Edit/Build Graphs
Build Graph

The Edit Graph window is the where you access all of the graph building and formatting functions. To open the Edit Graph window

-	Click the Graph button in the toolbox

-	or choose View Tools Graphs in the workspace menu.

Building a graph is done in four steps:

1	Create the default graph

2	Modify the default graph

3	Modify the layout

4	Modify the graph display

The Edit Graph window also lets you

-	customize the patterns and colors available in the graph palettes

-	copy a graph to the Windows clipboard

-	export a graph for editing or use in other applications

-	enlarge a graph to full window display

-	set a graph to open automatically when you enter the Edit Graph window and display in the view window in the workspace


Graph Layout

Choose Layout in the Edit Graph menu to

-	size the graph

-	add, delete, resize, or change graph objects:, labels, legend, and annotation

-	change the font, color, and size of text in graph objects

Choose Modify Display in the Edit Graph menu to set the following graph attributes:

-	Display with Colors

-	Display with Patterns

-	Vertical and Horizontal Grid lines

-	Annotation Tick Marks

-	Pie slice percentages

-	Line width for line graphs

-	Data point markers for line graphs

To edit graph objects

1	Open the graph you want to edit.

2	Choose Modify From the Edit Graph menu.

3	Choose Layout from the Modify menu to open the Graph Layout window.

The graph itself is represented as a square in the approximate center of the window. To select the graph (or any object), click inside the square. Once selected, drag with the mouse to move or resize. When you select or place an object, the name, position, and size of the object are displayed at the upper right of the screen. Use Selection, Position, and Size to help proportionally place and size objects.


Export a Graph

When you export a graph, Forest & Trees creates a graphics file that holds the image of the Forest & Trees graph. Forest & Trees supports the following graphics file types:

-	Bitmap

-	TIFF

-	Metafile

To export a graph

1	Select the graph. (Double--click the view's graph icon or click the graph build button and select a graph from the Graphs in View box.)

2	Choose Graph Export from the menu.

3	Choose a file type suitable for the application you'll use to edit the graph.

4	Enter a name for the graph export file then click OK. Forest & Trees will append the correct file extension for the file type you chose.

The graph is exported to your Forest & Trees directory. If you want to export the graph to a different directory, include the full path when you name the export file.


Enlarge a Graph

To enlarge a graph so that it fills the entire screen

1	Select the graph.

2	Choose Enlarge from the Graphs menu.

To enlarge a graph that's displayed in a view, double-click on the view anywhere below the title bar.


Copy a Graph

To copy a graph to the Windows clipboard

1	Select the graph.

2	Choose Copy from the Edit menu. The graph is copied to the Clipboard.


Graph Objects

From the objects menu, you can create or delete labels, annotation, and the legend.

To create and place a label or a legend

1	Choose Objects Create Label or Create Legend from the Graph layout menu.

2	The cursor changes to a cross hair. Move the cursor to where you want to place the object and click the left mouse button. The object is inserted as a rectangular box which you can move or resize.

When placing and moving objects, be careful you don't "lose" an object. You can place one object over another and "cover up" the bottom object. Just move the top object to reveal the hidden object.

To create and place annotation

1	Choose Objects Create Annotation from the Graph layout menu.

2	Choose the annotation position; top, bottom, left, or right.

The annotation box is inserted as a rectangular box which you can resize. You can't move annotation. Since it describes the values or variables along a specific graph axis, an annotation box must remain where it is placed. If you move or resize the graph, the annotation boxes move with the graph borders. You can resize it but you cannot make it longer than the graph. If you move or resize the graph, the annotation will adjust to the new size or position.

To delete an object

1	Select the object to delete by clicking it.

2	Choose Delete Object from the Graph layout menu.


Graph Text

You can edit the text in labels and you can modify the style and color of text in any object. You can't edit legend or annotation text since the text is taken from the graph variables.

To edit label text

1	Select the label.

2	Choose Text from the Graph Layout menu to open the Enter Text box.

3	Type the text you want to appear in the label.

You can paste text from the clipboard into the text box.

The graph title in the default graph is a label that holds a substitution string generated by Forest & Trees. To change the title, delete the substitution (&GRAPHTITLE&) and type the title you want.

To change label, legend, or annotation fonts

1	Select the object.

2	Choose Text Fonts from the Layout menu.

3	Select a Typeface; Modern, Roman, or Script.

4	Select a Style from the various combinations of Normal, Italics, Underline, and Bold.

To change an object's text alignment

1	Select the object.

2	Choose Alignment from the Layout menu.

3	Choose Left, Center, or Right.

To set the orientation of vertical text

1	Select the object.

2	Choose Vertical Text from the Layout menu.

3	Choose the type of text orientation you want.

To change the color of an object's text

1	Select the object.

2	Choose Text Color from the Layout menu to open the color palette.

3	Click on one of the colored squares.


Create a Graph

If you've created and defined a view, you can create graphs for that view. If a view has a result (that is, the view has been calculated without an error), that result is used to create a default graph.

To create a graph

1	Select the view. Any graphs you create are a part of this view.

2	Click the Graph button in the Toolbox to open the Edit Graph window.

3	Choose Graphs New from the Edit Graph menu or click the graph type button and name the graph.

Once you create a graph by naming it, Forest & Trees uses the graph type currently selected and the result of the formula or query attached to the view to build a default graph.

The default graph has a legend, a title, and annotation along two sides. The title is a label that contains a substitution string (&GRAPHTITLE&) generated by Forest & Trees.

The next step is to modify the default graph.


Modify a Graph

To modify the default graph (or any graph), start by choosing the data source for the graph. You can graph data from three sources:

-	View graphs use data from the view and its children.

-	Database graphs pull data directly from the data source specified in the Definition window.

-	History graphs use data from a view's history log.

To change the source of the graph data

1	Choose Data from the Edit Graph menu.

2	Choose View, Database, or History. The choice currently selected has a checkmark next to it.

Not all choices are available at all times. For example, you can't choose database if the graph is attached to a formula view. You can't graph history data if the view doesn't have a history log.

If you choose Database, your next step is to modify the query.

If you chose View, your next step is to modify the variables.

If you chose History, your next step is to group the history samples.


Modify the Graph Query

Before you execute a graph query, make sure that the graph data is set to Database. You can modify a query if the graph data source is set to the view result but, you can't run the query unless you specify that the graph take its data from the database. To set the graph data source and edit the graph query

1	Choose Data Database from the Edit Graph menu.

2	Choose Modify Query from the Edit Graph menu to open the Edit Query window.

The query displayed in the Edit Query window is a copy of the view query. You can edit this query without affecting the query that provides the view result. The graph query uses the same data source you specified in the View Database window for this view though you are free to use any table in that data source.

You pick the variables you want to graph in the SELECT statement of a query. The graph against variable is the first expression listed in the SELECT statement. Each succeeding expression is used as a graph variable.

Once you have your graph query written and tested, you can adjust the range of values presented on the graph by modifying the graph ranges, change the appearance of the variables by modifying the attributes, and customize the appearance of the graph by modifying the graph layout and the display.


Modify Graph Variables

For a query graph, the modified query provides the variables. For a view graph, the view result and the results of the view's children provide the variables. From the Variables choice of the Modify menu, you can

-	change the variables used in the graph

-	change the graph against variable

-	change the color and pattern of the graph variables

-	create variable aliases

-	modify the range of values to graph.

To select or de-select graph (dependent) variables

1	Open the graph you want to change.

2	Choose Modify Variables from the Edit Graph menu.

3	Choose Selected from the Variables menu.

4	To de-select a variable, double-click the variable name in the Selected Variables box. To select a variable, double-click the variable name in the Available Variables box.

To change the Graph Against (independent) variable

1	Open the graph you want to change.

2	Choose Modify Variables from the Edit Graph menu.

3	From the Variables menu, choose Against.

4	The current Graph Against variable is highlighted. Double-click the new Graph Against variable.

To change the color or pattern of graph variables

1	Open the graph you want to change.

2	Choose Modify Variables from the Edit Graph menu.

3	From the Variables menu, choose Attributes to open the Set Variable Parameters box.

4	Select a variable from the variables list box. To change the foreground color (which changes the white portion of the selected pattern), click the Foreground button, then click a color from the palette. To change the background color (the color that "shows through" the pattern), click the background button, then click a color from the palette. To change the pattern, click a pattern in the pattern palette. Select the same foreground and background color if you want solid color graphs.

To assign an alias to a variable

1	Open the graph you want to change.

2	Choose Modify Variables from the Edit Graph menu.

3	From the Variables menu, choose Attributes to open the Set Variable Parameters box.

4	Select a variable from the variables list box.

5	Move the cursor to the Variable Alias box and type the alias you want to use.


Set Graph

When you set a graph, you cause two things to happen

-	The graph opens and displays automatically when you open the Edit Graph window.

-	The graph and the Cycle icon display in the view in the workspace.

To set a graph

1	Open a graph.

2	From the Graphs menu, choose Set Graph.


Calculate

Use Calculate to run the graph query and update the graph result.


Edit Patterns, Colors, and Markers

There are three palettes in Forest & Trees: colors, patterns, marker patterns. You can customize each palette to suit your own needs.

To edit the Color Palette

1	Choose Palettes Colors from the Edit Graph menu to open the Color Palette window.

2	Select a color from the palette. Move the Hue, Saturation and Value slide bars until you're satisfied, then click Change.

To copy a palette color from one box to another

1	Click a color box in the Color Palette window that you want to copy to another box.

2	Click the Copy button.

3	Click the box that you want to copy the color to.

If you restore the default palette (colors or patterns), you erase ALL changes. The default palette is the one that came with Forest & Trees. To restore the default palette

1	Choose Options Colors from the Edit Graph menu to open the Color Palette window.

2	Click the Restore button.

To swap the positions of two colors in the palette

1	Click on the first color to swap.

2	Click the Swap button

3	Click the second color. The two colors swap positions.

To edit the Patterns and Markers Patterns palettes

1	Choose Palettes Patterns or Markers from the Edit Graph menu.

2	Move the mouse pointer to the large box in the center of the window. This box is comprised of 64 squares. Use the left mouse button to click on the squares. Click on a black square to change it to white and click on a white square to change it to black. Once you click on a square, you can drag the mouse and paint squares. As you edit the pattern, a preview box displays the new pattern. When you're satisfied, click Change.

To copy, swap, or reset patterns, use the same procedure as for colors.


Graph Options
Graph Display

Use the Graph Display window to set general characteristics for the open graph. The options in the window depend on which type of graph is open. All choices are explained here. To open the Graph Options window

-	Choose Modify Display from the Edit Graph menu and choose from the following display options:

General

-	Display with colors  Check this box if you want to display the graph in color.

-	Display with patterns  Check this box if you want the graph to display with patterns.

Grids

-	Check Vertical to insert vertical grid lines in your graph.

-	Check Horizontal to insert horizontal grid lines in your graph.

-	If you have a pie graph displayed, check Pie Slice Percentages to include percentages in the Graph Legend. If you deleted the default legend, you can create a new one in the Graph Layout window.

Tick marks

-	Choose the side of the graph where you want to place annotation tick marks.

Line options (line graphs only)

-	Width changes the width of the lines. A width of "0" gives a thin line which makes it easier to see the value of each data point plotted by the line. A width of 9 ( the max) gives a big fat line. Fat lines are great for making a dramatic statement with the graph though they don't provide a precise indication of the data values.

-	Check the Markers box to insert a marker on the line for each data point. Markers get covered if you set the line width to 3 or more.

Use markers, thin lines, and both horizontal and vertical grid lines to give the most precise indication of the data point values plotted in the graph.


Delete a Graph

To remove the currently open graph

1	Open the graph you want to delete.

2	Choose Graph Delete from the Edit Graph menu.

3	Confirm your delete request to remove the graph.

You cannot delete a graph by using the delete key on the keyboard.


Rename Graph

To give a graph a new title

1	Open the graph you want to rename

2	Choose Graph Rename from the Edit Graph menu

3	Type the new name

The new name and an updated timestamp appear at the bottom of the Edit Graph window.


Modify Ranges

Ranges refers to the increments of the graph variables as they appear in the annotation. By default, all values are graphed.

To modify the dependent variable range

1	Choose Modify Ranges from the Edit Graph window to open the Range of Values window.

2	Click the Graph All Values checkbox to de-select it.

3	Click the Calculate Min/Max button to update the Largest and Smallest Sample values displayed.

4	Fill in your upper and lower range limits in the Minimum and Maximum Value to Graph boxes.

5	Fill in a value in the Increments Marked box to define how many tick marks you want in your graph.


Calculate Min/Max

Click Calculate Min/Max to calculate the minimum and maximum values of the selected variables. The minimum and maximum values are usually correct when you open the Range of Values window. However, if the graph data has changed since the last time the graph was calculated and you open the Range of Values window to change the range, click the Calculate Min/Max button to be sure that the minimum and maximum values displayed are accurate.


Against

To change the Graph Against (independent) variable

1	Open the graph you want to change.

2	Choose Modify Variables from the Edit Graph menu.

3	From the Select Variable menu, choose Against.

4	The current Graph Against variable is highlighted. Double-click the new Graph Against variable.


Exit

To close the Edit Query window and return to the Forest & Trees workspace

-	Choose Graph Exit from the Edit Graph menu.

If you opened and modified a graph, you're asked if you want to save the changes.


Selected

To select or de-select graph (dependent) variables

1	Open the graph you want to change.

2	Choose Modify Variables from the Edit Graph menu

3	Choose Selected from the Variables menu to open the Select Graph Variables window.

4	To de-select a variable, double-click the variable name in the Selected Variables box. To select a variable, double-click the variable name in the Available Variables box.

When you exit the Select Graph Variables window, the graph is redrawn using the new variable list.


New

If you've created and defined a view, you can create graphs for that view. If a view has a result (that is, the view has been calculated without an error), that result is used to create a default graph each time you create a new graph.

To create a new graph

1	Select the view. Any graphs you create are a part of this view. Graph queries are independent of the query that provides the view's result.

2	Click the Graph button in the toolbox to open the Edit Graph window.

3	Click Graphs in the Edit Graph menu and choose New or just click one of the graph type buttons.

4	Give the graph a name, then click OK.


Open

Choose Open when you want to view or edit an existing graph.


Default Layout

If you click OK, the current layout will be replaced by the default layout. You cannot save a layout that is not attached to a graph. Click Cancel to retain the current layout.


Attributes

From the Attributes window, you can assign new colors and patterns to your graph variables and create aliases for the variable names.

To change the color or pattern of graph variables

1	Open the graph you want to change.

2	Choose Modify Variables from the Edit Graph menu.

3	From the Variables menu, choose Attributes to open the Set Variable Parameters box.

4	Select a variable from the variables list box. To change the foreground color (which changes the white portion of the selected pattern), click the Foreground button, then click a color from the palette. To change the background color (the color that "shows through" the pattern), click the background button, then click a color from the palette. To change the pattern, click a pattern in the pattern palette. If you want solid color graphs either select the same foreground and background color or choose a solid pattern.

If you insert markers, the center of the marker pattern sits on top of the data point.

To assign an alias to a variable

1	Open the graph you want to change.

2	Choose Modify Variables from the Edit Graph menu.

3	From the Variables menu, choose Attributes to open the Set Variable Parameters box.

4	Select a variable from the variables list box.

5	Move the cursor to the Variable Alias box and type the alias you want to use.

The alias appears in the annotation and the legend instead of the variable name.


Graph Query

You can modify a graph query at any time but unless you specified Database as your graph query source, the graph still takes its variables from the view result rather than from the graph query. To change the data source and modify the graph query

1	Choose Data Database form the Edit Graph menu

2	Choose Modify Query from the Edit Graph menu.

When you choose Modify Query, you open the Edit Query. This is the same window you open by clicking the Query build button in the toolbox.

The query displayed for this graph is a copy of the view query. You can alter this query without affecting the view query or the view result.


Graph Data Source

You can choose one of three data sources for a graph:

-	View graphs take their variables from the view result. For a formula view, the variables are the view result and the results of the child views. View is the default data source.

