Ledger Mode       00000100000009210000001247
?                 00000100000015530000006357
Journal Mode      00000200000012470000006379
Accounts Mode     00000300000063790000007804
Budgets Help      00000400000078040000009186
Extended Commands 00000500000091860000013318
Reports           00000600000133180000014426
Accounts Report   00000700000144260000015440
Budgets Report    00000800000154400000016451
References Report 00000900000164510000017412
Journal Report    00001000000174120000018581
Ledger Report     00001100000185810000019570
Statements        00001200000195700000020644
Other Statements  00001300000206440000022005
Comp. Statement   00001400000220050000022872
Budgets Report    00001500000228720000023994
The Find Key      00001600000239940000025067
Debits/Credits    00001800000250670000025902
File Names        00001900000259020000027123
The Calculator    00005500000271230000028175
                                  Ledger Mode
    
         
         In ledger mode, the data is ordered by account  number,  and  each
    account is considered to be one page. The  pages  are  displayed  in  3
    column format; the left-most column is a running total.  The  following
    special keys are active: 
                                 Journal Mode
    
         
         In Journal mode, the  data  is  ordered  by  date.  Pages  contain
    successive lists of transactions. The pages are displayed in 2  column,
    Debit/Credit format. The following special keys are active: 
                    
                    
                                  Numeric Pad Keys
                    
              
              HOME: moves the  cursor  to  the  upper  left  hand
                    corner of the screen. 
              
              UP-ARROW: moves the cursor up one line. 
              
              PGUP: goes back one page (to the previous page) 
              
              LEFT-ARROW:  moves  the  cursor  to  the  left  one
                    character. 
              
              RIGHT-ARROW: moves the cursor to the the right  one
                    character. 
              
              END: Pages to the last page  of  the  file  in  the
                    current mode. 
              
              DOWN-ARROW: moves the cursor down one line. 
              
              PGDN: goes to the next page. 
                       
                       
                    
                    
                                    Function Keys
                    
              
              F1(HELP): Displays instructions on the screen. 
              
              F2(CMD): Prompts for an  extended  command  at  the
                    bottom of the screen. A separate help  screen
                    is available for extended commands(type F1 to
                    see available topics). 
              
              F3(JOUR): Switches LEDGER into Journal mode. 
              
              F4(LEDG): Switches LEDGER into Ledger mode. 
              
              F5(ACCT): Switches to the Account names and numbers
                    screen. 
              
              F6(BUDG): Allows you to update account budgets  and
                    cross-references. 
              
              F7(UNDO): Restores the data screen to its state  at
                    the last screen refresh. 
              
              F8(RPT): Displays the report menu. 
              
              F9(FIND): Allows  you  to  search  the  ledger  for
                    specific  references,  accounts,  dates,   or
                    amounts. 
              
              F10(CHK):  Looks  up  the  account  number  of  the
                    transaction the cursor  is  on.  The  account
                    name is then displayed on the status line. 
                       
                    
                    
                        Alternate Keys(Hold ALT, type number)
                    
              
              ALT 1(DEL): Deletes the transaction that the cursor
                    is on. 
              
              ALT  3(GETC):  Gets  the  calculator  register  and
                    places it into the current cursor line.  Will
                    prompt for  debit  or  credit  if  necessary.
                    Answer D or C. 
              
              ALT 4(UPDT): Forces a data update  from  data  just
                    entered  to  the  screen.  The  balance    is
                    updated, and the UNDO checkpoint is set. 
              
              ALT 5(SORT): Forces a resort of the data. The order
                    depends on the LEDGER/JOURNAL mode setting. 
              
              ALT 6(TOTL): Forces a re-total  of  the  data.  The
                    bottom  line  is  updated,  and   the    UNDO
                    checkpoint is set. 
              
              ALT 7(PRNT): Prints the current screen. 
              
              ALT  8(CALC):  Brings  the  calculator  up  on  the
                    screen. 
                                Other "Special" Keys 
                    
              
              DITTO: The  DITTO  key  will  duplicate  the  field
                    above. This will not work, of course, on  the
                    top line. 
              
              TAB: The TAB key will tab to the first character of
                    the next field. 
              
              BACK SPACE: The BACK SPACE key moves the cursor  to
                    the beginning of the current  field.  If  the
                    cursor is already on the first  character  of
                    the field, it moves to the previous field. 
              
              DOT(.): The period key only has a special effect in
                    numeric fields. In numeric fields a dot  will
                    right justify the entered number, then tab to
                    the next field. 
              
              INS: The INS key shifts all transactions  from  the
                    cursor  down,  down  one  line,  leaving  the
                    cursor on a blank transaction. 
              
