Copyright: Copyright (C) 1997-1999 Innovative Music Systems, Inc.
Citation: Copyright (C) 1997-1999 Innovative Music Systems, Inc.


Version Information

Polyphonic Edition

Version 2.0

If you have upgraded from the standard edition of intelliScore, you will soon notice that you use the polyphonic edition in much the same way.  There are only a few minor differences as noted below and described in detail within this User Guide:

•	Pitch Mode is now at the novice user level and includes the polyphonic option

•	Note Range is now at the novice user level

•	Cluster Detection feature has been added

•	Sensitivity setting has been added


Introduction

Have you ever been struck with a moment of bursting creativity, recorded a great new idea for a song or a hot new lick, but now can't remember what notes you played?  Are you a music teacher who needs an easier way to write down a practice sequence for your student?  Or, are you a music copyist who is looking for a simpler alternative to playing a recording of a song over and over to pick out the notes and write them down?

Electronic equipment and computer software has been available for over ten years to record music in the form of a MIDI file so it could later be automatically notated, played back using the sounds in your sound card or MIDI-enabled musical instruments, edited in a sequencer,  or used on Web pages to save space over wave files.  The catch is that the music has to be "played in" on a MIDI-enabled instrument, so you have to know how to play a song in order to record it.

A few products have been recently developed that will allow you to sing or play a non-MIDI instrument, determine the notes you played, and write them to a MIDI file.  We call this new field of computer technology "automatic music recognition".  The catch here, of course, is that these products can only recognize songs played monophonically -- one note at a time.  How many songs do you know that contain only one note at a time?

Attempts have been made over the years to create an automatic music recognition system that recognizes polyphonic music — music containing more than one note at a time, such as chords.  This has proved to be a daunting task, however.  If you wanted a recording of polyphonic music to be converted into a MIDI file, the fact remained that you had to succumb to the grueling task of picking out the notes yourself.

Until now.

IntelliScore music recognition system will listen to your music and help figure it out for you.  You simply copy the music into the computer from an audio CD, a tape recording, a record, an existing wave file, or whatever.  You do not need a MIDI-enabled instrument.  You do not need to know how to play the song.  After setting some parameters, IntelliScore will convert a wave file to a MIDI file, ready for cleanup through a sequencer.  Thereafter, you can play back the MIDI file on your own MIDI-enabled musical instruments or notated.  IntelliScore is for music performers, publishers, arrangers, and teachers who work with sheet music or MIDI files.

IntelliScore doubles your productivity, letting you spend more time making music and being creative and less time picking out notes.

•	See also: A Personal Note


A Personal Note

I am a musician like you.  When I'm not spending time with my family and developing software on my computer, I am playing piano and composing.  Over the years I've recorded dozens of tapes full of my musical ideas played on the family piano.  As time passed, I forgot what notes I played.  Eventually I wanted to use these ideas, but I was faced with the overwhelming task of having to pick them out note by note.  There had to be some computer software out there that could do this for me and all the other countless frustrated musicians out there, I figured -- sort of like speech recognition software, which converts speech into text, but for music instead.  A wave to MIDI file converter.  I looked and looked, but like so many other musicians had learned, no such product was to be found.  I found my quest -- to create just such a system.

Developing IntelliScore has been a labor of love extending over six years.  I broke new ground and made several discoveries along the way.  It has been a jagged course with many wrong turns as well as several exciting accomplishments.  I have learned to appreciate and understand music in a whole new way, not only as a combination of sounds pleasing to my ear, but as mathematical symmetry.  I thank my family for enduring with me through this process.  I hope you enjoy using this software as much as I enjoyed creating it.

J. Kohler


Pitch modes

•	Polyphonic

•	Super accurate monophonic

•	Rhythm only mode


Recognition Support
Recognition

•	Converts wave files to MIDI files with unlimited polyphony

•	Automatically detects key and chords

•	Automatically filters out noise and non-tuned percussion, such as applause, static, cymbal crashes, snare drum rolls, etc.