-	Database graphs use their own query to collect data directly from a database. The default graph query is a copy of the view query. You can modify the query at any time but you must choose Database from the Data menu to enable the query to execute.

-	History graphs use the history logs attached to a view. You can use all or just portions of the log and group the history samples.

The currently selected choice has a checkmark next to it.


Graph Types

Choose from one of the following graph types:

Horizontal Simple Bar and Vertical Simple Bar

A simple bar graph can show only one variable. If that variable has multiple values (a list result), each item in the list is shown as a bar and all bars are the same color. If you have more than one variable, only the first variable is graphed. Simple bar graphs are used for comparing multiple occurrences of a single variable (a one column list).

Horizontal Clustered Bar and Vertical Clustered Bar

A clustered bar graph can show multiple variables. Each variable is graphed as a different color bar. If the variables have multiple values (a list result), each item in the list is shown as a bar of the same color. List items are grouped with their corresponding list items from the other variables. Clustered bar graphs are used for comparing multiple variables. Each variable can have more than one result (a list result).

Horizontal Stacked Bar and Vertical Stacked Bar

Stacked bar graphs can show multiple variables. Each variable is graphed as a different color segment of a bar. The length of each segment shows the relative value of each variable and the length of the total bar shows the value of the whole group. If the variables have multiple values (a list result), each item in the list is shown as a segment of a bar. List items are grouped with their corresponding list items from the other variables into a bar. Stacked bar graphs are used for comparing multiple variables.

Horizontal Line

Line graphs show each variable as a horizontal line with each value (list item) plotted as a point on the line. The distance from the X axis indicates the value of a data point on the line. Each variable in a line graph must have more than one value. For example, if you try to create a line graph from a query that provides a single result, you get the error GRAPH TOO SMALL TO DISPLAY because you can't draw a one dimensional line. Line Graphs are used for comparing one or more multiple variables that have multiple values (a list result).

Pie

A pie graph shows each variable as a slice of a pie. A pie is the only graph type that doesn't use a graph against variable. All variables selected are graph variables. Because a view can have a list result, you can create a one column pie graph with each item in the list representing one slice of the pie. Pie graphs are used for comparing the variables to each other and their relationships to the whole group.

Scatter

Scatter graphs show each value of one or more variables as a point within a grid. The distance from the X axis indicates the value of a data point. Scatter graphs are used when the number of data points to graph is so great that a line graph becomes unreadable or when each variable has only one result.


Modify Ranges

When you create a graph, all values of the selected variables are selected. You can set the upper and lower limits of values that appear on the graph. Modifying the ranges means modifying the range of values displayed in a graph.


History

If a view has a history log, you can graph the history data by choosing History. By default, all values in the history log are graphed. But history logs often hold a great many samples. Sometimes each sample contains a list result. So if you choose history as your graph data source, your next step should be to modify the history sample grouping.

You can group the samples by day, month, or year. Each group becomes a graph variable. If there are multiple samples within the grouping period you choose, the samples are averaged. (You can change how Forest & Trees handles multiple samples per group. See Modify Multiple Values.)  To organize history data grouping

-	Choose Modify History Grouping from the Edit Graph menu to open the History Grouping window and choose one of the grouping options:

Day	Samples are grouped by day, multiple samples from the same day are averaged. Each day's data becomes a variable.

Month 	Samples are grouped by month, multiple samples in the same month are averaged. Each month's data becomes a variable.

Year	Samples are grouped by calendar year, multiple samples in the same year are averaged. Each year's data becomes a variable.

None	The default, all samples are graphed as separate variables.

Once you choose a grouping method, choose how many groups you want to include in your graph:

All...	The default, all sample groups in the log are graphed.

Previous...	Specify the number of preceding groups to include in the graph. For example, if you grouped your samples by month, Forest & Trees will graph the history samples for the current month. If you want to include previous months in your graph, specify the number of months to graph in the previous groups box.

Specific...	Specify the beginning and ending date and time for this history graph in the From and To boxes.


Modify Multiple Values

If your variables are comprised of a list of items, you can apply an aggregate function to the list and reduce it to a single value. Choose Modify Multiple Values from the Edit Graph menu and choose one of the following:

Display All	The default, all values are graphed

Average	Graph the average value of each variable list

Sum	Graph the total value of each variable list

Use Largest	Graph the largest (MAX) value from each variable list

Use Smallest	Graph the smallest (MIN) value from each variable list

Count	Graph the number of items in each variable list


Enter Text

Type the text as you want it to appear in the label. You can also paste text from other applications. The default graph includes a label with substitution string generated by Forest & Trees (&GRAPHTITLE&). To change the title that appears in the graph, delete the substitution and type the new title. Once you have the text you want, you can change the font and the color of the text by selecting other options from the text menu.


Graph Open

Select a graph from the list. If you want a graph to open automatically when you open the Edit Graph window, use Set Graph.


Save Graph

Use Graph Save to save the open graph to disk.


Layout New

Choose Layout New to apply the default graph layout to the open graph.


Basic Forest & Trees

Views, providers, information trees

The Workspace

A tour of the workspace

The Workspace Menu

Using the menus to build and maintain views

Using the Toolbox

The tools in the toolbox, how to use them

Working with views

View icons, how to use them

Other ways to get help

Help, the manuals, technical support

F&T/W Help 1.0


Using Help

Help is waiting behind every branch and leaf of Forest & Trees. You can choose Help or press <F1> for context-sensitive Help. Error messages too are help-documented.

Click the Search button and use keywords to find help topics. For example, choosing "graph" shows all the help topics on building, modifying, and displaying graphs.

Many help messages are linked to other help messages. Click a word with a solid underline to jump to a related topic. Click and hold a word with a dashed underline to see its definition.

If you jump from one topic to the next and want to go back to the original help message, press the Back key to go back along the path you followed.

If that's not enough to answer your questions, click me.


More Help
For more help...

Refer to the documentation:

Using Forest & Trees explains Forest & Trees and how to use the workspace to monitor vital signs.

The Forest & Trees Builder's Guide tells you how to build or maintain view files.

Or give our Tech Support Group a call at  800-289-0053.

Before you call, please check the version number of your copy of Forest & Trees. The tech support representative will need to know this information. To find the version number, choose About Forest & Trees from the Help menu.


Forest & Trees concepts
Forest & Trees: What it's about

Forest & Trees makes data smart:

-	Forest & Trees collects raw data from many different sources.

-	It generates critical information: the vital signs of your business.

-	It gives you the ability to monitor those vital signs.

The basic element of Forest & Trees is the view. A view is the building-block of information that gives you your vital signs.


View
The view

A view is a capsule of  information. That information is called the view's result and it can be either a single value or a list of values. Along with actual results, a view can depict information with a graph.

A view's result typically comes from a formula, a DDE link, or a query. Depending on the source of its data, a view can be one of two types.


View Types
Types of view

A view that takes its data from outside sources is called a query view. Any other view is a formula view. Either type of view can be displayed or can be used to build other views. The only real difference between the two types is the way they get their data.

Formula view: obtains its result via a formula. The formula usually combines information from one or more other views.

Query view: collects the "raw material" for Forest & Trees by requesting data from an outside database through an interface called a provider or through DDE (Dynamic Data Exchange).


Data providers

The provider is a program that connects Forest & Trees to outside sources of data, such as a database or spreadsheet.

The provider sends a query to the source and collects the data that the source sends back to the query view.

There are two kinds of Forest & Trees providers, those that work in a file server setup and those that work in a client server setup.

Once the data is collected it can be processed into information through the information tree.


Information tree

Views aren't just static, unlinked blocks of information. Views can be organized in information trees. It's through the information tree that formula views process data to build your vital signs.

Any view can be put on the Forest & Trees workspace. The views you display (with their results) are usually those that you want to track.

If you want to see where a view resides within an information tree, you can change the workspace display to show a Tree Structure.


Calculations and Alarms

Tracking information means keeping it up to date and paying attention to significant changes.

A view can be scheduled to calculate at regular intervals--from once every minute to once a year--to ensure that its information is up to date.

A calculation can cause the view's result to be in an alarm condition. You can define two levels of  alarms for a view (caution and alert). Alarms help you identify information that needs attention.


Main display
The Workspace

The workspace holds the views that you want to monitor. In the workspace you find

-	Workspace menu

-	Toolbox (when the Toolbox display option is enabled)

-	Windowed Views and View Icons

-	View Icons

The views can be arranged in the workspace in a way that makes them easy to monitor.


Build and Monitor modes
Build and Monitor

Forest & Trees can be set up to give you access to all of the build functions, none of the build functions, or a customized level somewhere in between. The granting of usage permissions is controlled by passwords.

-	Builder access lets you use the toolbox to build and modify views and information trees. You can also build graphs and reports.

-	Monitor access can be customized so that you can use many of the same features found in Builder access. You decide which privileges are required to get the job done.


Arranging views

Use the usual Microsoft Windows techniques for dragging and sizing to arrange your views on the workspace. A view can be windowed or displayed as an icon.

Choose Window Arrange on the Workspace menu to organize your views:

Tile	Covers the workspace with windowed views

Cascade	Overlaps windowed views in the workspace

Resize All	Makes all views the same size

Iconize All	Turns all windowed views into icons

Restore All	Turns all icons into windowed views


View windows and icons

The view window has, beside the title, three elements: the result, the view icons, and the alarm bars.

Result	information that the view extracts through a query  DDE link, or formula. It's possible to show a graph in the place of the result of a view.

Icons	features associated with the view

Alarm Bars	bars that show the status of other views in the information tree


View results
Result

The result of a view comes from the view's query or formula. A result can be either a single value or a simple list. A result can be a number, date, text, currency, or true/false condition.

A view's result can be monitored in the workspace. It can be used by the formulas in other view to calculate additional results.


Alarm bars

An alarm bar appears on a view when a lower-level view on the information tree has an alert or caution. The bar lets you know that while the displayed result may not be in an alarm range, one or more of the views that feed it data is.

The bar is the color of the alarm: alert or caution. There's a bar for every view that has an alarm.

Double-click the Tree button to see the information tree. The icons next to the tree in an alarm condition will be the color of the condition.


Main Menu
The Workspace menu

The workspace menu is at the top of the Forest & Trees workspace. It lists the functions for managing your files and views.

File	Manage view files and see facts about the current view file

Edit	Copy the view's result to the clipboard for use in other applications

View	Build, maintain, and list views

Tree	Copy, delete, and map trees

Window	Arrange and select view windows

Customize	Adapt the Forest & Trees environment to your preferences

Help	On-line help for Forest & Trees


Main Menu: File
The Workspace Menu: File Options

The standard File options on the workspace menu (New, Open, Save, Save As) work just as they do for other Windows applications. The following choices don't necessarily appear on other Windows applications:

Facts	See details about the view file you're working on

Links

Passwords	Manage view file passwords

Merge	Copy views from other view files

Delete	Delete a view file from disk


File Facts

To see facts about the view file you're using, choose File Facts on the Workspace menu.

The Facts box gives you

-	the size of the view file (Bytes Used)

-	the number of Normal views and the number of views in "non-normal" status: caution, alert, error, and uncalculated.

-	the number of query views that use each provider. Also, the rev level of the providers on your system.


Exit Forest & Trees
Exit

To exit Forest & Trees, choose Exit from the File menu. You will be asked if you want to save the changes you've made in the current view file.


Delete File
File Delete

To delete a view file, choose File Delete on the Workspace menu.

If you delete the view file, you delete all the views, trees, and graphs that make up the file.

To delete a single view, use View Delete.


Main Menu: Edit
The Workspace Menu: Edit Options

You have a single choice on the workspace Edit menu: Copy. Use Copy to copy the result of the selected view to the Windows Clipboard.

Once copied to the clipboard, the result can be pasted into other Windows applications such as Excel spreadsheets or Word for Windows documents.

For views that have active graphs, Edit Copy copies the value of the result, not the graph  even though the graph is visible. Use Graph Export to copy a graph to another application.

To copy a view within the same view file, use View Copy.

To copy views from other view files, use File Merge.


Main Menu: View
The Workspace Menu: View Options

The View options let you work with individual views. The options you're able to use depend on two things: the permissions you've been granted and the features of the view.

New	to create a new view

Copy	to copy a view within the same view file

Delete	to delete a view

Tools	to use the view building tools

List	to list all views whether or not they're displayed

The other choices are menu alternatives for the View Buttons.


Tree Calculate

Choose Tree Calculate to calculate the selected view and all of its children. To determine which views will get calculated, click the view's tree icon to enter the Tree Structure display.


Delete a View

To delete a view, select the view, then choose Delete from the View menu or press the Delete key on your keyboard.

Don't confuse the Delete option on the File menu with the Delete options on the View and Tree menus.

-	File delete removes an entire view file

-	Tree delete removes an entire information tree

-	View delete removes an individual view


Copy a View

To duplicate a view choose Copy from the View menu and assign a name to the new view.

All components of a view are copied to the new view including the view's alarms, calculation schedule, history logs, note, reports, and graphs. If the original view was part of an information tree, the copy view is also part of an information tree. The new view retains connections to the child views that provide its result.


View List

View List displays the names of all the views in the view file--not just those displayed in the workspace.

View List

-	shows you the status of each view by the color of its icon

-	lets you see more information about a view

-	lets you sort the list or find views with a specific status


Find View

Find is a quick way to locate views that have an alarm or a calculation error. You can choose one of the following:

-	Next Alert

-	Next Caution

-	Next Error

-	Next Active Alarm

Once you choose what you want to find, the next view in the list that meets the condition is highlighted. Select the view to enter the Tree Structure display.


View Status
View List:  Status

The view list contains the names of all views, whether displayed or hidden.

The color of the icon next to each view name tells you the status of the view: alert, caution, calculation error, or uncalculated.

The view list is the easiest way to see the status of or information about hidden views, since those views aren't displayed in the workspace.

More Information tells you more about a selected view.


View List:  More information

Click the More Information buttons to expand the box and display details about views.

Type of view	Whether the view is a query view or a formula view

Bytes	The size of the byte that the view file takes out of your disk

Type of data	The form of the view's result

Active icons	The icons that are active in the view (or that would be active if the view were displayed). Use the buttons on the view, not those here.

Source	The provider that the view is using along with the name of the file that's the source of the data that the query extracted. (For query views only.)

Children	The views used in the information tree to calculate the selected view. By double-clicking on a "child view" you'll go to that view on the list. (For formula views only.)


Types of data

A result can be in one of the following forms. The form is selected at the time that the view is built and determines what the result will look like. Currency, date, and time are in the formats specified in your DOS country code.

Integer	a whole number such as 3 or 93, with no decimal parts

Percent	the percentage form of a number. The result .353, for example, is displayed as the percentage 35.3%, or 5.2  as 520%

Double	a number containing up to 15 digits of precision

Currency	a result appearing in currency form. Example: 467.5 as $467.50

Text	a result shown as text

Date	a date result

Time	a time result

Timestamp	a date and time result

Boolean	True or False, depending on the outcome of a comparison in the formula


View List:  Sort

You can sort the view list to manage your views:

by Name	alphabetically by the name of the view

by Alarm	by the severity of the alarm. Calculation errors are listed first, followed by alerts,  cautions, and normal views

by Last Calc	chronologically sorted by Last Calculation date and time. Uncalculated views are listed first

by Next Calc	chronologically sorted by Next Calculation date and time. Manually calculated views are listed first

by Provider	by the source of information for the view. Formula views are grouped together. Query views are grouped according to the provider that brings them data

by Type	according to the data type of the result (Integer, Text . . . )


View List:  Find

Find lets you search for views with a certain condition:

Alert or Caution alarm conditions

Calculation Errors

Active Alarms:  Alarms that you haven't acknowledged by double-clicking the Alarm icon


Main Menu: Tree
The Workspace Menu: Tree Options

With the Tree options on the workspace menu, you can

See a map diagram of the view and its child views

Copy an entire tree


Tree Map

The tree map shows a view with all its child views (the views that feed it data).