              END: The END key pages to the last page. 
                    
    
                                 Accounts Mode
    
         
         Account numbers are five digits long, formatted  as  2  digits,  a
    dash, and then 3 digits. This format is  for  the  convenience  of  the
    user. LEDGER makes no special  use  of  individual  digits  within  the
    account number. 
         
         There are three types of accounts. Posting  accounts  are  regular
    account numbers, used for transactions. Page header accounts  are  used
    for report formatting. They may not be used for posting.  Typically,  a
    page header account will be used between  balance  sheet  accounts  and
    revenue/expense accounts. This forces them to be on separate pages. The
    page header account name will be the title line on the new page.  Start
    and End group accounts act as algebraic brackets to force subtotals  on
    the reports. The subtotal includes all accounts between the  Start  and
    End group accounts. Note that these must be used in pairs, and may  not
    be used for posting. 
         NOTE: Duplicate account numbers will be eliminated on the first
               sort.  The first version will be left, the second deleted.
    
    
         
         The keys enabled during Accounts updating  are  the  same  as  for
    journal and ledger modes. Accounts may be inserted out of  order,  they
    will be re-ordered on the first sort. 
    
                                 Budgets Help
    
         Each posting account may have a budget. These may be compared with
    the account total by running the budget report. (See Reports) 
         
         In addition, each posting account may  have  two  cross  reference
    account numbers. These are entered on the  budgets  screen,  under  the
    headings XREF1 and XREF2. Cross reference account numbers  are  account
    numbers for posting to a different set of books. LEDGER  can  translate
    the  account  numbers  for  any  or  all  transactions   using    these
    cross-references. 
         
         For example, a division of a company may have a  complete  set  of
    internal account numbers. The corresponding home office account numbers
    are entered as the XREF1 set. At month end, the division SELECTS a copy
    of the months transactions, TRANSLATEs them to the  corresponding  head
    office numbers, and COMPRESSes them into a single transaction per  home
    office account number. The result is sent  to  the  home  office  on  a
    floppy disk, where  the  GETDATA  command  is  used  to  integrate  the
    transactions into the home office ledgers. 
         
         The same approach  may  be  used  for  posting  from  an  accounts
    receivable to a general ledger, etc. (See Commands help Screen). 
    
                               Extended Commands
    
         
         The F2 key will position the cursor at the bottom, and prompt  for
    an extended command. The extended commands are typed in response to the
    ">" prompt, and terminated with a RETURN. The BACKSPACE or  LEFT  ARROW
    key may be used to erase a command and  start  over.  Several  commands
    require additional information. When this  is  the  case,  LEDGER  will
    prompt for it. 
                               Extended Commands
    
 
 RETURN 
    A return, typed in  response  to  the  prompt,  is  considered  a  null
    command. LEDGER will resume normal editing. 
 
 END 
    The END command writes the current data to disk, and exits. 
 
 QUIT 
    The QUIT command asks LEDGER to abort the editing session.  The  edited
    file is not written to disk. In other words, the file is left as it was
    on starting the session. 
 
 SELECT 
    The SELECT command allows you to retain a subset of the data. The  rest
    is discarded. The subset chosen may be by account range, date range, or
    a specific reference type. 
 
 COMPRESS 
    The COMPRESS transaction adds up groups of transactions,  and  re-posts
    them as  a  single  balance  forward  entry.  The  compression  may  be
    restricted to a specific range of dates, a specific set of accounts, or
    both. LEDGER will prompt for the date and comment to  be  used  in  the
    balance forward entries. 
 
 GETDATA 
    The GETDATA command allows transactions from another file to be  merged
    into the file being edited. Transactions taken from the second file may
    be restricted to a specific range of dates or accounts. 
 
 GETACCT 
    The GETACCT command allows a set of account numbers to  be  taken  from
    another ledger file. The accounts taken may be restricted to a specific
    range of accounts. 
 
 GETALL 
    The GETALL command is a combined GETDATA and GETACCT command. That  is,
    both transactions and accounts may be taken from a second file. 
 
 TRANSLATE 
    The TRANSLATE command causes LEDGER to go through all transactions, and
    convert the account numbers to one of the two cross  reference  account
    numbers. 
 
 SCRAP 
    The SCRAP command scraps all data. That is, after a scrap  command  the
    current file will be empty. Typically, the SCRAP command is used with a
    work file to empty it, so that a new work file can be started. 
 
 LAST 
    The LAST command will go to the last page of the file. This is the same
    as typing the PGDN key until the message "on  last  page"  appears,  or
    pressing the END key. 
 
