that use Pikes are the Russian Opolochenie battalions (which were basically a levy en masse). The Pike weapon type has no range, so units equipped with it can attack only in melee.

R	Rifle

During the Napoleonic wars, rifled muskets were entrusted only to the most skilled marksmen, and only a small percentage of infantrymen were equipped with such weapons. The rifled musket operated on the same principle as the smoothbore, but its barrel had curved grooves on the inside. This "rifling" of the barrel caused the ball to spin, thus enhancing the weapon's accuracy. A rifled musket in the right hands became a very deadly weapon. It was not uncommon for riflemen to pick off an artillery crew at 200-300 yards, or to hit individual enemy leaders before they had even begun to move forward with their units.

The rifled musket was mainly a German weapon whose design was taken from civilian hunting rifles. Hence the concept of "rifle" tactics was developed by the German Jäger ("hunter") troops. Most of the German-based armies had Jäger formations armed with rifled muskets. Russia started to arm her Jäger companies with rifles, but equipped no larger formations totally with rifles.

One interesting aspect of the rifled musket was that it usually had a shorter barrel. This enabled the rifleman to load and fire the weapon from a kneeling or prone position, which in turn allowed him to engage in skirmishing. The skirmish tactic consisted of sending out units (usually companies) in dispersed order, using all available cover, and moving within range of the enemy to lay down a deadly accurate fire. Not only did this harass and discomfit the enemy, but it helped protect the main line of friendly troops behind the skirmishers.

The most famous of the rifled muskets used during the Napoleonic period was the British "Baker", of which more than 30,000 were made.

S	Sword

The principal cavalry weapon of the Napoleonic period was the sword. It existed in a huge variety of patterns governed by the two basic theories regarding its employment. Some believed that the most effective blow was the cut or slash, in which the edge of the blade was used. The other belief was that the thrust was more effective, with the tip of the blade piercing the victim.

The best design for the thrust was a sword with a thin straight edge, while the curved edge was best for the cut or slash. Most heavy cavalrymen were equipped with a straight-edge sword with a much thicker blade than that of the normal thrusting sword. This stronger sword could be used to hack at the enemy as well as to thrust at him. On the other hand, the light cavalryman was generally equipped with a curved sword (sometimes called a saber), and would make his attacks in the cut-and-slash fashion best suited to his weapon. The use of the curved edge was more traditional then practical, and most experts believe the thrust was the best type of attack for the cavalryman.


References
9.0  References

Firepower: Weapons Effectiveness on the Battlefield, 1630-1850

Major-General B. P. Hughes, C.B., C.B.E.

Charles Scribner's Sons

New York

Life of Napoleon

Baron Jomini

General-in-Chief & Aid-de-Camp to the Emperor of Russia

Translated from French by H.W. Halleck

Major-General United States Army

Two Volumes - with Atlas

Napoleon's Invasion of Russia

George Nafziger

Presidio Press

1988

1812: Napoleon's Russian Campaign

Richard K. Riehn

McGraw-Hill Publishing Co.

1990

With Napoleon In Russia: The Memoirs of General de Caulaincourt

Grosset & Dunlap

1935

The Wurtemburg Army 1793-1815

G. F. Nafziger

Raider Games

1987

The Armies of Westphalia and Cleves-Berg 1806-1815

G. F. Nafziger

Privately Published

1993

The Poles and Saxons of the Napoleonic Wars

George Nafziger, Mariusz T. Wesolowski & Ton Devoe

The Emperor's Press

1991

Napoleon

Anthony Masters

McGraw-Hill Book Company

1981

Napoleon's Grande Armée of 1813

Scott Bowden

The Emperor's Press

1990

The Campaigns of Napoleon

David G. Chandler

Macmillan Publishing Company

1966

The Anatomy of Glory: Napoleon and his Guard

Henry Lachouque and Anne S.K. Brown

Hippocrene Books, Inc.

1978

Napoleon's Generals: The Waterloo Campaign

Tony Linck

The Emperor's Press

Napoleon's Marshals

David G. Chandler

Editor-in-Chief

Macmillan Publishing Company

1987

Dictionary of the Napoleonic Wars

David G. Chandler

Simon & Schuster

1979

A Military History and Atlas of the Napoleonic Wars

Brig Gen. Esposito & Col. Elting

West Point Military Atlas

Frederick A. Praeger, Publishers

1965

The War of the Two Emperors The Duel Between Napoleon and Alexander: Russia 1812

Curtis Cate

Random House

1985

The Diary of a Napoleonic Foot Soldier

Jakob Walter

Doubleday

1991

Napoleon's Russian Campaign

Count Philippe-Paul de Ségur

Houghton Mifflin Co.

1958

Napoleon 1812

Nigel Nicolson

Harper & Row Publishers

1985

The Encyclopedia of Military History: From 3500 B.C. to the Present

R Ernest Dupuy & Trevor N. Dupuy

Harper & Row, Publishers

1970

The Age of Napoleon: A History of European Civilization from 1789 to 1815

Will & Ariel Durant

Simon and Schuster

1975

The Imperial Russian Army (1763-1815) - Two Volumes

George F. Nafziger & Warren Worley

Privately Published

1996

Imperial Bayonets: Tactics of the Napoleonic Battery, Battalion & Brigade as Found in Contemporary Regulations

George Nafziger

Greenhill Books

1995

With Musket, Cannon and Sword: Battle Tactics of Napoleon and His Enemies

Brent Nosworthy

Sarpedon Publishing

1996

Napoleonic Armies: Volume I - France and Her Allies

Ray Johnson

RAFM Company

1978

Napoleonic Armies: Volume II - Britain, Prussia, Austria, Russia & Their Allies

Ray Johnson

RAFM Company

1978

Numbers, Predictions & War

Colonel T.N. Dupuy

Bobs-Merrill Company, Inc.

1979

Clausewitz

Roger Parkinson

Stein and Day

1971

Borodino and the War of 1812

Christopher Duffy

Charles Scribner's Sons

1972

The Fall of Napoleon

David Hamilton-Williams

John Wiley & Sons

1994

Napoleon in Russia: The 1812 Campaign

Alan Palmer

Simon & Schuster

1967

Russia in War and Peace

Weiderfeld and Nicolson

1972

Yorck and the Era of Prussian Reform 1807-1815

P. Paret

Princeton, N.J.

1966

The Art of Warfare in the Age of Napoleon

Gunther von Rothenberg

Batsford, London

1978

Armies of the Danube - 1809

Scotty Bowden & Charlie Tarbox

Empire Games Press

1980

Napoleon's Campaigns in Miniature

Bruce Quarrie

Patrick Stephens Limited

1977

Osprey - Men-at Arms Series

various volumes

Osprey Publishing Ltd.

German Military Dictionary

War Department

1944

Tactics and Grand Tactics of the Napoleonic Wars

Ned Zuparko - Editor

The Courier Publishing co., Inc.

1982

An Encyclopedia of Napoleon's Europe

Alan Palmer

St. Matin's Press

1984

Napoleon: A Biographical Study

Dr. Max Lenz

G.P. Putnam's Sons

1907

Napoleon: A Sketch of His Life, Character, Struggles, and Achievements

Thomas E. Watson

MacMillan Company

1902

Napoleon

Emil Ludwig

Translated by Eden & Cedar Paul

Boni & Liveright Publishers

1926


Parameter Data
10.0  Parameter Data

Time and Visibility Data

Time:

Dawn: 5:00 	Day: 6:00 	Dusk: 19:00 	Night: 20:00

Visibility

Day: Unlimited	Dawn & Dusk: 4 Hexes 	Night: 1 Hex

Minutes Per Turn:

Dawn, Day, Dusk: 15 	Night: 60

Movement Allowance Data

Infantry: 12	Cavalry: 12	Artillery: 12	Supply Wagon: 10
Stacking Data

Maximum Infantry Strength: 2000	Maximum Infantry Units: 8
Maximum Artillery Strength: 16	Maximum Artillery Units: 4
Maximum Cavalry Strength: 1000	Maximum Cavalry Units: 8
Fatigue Data

Maximum Fatigue: 9

Day Fatigue Recovery: 15% 	Night Fatigue Recovery: 75%

Fatigue from Fire: 1 	Fatigue from Loss: 1 	Fatigue from Melee: 1

Command Radius

Brigade Radius

French: 3 	Russian : 2

Division Radius

French: 6 	Russian: 4

Movement Costs

Hex	Infantry (Line)	Infantry (Column)	Cavalry	Artillery	Supply Wagon
Clear	3	2	2	2	3
Water	P	P	P	P	P
Forest	5	4	6	8	8
Orchard	4	3	4	6	6
Marsh	5	4	8	P	P
Village	4	2	4	4	4
Building	3	2	2	2	3
Wolf Pit	4	3	6	P	P
Hexside	Infantry (Line)	Infantry (Column)	Cavalry	Artillery	Supply Wagon
Path	*	2	2	2	2
Road	*	1	1	1	2
Stream	1	1	2	2	2
Embankment	2	2	4	P	P
Palisade	P	P	P	P	P
Fort	6	5	8	P	P
Up Elevation	1	1	1	2	2
Down Elevation	0	0	0	1	1
Notes

* = Unit in Line formation gets no benefit when crossing this hexside

# = Movement Point Cost to enter hex or cross hexside.

P = Prohibited. Unit cannot enter hex or cross hexside.