•	Constrain To Key option

•	Auto Gain option

•	Transpose playback pitch

•	Change playback Speed

•	Boost/cut playback Volume

•	Wave Threshold and MIDI Threshold

•	Speaker buttons to help set recognition parameters

•	Tempo Tracker feature ensures that timing information never strays off beat, even when the tempo varies

•	Displays full Status information


Installing IntelliScore
Install

To install IntelliScore on your computer, perform the following steps:

1.	Quit all other programs that may be running before installing IntelliScore.

2.	Place the CD in your CD-ROM drive or disk 1 in the floppy drive.

3.	Click on "Start | Run...".

4.	Type x:\setup.exe in the text box and click on "OK" (where x: is the letter of the drive you are installing from).

5.	Follow the instructions on the screen.

6.	You will be asked to specify an installation folder.  You may select any folder you choose, but this User Guide assumes you chose C:\Program Files\intelliScore Polyphonic\.

7.	You will be asked to specify a folder for the program shortcuts.  You may select any folder you choose, but this User Guide assumes you chose intelliScore Polyphonic.

1.	The setup program will begin copying files to your computer.  If newer versions are already on your computer, they will not be overwritten.


Uninstalling IntelliScore
Uninstall

You should always use the intelliScore uninstall utility should you desire to remove IntelliScore from your system.  Additionally, if you want to move IntelliScore's files to a different folder or hard disk on your system, you should first use the uninstall utility to remove it, then run the install utility again to place the files to the new folder.  To use the uninstall utility, perform the following steps:

1.	Click on "Start | Settings | Control Panel".

2.	Double-click on the "Add/Remove Programs" icon.

3.	Under the "Install/Uninstall" tab, select "intelliScore Polyphonic".

4.	Click on the "Add/Remove" button and follow the instructions on the screen.

5.	No files will be removed that are being used by another Windows 95 or Windows NT program.  If a file in the Windows system folder is not needed by any other program on your system, you will be prompted before deleting the file.


Starting IntelliScore
Start

To start the program, do one of the following:

•	Click on "Start | Programs | intelliScore Polyphonic | intelliScore Polyphonic".

•	In Windows Explorer, double-click on a project file.  These files have a .ipr extension.  When the program starts, it will automatically load the project you clicked.  The first time you do this a window will appear requesting you to indicate which program you want to run when filenames with that extension are clicked upon.  Type IntelliScore Project in the Description box.  Select iSpmrs from the list of programs and click the OK button.


Step By Step Guide

Before converting specific wave files, tell IntelliScore about yourself.  IntelliScore remembers this information and uses it for every conversion until you tell it otherwise.  Select "Tools | Options..." in the Menu Bar.  You should first specify your User Level.  If you are new to IntelliScore, you should always select Novice.  This will hide conversion parameters from you that are often difficult to set properly and are rarely used anyway.  Once you become familiar with these parameters and are obtaining successful results, or you just want to experiment, you can select Expert.  This will show the simpler parameters along with the more esoteric ones.

Next, indicate how you intend to use the MIDI files to be created by IntelliScore.  If you want to play back the MIDI files, check the first box.  This will allow you to set parameters affecting how the MIDI file sounds when played back and does not require you to have any knowledge of music theory.  If you intend to notate the MIDI files, check the second box.  This will allow you to set parameters affecting how the sheet music will appear.  To set these parameters, you need to know how to read music.  If you would like to both play the MIDI files and notate them, check both boxes.  The first time you use IntelliScore, you will probably obtain best results if you leave both boxes checked.

Once you have finished with the Options window, you are now ready to create projects.  A project contains everything IntelliScore needs to know to convert a wave file to a MIDI file.  It specifies what wave file to recognize, what the resulting MIDI file should be called, and many parameters that affect the recognition process.  To create a new project with default parameters, select "File | New" in the Menu Bar or click on the Blank Document Icon in the Tool Bar.  To open an existing project, select "File | Open..." in the Menu Bar or click on the Open Folder Icon in the Tool Bar.