Click the + and - signs in the icons to expand or collapse parts of the tree.

You can reach the tree map by choosing Tree Map on the workspace menu.


Straighten Up Icons

To keep your workspace tidy, use Straighten Up Icons to arrange all of your iconized views into neat little rows.


Next

Next selects the next view. The tab key also moves you from one view to the next.


Tree Copy

Tree copy duplicates a tree (views with queries and formulas) from the selected view on down.

To copy a tree:

1	Select the topmost view of the tree (or portion of tree) you want to duplicate. Tree copy only effects the selected view and the views below it on the tree.

2	Choose Tree Copy on the workspace menu.

3	To copy only some views, click to highlight them. To copy only some levels, click the To Level button and enter a number between 1 and 30.

4	Choose how you want to handle duplicate view names.

5	Click Copy All or Copy Selected.


Tree Delete

Tree delete lets you delete views on the information tree associated with the selected view.

To delete a tree:

1	Select the topmost view of the tree (or portion of tree) you want to delete. Tree delete only effects the selected view and the views below it on the tree.

2	Choose Tree Delete on the workspace menu.

3	To delete only some views, click to highlight them.

4	Choose No Shared Sub-Trees to avoid deleing views that are part of other information trees.

5	Click Delete All to remove all views in the Views to Delete box. (If you checked No Shared Sub-Trees, the shared views won't be deleted.)

6	Click Delete Selected to remove only those views you specifically selected in the Views to Delete box..


Main Menu: Window
The Workspace Menu: Window Options

Use the Window menu to arrange the views in your workspace or to choose any displayed view.

The Window menu also lists all your displayed views. You can choose any view on the list by clicking it.

Some displayed views may not be in the visible region of the workspace. These views can always be found through Window.


Main Menu: Customize
The Workspace Menu: Customize

Use Customize to set up Forest & Trees the way you prefer.

Create or modify substitution strings

Specify a view file to load automatically whenever you run Forest & Trees

Change the colors used in your views

Turn certain options on or off

Enable or disable the automatic save feature

Customize data type formats

Save the size and position of the Forest & Trees window


Customize Options

Choose Customize Options to see the options box where you can

Enable or disable the Toolbox display

Enable or disable automatic calculations

Turn on alarm tone and pop-up message

Turn on the calculation error pop-up message

Set Forest & Trees to calculate only when it's active


Alarm Tone and Popup
Alarm Tone and Pop-up

To have Forest & Trees notify you audibly in the event of an alarm:

1	Choose Customize Options.

2	Check Alarm Audible Tone in the Customize Options box.

To have Forest & Trees pop up a message in the event of an alarm:

1	Choose Customize Options.

2	Check Pop-up Alarms Messages in the Customize Options box.


Calculation Error Popup
Calculation Error Pop-up

To have Forest & Trees pop up a message in the event of a calculation error:

1	Choose Customize Options.

2	Check Pop-up Calculation Errors in the Customize Options box.


Calculate When Active

To have Forest & Trees calculate views only when Forest & Trees is active (not a Windows icon):

1	Choose Customize Options.

2	Check Active Calculations Only in the Customize Options box.


Autoload File

To have Forest & Trees automatically load a selected view file when you start the program:

1	Choose Customize Autoload View File on the workspace menu.

2	Enter the name (and path) of the view file, or use the Directory button to find the file.


Automatic Save

To have Forest & Trees automatically save the current view file to disk, choose Customize Automatic Save from the Workspace menu. Choose one of the save intervals displayed in the Save Interval box or check the Minutes box and fill in your own interval, up to 999 minutes.


Change View Colors

Besides the color changes you can make through the Windows Control Panel, you can change colors used in the view:

-	View background

-	Normal, alarm, and error result colors

-	View button background and foreground

-	View graph background

Changing colors affects all the views and view files that you'll use on your PC.

1	Choose Customize View Colors on the workspace menu.

2	Choose the item you want to change either from the list box or by clicking it on the sample view.

3	Use Hue, Saturation, and Value to get the color you want. The blocks above the color bars show you how solid areas and text look in the color you pick.

4	Click Change to make the change and see it in the sample.


Autocalc
Turning Autocalc On or Off

To turn automatic calculations on or off:

1	Choose Customize Options on the workspace menu.

2	Click Automatic Calculations to enable or disable it.

When automatic calculations are on, Forest & Trees calculates all views according to the schedule set up for them.


Saving the Size and Position of Forest & Trees

You can save the current size and position of the Forest & Trees window on your screen so that it comes up with those dimensions whenever you start the program.

When the window is where you want it, Choose Customize Save Screen Dimensions on the workspace menu.


View icons

The view icons appear on the displayed view under the view name. Only the icons that apply to the view show. The icons may have been hidden by the view builder so that none of them appear in the view. The alternative then is to use View on the workspace menu.

Calculate	calculate the result of the view

Info	read a message from Forest & Trees *

Cycle	switch between result and graph in a view

Note	read or change a note clipped to a view

Graph	display graphs associated with a view

Report	display or print reports associated with a view

Tree	show the structure of the view's information tree

History	show history records

*Alarm	The Info icon is replaced by an alarm whistle until you acknowledge the alarm.


Calculate view

Calculating a view updates

-	the contents of the view, based on the query or formula it uses

-	any other views on the information tree that get data from the calculated view

There are two ways a calculation can take place:

-	Automatic Calculation carried out by Forest & Trees on a preset schedule

-	Manual Calculation which you can do independently of any schedule

To calculate a view and its children, use Tree Calculate.


Automatic calculation

Views can be scheduled to calculate at any interval or at any time (for example, every hour or every Monday at noon) from once a minute to once a year. (The maximum time interval is once every 999 months just in case you like to take the long term view of things.)  When a view is calculated, so are all views that depend on it.

The calculation of scheduled views takes place automatically while you're running Forest & Trees. A calculation scheduled to take place when Forest & Trees isn't running happens when the view file is opened.

You can turn automatic calculation on or off.


Turning auto calculation on or off

To turn automatic calculations on or off:

1	Choose Customize Options on the Workspace menu.

2	Choose Automatic Calculations from the Options menu.

A checkmark next to Automatic Calculations means that they will take place.

Changing auto calculation affects all the views in the view file.


Manual calculation

A manual calculation is one that you initiate yourself. You can calculate any displayed view. When you calculate a view, Forest & Trees calculates every view whose information depends on it.

To calculate manually:

-	Double-click the view's Calculate button

-	or choose View Calculate on the Workspace menu

You'll see a message box telling you the view was calculated.

If the view (or any dependent view) can't calculate you see a Calculation Error message in place of the result.


Calculation errors

If Forest & Trees can't calculate a view, you see "Calculation Error" instead of the result in the view. A calculation error in one view causes calculation errors in every other view that depends on its data.

If the view is an icon, it turns the color that was set up for Errors.

In query views that calculated correctly in the past, errors are usually due to a problem with the source of the data. The data base is unavailable is the most common cause.

To acknowledge the error, click the Alarm icon on the view and you'll see an error message. The Info icon then appears on the view until the calculation error is fixed.


Alarm button
Alarm icon

The Alarm icon appears on the view when a calculation results in an error.

By double-clicking the icon, you see a message explaining the condition. Once you acknowledge the alarm, an Info icon appears in the place of the Alarm icon. Double-click the Info icon to see the error message. The Info icon goes away when the alarm condition is resolved,


Info button
Info icon

After you acknowledge a calculation error, the Info icon remains in the view until the calculation error is resolved.

By double-clicking the Info icon you can see an explanation of the cause of the calculation error. You also have the opportunity to retry the calculation or, if you have Builder access, to fix it.


Cycle button
Cycle icon

If a view has graphs associated with it, it's possible (if you have Builder access) to make one of those graphs active--meaning that it can appear on the view instead of the view's result.

You know that there's an active graph if the view has a cycle button.

To switch the result display between the graph and the result of the view:

-	Double-click the cycle button

-	or choose View Cycle on the Workspace menu.


View graphs

The Graph icon in a view lets you display any graph associated with a view or associated with its child views. You can also Export a graph for use in other applications.

To display a graph, double-click the icon and choose the view and graph from the list.

To blow it up to full screen, choose Graphs Expand from the Graph menu.

To calculate, choose Graphs Calculate from the Graph menu. Calculate works only on the selected graph.


View reports

The Report icon in a view lets you display any report associated with a view or associated with its child views. You can also print a report.

To display a report

1	Double-click the icon.

2	Choose Report Open from the Report menu.

3	Choose the view and report from the list.

4	Choose Report Calculate to calculate the report (if it doesn't appear on the screen).

To send a report to the Windows default printer, choose Report Print from the Report menu.


Notes
Note

Note is a page of comments that you can attach to a view.

To create a note:

-	click Note in the toolbox

-	or choose View Notes on the workspace menu.

To read or modify a note:

-	click Note in the toolbox

-	or click the Note icon in the view

-	or choose View Notes on the Workspace menu.

To delete a note, delete all the text from the note.


New View File
New File

To create a new view file, choose File New from the Workspace menu. The current view file is replaced (you have the option to save changes) with a new, untitled view file. If you have the toolbox display enabled, the build buttons appear but they're blank. Your only option at this point is to create a new view.


Open File

To display an existing view file, choose File Open from the Workspace menu and select the view file you want to work with. The default directory selection is your FTW directory and only .FTV (view files) are displayed in the list box.


Save View File

Choose File Save from the Workspace menu to save the currently open file to disk. You can also have Forest & Trees do an autosave.


Save As...

To save a copy of the currently open view file under a different name, choose File Save As from the Workspace menu.


New View

To create a new view window:

1	Choose View New from the Workspace menu (or just press the Insert key on your keyboard).

2	Assign a descriptive name (up to 21 characters), and click OK.

Try to keep view names short and descriptive. When you want to use a view in a formula, you identify the view by its name.

You can change a view's name in the Definition window.


Provider List Box

Choose a provider from the list. All the providers that are in your FTW directory (or can be found with the SET and PATH commands in AUTOEXEC.BAT) are displayed in the list box.

If you choose the formula provider, the Formula button in the toolbox becomes active. The result for this view will come from other views within this view file.

If you choose DDE, the DDE button in the toolbox becomes active. The result for this view will be the result of a DDE link from another Windows application.

If you choose any other provider, the Database button in the toolbox becomes active. You have to specify a data source to activate the Query button. The results for this view will come from an external data source.


Resize a View

To change the size of a view window:

1	Select the view.

2	Press F2. The view returns to the default window size. Or use the mouse to drag the borders to the desired dimensions.


Tree Icon
Tree

Double-click the Tree icon in a view, or choose View Tree from the Workspace menu to display the parent and child views of the selected view. All views in the tree structure are shown. It doesn't matter whether a view is hidden or iconized in the workspace, the Tree Structure display shows all the views associated with the selected view.


Tree Structure

If you click on a view's Tree icon, you display the Tree Structure associated with that view. You can also display a Tree Structure by selecting the view from the View List box.

The view you selected to enter the Tree Structure display is identified by a heavy black border and is the root view of the structure. The selected view's icons are shown at the top of the workspace and are functional. You can use most of the workspace buttons and menus (some are greyed such as the Windows Arrange functions). If you create a new view, you won't see it however, since it isn't a part of the tree currently displayed.

-	To return to the views, click the door icon.

-	To change the size of the tree structure, click on one of the three view size icons.

-	To show last calculation date and time, click the Clock icon in the top right corner of the workspace. This is a toggle selection and affects all views in the tree.

-	To make a different view the root view, select the view and double-click its Tree icon or just double-click the view itself.


View File Merge
File Merge

To merge (copy) views from another view file into the current view file:

1	Choose File Merge from the workspace menu.

2	Pick the view file you want to merge views from.

3	From the list of views displayed, click on the views you want to merge into the current view file.

4	Choose how you want to handle duplicate view names.

5	Check Merge Entire View Tree if you want to merge information trees that are connected with the selected views.

6	Check Merge History if you want to merge the history logs connected with the selected views.

The view file you're merging from remains unchanged. The selected views, trees, and history logs are copied into the current view file. The merged views bring along all their baggage; the original view result, graphs, reports, notes, calculation schedules, and alarms. They also retain their size and state. For example, if a merged view is iconized in the source view file, it will be iconized when merged as well.

If you change a merged view's query or formula then calculate, the new result displays unless the calculation results in an error. In that case, the view displays the old result.

To copy a view within the same view file, use View Copy on the workspace menu.


Duplicate View Names

Each view name in a view file must be unique. When you merge views into a view file, you have four choices on how to handle duplicate names:

Do Not Merge View	Views with duplicate names are not merged.

Delete Existing View	The merged view replaces the view in the current view file.

Create Unique Name	Forest & Trees appends a number to the merged view to make it unique. For example, a view called "FishSales" is renamed to "FishSales1."

Ask For New Name	Forest & Trees asks you to enter a new name before it merges a view with a duplicate name.


Merge Entire View Tree

Check this box if you want to merge all the views that provide results for the selected view. If you merge a view and don't include its information tree the view will get a calculation error the next time it is calculated.


Merge/Copy History

Check this box if you want the view's history logs to be included in the copied view.


About Forest & Trees

Choose Help About Forest & Trees from the Workspace menu to find the revision numbers of the Forest & Trees program on your computer. If you ever have to call Channel Computing technical support, you'll need these numbers.


Reports

Views can have one or more reports attached to them. To view or print a view's report, select the view and click the report icon or choose View Reports from the Workspace menu.


View History

You can view, copy, and edit history records in a view's history log. Choose View History in the Workspace menu or double-click the view's History icon to open the View History window.

The View History window displays a line item for each calculation result that has been written to the history log. Here is the information displayed:

Condition	A colored box indicates the view's alarm status at the time of calculation.

Item#	Records are numbered oldest to newest. List results display as a list.

Date/Time	Date and time of calculation.

Value	The result at the time of calculation.


History Sample Menu

The sample menu lets you insert records into or delete records from your history log.

To insert a history record:

1  Choose Sample Insert from the View History menu to open the Insert View History Data Sample window.

2  Type the value you want to insert.

3  Type the date and time for the inserted result, then click OK.

The result is added to the history log. The date and time you enter for the record determines where it is placed within the log.

To delete a history record:

1  Highlight the record you want to delete.

2  Choose Sample Delete from the View History menu or just press the delete key on your keyboard. The record is deleted immediately. If the highlighted record is part of a list result, the ENTIRE list is deleted.

To delete all records in a history log:

-	Choose Sample Delete All from the View History menu. You have the opportunity to change your mind since you're asked if you really want to delete all the history records.


Copy

To copy text to the Windows clipboard, choose Edit Copy from the Workspace menu.


History

A view can have a history log attached to it. To view or edit a view's history log, double-click the view's History icon or select View History from the Workspace menu.


Tree structure size

You can alter the size of the views displayed in a tree structure. If you have many views to display, choose the smallest display size and you can fit more views in the workspace. To alter the view size of a tree display:

-	Choose Tree Small, Medium, or Large from the Workspace menu

-	or click the appropriate size icon in the top right corner of the workspace.


Tree Exit

To go from the Tree Structure display to the view display:

-	Choose Tree Exit View Tree from the Workspace menu

-	or click the Door icon in the top right corner of the workspace.


Graph Icon

Use the Graph icon to print, export, enlarge, or copy a graph. To open the View Graphs window and select a graph:

1	Double-click the view's Graph icon or choose View Graphs from the Workspace menu.

2	The Views box shows views that were used to build the view. The current view is highlighted.

3	The Graphs box shows the graph names attached to the selected view. Click on a graph name.

Once you've highlighted a graph you can use the View Graphs menu to do the following:

--  Export

--  Enlarge

--  Copy


Unique View Name

The view name already exists within the view file.

-	Type a new name

-	Or click the Make Unique button. Forest & Trees will create a new name by  appending a 1 to the end of the view name

-	or click the Skip View button and this view won't be merged.