Change Costs

Infantry Change of Facing: 2	About Face: 4

Cavalry Change of Facing: 3	About Face: 6

Artillery Change of Facing: 2	About Face: 4

Rearward Movement Penalty: +1

Ammunition Loss Values

Small Arms Loss Probability:

French: 1/24 	Russian: 1/24

Artillery Ammo Loss:

French: 3 	Russian: 3

Weapon Effectiveness Table

Weapon Class

Range	A	B	C	D	M	R	P
1	8	8	8	12	6	4	*
2	6	6	6	8	3	3	*
3	5	4	4	4	*	1	*
4	4	4	2	2	*	*	*
5	4	3	2	2	*	*	*
6	4	2	2	2	*	*	*
7	3	2	2	2	*	*	*
8	2	2	1	1	*	*	*
9	2	1	1	1	*	*	*
10-12	1	1	1	1	*	*	*
13-15	1	1	*	*	*	*	*
16-18	1	*	*	*	*	*	*
# is the multiplier of weapon type firing.

* means the weapon has no effectiveness at that range.

Weapon Types:

A	12-pound Battery

B	6 or 9 pound Battery

C	Howitzer Battery

D	Horse Battery

M	Smoothbore Musket

R	Rifle

P	Pikes

Fire Results Table

Factor/Roll	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12
1-2	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	F	F	1
3-4	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	F	F	1	1
5-8	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	F	F	1	1	1
9-12	0	0	0	0	0	0	F	F	1	1	1	2
13-18	0	0	0	0	0	F	F	1	1	1	2	2
19-24	0	0	0	0	F	F	1	1	1	2	2	3
25-32	0	0	0	F	F	1	1	1	2	2	3	3
33-40	0	0	F	F	1	1	1	2	2	3	3	4
41-50	0	F	F	1	1	1	2	2	3	3	4	4
51-60	F	F	1	1	1	2	2	3	3	4	4	5
61-72	F	1	1	1	2	2	3	3	4	4	5	5
73-84	1	1	1	2	2	3	3	4	4	5	5	6
85-96	1	1	2	2	3	3	4	4	5	5	6	6
97-108	1	2	2	3	3	4	4	5	5	6	6	7
Numeric result indicates strength loss

F indicates increase in fatigue

Fire Results Modifiers

Enfiladed modifier: +2	Mounted cavalry modifier: +2*

* = +2 modifier verses mounted cavalry for 1 to 6 hexes, +1 verses mounted cavalry for 7 to 12 hexes, no modifier for mounted cavalry over 12 hexes.

Terrain Modifiers:

Clear: 0	Water: 0	Forest: -1
Orchard: 0	Marsh: 0	Building: -2
Village: -2	Wolf Pit: -1
Hex Side Modifiers:

Embankment: -1	Path: 0	Road: 0
Palisade: -4	Fort: -2	Stream: 0
	UpElevation: -1
Melee Table

Odds/Roll	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12
1:3	12/0	11/0	10/0	9/0	8/0	7/0	6/0	5/0	5/1	4/0	4/1	4/2
1:2	7/1	6/0	6/1	6/2	5/0	5/1	5/2	4/0	4/1	4/2	4/3	3/4
2:3	6/1	6/2	5/1	5/2	5/3	4/1	4/2	4/3	3/1	3/2	2/3	2/4
1:1	5/1	5/2	5/3	4/1	4/2	4/3	3/1	3/2	2/3	2/4	3/5	2/5
3:2	5/3	4/1	4/2	4/3	3/1	3/2	2/3	2/4	3/5	2/5	1/5	2/6
2:1	4/2	4/3	3/1	3/2	2/3	2/4	3/5	2/5	1/5	2/6	1/6	2/7
3:1	3/1	3/2	2/3	2/4	3/5	2/5	1/5	2/6	1/6	2/7	1/7	0/7
4:1	4/3	3/4	3/5	2/5	1/5	2/6	1/6	0/6	1/7	1/8	0/9	0/10
6:1	3/4	3/5	2/5	1/5	2/6	1/6	0/6	1/7	1/8	0/9	1/10	0/11
Results are in terms of attacker-losses/defender-losses

Leader Casualty Values

Fire Wound Value:

French: 2% 	Russian: 2%

Fire Kill Value :

French: 3% 	Russian: 3%

Melee Wound Value :

French: 3% 	Russian: 3%

Melee Kill Value :

French: 4% 	Russian: 4%

Melee Capture Value :

French: 5% 	Russian: 5%

Elevation Information

Terrain Elevations (meters):

Clear: 0	Water: 0	Forest: 15
Orchard: 5	Marsh: 0	Building: 0
Village: 10	Wolf Pit: 0
Elevations Increments (levels) are 10m


Order of Battle
11.0  Order of Battle

The Grand Army

Emperor Napoléon

Imperial Guard

Marshal Mortier

1st Division of Guard [Young Guard] (At Smolensk)

Gen. of Div. comte Delaborde

1st Brigade

Gen. of Brig. Berthezène

1st Bn./4th Volt. Regt.

2nd Bn./4th Volt. Regt.

1st Bn./4th Tir. Regt.

2nd Bn./4th Tir. Regt.

1st Bn./5th Volt. Regt.

2nd Bn./5th Volt. Regt.

2nd Brigade

Gen. of Brig. baron Lanusse

1st Bn./5th Tir. Regt.

2nd Bn./5th Tir. Regt.

1st Bn./6th Volt. Regt.

2nd Bn./6th Volt. Regt.

1st Bn./6th Tir. Regt.

2nd Bn./6th Tir. Regt.

2nd Division of Guard [Young Guard]

Gen. of Div. comte Roguet

1st Brigade

Gen. of Brig. baron Boyledieu

1st Bn./1st Tir. Regt.

2nd Bn./1st Tir. Regt.

1st Bn./1st Volt. Regt.

2nd Bn./1st Volt. Regt.

1st Bn./Leibgarde Regt. [Hessian] (At Vitebsk)

2nd Bn./Leibgarde Regt.[Hessian] (HQ Escort)

2nd Brigade

Gen. of Brig. baron Lanbère

1st Bn./Fus. Chas. Regt.

2nd Bn./Fus. Chas. Regt.

1st Bn./Fus. Gren. Regt.

2nd Bn./Fus. Gren. Regt.

1st Bn./Flanquers Regt. (At Vitebsk)

2nd Bn./Flanquers Regt. (At Vitebsk)

Divisional Artillery

3rd Co. O.G. Ft. Art.

3rd Co. Y.G. Ft. Art.

3rd Division of Guard [Old Guard]

Marshal Lefebvre (Old Guard)

Gen. of Div. comte Curial

1st Brigade

Gen. of Brig. comte Boyer de Rebeval

1st Bn./1st Chas. à Pied

2nd Bn./1st Chas. à Pied

1st Bn./2nd Chas. à Pied

2nd Bn./2nd Chas. à Pied

2nd Brigade

Gen. of Brig. Michel

1st Bn./1st Gren. à Pied

2nd Bn./1st Gren. à Pied

1st Bn./2nd Gren. à Pied

2nd Bn./2nd Gren. à Pied

1st Bn./3rd Gren. à Pied

2nd Bn./3rd Gren. à Pied

Divisional Artillery

1st Co. O.G. Ft. Art.