 FIRST 
    The FIRST command will go to the first page of the file.  This  is  the
    same as typing the PGUP key until you get to page one. 
 
 CDATE 
    The CDATE command allows you to change all dates in a file. If a  digit
    is typed in one or more of  the  "from"  digit  positions,  only  dates
    matching that digit will be changed. An asterisk in  the  "from"  field
    means that the digit need not match. 
 
 CACCOUNT 
    The CACCOUNT command allows  you  to  change  all  transaction  account
    numbers in a file. If a digit is typed in one or  more  of  the  "from"
    digit positions, only accounts matching that digit will be changed.  An
    asterisk in a "from" field digit means that the digit need not match. 
 
 CHECK 
    The CHECK command caused LEDGER  to  scan  the  entire  file,  checking
    account numbers. If a transaction with an  unknown  account  number  is
    found, LEDGER will position the cursor at that transaction. 
 
 PRINTER 
    The PRINTER command allows you to change the printer format.  This  may
    be necessary for non-IBM compatible printers. The  PRINTER  command  is
    documented in Appendix V of the manual. 
 
 SWITCH 
    The switch command reverses debits and credits. That is, a  debit  will
    become a credit, and a credit will become a debit. Transactions  to  be
    switched are selected by date range and/or account range. 
    
                                    Reports
    
         
         Choose the desired report by moving the cursor up  and  down,  and
    typing a RETURN. Further prompts will be given in the form of  fill  in
    the blanks. When this has been done, type another RETURN. 
         
         All reports have a blank labeled  "Destination".  The  destination
    may be an "L", for the list device (printer), an "S", for  the  screen,
    or an "F" for a file. The file name from the screen is  only  used  for
    the destination "F". Writing a report into a disk file allows it to  be
    used as input to a word processing program. 
         
         All reports  have  spaces  for  various  ranges  of  dates  and/or
    accounts. When a range is used, it  is  always  inclusive  of  the  end
    points. (ie: 01-001 to 50-050 includes accounts 01-001 and 50-050). 
         
         Keep in mind that although a file may balance, the figures  within
    a specific range of dates may not. Care must be used in  entering  data
    if periodic statements are to be prepared. 
    
                                Accounts Report
    
         
         The Account number report is a  listing  of  all  account  numbers
    within the current ledger. A copy  of  this  report  is  a  very  handy
    reference when posting. 
         
         All reports have a blank labeled  "Destination".  The  destination
    may be an "L", for the list device (printer), an "S", for  the  screen,
    or an "F" for a file. The file name from the screen is  only  used  for
    the destination "F". Writing a report into a disk file allows it to  be
    used as input to a word processing program. 
         
         All reports  have  spaces  for  various  ranges  of  dates  and/or
    accounts. When a range is used, it  is  always  inclusive  of  the  end
    points. (ie: 01-001 to 50-050 includes accounts 01-001 and 50-050). 
         
         The listed account numbers may be restricted to  posting  accounts
    by filling in a "Y" (Yes) at the "Posting only" prompt. 
    
                                Budgets Report
    
         
         The Budgets listing report is NOT a budgets  report.  The  budgets
    report is at the bottom of the menu. This report is a  listing  of  the
    current budget settings. 
         
         All reports have a blank labeled  "Destination".  The  destination
    may be an "L", for the list device (printer), an "S", for  the  screen,
    or an "F" for a file. The file name from the screen is  only  used  for
    the destination "F". Writing a report into a disk file allows it to  be
    used as input to a word processing program. 
         
         All reports  have  spaces  for  various  ranges  of  dates  and/or
    accounts. When a range is used, it  is  always  inclusive  of  the  end
    points. (ie: 01-001 to 50-050 includes accounts 01-001 and 50-050). 
         
         The listed budgets  may  be  restricted  to  posting  accounts  by
    filling in a "Y" (Yes) at the "Posting only" prompt. 
    
                            Cross-Reference Report
    
         
         This report is a listing of the current  account  numbers  of  the
    ledger with their cross-reference account numbers (XREF1 and XREF2). 
         
         All reports have a blank labeled  "Destination".  The  destination
    may be an "L", or list device, an "S", for the screen, or  an  "F"  for
    file. If the destination is a file, the file name blank will  be  used.
    Writing a file to disk allows  it  to  be  used  as  input  to  a  word
    processing program. 
         
         All reports  have  spaces  for  various  ranges  of  dates  and/or
    accounts. When a range is used, it  is  always  inclusive  of  the  end
    points. (ie: 01-001 to 50-050 includes accounts 01-001 and 50-050). 
         