Attributes

To view the vital statistics of this NewWave object, choose Action Attributes from the Workspace menu. The only items you can change in the Attributes box are the object title and the Autoshare checkbox.


Undo

Reverses the last editing action.


Undo All

Reverses all the editing changes made since you opened the editing window.


Cut

Removes the highlighted text and copies it to the clipboard.


Paste

Transfers the contents of the clipboard to the cursor position.


Clear

Deletes the entire line of text where the cursor is located.


Select All

Highlights all the text.


Passwords
Controlling Access Through Passwords

You can protect access to view files, views, and Forest & Trees functions through the use of passwords. You can define three different types of passwords, each allows a different level of access.

Owner	The Owner password provides full access to all the features of Forest & Trees. A view file must have an Owner password before you can create passwords for the other levels of access.

Builder	The Builder password provides the same level of access as the Owner password with two exceptions:

-	Cannot view or change the Owner password.

-	Cannot access the build functions of Owner locked views.

User	The User password can be created by an Owner or a Builder. Privileges are controlled by a customized list of access permissions. A User cannot view or edit passwords.

When a view file is password protected, you must enter one of the three possible passwords to gain access to the file.

To add, change, or remove passwords:

1	Choose Edit Passwords from the workspace menu.

2	If the view file is already password protected, enter the Owner or Builder password.

3	Enter the new password or select an existing one for change or delete.

4	Choose Owner, Builder, or User to set the level of access for this password.

5	If you choose user, check the access permissions in the User Permission box.

6	Click Add, Change, or Delete.

You can create more than one password for any access level. Different User passwords can have different permission lists.


User Permissions

An Owner or Builder can create one or more User passwords and customize the permission list for each password. To create or edit User password permissions:

1	Choose Edit Passwords from the Workspace menu.

2	Enter the Builder or Owner password if the file is password protected. (You must create an owner password before you can create a user password.)

3	Create or select a User password to enable the Permissions box.

4	Check the permissions that will be granted to the highlighted User password:

Save File	Can save changes made to the view file. Includes "Save As" a new file name and Automatic Save.

Merge From File	Can copy views from this view file while working in another view file.

Merge Into File	Can merge views from other view files into the current view file.

Unhide Results	Can display hidden view results by clicking the right mouse button.

Calculate Views	Can calculate views automatically or manually. It also enables the global calculate menu choice. If this isn't checked, the views' results remain unchanged.

Change Notes	Can add, modify, and delete notes.

Change Alarms	Can add, modify, and delete alarms. Even if Change Alarms permission isn't granted, the User can still see alarm messages when they occur.

Change Schedule	Can change calculation schedules.

Change Reports	Can create, modify, or delete reports. If Change Reports permission isn't granted, the User can still view and print existing reports.

Change Graphs	Can create, modify, or delete graphs. Even if Change Graphs permission isn't granted, the User can still view existing graphs.

Change Substitutes	Can create, modify, and delete view file substitution strings. Global substitutions strings can be changed with or without this permission.

A user cannot be granted permission to create views, or change queries and formulas.


View File Password

Enter the Owner, Builder, or User password for access to this view file.


Manage Password

You must enter the Owner or the Builder password to open the Manage Passwords window.


Time Calculated

If you want to display the timestamp of the last calculation of each view in the Tree Structure display, choose Tree Time Last Calculated from the workspace menu of click on the Clock icon in the icon bar.


The Keyboard

Forest & Trees is easiest to use with a mouse and most of the procedures are described from a mouse point of view. If you don't have a mouse, you can still perform MOST of the functions available in Forest & Trees. You won't be able to do some of the functions in laying out graphs and reports. For a complete description of how to navigate with the keyboard in a Windows application, see your Windows manual or choose Help from this window or from the Windows Program Manger.

There are a few function keys that you should know about.

<F1>	Opens Help from wherever you press it.

<F2>	Resizes the selected view to the default view window size.

<F10>	Highlights the first menu in the menu bar

What you CAN'T do without a mouse.

Place, move, resize, and delete report and graph objects. (You can place graph Annotation but you can't move, resize or delete it.)


Calculate All

To calculate ALL views in a view file

--	Choose Calculate All from the File menu.


Under construction


Toolbox
The toolbox

When the toolbox is displayed, the Build buttons are shown along the left edge of the workspace. An icon appears on the tools you can use. Each button gives access to a tool for building views:

Definition

Formula

Query

DDE

Database

Alarms

Schedule

Graphs

Reports

Notes


View definition

The first step in creating a view is its Definition. You can change the view's definition at any time.

1	Click the Definition button in the toolbox to open the View Definition window.

2	The Name of the view is the one you entered when you created the view.

3	Enter an optional Description of the view.

4	Choose the Provider (or type of source) that the view will get its data from. Choose Formula if the view will get data only from other views.

5	Choose the result's Data Type.

6	Enter an optional Results Limit if you want to limit the number of values to appear in a list result.

7	Enter a number (larger that zero) to track the view's History. F&T/W tracks up to the number of history records you enter here--always keeping the more recent ones.

8	Specify the data format for the result. The list box shows the formats that you selected in the Default Output Data Formats box.

9	Choose a graph if you want it to appear instead of the result on the displayed view.

10	Check the attributes you want to apply to the view and the result.


Data types

Results can be in the following data types:

Integer	(default)  A whole number, with no decimal places, and thousand separator. It can handle integers from 2,147,483,648 to --2,147,483,647.

Percent	A percentage: 1.25 as 125%

Double	A real number, with decimals, to fifteen digits.

Currency	Format with a currency symbol (such as a dollar sign), comma separator, decimal point, and two decimal places, such as $10,491.00.

Text	A character string with a length of up to 25 characters.

Date	Date format. In order to perform date arithmetic, the program assigns numbers to days.

Time	Time format. In order to perform time arithmetic, the program counts seconds starting at midnight of the current day, midnight being zero.

Timestamp	Date and time result.

Boolean	Either "true" or "false". If a data item is selected for the result, the value "true" is returned rather than the actual data.

To set the format for each data type, choose Default Data Formats from the Customize menu.


View Definition Attributes

Check off the boxes that you want to apply:

Null Allowed	The view accepts a null as a valid result.

Multiple Results	The view accepts a result of two or more values.

Number Results	F&T/W sequentially numbers the values in a result.

Hide Results	Asterisks appear instead of the view's result. To see the result, click and hold the right mouse button.

Display Icons	The view icons that apply are available in the view.

Display View	The view is posted on the workspace. It's a good idea not to hide a view until you're done building it. To make changes to a hidden view, you can select it on the Tree Structure screen.

Screen Lock	The view can't be moved from its current position on the screen, except to be tiled, cascaded, or iconized.

Alarm Scale	Alarm bars appear if child views have alarm conditions. The alarm scale will display even if you turn off the icon display.

Keep Dimensions	A graph on the view keeps its shape no matter what shape the windowed view has.

Owner Lock	You can't access the build functions for this view unless you supply the owner password.


Default Data Formats

To customize the appearance of the data types available in Forest & Trees

1	Choose Customize Default Data Formats from the Workspace menu.

2	Click the down arrow next to the data type that you want to format.

3	Select a format from the list box, then click OK.

The default for each data type is taken from the Windows international settings. The other selections are part of Forest & Trees. You can type in your own format if you don't see one that suits your needs.

The selection you make here for each data type becomes the default selection for the data type you specify in a view's definition.


Formula Button
Formula tool

If you selected formula as the provider in View Definition, then the Formula tool becomes available. Click the Formula button to enter the Edit Formula window and build or edit a formula.


Edit Formula
Edit Formula window

If you're in Edit Formula then you must want to write and test a formula. A formula uses other view's results as input data. The menu choices are

Edit	Offers standard Windows editing functions.

List	You can open a list of View Names or pick a function from a functions list.

Test	Runs the formula. Test doesn't calculate the view and it won't convert the result to the data type you picked in View Definition.


Function List

Choose List Functions from the menu to see a list of functions and their definitions.

Categories	Display all the functions and operators or pick a specific category.

Functions	Highlight a function or operator from the list. If you don't see the one you're looking for, choose a different category.

Usage 	Shows a sample usage for the function or operator highlighted in the Functions list box.

Description	Gives a short description of the highlighted function.

Select 	Click Select to insert the highlighted function into your query or formula.


Query Button
Query tool

The Query tool is active if you selected a provider other than Formula or Dynamic Data Exchange. You must also specify the data source through Database. Click the Query button to enter Edit Query.

Once you've created a view, defined it, and specified its data source, you're ready to write the query in the Edit Query window. The menu bar selections are:

Edit	offers standard Windows editing functions which we all know and love.

Assist	a menu-based system to help you build a query.

List	opens a list of Column Names or a list of functions from a functions list

Test	offers two selections, Test Query and Table Browse. Test Query runs your query to see if it works. Table Browse lets you pick a table and examine its data.


List Column Names

From Edit Query, you can display all the column names from the database you specified in the Database Name window.

Select Columns from the List menu. Select a table from the Tables list box to display all columns in that table.


Test Query

Use Test Query to execute the query you've created in the Edit Query window. If the query runs successfully, you see the result. If the query fails, you see the appropriate error message. Test Query isn't the same as calculating the view. There are three differences:

Test Query doesn't put the result into the view. When you exit Query Results after testing your query, the view remains "Uncalculated" until you double-click the view's Calculate icon.

Test Query accepts a multi-column result that causes a calculation error when you calculate the view.

Test Query doesn't convert data to the data type you specified in View Definition. If you query data that is type text in the database, for example, you get text data when you run Test Query even if you specified some other data type when you defined the view.


Table Browse

Forest & Trees allows you to peek inside your data sources. You can look at all the data in a database table without writing a query. If you're working with unfamiliar data, this function can help you quickly find out how the data is organized and what each column holds.

When you choose Table Browse you see a list of the tables in the database you chose via the Database tool.

Select a table. Forest & Trees displays all columns and rows from that table. The results displayed aren't saved when you exit and have no effect on the query you build for this view.


Dynamic Data Exchange
DDE, Dynamic Data Exchange

If you selected Dynamic Data Exchange as the provider in View Definition, the DDE tool is available to you. DDE allows you to link data between Windows applications. To establish a DDE link

1	Open the Windows application that holds the data you want to link to Forest & Trees. That application must support DDE.

2	Select the data you want to link to Forest & Trees.

3	From the Edit menu, choose Copy.

4	Go to Forest & Trees (leave the other application running) and create a new view. Choose Dynamic Data Exchange as the view's provider in View Definition.

5	Click the DDE button to open the Edit DDE window.

6	Click Paste Link and click OK.

7	Calculate the view.

The data you selected is now included in the view file.

To establish a Hotlink:

1	Establish the DDE link as described above.

2	Click the Schedule button in the toolbox.

3	Select DDE Hotlink.

Other Windows applications can get data from Forest & Trees via DDE. To link a view's result to another Windows application:

1	Select the view that you want to link.

2	Choose Edit Copy from the Workspace menu.

3	Open the application that will hold the linked data and follow the directions for establishing a DDE link. This usually means selecting an area in the document or worksheet and choosing Paste Link from the Edit menu.

To see which views provide data to other applications, use the Links option in the File menu.


Database Button
Database tool

The Database tool is available if you selected a database or spreadsheet provider in View Definition. Click Database to open the View Database window and complete the following fields as required:

Use Timestamp	If you check this box, the view won't calculate unless the data in the data source has changed since the last time this view was calculated.

Database Name	If you know the path and name of the data source for this view, type it in. If you don't know the path, click Directory to find your data source.

Server	Some databases require that you access a server, a "go between" program between you and the data. If required, enter the Server name.

Username	Enter your username for the database if required.

Password	Enter your password for the database if required.


Substitution Strings
Using Substitution Strings

Substitutions are short "nicknames" for any text or series of characters that you'll use in a view file, such as a path to a database, a database password, or an often-used subquery. Then, if the database is moved or the password is changed all you must do is update the definition of the substitution instead of changing that information in every view.

Substitutions can be specific to the view file where they're created or they can be used globally, that is within any view file on your system. (Global substitution strings are stored in the FTW.INI file.)

You can create or modify substitutions as needed.


Create Substitution Strings
Create a Substitution String

To create a substitution string

1	Choose Customize Substitution Strings from the Workspace menu.

2	Choose the type of substitution string, View File or Global, from the Source box. (Always do this first. If you complete the other fields then try to change the type, you delete what you've typed already.)

3	Enter a Substitution name. You can use any text or numeric character in a name. Don't use special characters like " or &.

4	Define the substitution in the Value box. For example, if your substitution is to be a path to a database, type the path.

5	Click Add to put the substitution on the list.

To use a substitution string, begin and end the substitution name with ampersands (&). For example, the substitution string "fish" is defined as E:\Data\DBS\ATLANTIS\. To use it in the Database Name field of the View Database window, type  &fish&.


Alarm Build Button
Alarm Tool

To define alarm ranges for a numeric result*, click the Alarm button to open the View Alarm window. You can define up to six different alarm conditions for each view. Each alarm condition can be one of three states:

Normal	The view's result is within acceptable limits

Caution	The View's result exceeds "normal" limits

Alert	The view's result exceeds "normal" and "caution" limits

For a list result, any value in the list that falls within the defined alarm range triggers the alarm. Any result that falls into an alarm range displays in the color you picked in Customize View Colors.

*You can't set alarms for a text result. If you choose data type text in View Definition, the Alarm tool is not available.


View Alarm Window

The View Alarm window shows all the alarm conditions that have been defined for the selected view. By default, all results are normal. You can define an alarm condition two ways:

-	Specify the normal state which means that all other values are "alarms"

-	Specify the caution or alert state which means all other values are "normal"

Click on any of the Condition# buttons to open the Set Condition window.


Set Condition
Set Alarm Condition

To set an alarm condition, complete these fields:

Description	A short description of this alarm. It displays as a pop-up message when the view's result meets this alarm condition and you've enabled Pop-up alarms.

Severity	Severity level for the alarm:

Normal	The view's result is within acceptable limits

Caution	The view's result exceeds normal limits

Alert	The view's result exceeds normal and caution limits

Disabled	Turn off this alarm condition

Alarm Tone	An audible indication of the alarm. You must also check Audible Alarm Tone in Customize Options.

Popup Alarm	An immediate popup message signals an alarm. You must also check Popup Alarm Messages in Customize Options.

Range	The range that defines this alarm condition. Enter the lower limit of the range in the From box and the upper limit of the range in the To box. Any value greater than or equal to the From value and any value less than or equal to the To value triggers the alarm. To set the range limits with a formula, click Use Edit Formula Tool.

To set an alarm for a view whose data type is boolean use 1 and 0 no matter how the data type is defined (True/False, Yes/No, . . . ). For example, if you want a boolean True result to trigger an alarm, set both the From and To box values to 1.


Pop Up Alarms
Pop-up Alarms

If you enable a popup alarm, you're notified when the view's result passes into the alarm state. It doesn't matter whether you're running F&T/W as the active window or iconized (as long as you've enabled popups in Customize Options. The message you see is the description entered for this alarm in the Set Condition # window. To enable a pop-up alarm

1	Enable Popup Alarm Messages in Customize Options.

2	If you want to enable popup alarms to notify you even when you have Forest & Trees iconized, turn off Active Calculations Only in Customize Options.

3	Enable a pop-up alarm for the specific alarm condition in the Set Condition # box


Use Edit Formula Tool

You can specify an alarm's range with formulas instead of with absolute values. Click on the Use Edit Formula Tool to open the Edit Formula window.

One use of an alarm formula is to set up a ratio. For example if you want to trigger an alarm when the value of the current view's result reaches or exceeds 110% of another view

1	Click Use Formula Edit Tool below the From box.

2	In the Edit Formula window build the formula:

1.1 * "View Name"

"View Name" refers to the view whose result is being compared to the current view. In this example, no value is specified in the To box so any value greater than or equal to 110% of "View Name" triggers the alarm.


Automatic Calculation Schedule
The Schedule Tool

To set up an automatic calculation schedule, click Schedule. Before you set up a calculation schedule for any view, be sure that you've activated the Automatic Calculations option in Customize Options.