2nd Co. O.G. Ft. Art.

1st Co. Y.G. Ft. Art.

2nd Co. Y.G. Ft. Art.

Vistula Legion

Gen. of Div. comte Claparéde

1st Brigade

Gen. of Brig. comte Cholpicki

1st Bn./1st Vistula Regt.

2nd Bn./1st Vistula Regt.

3rd Bn./1st Vistula Regt. (at Smolensk)

1st Bn./2nd Vistula Regt.

2nd Bn./2nd Vistula Regt.

3rd Bn./2nd Vistula Regt. (at Smolensk)

2nd Brigade

Gen. of Brig. Graf Bronikowski

1st Bn./3rd Vistula Regt.

2nd Bn./3rd Vistula Regt.

3rd Bn./3rd Vistula Regt. (at Smolensk)

Divisional Artillery

5th Pr. Ft. Art. [Prussian]

7th Pr. Ft. Art. [Prussian]

1st Cavalry Division of the Guard

Marshal Bessiéres

Gen. of Div. comte Walther

1st Brigade

Gen. of Brig. comte Saint Sulpice

O.G. Gren. à cheval

Empress Drag.

2nd Brigade

Gen. of Brig. Guyot

O.G. Chas. à cheval

Mameluke Squadron

3rd Brigade

Gen. of Brig. Colbert

1st Chevaux-légers Lancier [Polish]

2nd Chevaux-légers Lancier [Dutch]

Gendarmes (HQ Escort)

Divisional Artillery

1st Co. O.G. Horse Art.

3rd Co. O.G. Horse Art.

Reserve Artillery

2nd Co. O.G. Horse Art.

4th Co. O.G. Horse Art.

4th Co. O.G. Ft. Art.

5th Co. O.G. Ft. Art.

6th Co. O.G. Ft. Art.

I Corps

Marshal Davout

1st Division

Gen. of Div. Morand

1st Brigade

Gen. of Brig. d'Alton

1st Bn./13th Légère Regt.

2nd Bn./13th Légère Regt.

3rd Bn./13th Légère Regt.

4th Bn./13th Légère Regt.

5th Bn./13th Légère Regt.

2nd Brigade

Gen. of Brig. baron Gratien

1st Bn./17th Ligne Regt.

2nd Bn./17th Ligne Regt.

3rd Bn./17th Ligne Regt.

4th Bn./17th Ligne Regt.

5th Bn./17th Ligne Regt.

3rd Brigade

Gen. of Brig. Bonnamy

1st Bn./30th Ligne Regt.

2nd Bn./30th Ligne Regt.

3rd Bn./30th Ligne Regt.

4th Bn./30th Ligne Regt.

5th Bn./30th Ligne Regt.

Divisional Artillery

1st Co./7th Ft. Art.

7th Co./1st Horse Art.

2nd Division

Gen. of Div. Friant

1st Brigade

Gen. of Brig. baron Dufour

1st Bn./15th Légère Regt.

2nd Bn./15th Légère Regt.

3rd Bn./15th Légère Regt.

4th Bn./15th Légère Regt.

5th Bn./15th Légère Regt.

2nd Brigade

Gen. of Brig. Vandedem

1st Bn./33rd Ligne Regt.

2nd Bn./33rd Ligne Regt.

3rd Bn./33rd Ligne Regt.

4th Bn./33rd Ligne Regt.

5th Bn./33rd Ligne Regt.

3rd Brigade

Gen. of Brig. Grandeau

1st Bn./48th Ligne Regt.

2nd Bn./48th Ligne Regt.

3rd Bn./48th Ligne Regt.

4th Bn./48th Ligne Regt.

5th Bn./48th Ligne Regt.

1st Bn./1st Jos. Nap. Regt. [Spanish]

2nd Bn./1st Jos. Nap. Regt. [Spanish]

Divisional Artillery

2nd Co./7th Ft. Art.

5th Co./3rd Horse Art.

3rd Division

Gen. of Div. Gerard

1st Brigade

Gen. of Brig. Desailly

1st Bn./7th Légère Regt.

2nd Bn./7th Légère Regt.

3rd Bn./7th Légère Regt.

4th Bn./7th Légère Regt.

5th Bn./7th Légère Regt.

1st Bn./12th Ligne Regt.

2nd Bn./12th Ligne Regt.

3rd Bn./12th Ligne Regt.

4th Bn./12th Ligne Regt.

5th Bn./12th Ligne Regt.

2nd Brigade

Gen. of Brig. Leclerc

1st Bn./21st Ligne Regt.

2nd Bn./21st Ligne Regt.

3rd Bn./21st Ligne Regt.

4th Bn./21st Ligne Regt.

5th Bn./21st Ligne Regt.

1st Bn./127th Ligne Regt. [Mecklenburg]

2nd Bn./127th Ligne Regt. [Mecklenburg]

8th Rhinbund Bn. [Mecklenburg-Strelitz]

Divisional Artillery

3rd Co./7th Ft. Art.

4th Co./3rd Horse Art.

4th Division

Gen. of Div. comte Dessaix

1st Brigade

Gen. of Brig. baron Barbanégre (At Smolensk)

1st Bn./33rd Légère Regt. (At Smolensk)

2nd Bn./33rd Légère Regt. (At Smolensk)

3rd Bn./33rd Légère Regt. (At Minsk)

4th Bn./33rd Légère Regt. (At Minsk)

2nd Brigade

Gen. of Brig. Frederochs

1st Bn./85th Ligne Regt.

2nd Bn./85th Ligne Regt.

3rd Bn./85th Ligne Regt.

4th Bn./85th Ligne Regt.

5th Bn./85th Ligne Regt.

3rd Brigade

Gen. of Brig. Leguay

1st Bn./108th Ligne Regt.

2nd Bn./108th Ligne Regt.

3rd Bn./108th Ligne Regt.

4th Bn./108th Ligne Regt.

5th Bn./108th Ligne Regt.

Divisional Artillery

9th Co./7th Ft. Art.

2nd Co./5th Horse Art.

5th Division

Gen. of Div. Compans

1st Brigade

Gen. of Brig. Duppelin

1st Bn./25th Ligne Regt.

2nd Bn./25th Ligne Regt.

3rd Bn./25th Ligne Regt.

4th Bn./25th Ligne Regt.

5th Bn./25th Ligne Regt.

2nd Brigade

Gen. of Brig. Teste

1st Bn./57th Ligne Regt.

2nd Bn./57th Ligne Regt.

3rd Bn./57th Ligne Regt.

4th Bn./57th Ligne Regt.

5th Bn./57th Ligne Regt.

3rd Brigade

Gen. of Brig. Guyardet

1st Bn./61st Ligne Regt.

2nd Bn./61st Ligne Regt.

3rd Bn./61st Ligne Regt.

4th Bn./61st Ligne Regt.

5th Bn./61st Ligne Regt.

4th Brigade

Gen. of Brig. Louchamp

1st Bn./111th Ligne Regt.

2nd Bn./111th Ligne Regt.

3rd Bn./111th Ligne Regt.

4th Bn./111th Ligne Regt.

5th Bn./111th Ligne Regt.

Divisional Artillery

2nd Co./6th Ft. Art.

16th Co./7th Horse Art.

I Corps Cavalry

Gen. of Div. comte Girardin

1st Light Cavalry Brigade

Gen. of Brig. Pajol

2nd Chas. à cheval Regt.

9th Pol. Lancers Regt. [Polish]

2nd Light Cavalry Brigade

Gen. of Brig. baron Bordessoule

1st Chas. à cheval Regt.

3rd Chas. à cheval Regt.

I Corps Artillery Reserve

3rd Co./1st Ft. Art.

10th Co./1st Ft. Art.

17th Co./1st Ft. Art.

9th Co./2nd Ft. Art.

17th Co./5th Ft. Art.

22nd Co./5th Ft. Art.

6th Co./7th Ft. Art.

8th Co./9th Ft. Art.

11th Co./9th Ft. Art.

14th Co./9th Ft. Art.

III Corps

Marshal Ney

10th Division

Gen. of Div. comte Ledru des Essarts

1st Brigade

Gen. of Brig. Gengoult

1st Bn./24th Légère Regt.

2nd Bn./24th Légère Regt.