To edit the project, select "Edit | Project..." in the Menu Bar or click on the Document With Pointing Finger Icon in the Tool Bar.  The parameters are grouped into several tabs representing different aspects of music.  At first, you may be overwhelmed by the number of parameters displayed.  However, for any particular project you will probably only need to adjust a few of them; the default values usually work just fine.  In fact, you may never modify some of the parameters.

You may be tempted to "open up" the parameters with the belief this will result in the highest recognition accuracy.  In fact, all it will do is slow your computer to a crawl when you run the recognizer.  The best results are obtained when the settings are somewhere in the middle.  As with everything else in life, IntelliScore's parameters should be used in moderation.

Setting the parameters is an iterative process; you set initial parameters, run the recognizer, evaluate the results, adjust the parameters, run the recognizer again, and evaluate the results.  The following is a suggested procedure to help you have successful, painless experiences and fastest results with IntelliScore.  Of course, you can use whatever method works best for you.

1.	Obtain or select wave file

2.	Select pitch mode

3.	Set meter, (notate mode only)

4.	Set tempo

5.	Enter name of MIDI file

6.	Select instrument patch, (playback mode only)

7.	Run recognizer and listen to results

8.	Adjust note range

9.	Adjust key (notate mode only)

10.	Adjust notes per beat (note resolution)

11.	Run the recognizer again

12.	Use sequencer tools to clean up MIDI file


Step By Step Guide: Step 2. Select pitch mode

Next, switch to the Pitch Tab.  Indicate the Pitch Mode to use in recognizing the wave file.  If you want to capture only the rhythm of the piece and not the notes, select the Rhythm Only radio button.  If you want to capture several notes playing at the same time, stick with Polyphonic mode.  If you want to capture the notes but the recording never has more than one note sounding at a time, select Monophonic.  This mode provides greatest recognition accuracy for monophonic music.

•	To go to the previous step, click here.

•	To go to the next step, click here.


Step By Step Guide: Step 3. Set meter (notate mode only)

The Meter parameter is only visible if you indicated in the Options window that you intend to notate the MIDI file.  Set the Meter to match that of the music.  ("Meter" and "Time Signature" are the equivalent terms.)  You should be able to hear how many beats there are within each bar.  The "Beats Per Measure" setting is optional, as it will only affect the appearance of the MIDI file when it is notated in a MIDI editor.  If you don’t know the meter of the music, simply leave it alone; the default value will be correct for most music.

•	To go to the previous step, click here.

•	To go to the next step, click here.


Step By Step Guide: Step 4. Set tempo

Now tell IntelliScore where the beats fall in the music by using the Tempo Tracker.  Switch to the Timing Tab and click the Play button (it contains the right arrow icon.)  The wave file will begin playing.  Click on the button to the right of the Play button or press the <SPACE BAR> in time with the music starting with the first downbeat of the section you want recognized.  (The downbeat is the first beat of the measure or bar.)  Basically, tap at a steady rate every time your head tells you to tap your foot.  You do not need to click at the same speed as the notes are being played; several notes can play in between each tap.  One rule of thumb that applies to most modern music is to listen to the rhythm.  The rhythm usually consists of a repeating pattern.  If you tap four times per pattern, you will notice that the loudest drum hit occurs on the third of every four beats.  You can stop tapping when this value stabilizes, but for best accuracy, you should tap the entire portion of the song that you want recognized; this ensures synchronization is maintained even if the music changes tempo.  When you are finished, press the Stop button (it contains the square icon) or wait for the wave file to finish playing.  When prompted, click the Yes button if you tapped the entire portion of the wave file you want recognized; this will set the Time Range automatically.  If you tapped only the beginning until the tempo stabilized, click the No button.  If you missed a beat, simply click No and start this step over.

•	To go to the previous step, click here.

•	To go to the next step, click here.


Step By Step Guide: Step 5. Enter name of MIDI file

Switch to the Midi Tab.  The name of the MIDI file to be created is displayed here, and defaults to the same name as the wave file, except that it has a .mid extension.  If you want IntelliScore to replace a different MIDI file that currently exists, you may use the "Browse..." button to locate it.

•	To go to the previous step, click here.

•	To go to the next step, click here.