Though you can schedule a calculation to take place at nearly every imaginable time interval, keep in mind that Forest & Trees must be running (either active or iconized) for a calculation to take place. Overdue calculations take place when Forest & Trees is started.

When you click the Schedule button, you open the View Calculation Schedule window.


View Calculation Schedule

To schedule an automatic calculation:

1	Select the time interval between automatic calculations. DDE Hotlink isn't available unless you specified DDE as the view's provider in View Definition.

2	Fill in the Time(r), Weekday, Day of Month, Month, and Interval # as required. The available options are determined by your choice in the Interval box. (Use the tab key to move to the next field. It's faster than moving the mouse and it will take you to the next appropriate field.)

3	In the Schedule Next Calculation box, choose the start time for the calculation schedule. You have three choices:

-	Based on last calculation date and time

-	After previously scheduled calculation

-	Based from <Current Date and Time>


DDE Hotlink

If you selected DDE as the view's provider in the Definition dialog box, the DDE Hotlink option is available. If you select DDE Hotlink as the scheduling interval, the view updates whenever the source data is updated.


Time(r)

If you chose Timer in the Interval box, Time(r) functions as an elapsed time timer and the AM and PM selections are greyed. Fill in the time interval in the format HH:MM.

If you chose an Interval other than Timer, the Time(r)  functions as a clock. Specify the clock time that you want the calculation to take place. Be sure to choose AM or PM. Don't use military time (24 hour clock).


Weekday

If you chose Weekly or # Weeks in the Interval box, the Weekday box is available.


Day of Month

If you chose Monthly, Yearly, or # Months in the Interval box, the Day of Month box is available. Keep in mind that the day you choose here could fall on a weekend and automatic calculations only take place when Forest & Trees is running.

If you enter a day greater than the number of days in a month, Forest & Trees performs the calculation on the last day of the month.


Month

If you chose Yearly in the Interval box, the Month Box is available. Pick the month that you want the calculation to take place.


Interval #

If you selected # Days, # Weeks, or # Months in the Interval box, the Interval # box is available. Fill in the number of days, weeks, or months between calculations. For weeks and months the number you specify here is also dependent on your selection in the Weekday box. For example, say today is Monday and you want a calculation to take place every Wednesday. Specify one week as the interval. The next calculation will take place on the following Wednesday, and then every Wednesday thereafter.


Schedule Next Calculation

Once you set up the interval for your automatic calculations, choose the starting point for the calculation schedule. You have three choices:

-	Based on last calculation's date and time: The last calculation date and time is displayed at the bottom left.

-	After previously scheduled calculation: This choice is available if you're changing your automatic calculation schedule from something other than Manual. The next calculation date and time, which is shown at the bottom left of the window, is based on the previous calculation schedule and becomes the start point for the new calculation schedule.

-	Based from [date/time]: The calculation schedule is based on the current date and time.


Graph Button
Graph Tool

The Graph tool lets you create graphs from three different sources:

-	The view's result

-	Direct from the data source by means of a query

-	History logs

To create a graph

1	Select the view to which you want to attach the graph. The view's result is used as the default graph data. If the view is a query view, the query is used as the default query which you can modify as needed.

2	Click the Graphs button in the toolbox to open the Edit Graph window.


Edit Query

Write or edit a SQL query to collect data from the database you specified in the Database window.

Edit	offers standard Windows editing functions.

Assist	a menu--based system to help you build a query.

List	opens a list of Column Names or a list of functions from a functions list

Test	offers two selections, Test Query and Table Browse. Test Query lets you try out your query to see if it works. Table Browse lets you pick a table and examine its data.


View Database

The View Database window is where you choose the data source for this view. Fill in the following boxes as required for the specific data source:

Database Name	If you know the path to and the name of the database, spreadsheet or flat file definition file, type it in. (This is a great place to use a Substitution String.)  If you don't know the name or path, click Directory to open the directory selector.

Use Timestamp	If you check this box, Forest & Trees checks the database timestamp before it runs the query. If the database data is unchanged since the last time this view was calculated, Forest & Trees updates the timestamp for the view but, does not run the query.

Server	If your data source is a client/server database, enter the server name.

Username	If the data source requires a username for access, enter your username.

Password	If the data source requires a password for access, enter your password.

Other	If you're querying a flat file, Other lets you use one definition file for any file that has the same structure as the defined file.

Select	If you open the directory selector, highlight the data source file you want to query, then click Select to place the path and file in the Database Name box.


The Error Window

Forest & Trees could not do what you requested. You have the following choices:

Help	Displays the cause of the error message and offers some possible solutions.

Fix	Opens the appropriate window to let you fix the problem. For example, if the problem is a query error, you go to Edit Query. The problem area of the query is highlighted.

Retry	Re-runs the query or formula.

Clear	Removes the result from the last calculation and restores the previous result.

Fix, Retry, and Clear are greyed if you ran Test from Edit Query or Edit Formula.


Select Library

Before you can List Columns or Table Browse, you must specify the library.


Edit DDE

The Edit DDE window is where you link data from another Windows application to a Forest & Trees view. The easiest way to establish the DDE connection is to use the Paste Link function. If you prefer to establish the link manually

1	In the Application box, fill in the name of the application that will provide the data. That application must be a Windows application that supports DDE such as Excel or WinWord.

2	In the Topic box, type in the complete path and file name of the file that holds the data that you want to link.

3	In the Item box fill in the absolute cell range for a spreadsheet link. Use the format R#C#:R#C# (R and C stands for Row and Column). For a link to an application like WinWord, enter DDE_LINK in the Item box.

Autostart Application: Check this box and Forest & Trees will start the linked application (if necessary) when you calculate the view.

The application that you want to autostart must be included in your DOS path.


Unhide a View
Unhide or make changes to a hidden view

If you hide a view, an option in View Definition, you can work on the view only from the Tree screen.:

1	Choose View List on the Workspace menu.

2	Select the view from the list. The view becomes the root view in the Tree Structure display.

You can now work on the view.

To unhide the view, click the Definition and check Display View.


Links

To see DDE the links into this F&T/W view file from other applications, choose File Links on the Workspace menu. If there are no links into Forest & Trees, Links is greyed on the menu.


Query Assist

Query Assist builds the SELECT and FROM statements of a query and lets you assign column and table aliases. Query Assist doesn't add clauses to a query (WHERE, GROUP BY, HAVING, ORDER BY), nor is it able to include functions and operators to build complex expressions.

To open Query Assist choose Assist from the Edit Query window.


Query Assist SELECT. . . FROM: the Results Expressions window

To build a query choose one of the following from the Expression Type box:

Value	The column name you select is the expression. Selecting a column name builds an executable query: SELECT column_nameFROM table_name.

Count ...	Counts the number of items in the column you select. Selecting a column name builds an executable query: SELECT COUNT(column_name)FROM table_name.

Minimum...	Returns the smallest value from the column you select. Selecting a column name builds an executable query: SELECT MIN(column_name)FROM table_name.

Maximum...	Returns the largest value in the column you select. Selecting a column name builds an executable query:  SELECT MAX(column_name)FROM table_name.

Average...	Computes and returns the average of the values in the column you select. Selecting a column name builds an executable query: SELECT AVG(column_name)FROM table_name.

Sum ...	Computes and returns the total of all values in the column you select. Selecting a column name builds an executable query: SELECT SUM(column_name)FROM table_name.

All ...	Inserts the "All Columns" symbol into the query:SELECT *.Specify a table by choosing From or Next Step in the Assist menu.

Count ...	Counts and returns the number of rows in the table you select:  SELECT COUNT(*).Specify a table by choosing From or Next Step in the Assist menu.

After you select an expression type, the next step is to select a column. From the Result Expression window

1	Click Select Column to open the Select Database Column window.

2	Double-click a table name to see the columns in that table. Double-click a column name to select that column. Once you select a column, you return to the Result Expressions window.

3	The expression you've built is displayed in the Expression box. You can add an alias for the expression by typing the alias in the Alias box. Make sure that each alias in a query is unique. Duplicate aliases cause unpredictable query results.

4	Click Add to add the expression to the Result Expressions box. Once you have an expression in the box, you can click OK to return to the Edit Query window or you can repeat the procedure to add more expressions.

If you chose All Table Columns or Count Result Rows in the Expression Type box, you still have to supply a table name.

Distinct Values Only  If the view's provider is one of the client-server databases that support the DISTINCT operator, the Distinct Values Only box is available. The DISTINCT operator performs the same function as the SQL GROUP BY operator.


Query Assist: From (table list)

If you chose All Table Columns or Count Result Rows in the Expression Type box, you still have to supply a table name. To insert a table in your query

1	Choose Assist From in the Edit Query menu to open the Tables window.

2	Click Select Table to display the Select Database Table window which displays all tables from the view's data source.

3	Double-click on a table name. The table you select is inserted into the Table Name box in the Tables window.

4	If you want to supply an alias for the table, type the alias in the Table Alias box. Click Add to add the table in the Tables box.

When you click OK to exit the Tables window, the Edit Query window displays your executable query. Query Assist puts the table name in the correct position in the query.


Reformat query

Reformat query rewrites the query so that it is easy to read. It puts the SELECT and FROM statements on separate lines, puts spaces between expressions, and capitalizes SQL keywords. This is a useful feature to use on any query, whether it was written by Query Assist or not.


If you get this message, call Customer Support at 800-289-0053.


Invalid expression format

Cause	The formula or query doesn't recognize an expression.

Try this	Check math operators + - * / ^ and commas to see that they're used correctly.

Check parentheses to see that they're correctly placed.

Make sure you haven't used arguments incorrectly in a function. For example, POWER(-9,.5) and SQRT(-16) both try to find the square root of a negative number--not an acceptable function.


Invalid function

Cause	The formula or query doesn't recognize a function that you used. Forest & Trees interprets the format TEXT(argument) as a potential function.

Try this	Check the spelling of the function's name.

Make sure that you can use the function in a formula or query. The function ONCALC works only in formulas.

Use List Function on the Edit Query or Edit Formula menu to see which functions are valid.


Empty parentheses

Cause	There's an empty pair of parentheses ( ) in your formula or query.

Try this	Remove the parentheses if they're unnecessary.

If the parentheses follow a function, use an argument in this format:  FUNCTION(argument).


Parentheses placement

Cause	There's a mismatch between left and right parentheses.

Try this	Count left and right parentheses to see that they match.


Comparison operator needed

Cause	Forest & Trees can't make a comparison using your WHERE or HAVING clause.

Try this	Revise the WHERE or HAVING clause so that it evaluates to TRUE (the row is selected) or FALSE (the row is not selected). Include a comparison operator ( >, <, =, etc.) somewhere in the clause.

Cause 	Your query uses an ALL or ANY operator but has no preceding comparison operator.

Try this	Add a comparison operator  ( >, <, =, etc.) before ANY or ALL.


Operand type

Cause	A text operand was used with a math function or vice-versa.

Try this	Look at the functions to see that their arguments are correct. Remember that some functions take both text and numerical arguments.

If you used a view name in your formula, make sure that it's enclosed in double quotes or none. 'Single quotes' identify what they contain as text, not as a view name.

If you used a view name in your formula, the data type of its result has to match the requirements of the formula. Check to see (via definition) that the view used in the formula is using the correct data type and change it if necessary.

Make sure that arithmetic operators are followed by a value. An expression like 6+ gives you this message.


Divide by zero

Cause	You're trying to divide by zero--a mathematical impossibility.

Try this	Check to make sure that there aren't any obvious divisions by zero.

If you're using a view name in your formula, make sure that the result of the view isn't zero.


Wrong number of operands

Cause	A function has the wrong number of operands in the parentheses following it. An operand is separated from the next by a comma.

Try this	Check each function to make sure that you used the right number of operands.


Numeric overflow

Cause	The value resulting from the formula, query, or conversion falls outside the range that the data type can handle.

Try this	If the data type of the result is integer, change it to double. Double handles numbers with over three hundred digits.

If you're not expecting a large number, check the formula. The incorrect use of powers (^) can result in overflow errors.


Illegal conversion

Cause	Forest & Trees could not convert the result to the data type you specified in the Definition window.

Try this	Open the Definition window and change the Data Type field so that it matches the data type of the data you're querying.


Uncalculated view

Cause	A view used in the formula or query remains uncalculated.

Try this	Calculate the view that caused the message.


View name not found

Cause	A view used in the formula or query doesn't exist in the view file. The error can arise if Forest & Trees interprets any characters as a view name.

Try this	Check the view names to make sure that they're correct.

Make sure you placed any text that isn't a view name in between 'single quotes.'  The formula interprets text without quotes or between "double quotes" as being a view name. If special characters are part of the view name, double quotes must be used.

Look for incorrect expressions. It's possible for Forest & Trees to read an incorrect expression as a view name:  for example, the expression AVG1,2,3), missing the first parenthesis.

Check your provider to make sure that it's not "Formula."  If so, select the appropriate provider. (Forest & Trees is not expecting query keywords and reads them as view names.)

Note	If you're using the top-down (or drill-down) approach to building information trees, then this message may well appear until you created the "lower" views in the tree.


No database names to list

Cause	There is a problem with the database.

Try this	Use Table Browse to view other tables in the database. If necessary, notify your database administrator.


Database column error

Cause	There is a problem with the database.

Try this	Use Table Browse to view other tables in the database. If necessary, notify your database administrator.


Internal database table

Cause	Databases often have tables that contain data other than user data. For example R:Base has Reports and Forms tables that cannot be queried by Forest & Trees.

Try this	Sorry, you just can't read this table. Rewrite the query to use a different table.


Table not in database

Cause	There may be an internal interface error. The program can't access the table it is seeking. This is usually a database, rather than a Forest & Trees, problem.

Try this	Check the integrity of the database.


Wrong password

Cause	The database access username and/or password is incorrect and will not allow access to the database.

Try this	Enter the correct password.


Data read error

Cause	There's a problem with the disk or diskette where the data resides.

Try this	Try the command again. If it fails, copy the disk and use the copy. If that fails, the file is probably unrecoverable.


Two dimensional data

Cause	You created a view query that returns more than one column of data. A view query can accept only a single value or single column result.

Try this	Check the SELECT clause in your query, to make sure that you're not asking for more than one column of data.

If you need the two dimensional data, create a report query.

Note	You won't get this message when you do Test Query, only when you calculate the view. Queries that collect two-dimensional data can be used with graphs and reports.


More than one result

Cause	The query returns a column result with many values but the view is defined for a single value result only.

Try this	Change your query to extract a single value.

Open the Definition window and check the "Multiple Results Allowed" checkbox.


No results

Cause	No data satisfied the conditions of your query. The result was null.

Try this	Open the Definition window and check the Null Result Allowed checkbox.


Circular reference

Cause	Your information tree has a loop in it. This view is trying to get data from another view that gets its data from this view. There may be several views included in the loop.

Try this	By checking the view tree (through the Tree Structure display) find the circular reference and correct it.

Use View List on the Main menu with the More Information option to browse through the views and see their child views. Find the circular reference and correct it.

Note	If you have a complex tree structure, you may find it useful to draw the tree on paper as you examine the different parts of its structure.

A view can refer to itself in a query or formula.


Error reading table

Cause	Forest & Trees detected an error while trying to list columns or tables in a database.

Try this	Check the integrity of the database. Try to read other tables in the database (use Table Browse).


Unknown file format

Cause	The database file selected for the query has a different format from the one the provider expects to find.

Try this	Use the Definition button in the toolbox to see the provider and the Database button to see the name of the file. By looking at the file extension you should be able to tell if they match.

Select the correct provider or choose a new database file.


Wrong database version

Cause	The version of the database software is not compatible with this version of the Forest & Trees provider.

Try this	Check to be sure that you have the most current version of the database software. If you already have the latest version, call Channel Computing Customer Support.


Empty table

Cause	The database table has no data.

Try this	Query a different table in the database.


Unexpected end

Cause	The database file you're querying ended prematurely.