4th Bn./24th Légère Regt.

5th Bn./24th Légère Regt.

1st Bn./1st Port. Line Regt. [Portuguese]

2nd Bn./1st Port. Line Regt. [Portuguese]

2nd Brigade

Gen. of Brig. Morion

1st Bn./46th Ligne Regt.

2nd Bn./46th Ligne Regt.

3rd Bn./46th Ligne Regt.

4th Bn./46th Ligne Regt.

3rd Brigade

Gen. of Brig. baron Bruny

1st Bn./72nd Ligne Regt.

2nd Bn./72nd Ligne Regt.

3rd Bn./72nd Ligne Regt.

4th Bn./72nd Ligne Regt.

1st Bn./129th Ligne Regt. [Oldenburger]

2nd Bn./129th Ligne Regt. [Oldenburger]

Divisional Artillery

12th Co./5th Ft. Art.

5th Co./6th Horse Art.

11th Division

Gen. of Div. Razout

1st Brigade

Gen. of Brig. baron Joubert

1st Bn./4th Ligne Regt.

2nd Bn./4th Ligne Regt.

4th Bn./4th Ligne Regt.

5th Bn./4th Ligne Regt.

1st Bn./18th Ligne Regt.

2nd Bn./18th Ligne Regt.

3rd Bn./18th Ligne Regt.

4th Bn./18th Ligne Regt.

2nd Brigade (At Minsk)

Gen. of Brig. Compére

3rd Brigade

Gen. of Brig. d'Henin

1st Bn./93rd Ligne Regt.

2nd Bn./93rd Ligne Regt.

3rd Bn./93rd Ligne Regt.

4th Bn./93rd Ligne Regt.

Divisional Artillery

18th Co./5th Ft. Art.

6th Co./5th Horse Art.

25th Division [Württemberger]

Gen. de Div. Marchand

1st Brigade

Generalmajor von Hügel

1st Line 'Prinz Paul' Regt.

4th Line Regt.

2nd Brigade

Generalmajor von Koch

2nd Line 'Herzog Wilhelm' Regt.

6th Line 'Kronprinz' Regt.

3rd Brigade

Generalmajor von Bruxelles

Light Infantry Regt.

Jäger Infantry Regt.

Divisional Artillery

1st Würt. Ft. Art.

2nd Würt. Ft. Art.

1st Würt. Horse Art.

2nd Würt. Horse Art.

III Corps Cavalry

Generalmajor von Wollwrath

9th Light Cavalry Brigade

Gen. of Brig. Mouriez

11th Hussars Regt.

6th Chevaux-légers Regt.

4th Jäger zu Pferd 'Konig' Regt. [Württemberg]

14th Light Cavalry Brigade

Gen. of Brig. baron Beurmann

28th Chas. à cheval Regt. (HQ Escort)

4th Chas. à cheval Regt.

1st Würt. Chevauleger 'Leib' Regt. [Württemberg]

2nd Würt. Chevauleger 'Prinz Adam' Regt. [Württemberg]

III Corps Artillery Reserve

12pdr Würt. Ft. Art.

16th Co./1st Ft. Art.

21st Co./1st Ft. Art.

IV Corps

Prince Eugène de Beauharnais

Italian Royal Guard [Italian]

Gen. of Brig. Conte Lecchi

Honor Guard Regt. [Italian]

1st Bn./Guard Velites Regt. [Italian]

2nd Bn./Guard Velites Regt. [Italian]

1st Bn./Guard Gren. Regt. [Italian]

2nd Bn./Guard Gren. Regt. [Italian]

1st Bn./Guard Cons. Regt. [Italian]

2nd Bn./Guard Cons. Regt. [Italian]

1st Co. It. Ft. Art. [Italian]

2nd Co. It. Ft. Art. [Italian]

Italian Royal Guard Cavalry [Italian]

Gen. of Brig. Triaire

Guard Drag. Regt. [Italian]

Queen's Drag. Regt. [Italian]

1st Co. It. Horse Art. [Italian]

13th Division

Gen. of Div. Delzons

1st Brigade

Gen. of Brig. Huard

1st Bn./8th Légère Regt.

2nd Bn./8th Légère Regt.

1st Bn./84th Ligne Regt.

2nd Bn./84th Ligne Regt.

3rd Bn./84th Ligne Regt.

4th Bn./84th Ligne Regt.

1st Bn./1st Provisional Cro. Regt. [Croatian]

2nd Bn./1st Provisional Cro. Regt. [Croatian]

2nd Brigade

Gen. of Brig. Roussel

1st Bn./92nd Ligne Regt.

2nd Bn./92nd Ligne Regt.

3rd Bn./92nd Ligne Regt.

4th Bn./92nd Ligne Regt.

1st Bn./106th Ligne Regt.

2nd Bn./106th Ligne Regt.

3rd Bn./106th Ligne Regt.

4th Bn./106th Ligne Regt.

Divisional Artillery

9th Co./2nd Ft. Art.

2nd Co./4th Horse Art.

14th Division

Gen. of Div. baron Broussier

1st Brigade

Gen. of Brig. Sivray

1st Bn./18th Légère Regt.

2nd Bn./18th Légère Regt.

1st Bn./53rd Ligne Regt.

2nd Bn./53rd Ligne Regt.

3rd Bn./53rd Ligne Regt.

4th Bn./53rd Ligne Regt.

1st Bn./2nd Jos. Nap. Regt. [Spanish]

2nd Bn./2nd Jos. Nap. Regt. [Spanish]

2nd Brigade

Gen. of Brig. Pastol

1st Bn./35th Ligne Regt.

2nd Bn./35th Ligne Regt.

3rd Bn./35th Ligne Regt.

4th Bn./35th Ligne Regt.

1st Bn./9th Ligne Regt.

2nd Bn./9th Ligne Regt.

3rd Bn./9th Ligne Regt.

4th Bn./9th Ligne Regt.

Divisional Artillery

7th Co./2nd Ft. Art.

3rd Co./4th Horse Art.

15th Division [Italian] (Enroute to Borodino)

Gen. of Div. Barone Pino

1st Brigade

Gen. of Brig. Fontana

4th Bn./1st It. Light Regt. [Italian]

1st Bn./2nd It. Line Regt. [Italian]

2nd Bn./2nd It. Line Regt. [Italian]

3rd Bn./2nd It. Line Regt. [Italian]

4th Bn./2nd It. Line Regt. [Italian]

1st Bn./Dalmatian Regt. [Italian]

2nd Bn./Dalmatian Regt. [Italian]

3rd Bn./Dalmatian Regt. [Italian]

2nd Brigade

Gen. of Brig. Guillaume

1st Bn./3rd It. Light Regt. [Italian]

2nd Bn./3rd It. Light Regt. [Italian]

3rd Bn./3rd It. Light Regt. [Italian]

4th Bn./3rd It. Light Regt. [Italian]

1st Bn./3rd It. Line Regt. [Italian]

2nd Bn./3rd It. Line Regt. [Italian]

3rd Bn./3rd It. Line Regt. [Italian]

4th Bn./3rd It. Line Regt. [Italian]

Divisional Artillery

14th Co./1st It. Ft. Art. [Italian]

2nd Co./1st It. Horse Art. [Italian]

IV Corps Cavalry

Gen. of Div. d'Ornano

12th Light Cavalry Brigade

Gen. of Brig. Guyon

9th Chas. à cheval Regt.

19th Chas. à cheval Regt.

13th Light Cavalry Brigade

Gen. of Brig. Villata

2nd Chas. Regt. [Italian]

3rd Chas. Regt. [Italian]

20th Light Cavalry Brigade

Generalmajor Seydewitz

3rd Bav. Chevau-leger Regt. [Bavarian]

6th Bav. Chevau-leger Regt. [Bavarian]

21st Light Cavalry Brigade

Generalmajor Preysing

4th Bav. Chevau-leger Regt. [Bavarian]

5th Bav. Chevau-leger Regt. [Bavarian]

IV Corps Artillery Reserve

5th Co./3rd Ft. Art.

12th Co./3rd Ft. Art.