Step By Step Guide: Step 6. Select instrument patch (playback mode only)

The Patch parameter is visible only if you indicated in the Options window that you intend to play back or edit the MIDI file.  Select an instrument in the Patch drop-down list box that most resembles the overall sound used in the wave file.  This will be the patch used when the MIDI file is played back and does not affect how accurately IntelliScore can recognize the notes played in your wave file.  Your wave file can contain several instruments playing at the same time, but they will all be played back using the same patch.  The sound of the patch originates from your sound card, of course, and is not based on the actual timbre of the sounds present in the wave file.  To hear what the patch sounds like, select one from the list and then click the Speaker button.

•	To go to the previous step, click here.

•	To go to the next step, click here.


Step By Step Guide: Step 7. Run recognizer and listen to results

Now we are ready to run our first test.  Close the Project Editor.  IntelliScore will prompt you to start the recognizer.  Click Yes.  A Status window displays.  Following a brief initialization period, the "Time Elapsed", "Estimated Time Remaining", and "Estimated Total Time" are displayed.  The values in the Status window are updated each second while the wave file is being recognized.  When it is finished, your MIDI editor will open so you can examine the generated MIDI file.

You may not be satisfied with the results at this point.  That is okay, because you are not done yet.  Now you are getting ready to set the most important parameters which not only will increase the accuracy of recognition, but probably make the recognition faster as well.

You can have your MIDI editor notate the file so you can see the notes, chords, and key that IntelliScore detected.

Have the MIDI editor play the MIDI file. Even though the MIDI file may contain the same notes that are present in the wave file, the MIDI file sounds different when played.  This is due to two reasons.  First, the instrument sounds originate from your sound card or MIDI-enable musical instrument, which will not be the same as the instrument sounds recorded in the wave file.  Secondly, even though the wave file may have been recorded using several different instruments, the MIDI file contains only one track, so that all notes are played back on the one instrument you chose with the Patch setting.

Pay attention to how rapidly notes are played.  Determine if the MIDI file plays notes less frequently than they exist in the wave file so that it misses some of them.  Conversely, note if the MIDI file plays notes more frequently than it should so that it includes several notes that do not exist in the wave file.

Also while it is playing and if the music is polyphonic, listen to determine whether the lowest and highest notes played in the wave file are present in the MIDI file.  If you can read music, have your MIDI editor or notation software notate the MIDI file at look for the lowest and highest notes that were accurately recognized.

Stop playing the MIDI file.  Exit the MIDI editor program to return to IntelliScore.

•	To go to the previous step, click here.

•	To go to the next step, click here.


Step By Step Guide: Step 8. Adjust note range

Start the Project Editor again.  If the music that was recognized is polyphonic, switch to the Pitch Tab.  If the Auto Detect feature is enabled, as it is by default when the Pitch Mode is Polyphonic, IntelliScore has detected the highest and lowest notes in the MIDI file within the range that was previously set.  The Auto Detect feature then reset the High and Low notes to match these values.  The Auto Detect feature only reduces the range; it does not increase it.  Therefore, if you determined that there were notes present in the wave file that were not in the MIDI file, either by looking at the notation or by listening, you should increase this range.  Set the appropriate notes by typing them in the High and Low text boxes or by using the associated spinner controls.  If you have indicated in the Options window that you intend to notate the MIDI file, note names are given.  Otherwise, the MIDI note numbers are displayed.  You can also set the note range by using the slider on the left.  Drag the slider knob with the mouse to set the desired minimum note.  To set the High note, drag the slider knob to the desired position while holding down the <SHIFT> key.

•	To go to the previous step, click here.

•	To go to the next step, click here.


Step By Step Guide: Step 9. Adjust key (notate mode only)

The Key parameters are only visible if you indicated in the Options window that you intend to notate the MIDI file.  If the Key was originally set to Auto Detect, it was automatically set after running the recognizer.  If you would like to adjust the key, select the key in the Key pull-down list box and then clicking the appropriate radio button to indicate the key as Major or Minor.  To help you verify the key you have chosen, you can play the wave file through a wave file editor and click on the Speaker button next to the Key pull-down list box.  This will sound a chord representing the key you selected.  Comparing the sound of the chord to the original recording will help you verify the key.