Try this	Check the database file for errors. Try to read other tables in the database (use Table Browse.


Provider out of memory

Cause	The Forest & Trees provider interface ran out of memory.

Try this	Leave Forest & Trees, close other Windows applications, and try again. See Windows 3.0 documentation for ways to improve memory.


Invalid column

Cause	Your query specified a column name that does not exist.

Try this	Check the spelling of your column names. If necessary, use the List Columns feature.


No formula

Cause	An automatic calculation took place for a view that has no formula.

Try this	Write a formula for the view.

If you are building an information tree from the top down, don't set up alarms and calculation schedules until the tree is complete or disable alarms globally within the view file (an option in the Customize Options window) until you're finished building the tree.


Too much data

Cause	Your query is retrieving more data than the view can handle.

Try this	Limit your query to the data you actually need. Each view can handle up to 64K.


Not available

The function isn't available in this version of Forest & Trees, but we're working on it.


No history: View file unnamed

Cause	You're trying to access a history log that has not yet been written to disk.

Try this	Save the view file and try again.


No history

Cause	You're trying to access a history log that has not yet been written to disk.

Try this	Save the view file and try again.


Wrong history version

Cause	You're trying to read a history log from a previous version of Forest & Trees.

Try this	Sorry, you just can't do that.


Wrong sample format

Cause	Forest & Trees can't read this history log.

Try this	The file may be corrupt. Try to copy the file and use the copy.


Expression must resolve into value

Cause	You used a function that returns more than one value where only one value was expected.

Try this	Check your query and the expressions in the query. Use ANY, ALL, IN, or EXISTS if more than one value might be returned


View index

Cause	Square brackets in formula are empty. No view name specified.

Try this	Edit the formula.


Invalid view index

Cause	The formula or query contains a view name with a reference to an item in the view's multi-value result using the format VIEWNAME[#]. That reference [#] is either less than zero or greater than the number of results.

Try this	Check the reference against the number of items in the view named in the formula.


List operand not allowed

Cause	The function does not accept an operand that is a list of values.

Try this	Use a different function.

Add an aggregate function to the expression to extract one value from the list.

Choose just one value in the list result by putting the list item number in brackets following the view name. For example this expression

DATEPART(Viewname[2], 'MONTH')

returns the month of the second value in the Viewname list result. This expression results in an error if you don't specify single value from the list.


Wrong convert type

Cause	The data type you specified as an argument to the CONVERT function is not valid.

Try this	Check your spelling. Valid data types are: Integer, Text, Currency, Percent, Boolean, Date, Timestamp, Time, Double.


DATE PART is incorrect

Cause	You have an error in the second argument of the DATEPART function.

Try this	The proper format for the DATEPART function is:  DATEPART(timestamp,


No Expressions in SELECT

Cause	The SELECT statement is empty.

Try this	Edit your query and be sure that the SELECT statement contains column names or expressions.


Query not specified

Cause	An automatic calculation took place for a view that has no query or you tried to calculate a database graph that does not yet have a query.

Try this	Write a query for the view.

If you are building an information tree from the top down, don't set up alarms and calculation schedules until the tree is complete or disable alarms globally within the view file (an option in the Customize Options window) until you're finished building the tree.


Query format error

Cause	SQL can't recognize the query

Try this	Check to be sure you spelled the SQL key words correctly.


From clause is empty

Cause	SQL can't recognize your FROM clause

Try this	Make sure you spelled everything correctly in your query. Check that you've surrounded multi-word column aliases with single quote marks.


No database specified

Cause	The file isn't on the specified disk or directory.

Try this	Check the disk or directory you specified. If this message reappears, the file was deleted or renamed.

If you used a Substitution String in the database window, be sure the Substitution is spelled correctly and surrounded by ampersands. Check to be sure the Substitution identifies the database you think does.


Wrong clause order

Cause	Your query is not structured correctly.

Try this	The SQL query structure should be:  SELECT, FROM, WHERE, GROUP BY, HAVING, ORDER BY. If you need more detailed SQL query information, refer to the SQL Query Quick Reference in your documentation set.


Invalid Table Name

Cause	The table specified in the query cannot be found. There may be an internal interface error. This is usually a database, rather than a Forest & Trees, problem.

Try this	Check the integrity of the database. Use Table Browse to be sure that the table you want is present in the database.


Invalid Column Name

Cause	None of the tables in your FROM statement contains the column name.

Try this	Check the spelling or use Table Browse or List Columns to find the correct column name.


Ambiguous Column Reference

Cause	You referred to a column name that appears in more than one table in the query.

Try this	Specify the table name or alias in front of the column name using the format "table.column".


ORDER BY in Subquery

Cause	Incorrect placement of ORDER BY clause. Possible missing final parenthesis around subquery.

Solution	The ORDER BY clause can appear only once in a query and it must be the last clause. ORDER BY cannot appear in any subqueries. Put parentheses around subqueries so they don't run on into the main query.


SQL Parser Internal Error

Cause	Whoa! You created a query so wild that it slipped by all the Forest & Trees error checking and brought SQL to a halt. Please call Channel Computing Customer Support. We'd sure like to have a look at this query.

Try this	Change the query. Please be sure to write it down first and call Channel Computing at 800-289-0053.


Having clause without a GROUP BY

Cause	The HAVING clause is present in the query, but the GROUP BY clause is not.

Try this	Include a GROUP BY clause. Since HAVING qualifies groups, the GROUP BY clause must be present.


Aggregate in GROUP BY expression

Cause	An expression in the GROUP BY clause is an aggregate function. SELECT expressions used in the GROUP BY clause may not contain aggregate functions.

Try this	Since each expression in the SELECT clause must be single-valued per group, and since expressions in the SELECT clause match those in the GROUP BY clause, aggregate functions aren't allowed in the GROUP BY clause.


Mixed multi-group and single expressions

Cause	Your SELECT clause includes group functions, (MAX, MIN, AVG, SUM, COUNT - also known as aggregate functions) and also single column expressions.

Try this	Add a GROUP BY clause to organize the grouped expression into collections identified by single column expression(s).

Revise the SELECT clause to avoid mixing aggregate and single column expressions.


SELECT expression must be in GROUP BY

Cause	An expression in the GROUP BY clause is invalid. There may not be a corresponding expression in the SELECT clause, or an expression in the SELECT clause has an alias which is not used in the GROUP BY clause, or there may be an invalid column name or alias, or there may be an incorrect expression position number, or the expression may be typed incorrectly.

Try this	If the expression has an alias, the alias MUST be used. Every column listed in the SELECT statement, must appear in the GROUP BY clause except columns that are part of an aggregate function. You can't GROUP BY a column that doesn't appear in the SELECT statement.


Bad ORDER BY expression number

Cause	The expression's position number or alias in the ORDER BY clause has been entered incorrectly. The position number can't be zero nor can it be greater than the number of expressions in the SELECT statement.

Try this	If the ORDER BY column has an alias in the SELECT statement, use it in the ORDER BY clause too, unless the UNION clause is present. In that case use the expression's position number.


Bad HAVING expression

Cause	An identifier used in the HAVING clause is not in the SELECT clause.

Try this	All identifiers in the HAVING clause must be columns or aliases which appear in the SELECT clause.


Duplicate table alias

Cause	You entered a table name with multiple aliases. (An "alias" lets you substitute one or a few characters for a long table name. To create it, type the table name, a space, and the alias at the first use of the table name in the query. For example, you might type "sales s". The sales table is now identified by the alias, s. To refer to the sales table elsewhere in the same query, just type s.)

Solution	Revise the table name to use only one alias. Check for missing commas which might make a second table name look like an alias for the preceding table.


Too many tables

Cause	You have too many tables to be joined in the FROM clause of the query.

Try this	Only 15 tables may be joined.


Not a condition expression

Cause	Forest & Trees can't make a comparison using your WHERE or HAVING clause.

Try this	Revise the WHERE or HAVING clause so that it evaluates to TRUE (the row is selected) or FALSE (the row is not selected). Include a comparison operator ( >, <, =, etc.) somewhere in the clause.


Union SELECT

Cause	Data types or numbers of expressions in SELECT clauses may not match.

Try this	All select clauses combined with UNION must contain the same number and type of expressions.


Subquery returned more than one value

Cause	A SQL subquery has returned more than one value where only one value was expected.

Try this	Use ANY, ALL, IN, or EXISTS before the subquery if more than one value might be returned.


No SELECT in query

Cause	SQL cannot recognize a SELECT statement in the query.

Try this	Check the spelling. Check the placement of quotation marks and commas.


Unknown viewname in query

Cause	The query contains a reference to a view name that doesn't exist within this view file. View names used in queries should be surrounded by ampersands (&).

Try this	Check the spelling of the view name.

If you have an ampersand in the query that is not used to identify a view name, surround the ampersand with single quote marks. If the ampersand is part of an alias, surround the entire alias with single quotes.


SQL Memory

Cause	Your computer ran out of memory while running a SQL query.

Try this	Close some Windows applications and try again.

If the query is quite large, try limiting the amount of data you select.


Unable to find file

Cause	The file isn't on the specified disk or directory.

Try this	Check the disk or directory you specified. If this message reappears, the file was deleted or renamed.

If you used a Substitution String in the database window, be sure the Substitution is spelled correctly and surrounded by ampersands. Check to be sure the Substitution identifies the database you think does.


Unable to find path

Cause	You specified a non-existent directory.

Try this	Specify the correct directory containing the file.

If you used a Substitution String, check the Substitution definition.


Unable to allocate handle for file

Cause	The system opened too many files.

Try this	Increase the FILES value in your CONFIG.SYS file. A value of 20 works for most systems.


Access to file denied

Cause	The program won't let you access the database file.

Solution	Specify another database. If you're using a diskette, disable write-protection by sliding or removing the tab (on a 3 1/2" or 5 1/4" diskette, respectively).

You may need to specify a database password in the View Database window.


Disk is write-protected

Cause	F&T is trying to write a file to a disk which is write-protected.

Try this	Move or remove write- protect tab or use another disk.


Disk drive ID not available

Cause	There's a problem with the diskette containing the view file.

Try this	Try the command again. If it fails, copy the disk and use the copy. If it fails, the file is probably unrecoverable.


Device not ready

Cause	The printer is not on line or a disk drive door is open.

Try this	Test the printer or close the disk drive door and try again.


Disk error - CRC error

Cause	There's a problem with the diskette containing the view file.

Try this	Try the command again. If it fails, copy the disk and use the copy. If it fails, the file is probably unrecoverable.


Disk error - seek failed unexpectedly

Cause	There's a problem with the diskette containing the view file.

Try this	Try the command again. If it fails, copy the disk and use the copy. If it fails, the file is probably unrecoverable.


Disk error - format not readable

Cause	There's a problem with the diskette containing the view file.

Try this	Try the command again. If it fails, copy the disk and use the copy. If it fails, the file is probably unrecoverable.


Disk error - sector not found

Cause	There's a problem with the diskette containing the view file.

Try this	Try the command again. If it fails, copy the disk and use the copy. If it fails, the file is probably unrecoverable.


Unable to access printer, may be off-line

Cause	Your printer is not accepting data to be printed. Depending on the printer you are using, this message may be displayed if the printer is off-line, out of paper, out of ribbon, off, or if the cover is open.

Try this	Resolve the problem on your printer and try to print again.


Device write error

Cause	The printer is not functioning or there's a problem with the diskette containing the view file.

Try this	Make sure you're writing to the correct device. Check the printer. Try the command again. If it fails, copy the disk and use the copy. If it still fails, the file is probably unrecoverable.


Device read error

Cause	There's a problem with the diskette containing the view file.

Try this	Try the command again. If it fails, copy the disk and use the copy. If it fails, the file is probably unrecoverable.


Device general error

Cause	The printer is not functioning or there's a problem with the diskette containing the view file.

Try this	Make sure you're writing to the correct device. Check the printer. Try the command again. If it fails, copy the disk and use the copy. If it still fails, the file is probably unrecoverable.


Read past end of file

Cause	The program attempted to read past the end of a file.

Solution	The file is probably corrupt. Use your backup or re-create the file.


Write to full disk

Cause	The destination disk or diskette ran out of space.

Try this	Write to a different location or delete some files.


Function Currently Inhibited

Cause	This graph function has been disabled by Channel Computing for this version of Forest & Trees.


Graph Too Small

Cause	Either your graph has too many variables or the graph type you selected is inappropriate for the graph data.

Try this	Remove some of the variables, either de-select variables through Modify Variables Selected or change the query.

You can't graph a single value variable with the line or scatter graph types. Choose another graph type.


Sum of Pie Graph is Zero

Cause	The variables selected are zeros or nulls.

Try this	Check your query or view formula to be sure it is providing the information you want. If the query or view formula is correct, you will have to wait until the graph data changes to provide some data to graph.


Too Many Graphs in View

Cause	Forest & Trees reserves a fixed amount of memory space per view to store graph information and you've reached the maximum. You will be unable to continue this operation until you free up some memory.

Try this	Delete one or more graphs.

Simplify your graphs. Complex graphs take up more memory than simple ones. You can remove grid lines, labels, legends, etc. from individual graphs to free up memory.

Don't save graph snapshots (an option in the Options Graph window). Without a snapshot, the graph must be rebuilt from current data each time it is opened but, eliminating a snapshot frees up memory that can be used to build other graphs.


Pattern Table Not Found

Cause	Forest & Trees reserves a fixed amount of memory space per view to store graph information and you've reached the maximum. You will be unable to continue this operation until you free up some memory.

Try this	Delete one or more graphs.

Simplify your graphs. Complex graphs take up more memory than simple ones. You can remove grid lines, labels, legends, etc. from individual graphs to free up memory.

Don't save graph snapshots (an option in the Options Graph window). Without a snapshot, the graph must be rebuilt from current data each time it is opened but, eliminating a snapshot frees up memory that can be used to build other graphs.


Color Palette Not Found

Cause	Forest & Trees reserves a fixed amount of memory space per view to store graph information and you've reached the maximum. You will be unable to continue this operation until you free up some memory.

Try this	Delete one or more graphs.

Simplify your graphs. Complex graphs take up more memory than simple ones. You can remove grid lines, labels, legends, etc. from individual graphs to free up memory.

Don't save graph snapshots (an option in the Options Graph window). Without a snapshot, the graph must be rebuilt from current data each time it is opened but, eliminating a snapshot frees up memory that can be used to build other graphs.


Data Source Not Available

Cause	The provider for this view is not available.

Try this	Check the Provider box in the Definition window. If the provider you want is not listed, then it was either moved or deleted. If necessary, reload the provider from the Install diskette. Make sure that all of your providers are in your FTWIN directory.


Printer Error

Cause	Forest & Trees cannot communicate with your printer.

Try this	Be sure the printer is turned on and is on line.

If you print over a network, be sure you're connected to the network.


Wrong Version of Graphs

Cause	The graph you are trying to open was created with an earlier version of Forest & Trees or with the DOS version of Forest & Trees.

Try this	You will have to recreate the graph.


Bad CRC Found in Graphs Section

Cause	Forest & Trees could not read the file. This is a disk problem and the file is probably corrupt.

Try this	Copy the diskette and use the copy.

Recreate the file.


Graph Name Already Exists

Cause	The graph name you specified is already in use. Each graph within a view must have a unique name.

Try this	Pick a different name.


Unable to Create a Graph From Text Data

Cause	You have selected graph variables that are data type. You can use text data for the graph against variable but not for the graph variables.

Try this	Revise the formula or query

Open the View Definition window and check the data type. Forest & Trees converts data to the data type specified in the Definition window.


Graph Variables Error

Cause	Forest & Trees reserves a fixed amount of memory space per view to store graph information and you've reached the maximum. You will be unable to continue this operation until you free up some memory.

Try this	Delete one or more graphs.

Simplify your graphs. Complex graphs take up more memory than simple ones. You can remove grid lines, labels, legends, etc. from individual graphs to free up memory.

