
 ^hInternational information^n

 This part of the manual will have all kind of different international
 information. We will try to gather as much information as possible and
 put in here, but please if you have any suggestions for additional
 information you think could be useful for a lot of people, please contact
 a registration site.

  ^hUnit of measurement^n

  metre (m) for length
  kilogram (kg) for weight
  second (s) for time
  ampere (A) for current intensity
  kelvin (K) for absolute temperature (absolute zero -273.15 Celsius)
  candela (cd) units of luminous intensity
  mol (mol) for quantity of material

  The units are defined with the biggest possible accuracy compared to
  imperishable sizes. For example the metre is defined as the length
  of the way the light runs in af 1/299792458 second. A second is defined
  as 919263631770 times the characteristic atomic time for caesium-133
  (cesium).

  To make the daily use more easy the following measurement are used:

  celsius   (C)  unit of temperature
  coulomb   (C ) unit of quantity electricity
  farad     (F ) unit of electrical capacity
  henry     (H)  unit of electrical inductance
  hertz     (Hz) unit of frequency
  joule     (J ) unit of work or energy
  liter     (l)  unit of cubic content
  lumen     (lm) unit of luminous flux
  lux       (lx) unit of illumination
  newton    (N ) unit of force
  ohm       (O_) unit of electrical resistance
  tesla     (T)  unit of magnetic inductance
  volt      (V ) unit of electric potential
  watt      (W ) unit of electric power
  weber     (W)  unit of magnetic flux

  ^hNumeric sizes^n

  exa       (E)      10 18    1 000 000 000 000 000 000  times
  peta      (P)      10 15        1 000 000 000 000 000  times
  tera      (T)      10 12            1 000 000 000 000  times
  giga      (G)      10 9                 1 000 000 000  times
  mega      (M)      10 6                     1 000 000  times
  kilo      (k)      10 3                         1 000  times
  hecto     (h)      10 2                           100  times
  deka      (da)     10 1                            10  times
  deci      (d)      10 -1                          0.1  times
  centi     (c)      10 -2                         0.01  times
  milli     (m)      10 -3                        0.001  times
  micro     (y_)     10 -6                    0.000 001  times
  nano      (n)      10 -9                0.000 000 001  times
  pico      (p)      10 -12           0.000 000 000 001  times
  femto     (f)      10 -15       0.000 000 000 000 001  times
  atto      (a)      10 -18   0.000 000 000 000 000 001  times


  ^hLinear measure^n

  The Metric System

  1 millimetre  (mm)            = 0.001 m
  1 centimetre  (cm)            = 0.01 m
  1 decimetre   (dm)            = 0.1 m
  1 dekametre   (dam)           = 10 m
  1 hectometre  (dam)           = 100 m
  1 kilometre   (km)            = 1000 m

  Old English and American systems

  1 inch                        = 2.54 cm
  1 foot (12 inches)            = 30.48 cm
  1 yard (3 feet)               = 91.44 cm
  1 fathom (2 yeards)           = 1.83 m
  1 (statute) mile (1760 yards) = 1.609 km

  Old Danish measures (The metric was laid down by law in 1977)

  1 tomme                       = 2.615 cm
  1 fod (12 tommer)             = 31.385 cm
  1 alen (2 fod)                = 62.771 cm
  1 favn (3 alen)               = 1.883 m
  1 mil (4000 favne)            = 7.532 km

  Old Swedish measures

  1 tum                         = 2.47 cm
  1 tvärhand                    = 8-10 cm
  1 fot                         = 29.7 cm
  1 aln                         = 59.4 cm
  1 gutealn                     = 64 cm
  1 famn                        = 1.78 m
  1 kyndelsmil                  = 1 600 m
  1 fjärdingsväg                = 2 672 m
  1 rast                        = 5 016 m
  1 lantmil                     = 10 689 m

  Other

  1 geographical mile           = 7.532.48 m
  1 nautical mile               = 1.852 m
  1 Swedish mile                = 10 km
  1 Verst (Russian)             = 1066.78 m

  ^hSquare measure^n

  The Metric System

  1 square meter m2             = 10000 cm2
  1 are (a)                     = 100 m2
  1 hectare (ha)                = 10000 m2
  1 square kilometre (km2)      = 100 ha