2nd Co. 1st It. Ft. Art. [Italian]

7th Co. 1st It. Ft. Art. [Italian]

V Corps

Gen. of Div. Poniatowski

16th Division

Gen. of Div. Zayonczek

1st Brigade

Gen. of Brig. Mielzynski

1st Bn./3rd Pol. Line Regt. [Polish]

2nd Bn./3rd Pol. Line Regt. [Polish]

3rd Bn./3rd Pol. Line Regt. [Polish]

1st Bn./15th Pol. Line Regt. [Polish]

2nd Bn./15th Pol. Line Regt. [Polish]

3rd Bn./15th Pol. Line Regt. [Polish]

2nd Brigade

Gen. of Brig. Poszhowski

1st Bn./16th Pol. Line Regt. [Polish]

2nd Bn./16th Pol. Line Regt. [Polish]

3rd Bn./16th Pol. Line Regt. [Polish]

1st Bn./13th Pol. Line Regt. [Polish] (At Zamosc)

2nd Bn./13th Pol. Line Regt. [Polish] (At Zamosc)

3rd Bn./13th Pol. Line Regt. [Polish] (At Zamosc)

Divisional Artillery

3rd Pol. Ft. Art.

12th Pol. Ft. Art.

17th Division (At Mstislavl)

Gen. of Div. Dombrowski

1st Brigade

Gen. of Brig. Zottowski

1st Bn./1st Pol. Line Regt. [Polish]

2nd Bn./1st Pol. Line Regt. [Polish]

3rd Bn./1st Pol. Line Regt. [Polish]

1st Bn./16th Pol. Line Regt. [Polish]

2nd Bn./16th Pol. Line Regt. [Polish]

3rd Bn./16th Pol. Line Regt. [Polish]

4th Bn./16th Pol. Line Regt. [Polish]

2nd Brigade

Gen. of Brig. Kransinski

1st Bn./14th Pol. Line Regt. [Polish]

2nd Bn./14th Pol. Line Regt. [Polish]

3rd Bn./14th Pol. Line Regt. [Polish]

4th Bn./14th Pol. Line Regt. [Polish]

1st Bn./17th Pol. Line Regt. [Polish]

2nd Bn./17th Pol. Line Regt. [Polish]

3rd Bn./17th Pol. Line Regt. [Polish]

4th Bn./17th Pol. Line Regt. [Polish]

Divisional Artillery

10th Pol. Ft. Art.

11th Pol. Ft. Art.

18th Division

Gen. of Div. Kniaziewwicz

1st Brigade

Gen. of Brig. Grabowski

1st Bn./2nd Pol. Line Regt. [Polish]

2nd Bn./2nd Pol. Line Regt. [Polish]

3rd Bn./2nd Pol. Line Regt. [Polish]

1st Bn./8th Pol. Line Regt. [Polish]

2nd Bn./8th Pol. Line Regt. [Polish]

3rd Bn./8th Pol. Line Regt. [Polish]

2nd Brigade

Gen. of Brig. Pakosz

1st Bn./12th Pol. Line Regt. [Polish]

2nd Bn./12th Pol. Line Regt. [Polish]

3rd Bn./12th Pol. Line Regt. [Polish]

Divisional Artillery

4th Pol. Ft. Art.

5th Pol. Ft. Art.

V Corps Cavalry

Gen. of Div. Kaminski

18th Light Cavalry Brigade

4th Pol. Chas. à cheval Regt. [Polish] (Detached)

19th Light Cavalry Brigade

Gen. of Brig. Tyskiewicz

1st Pol. Chas. à cheval Regt. [Polish] (Detached)

12th Pol. Uhlan Regt. [Polish]

20th Light Cavalry Brigade

Gen. of Brig. Prince A. Sulkowski

5th Pol. Chas. à cheval Regt. [Polish]

13th Pol. Hussar Regt. [Polish]

V Corps Artillery Reserve

7th Pol. Ft. Art.

8th Pol. Ft. Art.

14th Pol. Ft. Art.

2nd Pol. Horse Art.

VIII Corps

Gen. of Div. Junot

23rd Division

Generalmajor Tharreau

1st Brigade

Generalleutenant Damas

3rd Westph. Jäger Bn. [Westphalian]

1st Bn./2nd Westph. Line Regt. [Westphalian]

2nd Bn./2nd Westph. Line Regt. [Westphalian]

3rd Bn./2nd Westph. Line Regt. [Westphalian]

1st Bn./6th Westph. Line Regt. [Westphalian]

2nd Bn./6th Westph. Line Regt. [Westphalian]

2nd Brigade

Generalmajor Wickenberg

2nd Westph. Jäger Bn. [Westphalian]

1st Bn./3rd Westph. Line Regt. [Westphalian]

2nd Bn./3rd Westph. Line Regt. [Westphalian]

1st Bn./7th Westph. Line Regt. [Westphalian]

2nd Bn./7th Westph. Line Regt. [Westphalian]

3rd Bn./7th Westph. Line Regt. [Westphalian]

Divisional Artillery

1st Westph. Ft. 'Froede' Art. [Westphalian]

24th Division

Generalmajor Ochs

1st Brigade

Generalmajor Legras

3rd Gren.-Garde Regt. [Westphalian]

Jäger-Garde Regt. [Westphalian]

Jäger-Carabiniers Regt. [Westphalian]

1st Westph. Jäger Bn.[Westphalian]

1st Bn./5th Westph. Line Regt. [Westphalian] (At Viasma)

2nd Bn./5th Westph. Line Regt. [Westphalian] (At Dorogobuzm)

2nd Brigade

Generalmajor Dunloup-Verdun (At Vilna)

1st Bn./1st Westph. Line Regt. [Westphalian] (With X Corps)

2nd Bn./1st Westph. Line Regt. [Westphalian] (With X Corps)

1st Bn./8th Westph. Line Regt. [Westphalian] (At Vilna)

2nd Bn./8th Westph. Line Regt. [Westphalian] (At Vilna)

Divisional Artillery

2nd Westph. Ft. 'Lemaitre' Art. [Westphalian]

VIII Corps Cavalry

Gen. of Div. Chabert

Garde Cavalry Brigade

Generalmajor Wolf

Westph. Garde Chevauleger [Westphalian]

Westph. Garde du Corps [Westphalian] (Returning to Westphalia)

24th Light Cavalry Brigade

Generalmajor Hammerstein

1st Westph. Hussar Regt. [Westphalian]

2nd Westph. Hussar Regt. [Westphalian]

VIII Corps Artillery Reserve

1st Westph. Heavy Ft. Art. [Westphalian]

Westph. Garde Horse Art. [Westphalian]

Reserve Cavalry

Marshal Murat

I Reserve Cavalry Corps

Gen. de Div. Nansouty

1st Light Cavalry Division

Gen. de Div. Bruyéres

3rd Light Brigade

Gen. de Brig. Jacquinot

7th Hussars Regt.

9th Chevaux-légers Regt.

4th Light Brigade

Gen. de Brigade Piré

8th Hussars Regt.

16th Chevaux-légers Regt.

5th Light Brigade

Gen. de Brigade d'Hureal

6th Pol. Uhlan Regt. [Polish]

7th Pol. Uhlan Regt. [Polish]

2nd Prussian Hussars Regt. [Prussian]

Divisional Artillery

7th Co./6th Horse Art.

1st Cuirassier Division

Gen. de Div. Saint-Germaine

1st Brigade

Gen. de Brig. Bessiéres

2nd Cuirassiers Regt.

2nd Brigade

Gen. de Brig. Bruno

3rd Cuirassiers Regt.

3rd Brigade

Gen. de Brig. Queunot

9th Cuirassiers Regt.

1st Chevaux-légers Regt.

Divisional Artillery

1st Co./5th Horse Art.

3rd Co./5th Horse Art.

5th Cuirassier Division

Gen. de Div. Valence

1st Brigade

Gen. de Brig. Reynaud

6th Cuirassiers Regt.

2nd Brigade

Gen. de Brig. Dejean

11th Cuirassiers Regt.

3rd Brigade

Gen. de Brig. De Lagrange

12th Cuirassiers Regt.

5th Chevaux-légers Regt.

Divisional Artillery

4th Co./5th Horse Art.

6th Co./5th Horse Art.

II Reserve Cavalry Corps

Gen. de Div. Montbrun

2nd Light Cavalry Division

Gen. de Div. Pajol

7th Light Brigade

Gen. de Brig. Desirad

11th Chas. à cheval Regt.