Don't save graph snapshots (an option in the Options Graph window). Without a snapshot, the graph must be rebuilt from current data each time it is opened but, eliminating a snapshot frees up memory that can be used to build other graphs.


Out of Memory

Cause	Forest & Trees reserves a fixed amount of memory space per view to store graph information and you've reached the maximum. You will be unable to continue this operation until you free up some memory.

Try this	Delete one or more graphs.

Simplify your graphs. Complex graphs take up more memory than simple ones. You can remove grid lines, labels, legends, etc. from individual graphs to free up memory.

Don't save graph snapshots (an option in the Options Graph window). Without a snapshot, the graph must be rebuilt from current data each time it is opened but, eliminating a snapshot frees up memory that can be used to build other graphs.


Token Too Big

Cause	A token is any named object within Forest & Trees. Some examples are substitution strings, view names, and graph names. The maximum value for any token is 256 characters. You have created an object that is greater than 256 characters.

Try this	Rename the token that caused the error.


Wrong View File Version

Cause	The view file you attempted to open or merge is not compatible with this version of Forest & Trees.

Try this	Recreate the view file.

You can use the Copy function to copy formulas and queries to the Clipboard and then paste them into the new view file.


Unable To Reload Provider

Cause	The provider you specified in the Definition window is not currently available.

Forest & Trees doesn't keep the providers in memory. They're only loaded when you need them. Windows might not have enough memory available to load this provider.

Try this	All the providers should be in your FTWIN directory (or accessible with the SET and PATH commands in AUTOEXEC.BAT). If one or more of the providers are missing, you can reload them from the installation diskette.

If the provider has been renamed, change the name back to the original name. If you don't know the original name, copy all files that end with .FTW from your installation diskette to your FTWIN directory.

Close some of your other Windows applications and try again.


Unloaded Provider

Cause	The provider you specified in the Definition window is not currently available. The provider program, a file that ends with .FTW, was moved, renamed, or deleted.

Try this	All the providers should be in your FTWIN directory (or accessible with the SET and PATH commands in AUTOEXEC.BAT). If one or more of the providers are missing, you can reload them from the installation diskette.

If the provider has been renamed, change the name back to the original name. If you don't know the original name, copy all files that end with .FTW from your installation diskette to your FTWIN directory.


DDE Server Not Available

Cause	The application that provides the data is not running.

The file that provides the DDE linked data cannot be found.

Try this	Start the application. You can run it iconized.

If you're unsure of where this view gets its data, click the DDE button to see the path to the linked file.

Make sure that you have a valid path and file name specified in the Topic box of the Edit DDE window.

Go to the linked application and open the linked file to be sure that the file is not corrupt and that the data you want has not been moved or deleted.

Check the Autostart Application box in the Edit DDE window if you want the linked application to start automatically when you calculate this view. Make sure that your DOS path includes the directory of the linked application's .EXE file.


No DDE Application Defined

Cause	The Application box in the Edit DDE window is empty.

Try this	Click the Fix button to return to the Edit DDE window and fill in the name of the linked application.


No DDE Topic Defined

Cause	You have not specified the path and file name for the application that is to provide the data for this view.

Try this	Click the Fix button to open the Edit DDE window and specify the full path and file name of the application file.


No or incorrect data from server

Cause	The DDE link returned no data. Either the DDE defined area is empty or outside the boundaries of the DDE application

Try this	Re-define the DDE link and try again.


Unable to start server application

Cause	You have DDE autostart enabled for this view but Forest & Trees is unable to autostart the linked application.

Try this	Check to make sure that the linked application is in the same directory as when the DDE link was created.

Make sure that your DOS path includes the directory for the linked application.


Time out waiting for data from DDE server

Cause	Forest & Trees timed out before receiving the data from the linked application. If you're running many applications, or if you have many automatic calculations taking place within Forest & Trees, your computer might have been too busy handling all of these multi-tasking obligations to give sufficient processor time to your DDE request.

Try this	Close any applications that are not needed.

You can increase the time duration before Forest & Trees times out on a DDE request. Open FTW.INI (located in your Windows directory) with a text editor. Insert the following line in the Setup section of FTW.INI:

CLIENTACKTIME = NNNNN

NNNNN is the time duration in milliseconds. The default time duration is 10000 so you should set the time duration to 15000 and increase it if you continue to experience the timeout problem.

The new setting is not effective until you re-start Forest & Trees. When making changes to FTW.INI, be sure to save the file as a text file.


Bad GROUP BY expression number

Cause	One or more of the position numbers in the GROUP BY clause does not exist in the SELECT statement.

Try this	Every column listed in the SELECT statement must appear in the GROUP BY clause except columns that are part of an aggregate function. You can use the position numbers of the SELECT columns instead of the column names.

Compare the SELECT statement with the GROUP BY clause and eliminate position numbers in the GROUP BY clause that don't relate to the columns listed in the SELECT statement.


Must use numbers in ORDER BY

Cause	You used one or more column aliases in the SELECT statement but did not use the alias or the sequence number in the GROUP BY clause.

Try this	When a column is identified by an alias in the SELECT statement, you must use that alias or its sequence number if you include that column in an ORDER BY clause.


Bad ORDER BY expression

Cause	You used one or more column aliases in the SELECT statement but your ORDER BY clause used column names instead of the alias or sequence number.

Try this	When a column is identified by an alias in the SELECT statement, you must use that alias or its sequence number if you include that column in an ORDER BY clause. Edit your query ORDER BY clause.


Correlated subquery in HAVING

Cause	Though you can use a subquery to set conditions in a HAVING clause, you can't use a correlated subquery.

Try this	Revise the HAVING subquery.


Wrong expression type in UNION

Cause	Data types and (for data type text) field length must match for every expression in the queries' SELECT statements when you use the UNION operator. One or more of your queries is SELECTING data types that do not match the other queries.

Try this	Revise your queries so that they only select data of the same type.

Use table joins instead of the UNION operator to collect the data.

If table joins and UNIONs can not give you the data you want, create an information tree. A series of individual query views joined by one or more formula views may be the only way to combine the data you want into one view.


Wrong number of expressions in SELECT statement

Cause	Data types or numbers of expressions in SELECT statements may not match.

Try this	All SELECT statements in queries combined with the UNION operator must contain the same number and type of expressions.

Revise your queries so that each SELECT statement has the same number of expressions.

Use table joins instead of the UNION operator to collect the data.

If table joins and UNIONs can not give you the data you want, create an information tree. A series of individual query views joined by one or more formula views may be the only way to combine the data you want into one view.


Can't create temp file

Cause	When you run a query, SQL creates a series of temporary files to hold the query result, grouping criteria, and so on. The location of the temp file directory is controlled by Windows. You don't have enough space to create the temp files.

Try this	You can insert a line in the FTW.INI file that specifies a directory for Forest & Trees SQL temp files. Open the FTW.INI file with your favorite text editor. (FTW.INI is located in your Windows directory.)  In the SETUP section of the FTW.INI file, insert the following line:

TEMP  =  PATH  (where PATH is the path to and name of a directory)

How much space do you need for these temp files?  That depends on how much data your query is collecting. For queries that return a large amount of data, you may want to specify a directory that has at least 1 MB of space available.

Temp files are deleted automatically when the query is finished.


Wrong Result Type

Cause	The result of a SQL select clause expression resulted  in an unexpected data type. For example, F&T was expecting an integer result and the expression evaluated to a date. This should only happen if the IF or NVL functions are used in the expression.

Try this	Insure that the 2nd and 3rd expressions in the IF function or the 1st and 2nd expressions in the NVL function evaluate to the same data type. For example, if one results in an integer and the other in a double, either use the INT function on the double or the FLOAT function on the integer.


Illegal Expression

Cause	SQL formatting error,(missing parentheses or commas), or missing semicolon at the end of the query, or data manipulation error (trying to perform a math function on a text field for example).

Try this	Check and revise the expression.


No graph source available

Cause	The view that this graph attached to is uncalculated or has a calculation error.

Try this	Fix the problem with the view query or formula.

Change the graph data source from View to Database or History.


View file password not correct

This view file is password protected. You must have the Owner, Builder, or User password to open this file.


No view merge permission

Cause	Your password does not have merge access to the view file.

Try this	Use the Owner or the Builder password.

Have someone with Owner or Builder access change the User password access permissions in the view file you want to merge views from.


Unable to create view file

Cause:	The file name you entered is not valid.

Try this:	Don't enter a file extension. Instead of "MYFILE.FTV," just enter "MYFILE."  Forest & Trees will append the file extension.

Be sure that your file name is not longer than eight characters.

Check that the drive and path is valid and spelled correctly. Forest & Trees won't create a directory if it does not already exist.


FROM/TO formula can't be calculated

Cause	When you exit the Set Condition# window, F&T/W tests the formulas in the FROM and TO boxes. If the FROM formula can't be calculated, the TO formula is not checked until the FROM formula is fixed.

Try this	Edit the formula. Use the Test Formula feature of the Edit Formula window to test your formula.


No data source available to create graph

Cause	You tried to create a graph from a view that has not yet been calculated or has a calculation error.

Try this	Exit the Edit Graph window and calculate the view.

Exit the Edit Graph window and fix the calculation error then calculate the view.


Unable to graph list results in more than one variable.

Cause	You're trying to create a graph from list result variables and the number of items in the variable lists vary from one variable to the next.

Try this	Apply an aggregate to the lists. Choose Modify Multiple Values from the Edit Graph window.


 A Multiple Values option . . . must be selected.

Cause	You're trying to create a graph from list result variables and the number of items in the variable lists vary from one variable to the next.

Try this	Apply an aggregate to the lists. Choose Modify Multiple Values from the Edit Graph window.


No variables selected

Cause	There are no values to graph.

Try this	Choose Modify Variables Selected and move some variables from the Available box to the Selected box.

Modify the query.


There are no values to graph.

Cause	Your graph is based on a view or query that has no result, a null result, or a calculation error.

You graph is based on a history log with no data.

Try this	Choose Modify Variables Selected and move some variables from the Available box to the Selected box.

Modify the query.

If this is a history graph, check the view's history log to be sure it has some data.


A graph name must be specified

You have to enter something into the Name box. If you want a graph with no name, use a keyboard character such as a period or a single quote mark.


No data source available to create graph

Cause	The graph can't find any data.

Try this	This error is usually caused by selecting a formula view that has not yet been calculated or one that has a calculation error. Make sure the view has a result before you try to create a graph attached to this view.


A multiple values option to group list results must be selected.

Cause	You're trying to create a graph from list result variables and the number of items in the variable lists vary from one variable to the next.

Try this	Apply an aggregate to the lists. Choose Modify Multiple Values from the Edit Graph window.


Bad view ID given

Cause	The view referenced by this graph could not be accessed. The view file may be corrupt.

Try this	Go back to the workspace and try to display the view. If you still get this error, the view file is probably corrupt and you should use a backup view file. See the technical notes in the Builder's Guide appendix for instructions on how to use a backup view file.

If you can display the view on the workspace but cannot use it in graphs, call customer support.


Problem with history file

Cause	Your graph can't read view's history file.

Try this	The history file has the same file name as the view file but has the file extension .FTH instead of .FTV. The history file for this view file has been moved, renamed, deleted or is corrupt. Search your disk for the history file.


alarm

One of three conditions that can be defined for a view: normal, caution, and alert. Normal is the default. The color of a view indicates its alarm condition.

A calculation error also triggers an alarm.


alert

With normal and caution, one of the alarm conditions that a view can have. Alert is usually the more serious alarm.


calculation

A calculation computes the view's formula or performs the query or DDE link, effectively updating the view. A calculation can be scheduled or manual.


calculation error

An error that Forest & Trees encountered while calculating a view. Any view with an error has the message CALCULATION ERROR in it instead of a view.


calculation interval

The time between calculations. Can be as short as a minute or as long as 999 months (or anywhere in between).


caution

With normal and alert, one of the alarm conditions that a view can have. Caution is usually the less serious alarm.


color

The color of a view's result or icon is the color of its condition: normal, error, caution, or alert. The colors can be set up through Customize on the Workspace menu.


data type

The format of the view's result. A view converts any data it receives to the data type specified in view definition. For example, a view with data type integer always shows a whole number even though the result of the query or formula is decimal.


date time arithmetic

Forest & Trees converts a date or time format to an integer to perform date time arithmetic. This means that you can add to or subtract from a date or time. For example, '11/25/89' + 2 is valid, and equals 11/27/89. Forest & Trees won't choke on dates when we get to the year 2000.


DDE view

DDE means Dynamic Data Exchange. DDE, a feature of many Windows applications, allows you to link data between applications. With Forest & Trees, you can pull data into a view from an Excel spreadsheet for example by choosing DDE as the view's Provider and then establishing the link to the target data.


displayed view

A view placed on the main display where it's available for tracking.


formula

An operation that usually produces a result for a view by calculating data from one or more other views.


formula view

Any view that isn't a query view. A formula view get its data from other within the same view file.


global substitution string

A substitution string that's available to any view file on your system, since it's stored in the FTW.INI file.


graph annotation

Annotation identifies the values and variables in a graph. Annotation is taken directly from the graph query SELECT statement or view formula and is always aligned along the sides of the graph. You cannot edit the contents of an annotation object.


graph labels

You can insert labels to describe X and Y axis variables, give the graph a title and subtitle, or provide descriptive comments. You can place labels next to the graph or within the graph itself. You compose the contents of labels and position them within the graph.


graph legend

Also known as a key. Just as a legend on a map identifies the symbols that represent cities and roads, a graph legend identifies the symbols (patterns and colors) that represent graph variables.


hidden result

A result that doesn't appear visibly on the view--for example, confidential information. The result is replaced by asterisks. Click within the view with the right mouse button to temporarily show the result.


history

Forest & Trees can keep a defined number of history records of a view's result. When the limit is reached, Forest & Trees drops the earliest record when it adds a new one.


hot link

A DDE connection where a change in data in the source application causes an immediate data update in Forest & Trees.


information tree

The view structure that processes data into vital signs. Views on the tree are connected to each other through formulas.


multi-column result

Queries that provide a result for a view can only accept data from a single expression. Queries that provide a result for a report or graph can accept data from many expressions.


normal

With caution and alert, one of the alarm conditions that a view can have. Normal is the default condition.


null result

A "blank" result. An absence of data. A null is different from a zero result.


parent view

If a view takes its information from other views (by means of a formula), that view is a parent of the views it takes information from.


provider

A Forest & Trees program that lets a query view communicate with sources of data such as databases, flat files, and spreadsheets. Through the provider, a view sends a query to the source and collects the resulting data. Provider file names end with .FTW. "Formula" is the only provider that does not have a .FTW file and does not access data outside of Forest & Trees.


query

A request for data made to a source outside Forest & Trees. The requests are made in a language called SQL, which is pronounced sequel and stands for Structured Query Language.


query view

A view that gets data through query to an outside source such as a database or spreadsheet.


result

The information contained in a view, usually collected from a source through a query or from other views through a formula.


results limit

The maximum number of items you want displayed when a query returns a result that is a list of items.


root view

In a tree structure display, the root view determines what portions of an information tree are displayed. All parent and child views of the root view are displayed.


SQL

Structured Query Language:  a standard language from writing queries to a database.


substitution string

A name that can be substituted for text in Forest & Trees. Substitutions are useful where the same text is repeated often or changes frequently such as path names, expressions, or database passwords.


toolbox

The panel of tools to the left of your display. It's used to build or modify views. The toolbox appears if you have build access and you have chosen to display the tools.


uncalculated view

A view that was not calculated after it was built.


view

The basic element of Forest & Trees. A view holds information or data that it gets through a formula, query, or DDE.


view description

An optional description of a view. The description is available through the Definition button in the toolbox.


view file

The file containing a set of views, graphs, reports, and information trees. Forest & Trees can load one view file at a time.


view file substitution string

A substitution string available only within the view file where it was created. You can't change it into a Global Substitution.


view name

Defaults to the view name you entered when you created the view window. The view name is what you use to identify a view when it is used as input data for a Formula view.


vital signs

A key Forest & Trees  concept. Vital signs are the critical indicators that tell you the condition of your business. Forest & Trees derives them by combining data that it collects from the databases.


workspace

The main window where your displayed views--the ones you want to track--are shown.


child view

If a view takes its information from other views (by means of a formula), the views that provide the information are called child views.