  Old English and American systems

  1 square inch                 = 6.8406 cm2
  1 square foot                 = 0.0929 m2
  1 square yard                 = 0.8361 m2
  1 acre (4840 square yards)    = 0.4047 ha

  Old Danish measures

  1 kvadrat-alen                = 0.3940 m2
  1 t¢nde land (14000 alen)     = 0.5516 ha
  1 kvadratmil                  = 56.7383 km2 (10285 5/7 t¢nder land)

  ^hCubic measure^n

  The Metric System

  1 litre (l)                   = 1000 cm3
  1 cubic metre (m3)            = 1000 l
  1 hectolitre                  = 100 l

  English and American system

  1 pint
    UK:                         = 0.568 l
    US:                         = 0.473 l
  1 gallon (4 quarts=8 pints)
    UK:                         = 4.546 l
    US:                         = 3.785 l
  1 bushel
    UK:                         = 36.37 l
    US:                         = 35.24 l
  1 cubic foot                  = 0.0283 m3
  1 cubic yard                  = 0.7646 m3

  Old Danish measures

  1 pægl                        = 0.242 l
  1 pot (4 pægle)               = 0.966 l
  1 kubikfod                    = 0.0309 m3
  1 t¢nde                       = 1.3912 hl

  Old Swedish measures

  1 famn ved                    = 3.14 m3
  1 stor famn ved               = 4.22 m3
  1 parm hö                     = 7.15 m3
  1 kvadratfot                  = 882 cm2
  1 tunnland                    = 4936 m2
  1 kanna                       = 2.6 l
  1 kappe                       = 4.6 l
  1 fjärding                    = 18.32 l
  1 skäppa                      = 36.6 l
  1 spann                       = 73.3 l
  1 tunna                       = 146.6 l
  1 kvarter                     = 32.7 cl
  1 Stop                        = 1.3 l
  1 Fjärding                    = 15.6 l
  1 Ankare                      = 39.25 l
  1 tunna                       = 125.6 l

  ^hWeight^n

  The Metric System

  1 milligram (mg)              = 0.001 g
  1 centigram (cg)              = 0.01 g
  1 decigram (dg)               = 0.1 g
  1 dekagram (dag)              = 10 g
  1 hectogram (hg)              = 100 g
  1 kilogram (kg)               = 1000 g

  English and American systems

  1 grain (gr)                  = 0.0648 g
  1 ounce (480 grains) (oz)     = 28.350 g
  1 pound (16 ounces) (lb)      = 0.4536 kg
  1 hundredweight
    UK: 112 pounds (cwt)        = 50.8 kg
    US: 100 pounds (cwt)       = 45.36 kg
  1 long ton
    UK: 2240 pounds             = 1016 kg
  1 short ton
    US: 2000 pounds             = 907.18 kg
  1 stone (14 lbs)              = 6.35 kg

  Old Danish measures

  1 kvint                       = 5.0 kg
  1 lod                         = 15.625 g
  1 pund (100 kvint)(32 lodder) = 500 g
  1 lispund (16 pund)           = 8 kg
  1 centner (100 pund)          = 50 kg

  Old Swedish measures

  1 korn                        = 42.5 mg
  1 kvinting                    = 3.32 g
  1 ort                         = 4.25 g
  1 lod                         = 13.28 g
  1 skålpund                    = 425 g
  1 skeppspund                  = 170 kg
  1 bast sill                   = 24 st sillar (sill is a fish)
  1 val sill                    = 80 st sillar
  1 bunt sill                   = 100 st sillar

  ^hTemperature^n

  Fahrenheit = Celcius * 9 / 5 + 32
  Celsius    = (Fahrenheit - 32) * 5 / 9

  ^hDecimal/Hexadecimal/Binary numeric systems^n

  Sometimes it is hard to know how you calculate from one system to another.
  Small number are easy, but large numbers are much harder. It is important
  to understand how these numbers work if you are doing a little programming
  yourself. If you don't want to be able of doing things manually, buy a
  calculator that can convert for you.