12th Chas. à cheval Regt.

8th Light Brigade

Gen. de Brigade Burthe

5th Hussars Regt.

9th Hussars Regt.

16th Light Brigade

Gen. de Brigade Subervie

3rd Jäger zu Pferd 'Prinz Louis' Regt. [Württemberg]

10th Pol. Hussars Regt. [Polish]

1st Prussian Uhlan Regt. [Prussian]

Divisional Artillery

1st Co./4th Horse Art.

2nd Cuirassier Division

Gen. de Div. Wathier

1st Brigade

Gen. de Brig. Beaumont

5th Cuirassiers Regt.

2nd Brigade

Gen. de Brig. Richter

8th Cuirassiers Regt.

3rd Brigade

Gen. de Brig. Romangin

10th Cuirassiers Regt.

2nd Chevaux-légers Regt.

Divisional Artillery

1st Co./2nd Horse Art.

4th Co./2nd Horse Art.

4th Cuirassier Division

Gen. de Div. De Franc

1st Brigade

Gen. de Brig. Chouard

1st Carabiniers Regt.

2nd Brigade

Gen. de Brig. Paultre

2nd Carabiniers Regt.

3rd Brigade

Gen. de Brig. Bouvier des Eclats

1st Cuirassiers Regt.

4th Chevaux-légers Regt.

Divisional Artillery

2nd Co./2nd Horse Art.

3rd Co./2nd Horse Art.

III Reserve Cavalry Corps

Gen. de Div. Grouchy

3rd Light Cavalry Division

Gen. de Div. Chastel

11th Light Brigade

Gen. de Brig. Gauthrian

6th Hussars Regt.

8th Chas. à cheval Regt.

10th Light Brigade

Gen. de Brigade Girard

6th Chas. à cheval Regt.

25th Chas. à cheval Regt.

17th Light Brigade

Gen. de Brigade Domanget

1st Bav. Chevau-leger Regt. [Bavarian]

2nd Bav. Chevau-leger Regt. [Bavarian]

Prinz Albert Chevau-leger Regt. [Saxon]

Divisional Artillery (detached)

6th Co./4th Horse Art.

3rd Cuirassier Division (At Polotsk)

Gen. de Div. Doumerc

1st Brigade

Gen. de Brig. Berckheim

4th Cuirassiers Regt.

2nd Brigade

Gen. de Brig. L'Hertier

7th Cuirassiers Regt.

3rd Brigade

Gen. de Brig. Doullenbourg

14th Cuirassiers Regt.

Divisional Artillery

1st Co./6th Horse Art.

3rd Co./6th Horse Art.

6th Heavy Division

Gen. de Div. La Houssaye

1st Brigade

Gen. de Brig. Thiry

7th Dragons Regt.

23rd Dragons Regt.

2nd Brigade

Gen. de Brig. Seron

28th Dragons Regt.

30th Dragons Regt.

Divisional Artillery

4th Co./4th Horse Art.

5th Co./4th Horse Art.

IV Reserve Cavalry Corps

Gen. de Div. Latour-Maubourg

4th Light Cavalry Division

Gen. de Div. Rozniecki

28th Light Brigade (around Mistislavl)

Gen. de Brig. Dziemanowski

2nd Pol. Uhlan Regt. [Polish]

7th Pol. Uhlan Regt. [Polish]

15th Pol. Uhlan Regt. [Polish]

29th Light Brigade

Gen. de Brigade Turno

3rd Pol. Uhlan Regt. [Polish]

11th Pol. Uhlan Regt. [Polish]

16th Pol. Uhlan Regt. [Polish]

7th Cuirassier Division

Gen. de Div. Lorge

1st Brigade

Generalmajor Thielemann

Zastrow Cuirassiers Regt. [Saxon]

Saxon Garde du Corps Regt. [Saxon]

14th Pol. Cuirassiers Regt. [Polish]

2nd Brigade

Gen. de Brig. Lepel

1st Westph. Cuirassiers Regt. [Westphalian]

2nd Westph. Cuirassiers Regt. [Westphalian]

Divisional Artillery

2nd Westph. Horse Art. [Westphalian]

2nd Saxon 'von Hiller' Horse Art. [Saxon]

3rd Pol. Horse Art. [Polish]

4th Pol. Horse Art. [Polish]

Headquarter Escort

1st Bn./2nd Baden Erbgrossherzog Regt.

Portuguese Legion Chas. à cheval

The Combined Russian Armies

General of Infantry Kutuzov

1st Army of the West

General Baron Barclay de Tolly

2nd Corps

Generallieutenant Baggovut

4th Infantry Division

Prince Eugene of Württemberg

1st Brigade

Colonel Pyshnitskoi

1st Bn./Krementchug Inf. Regt.

3rd Bn./Krementchug Inf. Regt.

1st Bn./Minsk Inf. Regt.

3rd Bn./Minsk Inf. Regt.

2nd Brigade

Generalmajor Rossi

1st Bn./Tobolsk Inf. Regt.

3rd Bn./Tobolsk Inf. Regt.

1st Bn./Volhynie Inf. Regt.

3rd Bn./Volhynie Inf. Regt.

3rd Brigade

Colonel Pillar

1st Bn./4th Jager Regt.

3rd Bn./4th Jager Regt.

1st Bn./34th Jager Regt.

3rd Bn./34th Jager Regt.

4th Artillery Brigade

Position Battery #4

Light Battery #7

Light Battery #8

17th Infantry Division

Generallieutenant Olsufev

1st Brigade

Generalmajor Tehoubarov

1st Bn./Riazan Inf. Regt.

3rd Bn./Riazan Inf. Regt.

1st Bn./Bieloserk Inf. Regt.

3rd Bn./Bieloserk Inf. Regt.

2nd Brigade

Generalmajor Tuchkov II

1st Bn./Wilmanstrand Inf. Regt.

3rd Bn./Wilmanstrand Inf. Regt.

1st Bn./Brest Inf. Regt.

3rd Bn./Brest Inf. Regt.

3rd Brigade

Generalmajor Potemkin

1st Bn./30th Jager Regt.

3rd Bn./30th Jager Regt.

1st Bn./48th Jager Regt.

3rd Bn./48th Jager Regt.

17th Artillery Brigade

Position Battery #17

Light Battery #32

Light Battery #33

Attached Moscow Militia

Maj. Mitska

1st Bn./1st Moscow Militia Jager Regt.

4th Bn./1st Moscow Militia Jager Regt.

3rd Infantry Corps

Generallieutenant Tuchkov

1st Gren. Division

Generallieutenant Stroganov

1st Brigade

Generalmajor Tsvilenev

1st Bn./Pavlov Gren. Regt.

3rd Bn./Pavlov Gren. Regt.

1st Bn./Ekaterinoslav Gren. Regt.

3rd Bn./Ekaterinoslav Gren. Regt.

2nd Brigade

Generalmajor Geltoukin

1st Bn./Arakcheyev Gren. Regt.

3rd Bn./Arakcheyev Gren. Regt.

1st Bn./Lifeguard Gren. Regt.

3rd Bn./Lifeguard Gren. Regt.

3rd Brigade

Generalmajor Pock I

1st Bn./St. Petersburg Gren. Regt.

3rd Bn./St. Petersburg Gren. Regt.

1st Bn./Tauride Gren. Regt.

3rd Bn./Tauride Gren. Regt.

Attached Militia

1st Bn./3rd Moscow Opolochenie Regt.

3rd Bn./3rd Moscow Opolochenie Regt.

Divisional Artillery

Position Battery #1

Light Battery #1

Light Battery #2

3rd Infantry Division

General Konovnitsin

1st Brigade

Generalmajor Tuchkov III

1st Bn./Mourmon Inf. Regt.

3rd Bn./Mourmon Inf. Regt.

1st Bn./Revel Inf. Regt.

3rd Bn./Revel Inf. Regt.

2nd Brigade

Generalmajor Voeikov

1st Bn./Tchernigov Inf. Regt.

3rd Bn./Tchernigov Inf. Regt.

1st Bn./Kaporask Inf. Regt.

3rd Bn./Kaporask Inf. Regt.

3rd Brigade

Generalmajor Prince Shakhovskoi

1st Bn./20th Jager Regt.

3rd Bn./20th Jager Regt.

1st Bn./21st Jager Regt.