Click Yes if you want to recreate the default Forest & Trees colors palette. Click No if you want to retain the modified colors in the palette.


Click Yes if you want to recreate the default Forest & Trees patterns palette. Click No if you want to retain the modified patterns in the palette.


String already defined

This string name has already been used. Choose another.


Can't delete/change string

The specified string does not exist. Check your spelling.


Provider wrong version number

The provider you selected is not compatible with this version of Forest & Trees. Write down the version numbers from the "About Forest & Trees" window, and the date and time of creation of the provider and call Channel Computing technical support.


View name length 0 or greater than max

Rename this view. View names must be at least one character but not more than 21 characters long. Try not to use special characters such as & or * in a view. Since many of these characters have special meanings and uses in Forest & Trees, they can cause confusion when they're used in a view name. If the view name does contain any special characters or if the view name has spaces in it, you have to enclose the view name in double quotes when using it in a formula.


Name is used by another view

Each view name must be unique. View names must be at least one character but not more than 21 characters long. Try not to use special characters such as & or * in a view. Since many of these characters have special meanings and uses in Forest & Trees, they can cause confusion when they're used in a view name. If the view name does contain any special characters or if the view name has spaces in it, you have to enclose the view name in double quotes when using it in a formula.


Are you sure you want to delete alarm?

You can disable an alarm if you may need it in the future but do not need now. If you delete it, you will have to recreate it later. If you disable it, you can enable it when you need it. Just choose Disabled in the Severity box of the Set Condition# window to disable an alarm.


Range not defined for alarm

You must have a value, an expression, or a formula in the FROM box, the TO box, or both. Any value in the TO box identifies the upper limit of this alarm condition. Any value in the FROM box identifies the lower limit . If you don't put a value in the FROM box, any value less than or equal to the TO value will cause the alarm. If you don't put a value in the TO box, any value greater than or equal to the FROM value will cause the alarm.


Application is already running

Under Windows, an application can be started only once. With Forest & Trees, you can only have one view file open. If you want to work with a different view file, choose File Open from the Workspace menu to close the current view file and open another.


Schedule time value less than one minute

The format for clock or interval time is hh:mm. If you omit the colon, Forest & Trees assumes that the time entered is hours. To get an interval of 10 minutes, enter 00:10. You can't schedule by seconds.

You can't use military (24 hour clock) time. If you enter a number that is greater than 12, you get an error message telling you that the time format is incorrect. Remember to specify AM or PM. When used as a timer, (not as a clock time) you can use an interval up to 23:59 (23 hours and 59 minutes).


No error description available

You did something that Forest & Trees couldn't understand and we'd like to know about it. Please write down what you did to cause this error and call Channel Computing at 800-289-0053. Your information can help make Forest & Trees a better product.


No Owner passwords defined

A view file must have an Owner password before Builder or User passwords become effective. If you've already created a Builder or User password, no need to change them before creating the Owner password. Just add an Owner password and all defined passwords become effective.


No view file name for history

You can't access history data until the view file has been saved. The history data is stored in a file that has the same root name as the view file.


Schedule bad time format

The format for clock or interval time is hh:mm. If you omit the colon, Forest & Trees assumes that the time entered is hours. To get an interval of 10 minutes, enter 00:10. You can't schedule by seconds.

You can't use military (24 hour clock) time. If you enter a number that is greater than 12, you get an error message telling you that the time format is incorrect. Remember to specify AM or PM. When used as a timer, (not as a clock time) you can use an interval up to 23:59 (23 hours and 59 minutes).


Variable names

New variables need a name that isn't used by other variables. This name appears in the variable object on the report layout.


Deleting variables

When you delete a variable used by other (aggregate) variables, those other variables are deleted too. Deleted variables are removed from the layout and the report.


Report margins

When adjusting margins, enter a value for all four margins. The value is numerical in tenths of inches, such as 1 or 1.5.

If the margin is too large and would impinge on existing objects or sections either shorten the margin or move the objects or adjust the sections before changing the margin.


Deleting sections

When you delete a section, you also delete the text objects that are in the section. Object that are variables are removed from the layout but not deleted.


Deleting breaks

When you delete a break, you also delete any header or footer section associated with it. As a result, text objects in the header or footer are deleted.


Body section

The body of the report must have at least one variable. Otherwise it's a report with no data.


Creating a section

When you create a section, there has to be at least an inch of space remaining in the layout of the report. You can compress the existing sections, change the margins of the report, or change the orientation of size of the page through Printer Setup on the Edit Report menu.


Layout changes

OK saves the changes you made to the layout before you return to the Edit Report window.


Save report

Giving the report a name and saving it makes it available for use later. It can be displayed or printed through the Report icon or modified via the Reports tool.


Variable font

Use a smaller font for this variable to fit on the report. A normally sized font is about 12 point.


Save report first

You made a change to the report or its query. You can save the original report and create a new one under a new name by clicking OK. Otherwise, the changes will be applied to the existing report.


Low memory or disk space

You've encountered low memory or insufficient disk space. You can increase memory by closing applications that you're not using. If you encounter this problem regularly, check your Windows documentation on how to manage memory.

If disk space is low, you can check Technical Details in the Builder's Guide for information on moving some F&T/W files to other drives.


Illegal Query

For directions on how to build queries, see the Queries chapter of the Builder's Guide.


View file name

Before you can save a report, you must save the view file first and give it a name. The view file currently has no name.


Report Name

Every new report must have a name. The name must be one not used by another report in the view file.


No reports in view

The view you picked has no reports associated with it.


Printer setup

Use Report Printer Setup on the Edit Report menu to change the page size to the one given in the message.


Missing Variables

There were more variables in your query than F&T/W could fit on the default layout. You can add the missing variables manually if you want.


Paper Out

Check your printer to see that it's on and has paper in it.


Report Version

The report you selected was created with an earlier version of F&T/W. You cannot use this report with this version of the program.


Reports
F&T/W reports

Reports can be attached to views. Here, in a nutshell, is how you create and lay out a report:

Create and name the new report.

Decide whether the data will come from the view's result or from the database. F&T/W then builds a default report for you.

For a database report, build the new query

Modify the layout of the report if you want it to look different from the default.


Display Report

You can choose and display a report through Report Open. You can also print and calculate the report.

If the report doesn't display after you pick it, choose Report Calculate to recalculate and display it.


Choose a report

Click the report you want.

Once the report is picked, you can calculate it if necessary to make it display.

You can also modify the query or layout of the report.


Report creation

Creating a new report

To create a report

1	Select the view that you want to put the report with.

2	Click the Reports tool and choose Report New on the Edit Report menu.

3	Give a name to your report.

4	Click Database or View depending on the type of report you want.

View	A view report takes its data from the view's result. A view report contains at most a single column of source data.

Database	A database report gets its data from a SQL query. The query can pull data from any table or columns as long as they're part of the database queried by the view.

The next step is to build the query or modify the layout of the report.


Report query

Choose Modify Query on the Edit Report menu to edit the report query.

If changing the query changes the column names or number of columns on the report, you keep the report based on the original query or replace it. Click OK to save the existing report and create a new one or click No to use the modified query in the existing report.

After modifying the query you can modify the layout of the report.


Report layout

Layout is the look of the report. To change the layout of a report, choose Modify Layout on the Edit Report menu.

The layout that you see is a stack of "bands" that represent different sections of the report. A section is one of the physical, structural parts of the report's layout.

The sections of a report can contain objects such as columns or text.

A report can also be organized into breaks.


Edit report layout

Edit Layout window

Edit Layout contains a framed area that is subdivided into bands. In the default layout these bands are the header, body, and footer sections of the report. The sections contain objects representing what is going to appear on the report. Layout also lets you insert breaks.

The top left corner of the window matches the top left corner of the printed part of the report.

A status bar at the bottom left of the window shows you what section you're currently working in.

The layout may have a ruler or grid.


Report page

Ruler, grid, margin

The rulers sit at the top and left of the layout window and the grid fills the report sections and helps you to align objects. The grid won't appear on the printed report.

The page size is automatically set when you go into layout by the page size and orientation of your printer. To change the Forest & Trees report page size, you have to change your printer setup.

To change margins

1	Choose Options Margins on the Edit Layout menu.

2	Enter the four margins in inches and fractions of inches.

To turn on grids choose Options Grids on the Edit Layout menu.


Report Sections

The report can have four types of section: the body, header, footer, and summary.

Body	A required section because it contains the actual data of the report.

Header	An optional section appearing at the top of the page or at the start of a break.

Footer	An optional section, like the header, but appearing at the bottom of the page or end of break.

Summary	An optional section summarizing the data in the report.

The section you're working in will be bordered top and bottom in red.

You can create page or break headers and footers.


Page Header and Footer

Page headers and footers

Page headers and footers appear at the top and bottom of the page. The layout can have only one page header and footer and the default layout already contains a header and footer. To recreate a header or footer

1	Choose Section Add Header (or Footer) Page on the Edit Layout menu.

2	In the options box, pick the pages where you want the header or footer to appear.

You can make only one choice.

All Pages	Appears at the bottom of every page.

Even...	Appears only on Even pages, Odd pages, the First or Last page.

To delete a header or footer, select the section and choose Section Delete on the Edit Layout menu.

To change the pages on which a header of footer appears, choose Section Modify Header (or Footer) Page on the Edit Layout menu.


Report summary

Report summary section

The summary section appears at the end of the report with whatever text and variables you place in it. There can be only one summary section in a report.

To create the section, choose Section Create Summary from the Edit Layout menu. A summary section appears between the body and footer sections of the layout.

Usually the summary contains aggregate variables (such as the sum or average of a column).


Resize report section

Resizing sections

Resize sections by adjusting the top or bottom border with the mouse. In resizing, remember that a border isn't "shared" by adjacent sections (as in geography). Adjusting the size of one section doesn't change the size of the section next to it. As a result, adjustments in the size of a section can cause overlaps or gaps with adjacent sections. Any gaps left between one section and another appear in grey on your layout.

The report ignores gaps and overlaps when it's displayed or printed.

If you do end up with gaps and overlaps in your layout, choose Section Redraw Sections on the Edit Layout menu to get rid of them. Redraw lays out the sections according to the new sizes you gave them.

Because it's not possible to move a border over an object, you sometimes need to move objects within the section before resizing it.


Report break

Breaks

You can place breaks in the body section of the report to help organize your information. A break occur (if you create one) when there's a change in a selected variable.

To create a break

1	Choose Break Create on the Edit Layout menu.

2	In the list box, choose the variable on which you want the report to break.

3	Check Omit duplicate values if you don't want the variable to be listed on each line where it appears, just on the first line.

4	Check New page when value changes if you want the report to start a new page with each break.

Once you create a break, you can insert break headers and footers.


Break Header and Footer

Break headers and footers

Break headers and footers came at the start and end of a break. They can be used much like page headers and footers to identify columns and hold aggregate variables. Before creating a break header or footer, you have to make the break choose Section Create Header (or Footer) Break on the Edit Layout menu. The break section appears as a band on the layout. You can now add objects or variables to it.


Report objects

Objects

Inside the sections are boxes known as objects. Each object contains an identifier. There are several different kinds of objects that you can create:

Text	Contains whatever text you want to enter. Can be used in any section. Report title and column names are text object that are automatically placed in the default layout of the report.

Variable	The actual data of the report. The variables in the layout translate into data columns on the report. Variables are taken from the data source, such as the SELECT statement of the query, and appear in the body section of the report.

Aggregate	A type of variable that you create and that shows summary information.

Annotation	Date or page information and are usually placed in the page header or footer.


Create objects

Creating and modifying objects

To create or modify an object

1	Select the section where you want the new object to be placed or the existing object you plan to modify.

2	Choose Object on the Edit Layout menu.

The Object menu has the following choices:

Create Box	To create a object in which you can place text, such as a subtitle or a column name.

Add Variable	To add a variable (data or aggregate) to a section.

Add Sys Var	To add a object containing one of the system variables: date in text form, date in numerical form, timestamp, or page number.

Set Font	To change the font to be used. Select the object first if you want to change the font for a specific object.

Enter Text	To enter or modify text in a selected text object.

Left, etc.	To set the placement of the text within the object.

Delete	To remove the selected object.

Use the mouse to move and change the size of any object.


Report variables

Data variables

The body section in the layout represents a single row of data on the final report. When you generate the report, the format that you lay out creates columns of data. The columns of data are known as variables.

To add a variable (or column of data) to the report start by selecting the body section on the layout.

1	While the body section is selected, choose Object Add Variable from the menu.

2	Highlight the variable that you want to appear on the report. When you choose it, the variable shows up as an object in the body section of the layout.

To make the height of the rows of data greater or shorter, you can move the top or bottom line of the body section of the layout until the section is the height that you want each row of the report to be.

You can add system variables and aggregate variables in the same way.


Report aggregate variables

Creating aggregate variables

Aggregates are special variables that you create. Like the aggregate functions on which they're based, they give you a single result based on a group of values. Aggregates are most often used in the summary section and in footers.

Follow these steps to create an aggregate variable:

1	Choose Variables Create on the Edit Layout menu.

2	Enter the name of the aggregate variable. This is just an identifier. You create a text object to identify the aggregate on the printed report.

3	Highlight the variable (or column) that you want the new aggregate to operate on.

4	Pick a function: Count, Sum, Average, Minimum, Maximum. Sum, for example, gives you the total of values in the column.

5	Choose where you want the variable to be initialized (or cleared). If you want the summary to reflect data from the entire report, choose Top of Report.

After creating the new variable, add it to the summary section through the Object Add Variable option on the Edit Layout menu.


Format report object

Format object

You can format an object by choosing the font, font style, and size. The fonts that are available depend on the printer set up. You can also format the data type of the object.

To format an object

1	Select the object you want to format.

2	Choose Object Set Format on the Edit Layout menu.

3	Choose the formats you want from the lists.

Data format	Choose a format or create your own. The process is described in  "Default Data Formats" in Using Forest & Trees.

Typeface	The list is based on the fonts available for your printer. Not all fonts reproduce as screen fonts. That depends on what fonts are loaded in Windows. In other words, depending on the font you pick, the print version may look different from the screen version of the report.

Point Size	The available sizes depend on the typeface you chose. A point size of about 10 or 12 is standard.

Style	The choices you have are Normal/Bold, Italics/Bold Italics, and any of those underlined. Some specialized typefaces may not work with all styles.


Printing reports
Printing reports and printer setup

Choose Report Print on the Edit Report menu to print the report.

The report automatically goes to the default printer.

To change the printer or its setup, choose Report Printer Setup on the Edit Report menu. Changing the printer or setup can affect the fonts available to you or the size and orientation of the page in Report Layout.


Rename report

To rename the report

1	Choose Report Rename on the Edit Report menu.

2	Choose the report and rename it.

Note: to change the title that appears on the report, use Modify Layout.


Layout save

The layout is the arrangement of the report. If you exit but don't save the report, you'll return to the layout you had before entering Edit Layout.


Section redraw

If you adjusted the sections and they overlap or there are gaps between them, Redraw arranges the sections one beneath the other without changing the size you gave them.


Section delete

Deleting a section removes it from the layout and deletes any text objects that are in it. You can't delete the body section of the report.


Object delete

Deleting an object removes it from the layout. If you delete a text object, you must recreate it.


Report options

You can create a new report, open an existing report (that belongs to the view or to a child view), or save a report you modified. If you exit without saving, you lose any changes to the report that were made since you started work on the report.


Report calculate

Calculate updates the report with the latest data. It's sometimes necessary to calculate a report for it to display once it's been selected.


Report delete

Delete removes the report and its layout from the view.


Save to file

If this option is checked, the report is saved to a file. When the report is later opened, it displays without calculating and you see the last save.