             Decimal-10      Hexadecimal $-16      Binary-2
             ──────────────────────────────────────────────
                   0                   0                  0
                   1                   1                  1
                   2                   2                 10
                   3                   3                 11
                   4                   4                100
                   5                   5                101
                   6                   6                110
                   7                   7                111
                   8                   8               1000
                   9                   9               1001
                  10                   A               1010
                  11                   B               1011
                  12                   C               1100
                  13                   D               1101
                  14                   E               1110
                  15                   F               1111
                  16                  10              10000
                 100                  64            1100100
                 255                  FF            1111111
                 256                 100           10000000
                1024                 400        10000000000
                4096                1000      1000000000000
               65535                FFFF   1111111111111111
               65536               10000  10000000000000000
             ──────────────────────────────────────────────

  To convert from one system to another there are a few tricks you
  can use.

  ^hHexadecimal (hex) -> Binary^n

  Example: $12FA -> ?          __12FA_        Hex
                             /   / |   \
                           /    |  |     \
                        0001 0010 1111 1010   Binary

           Result  =  0001001011111010  (You can loose the leading zeroes)

  Take each hex number and convert to a 4 bit binary number. Then put all
  together in one long row, strip leading zeroes. That's it, pretty simple.

  ^hBinary -> Hexadecimal (hex)^n

  Example: 1010011110 -> ?

  Divide into blocks of 4 from behind    1.            1110
                                         2.       1001 1110
                                         3.    10 1001 1110
  Add leading zeroes                     4.  0010 1001 1110
  Convert each block to hex.             5.   2   8+1  8+4+2
  Result                                 6.       $29E

  ^hDecimal -> Hexadecimal^n

  No easy way, so we 'just' divide.

  Example: 48 -> ?

  47 / 16   = 2 <- 1st number      ----- \
  2x16      = 32                          |
  Remainder = 47-32 = 15                  |
  15 / 1    = 15 = F <- 2nd number        |
                                          |
  Result    = $2F                         |
                                          |         16^0          1
  Example: 32891 -> ?                     |         16^1         16
                                          \ --->    16^2        256
  32891 / 4096 = 8 <- 1st number                    16^3       4096
  8x4096       = 32768                              16^4      65536
  Remainder    = 32891-32768 = 123                  16^5    1048576
  123 / 256    = 0 <- 2nd number              / ->  16^6   16777216
  0x256        = 0                           |        .
  Remainder    = 123-0 = 123          ----- /         .
  123 / 16     = 7 <- 3rd number
  7x16         = 112
  Remainder    = 123-112 = 11                                  ^
  11 / 1       = 11 = B <- 4th number                          |
                                                               |
  Result    = $807B                                            |
                                                               |
  ^hHexadecimal -> Decimal^n
                                                               |
  This way is much faster than the other                       |
  way around.                                                  |
                                                               |
  Example: $1A4F                                               |
            |||1                                               |
            ||16  ___________________________________________ /
            |256
            4096

                           (A)                 (F)
  Calculation:  1 x 4096 + 10 x 256 + 4 x 16 + 15 x 1 =  6735

  ^hDecimal -> Binary^n

  No easy way, so we 'just' divide.

  Example: 147 -> ?

  147 / 128 = 1 <- 1st number                       2^0          1
  1x128     = 128                                   2^1          2
  Remainder = 147-128 = 19                          2^2          4
  19 / 64   = 0 <- 2nd number                       2^3          8
  19 / 32   = 0 <- 3rd number    --------------->   2^4         16
  19 / 16   = 1 <- 4th number                       2^5         32
  1x16      = 16                                    2^6         64
  Remainder = 19-16 = 3                             2^7        128
  3 / 8     = 0 <- 5th number                       2^8        256
  3 / 4     = 0 <- 6th number                        .
  3 / 2     = 1 <- 7th number                        .
  1x2       = 2
  Remainder = 3-2 = 1                                       ^
  1 / 1     = 1 <- 8th number                               |
                                                            |
  Result    = 10010011                                      |
                                                            |
  ^hBinary -> Decimal^n
                                                            |
  Example: 10110101 -> ?                                    |
           |||||||1                                         |
           ||||||2                                          |
           |||||4                                           |
           ||||8                                            |
           |||16        ---------------------------------- /
           ||32
           |64
           128

  Calculation:  1x128 + 0x64 + 1x32 + 1x16 + 0x8 + 1x4 + 0x2 + 1x1 = 181