3rd Bn./21st Jager Regt.

Divisional Artillery

Position Battery #3

Light Battery #5

Light Battery #6

4th Infantry Corps

Generallieutenant Osterman-Tolstoi

11th Infantry Division

Generalmajor Bakhmetev II

1st Brigade

Generalmajor Filisov

1st Bn./Polotsk Inf. Regt.

3rd Bn./Polotsk Inf. Regt.

1st Bn./Jeletz Inf. Regt.

2nd Brigade

Generalmajor Tchoglokov

1st Bn./Kexholm Inf. Regt.

3rd Bn./Kexholm Inf. Regt.

1st Bn./Pernov Inf. Regt.

3rd Bn./Pernov Inf. Regt.

3rd Brigade

Generalmajor Bistrom

1st Bn./1st Jager Regt.

3rd Bn./1st Jager Regt.

1st Bn./33rd Jager Regt.

3rd Bn./33rd Jager Regt.

11th Artillery Brigade

Position Battery #2

Light Battery #3

Light Battery #4

23rd Infantry Division

Generalmajor Bakhmetev I

1st Brigade

Generalmajor Okoulov

1st Bn./Rilsk Inf. Regt.

3rd Bn./Rilsk Inf. Regt.

1st Bn./Ekaterinburg Inf. Regt.

3rd Bn./Ekaterinburg Inf. Regt.

2nd Brigade

Generalmajor Aleksapol

1st Bn./Seleguinsk Inf. Regt.

3rd Bn./Seleguinsk Inf. Regt.

1st Bn./18th Jager Regt.

3rd Bn./18th Jager Regt.

Attached

1st Bn./Converged Gren. of the 11th Div

2nd Bn./Converged Gren. of the 11th Div

3rd Bn./4th Moscow Opolochenie Regt.

4th Bn./4th Moscow Opolochenie Regt.

23rd Artillery Brigade

Light Battery #44

5th Infantry Corps (Guards)

Guard Division

Generallieutenant Lavrov

1st Brigade

Generalmajor Baron Rosen

1st Bn./Preobragenski Lifeguard Inf. Regt.

2nd Bn./Preobragenski Lifeguard Inf. Regt.

3rd Bn./Preobragenski Lifeguard Inf. Regt.

1st Bn./Semenovski Lifeguard Inf. Regt.

2nd Bn./Semenovski Lifeguard Inf. Regt.

3rd Bn./Semenovski Lifeguard Inf. Regt.

2nd Brigade

Generalmajor Udom

1st Bn./Ismailov Lifeguard Inf. Regt.

2nd Bn./Ismailov Lifeguard Inf. Regt.

3rd Bn./Ismailov Lifeguard Inf. Regt.

1st Bn./Lithuanian Lifeguard Inf. Regt.

2nd Bn./Lithuanian Lifeguard Inf. Regt.

3rd Bn./Lithuanian Lifeguard Inf. Regt.

3rd Brigade

Generalmajor Bistrom

1st Bn./Guard Jager Inf. Regt.

2nd Bn./Guard Jager Inf. Regt.

3rd Bn./Guard Jager Inf. Regt.

1st Bn./Finland Lifeguard Inf. Regt.

2nd Bn./Finland Lifeguard Inf. Regt.

3rd Bn./Finland Lifeguard Inf. Regt.

Guard Artillery Brigade

1st Guard Position Battery

2nd Guard Position Battery

1st Guard Light Battery

2nd Guard Light Battery

1st Converged Gren. Division

1st Brigade

Generalmajor Prince Kantakuzen

1st Bn./Converged Gren. of the 17th Div.

2nd Bn./Converged Gren. of the 17th Div.

1st Bn./Converged Gren. of the 4th Div.

2nd Bn./Converged Gren. of the 4th Div.

1st Bn./Converged Gren. of the 3rd Div.

2nd Bn./Converged Gren. of the 3rd Div.

2nd Brigade

Converged Pioneer Companies

Converged Pioneer Companies

Guard Marine Equippage Bn.

1st Cuirassier Division

Generalmajor Depreradovitch

1st Brigade

Generalmajor Borosdin II

Emperor Cuirassier Regt.

Empress Cuirassier Regt.

Astrakhan Cuirassier Regt.

2nd Brigade

Generalmajor Cheviez

Chevalier Guard Regt.

Horse Guard Regt.

Divisional Artillery

Guard Horse Art. #1

Guard Horse Art. #2

6th Infantry Corps

Gen. of Inf. Dokhtyarov

7th Infantry Division

Generallieutenant Kaptsevich

1st Brigade

Generalmajor Liapounov

1st Bn./Moscow Inf. Regt.

3rd Bn./Moscow Inf. Regt.

1st Bn./Pakov Inf. Regt.

3rd Bn./Pakov Inf. Regt.

2nd Brigade

Generalmajor Balmen

1st Bn./Libau Inf. Regt.

3rd Bn./Libau Inf. Regt.

1st Bn./Sofia Inf. Regt.

3rd Bn./Sofia Inf. Regt.

3rd Brigade

Generalmajor Balla

1st Bn./11th Jager Regt.

3rd Bn./11th Jager Regt.

1st Bn./36th Jager Regt.

3rd Bn./36th Jager Regt.

7th Artillery Brigade

Position Battery #7

Light Battery #12

Light Battery #13

24th Infantry Division

Generalmajor Likhachev

1st Brigade

Generalmajor Tschoulski

1st Bn./Ufa Inf. Regt.

3rd Bn./Ufa Inf. Regt.

1st Bn./Chirvan Inf. Regt.

3rd Bn./Chirvan Inf. Regt.

2nd Brigade

Generalmajor Denisev

1st Bn./Tomsk Inf. Regt.

3rd Bn./Tomsk Inf. Regt.

1st Bn./Bourtirki Inf. Regt.

3rd Bn./Bourtirki Inf. Regt.

3rd Brigade

Generalmajor Vuich

1st Bn./19th Jager Regt.

3rd Bn./19th Jager Regt.

1st Bn./40th Jager Regt.

3rd Bn./40th Jager Regt.

24th Artillery Brigade

Position Battery #24

Light Battery #45

Light Battery #46

Attached Moscow Militia

2nd Bn./3rd Moscow Militia Jager Regt.

3rd Bn./3rd Moscow Militia Jager Regt.

1st Cavalry Corps

Generallieutenant Uvarov

Guard Cavalry Division

1st Brigade

Generalmajor Chalikov

Lifeguard Dragoon Regt.

Lifeguard Uhlan Regt.

2nd Brigade

Generalmajor Count Orlov-Denisov

Lifeguard Hussar Regt.

Lifeguard Cossacks Regt.

Black Sea Cossacks Sotnia

4th Brigade

Generalmajor Vsevolozhsk

Niejine Dragoon Regt.

Elisabethgrad Hussar Regt.

Divisional Artillery

Horse Battery #2

2nd Cavalry Corps

Generalmajor Baron Korff

6th Brigade

Generalmajor Davydov

Pskov Dragoon Regt.

Moscow Dragoon Regt.

7th Brigade

Generalmajor Panchulidzev

Isoum Hussar Regt.

Pol. Uhlan Regt.

8th Brigade

Kargopol Dragoon Regt.

Ingremanland Dragoon Regt.

Attached Militia

Smolensk Cossack Regt.

Divisional Artillery

Horse Battery #6

3rd Cavalry Corps

Generalmajor Kreutz

9th Brigade

Generalmajor Klebev

Orenburg Dragoon Regt.

Kourland Dragoon Regt.

10th Brigade

Generalmajor Skalon

Siberian Dragoon Regt.

Irkhoutsk Dragoon Regt.

11th Brigade

Generalmajor Dorokhov

Soum Hussar Regt.

Marioupol Hussar Regt.

Divisional Artillery

Horse Battery #7

Cossack Corps of the 1st West Army

General of Cavalry M.I. Platov

1st Cossack Brigade

Lt. Col. Vlasov III

Andriyanov #2 Don Cossack Regt.

Ernozubov #8 Don Cossack Regt.

Vlasov III Don Cossack Regt.

Perekop Horse Tatar Regt.

2nd Brigade

Generalmajor Ilovaisk V

Ilovaisk #8 Don Cossack Regt.

Grekov #18 Don Cossack Regt.