         The listed account numbers may be restricted to  posting  accounts
    by filling in a "Y" (Yes) at the "Posting only" prompt. 
    
                                Journal Report
    
         
         This report is a listing of current transactions  in  date  order,
    two column format. A range of dates or a range of account  numbers  may
    be specified. When a range is used, it is always inclusive of  the  end
    points. (ie: 01-001 to 50-050 includes accounts 01-001 and 50-050). 
         All reports have a blank labeled  "Destination".  The  destination
    may be an "L", for the list device (printer), an "S", for  the  screen,
    or an "F" for a file. The file name from the screen is  only  used  for
    the destination "F". Writing a report into a disk file allows it to  be
    used as input to a word processing program. 
         The transaction type may  be  set  to  asterisk  (all  types),  or
    specified as a single letter. This allows a listing  of  just  specific
    transaction types. 
         For example, if the letter "C" is used as the transaction type for
    cheques, a cheque register can be  printed  with  this  report.  Simply
    specify transaction type "C", and limit the range of account numbers to
    the bank accounts. 
    
                                 Ledger Report
    
         
         This report is a listing of current transactions in account number
    order, three column format. Each account is printed on a separate page.
    A range of dates or a range of account numbers may be specified. When a
    range is used, it is always inclusive of the end points. (ie: 01-001 to
    50-050 includes accounts 01-001 and 50-050). 
         
         All reports have a blank labeled  "Destination".  The  destination
    may be an "L", for the list device (printer), an "S", for  the  screen,
    or an "F" for a file. The file name from the screen is  only  used  for
    the destination "F". Writing a report into a disk file allows it to  be
    used as input to a word processing program. 
         
         The transaction type may  be  set  to  asterisk  (all  types),  or
    specified as a single letter. This allows a listing  of  just  specific
    transaction types. 
    
                                  Statements
    
         
         The statement report is a  two  column  (Debit/Credit)  statement.
    Pagination  and  sub-totaling  is  controlled  by  the  accounts.  (see
    Accounts Help Screen). 
         
         All reports have a blank labeled  "Destination".  The  destination
    may be an "L", for the list device (printer), an "S", for  the  screen,
    or an "F" for a file. The file name from the screen is  only  used  for
    the destination "F". Writing a report into a disk file allows it to  be
    used as input to a word processing program. 
         
         All reports  have  spaces  for  various  ranges  of  dates  and/or
    accounts. When a range is used, it  is  always  inclusive  of  the  end
    points. (ie: 01-001 to 50-050 includes accounts 01-001 and 50-050). 
         
         Keep in mind that although a file may balance, the figures  within
    a specific range of dates may not. Care must be used in  entering  data
    if periodic statements are to be prepared. 
    
                            Multi-Column Statements
    
         
         Three multiple column statement formats are available.  These  are
    two, three, and four column. Each column corresponds  to  a  particular
    date range. Within each column, debits and credits  are  differentiated
    by brackets. The default is to bracket debits. This can be reversed  on
    an account by account basis by  setting  the  "format"  column  in  the
    account. Pagination and sub-totaling is  controlled  by  the  accounts.
    (see Accounts Help Screen). 
         All reports have a blank labeled  "Destination".  The  destination
    may be an "L", for the list device (printer), an "S", for  the  screen,
    or an "F" for a file. The file name from the screen is  only  used  for
    the destination "F". Writing a report into a disk file allows it to  be
    used as input to a word processing program. 
         All reports  have  spaces  for  various  ranges  of  dates  and/or
    accounts. When a range is used, it  is  always  inclusive  of  the  end
    points. (ie: 01-001 to 50-050 includes accounts 01-001 and 50-050). 
         Keep in mind that although a file may balance, the figures  within
    a specific range of dates may not. Care must be used in  entering  data
    if periodic statements are to be prepared. 
    
                             Compressed Statement
    
         
         The compressed statement is a short statement giving the  subtotal
    accounts only. It is designed to give a "snapshot"  statement,  and  is
    useful during balancing. 
         
         All reports have a blank labeled  "Destination".  The  destination
    may be an "L", for the list device (printer), an "S", for  the  screen,
    or an "F" for a file. The file name from the screen is  only  used  for
    the destination "F". Writing a report into a disk file allows it to  be
    used as input to a word processing program. 
         
         All reports  have  spaces  for  various  ranges  of  dates  and/or
    accounts. When a range is used, it  is  always  inclusive  of  the  end
    points. (ie: 01-001 to 50-050 includes accounts 01-001 and 50-050). 
    
                                Budgets Report
    
         
         The budgets report gives account balances and budget  figures  for
    each account. The balance is also expressed as a percentage  of  budget
    for comparison. A report ratio may be given before starting. This ratio
    is used to adjust the budget for a particular period. For  example,  at
    the end of the first quarter, the ratio 1:4 would cause all budgets  to
    be adjusted to 1/4 before the calculations is done. 
         
         All reports have a blank labeled  "Destination".  The  destination
    may be an "L", for the list device (printer), an "S", for  the  screen,
    or an "F" for a file. The file name from the screen is  only  used  for
    the destination "F". Writing a report into a disk file allows it to  be
    used as input to a word processing program. 
         
         All reports  have  spaces  for  various  ranges  of  dates  and/or
    accounts. When a range is used, it  is  always  inclusive  of  the  end
    points. (ie: 01-001 to 50-050 includes accounts 01-001 and 50-050). 
    
                                 The Find Key
         The find key allows you to search the LEDGER file for  a  specific
    transaction. When the key is pressed, LEDGER will ask for the  type  of
    search. You must type one of A, D, R, or $. These specify a search  for
    an account number, a date, a transaction reference, or a dollar  amount
    respectively. Note that if in Accounts or Budget mode,  LEDGER  assumes
    an account number search. 
         
         After the search  type  has  been  specified,  LEDGER  presents  a
    template of the required field. This is filled in, and the  RETURN  key
    is pressed. The search is then done. 
         
         As the template is left unchanged,  successive  searches  for  the
    same thing may be invoked by typing RETURN as soon as the  template  is
    presented. 
         
         
    
    Note that an asterisk(*) as the reference specifies any reference type.
    For example, <*#00001> specifies any reference type,  as  long  as  the
    reference number is one. 
    
                              For Non-bookkeepers
    
     Writing a cheque:      DEBIT an expense account, CREDIT the bank
                       or   DEBIT payables, CREDIT the bank
     Invoicing a customer:  DEBIT a customer, CREDIT a revenue account
                       or   DEBIT receivables, CREDIT a revenue account
     Collecting a payment:  CREDIT a customer or payables, DEBIT the bank
     Bank deposits:         as above
     Getting an Invoice:    DEBIT an expense account, CREDIT payables or supplier
     Petty cash payments:   DEDIT an expense account, CREDIT petty cash
     Money into petty cash: DEBIT petty cash, CREDIT the bank
    
      For owners:
     Out of pocket expense: DEBIT an expense account, CREDIT yourself
     Draws against profit:  DEBIT yourself, CREDIT the bank
    
    
                                  File Names
    
         
         Each set of books, or ledger, is a disk file for to LEDGER system.
    The ledger file  contains  both  transactions  and  a  set  of  account
    numbers. It has the extension ".LDG". For  example,  a  payroll  ledger
    might have the name PAYROLL.LDG. 
         
         To edit a ledger file, type the command LEDGER,  followed  by  the
    name of the ledger file. The extension need not be typed. For  example,
    the command "LEDGER PAYROLL" would start the  editing  of  the  payroll
    ledger, file name PAYROLL.LDG. Note: If the ledger file does not exist,
    it will be created. 
         
         After the command, LEDGER reads the entire file into  memory.  All
    editing is done in  memory;  the  disk  version  of  the  file  remains
    unchanged. If the extended command "QUIT" is used  to  exit,  the  file
    remains as it was. If the "END" command is used to exit, LEDGER renames
    the  original  file  to  the  extension  ".BAK".  That  is,  the   file
    PAYROLL.LDG becomes  PAYROLL.BAK.  The  new,  edited  version  is  then
    written to disk under the original name (ie-PAYROLL.LDG). 
    
                                The Calculator
    
         
         The ALT 8 (CALC) key will bring a calculator  up  on  the  screen.
    This is a standard five function calculator: add,  subtract,  multiply,
    divide,  and  percent.  When  the  ESCape  character  is  entered,  the
    calculator disappears and the cursor is restored. 
         
         The calculator register, shown on the face of the calculator,  can
    be entered into a ledger line. This is done with the ALT 3 (GETC)  key.
    In budgets mode, there is only one suitable  field  on  the  line  (the
    budget), and the number on the face of the calculator will  be  entered
    to the field when ALT 3 is pressed. 
         
         In journal or ledger mode,  the  prompt  "Debit  or  Credit"  will
    appear on the prompt line. Depending on whether the "D" or "C"  key  is
    pressed, the calculator register will be put into the debit  or  credit
    column. In both cases, the screen  line  is  the  one  of  the  current
    cursor. 