3rd Brigade

Generalmajor Denisov II

Denisov #7 Don Cossack Regt.

Zhirov Don Cossack Regt.

4th Brigade

Ataman Don Cossack Regt.

1st Bashkiir Horse Cossack Regt.

1st Bug Cossack Regt.

1st Teptyarsk Cossack Regt.

5th Brigade

Generalmajor Kulteinikov II

Kharitonov Don Regt.

Simpferopolsk Horse Tartar Regt.

2nd Don Horse Battery

Attached Moscow Militia

Generallieutenant Markov

1st Moscow Militia Division

1st Bn./4th Moscow Opolochenie Regt.

2nd Bn./4th Moscow Opolochenie Regt.

1st Bn./6th Moscow Opolochenie Regt.

2nd Bn./6th Moscow Opolochenie Regt.

3rd Bn./6th Moscow Opolochenie Regt.

4th Bn./6th Moscow Opolochenie Regt.

3rd Moscow Militia Division

1st Bn./2nd Moscow Militia Jager Regt.

2nd Bn./2nd Moscow Militia Jager Regt.

3rd Bn./2nd Moscow Militia Jager Regt.

4th Bn./2nd Moscow Militia Jager Regt.

1st Bn./3rd Moscow Militia Jager Regt.

4th Bn./3rd Moscow Militia Jager Regt.

1st Bn./1st Moscow Opolochenie Regt.

2nd Bn./1st Moscow Opolochenie Regt.

3rd Bn./1st Moscow Opolochenie Regt.

4th Bn./1st Moscow Opolochenie Regt.

1st Army of the West Artillery Reserve

Generalmajor Kutaisov

Position Battery #29

Position Battery #30

Horse Battery #4

Horse Battery #5

Horse Battery #9

Horse Battery #10

Horse Battery #22

2nd Army of the West

Prince Bagration

7th Corps

Generallieutenant Raevskii

12th Infantry Division

Generalmajor Vasilchikov

1st Brigade

Generalmajor Ryleieff

1st Bn./Smolensk Inf. Regt.

3rd Bn./Smolensk Inf. Regt.

1st Bn./Narva Inf. Regt.

3rd Bn./Narva Inf. Regt.

2nd Brigade

Generalmajor Pantzerbieter

1st Bn./New Ingremanland Inf. Regt.

3rd Bn./New Ingremanland Inf. Regt.

1st Bn./Aleksopol Inf. Regt.

3rd Bn./Aleksopol Inf. Regt.

3rd Brigade

Generalmajor Palitsyn

1st Bn./6th Jager Regt.

3rd Bn./6th Jager Regt.

1st Bn./41st Jager Regt.

3rd Bn./41st Jager Regt.

26th Infantry Division

Generalmajor Paskevich

1st Brigade

Generalmajor Liebart

1st Bn./Ladoga Inf. Regt.

3rd Bn./Ladoga Inf. Regt.

1st Bn./Poltava Inf. Regt.

3rd Bn./Poltava Inf. Regt.

2nd Brigade

Generalmajor Samoini

1st Bn./Orel Inf. Regt.

3rd Bn./Orel Inf. Regt.

1st Bn./Nizhegorod Inf. Regt.

3rd Bn./Nizhegorod Inf. Regt.

3rd Brigade

Generalmajor Gogel

1st Bn./5th Jager Regt.

3rd Bn./5th Jager Regt.

1st Bn./42nd Jager Regt.

3rd Bn./42nd Jager Regt.

26th Artillery Brigade

Position Battery #26

Light Battery #47

Light Battery #48

8th Infantry Corps

Generallieutenant Borozdin

2nd Gren. Division

Generalmajor Prince Karl of Mecklenburg

1st Brigade

Generalmajor Chantilov

1st Bn./Kiev Gren. Regt.

3rd Bn./Kiev Gren. Regt.

1st Bn./Moscow Gren. Regt.

3rd Bn./Moscow Gren. Regt.

2nd Brigade

Generalmajor Buxhowden

1st Bn./Astrakhan Gren. Regt.

3rd Bn./Astrakhan Gren. Regt.

1st Bn./Fangoria Gren. Regt.

3rd Bn./Fangoria Gren. Regt.

3rd Brigade

Generalmajor Prince Emil von Hesse

1st Bn./Siberia Gren. Regt.

3rd Bn./Siberia Gren. Regt.

1st Bn./Little Russia Gren. Regt.

3rd Bn./Little Russia Gren. Regt.

Divisional Artillery

Position Battery #11

Light Battery #20

Light Battery #21

27th Infantry Division

Generallieutenant Neverovskii

1st Brigade

Generalmajor Kniajnin

1st Bn./Vilna Inf. Regt.

3rd Bn./Vilna Inf. Regt.

1st Bn./Simbrisk Inf. Regt.

3rd Bn./Simbrisk Inf. Regt.

2nd Brigade

Generalmajor Stavitski

1st Bn./Odessa Inf. Regt.

3rd Bn./Odessa Inf. Regt.

1st Bn./Tarnopol Inf. Regt.

3rd Bn./Tarnopol Inf. Regt.

3rd Brigade

Generalmajor Woiekov

1st Bn./49th Jager Regt.

3rd Bn./49th Jager Regt.

1st Bn./50th Jager Regt.

3rd Bn./50th Jager Regt.

4th Cavalry Corps

Generalmajor Sievers

12th Brigade

Generalmajor Pantchaulidseff

Karkov Dragoon Regt.

Chernigov Dragoon Regt.

13th Brigade

Generalmajor Emmanuel

Kiev Dragoon Regt.

New Russia Dragoon Regt.

14th Brigade

Akhtrst Hussar Regt.

Lithuania Ulan Regt.

Divisional Artillery

Horse Battery #8

2nd Army of the West Reserve

2nd Converged Gren. Division

Generalmajor Vorontsov

1st Brigade

1st Bn./Converged Gren. of the 7th Div

2nd Bn./Converged Gren. of the 7th Div

1st Bn./Converged Gren. of the 24th Div

2nd Bn./Converged Gren. of the 24th Div

2nd Brigade

Generalmajor Tchoglokov

1st Bn./Converged Gren. of the 2nd Div

2nd Bn./Converged Gren. of the 2nd Div

1st Bn./Converged Gren. of the 12th Div

2nd Bn./Converged Gren. of the 12th Div

1st Bn./Converged Gren. of the 26th Div

2nd Bn./Converged Gren. of the 26th Div

Divisional Artillery

Position Battery #31

Position Battery #32

2nd Cuirassier Division

Generalmajor Knorring

2nd Brigade

Generalmajor Kretov

Military Cuirassier Regt.

Ekaterinoslav Cuirassier Regt.

3rd Brigade

Generalmajor Duka

Gluchov Cuirassier Regt.

Novgorod Cuirassier Regt.

Little Russia Cuirassier Regt.

Cossacks

Generalmajor A.A. Karpov II

Karpov #2 Don Cossack Regt.

Ilowaiski #11 Don Cossack Regt.

Ilowaiski #12 Don Cossack Regt.

Grekov #21 Don Cossack Regt.

Bichalov #1 Don Cossack Regt.

Kommissarov Don Cossack Regt.

Melnikov #4 Don Cossack Regt.

Sisoev #3 Don Cossack Regt.

1st Don Horse Battery

Attached Moscow Militia

2nd Bn./1st Moscow Militia Jager Regt.

3rd Bn./1st Moscow Militia Jager Regt.

2nd Bn./3rd Moscow Opolochenie Regt.

4th Bn./3rd Moscow Opolochenie Regt.

1st Bn./7th Moscow Opolochenie Regt.

2nd Bn./7th Moscow Opolochenie Regt.

3rd Bn./7th Moscow Opolochenie Regt.

4th Bn./7th Moscow Opolochenie Regt.

Attached Smolensk Militia

Generallieutenant Lebedev

Belsk Opolochenie

Roslavl Militia

Dorogbuzh Opolochenie

Vyazem Militia

Yuknov Opolochenie

Sichev Militia

Elnin Opolochenie

Dukhovshin Opolochenie

Krasnin Militia

Porech Opolochenie

Smolensk Militia

2nd Army of the West Artillery Reserve

Generalmajor Baron Levenshtern

Position Battery #12

Position Battery #23

Light Battery #22

Light Battery #23