•	To go to the previous step, click here.

•	To go to the next step, click here.


Step By Step Guide: Step 10. Adjust notes per beat (note resolution)

Next go to the Timing Tab and select a new setting in the Notes Per Beat drop-down list box if necessary. If you determined that the MIDI file missed some of the faster notes, increase the notes per beat.  Similarly, if too many notes are present in the MIDI file, decrease this value.

If you have indicated in the Options window that you intend to notate the MIDI file, the setting is called Note Resolution. If you determined that the MIDI file missed some of the faster notes, increase the resolution.  For example, if the current setting is Sixteenth note, change it to Thirty-second note.  Similarly, if too many notes are present in the MIDI file, decrease the resolution.

•	To go to the previous step, click here.

•	To go to the next step, click here.


Step By Step Guide: Step 11. Run the recognizer again

At this point click the OK button to close the Project Editor.  Restart the recognizer when prompted to do so.  Evaluate the new MIDI file and adjust the project parameters as appropriate.

•	To go to the previous step, click here

•	To go to the next step, click here.


Step By Step Guide: Step 12. Use sequencer tools to clean up MIDI file

When you are satisfied that you cannot adjust the parameters to produce any further improvements in the MIDI file, you may want to use the features provided with your MIDI editor to clean up and enhance the MIDI file.  You can add, delete, and change specific notes and their respective timings and dynamics.  You can also alter the MIDI file by transposing it and splitting different groups of notes into separate tracks.

Finally, you can play your completed MIDI file through the synthesizer contained in your sound card or through any MIDI instrument attached to your computer through a MIDI interface.  You can also have your MIDI editor or other software notate the file and print it out to create sheet music.

If you wish, you may save your project for future use.  Click the Disk Icon on the Tool Bar or select "File | Save" in the Menu Bar.  If this is a new project, you will be prompted to enter a name for it.  The name of the wave file (with a .ipr extension) will be suggested as the project name.

•	To go to the previous step, click here.


Case Study

Sir Edward Elgar (1857-1934)

When you installed IntelliScore onto your system, you may have elected to installed a set of sample files to the Samples sub-folder on your computer.  Included in this collection is a wave file representing a portion of one of Sir Edward Elgar's most noted works, Pomp & Circumstance, which is popularly performed at graduation ceremonies.  The wave file was recorded using the recommended settings described in the manual.  We will use this music as we follow the advice in the Step By Step Guide to give you practice at adjusting recognition parameters.  You can compare your work to the project and MIDI files we came up with.  Feel free to experiment, however.  That is the best way to learn how to use all the features of IntelliScore to their maximum potential.  To preserve the original files, back them up to a different folder or rename them, or else you will be prompted to replace them as you follow the case study.  You can also preserve and compare the results of your experiments using different filenames.  This case study assumes you are using the default settings in the Options window and that you installed IntelliScore at the default path of C:\Program Files\IntelliScore Polyphonic.

Click the Blank Document Icon in the Tool Bar to create a new project with default values.  The project editor opens. In the Wave Tab, click on the "Browse..." button.  In the Open Wave File dialog box, change to the folder in which you installed IntelliScore.  Select the file Samples\Pomp & Circumstance.wav.  Switch to the Pitch Tab.  As is the case with most music, Pomp & Circumstance contains more than one note sounding at a time, so leave the Pitch Mode set to Polyphonic.  At this point we don't know the key, so let's leave the set to Auto Detect.

Switch to the Timing Tab.  Since Pomp & Circumstance is a march, set the meter to 2/4.  Now use the Tempo Tracker. Start the wave file playing by pressing the Play button.  Tap the <SPACE BAR> in time with the music until the wave file finishes playing.  If you tapped the same way we did, the tap count should finish at 41:2 with a tempo of 104 beats per minute.  When prompted, click the Yes button to indicate that you tapped the entire portion of the wave file you want recognized; this will set the Time Range automatically.

Switch to the Midi Tab.  Accept the suggested MIDI filename of C:\Program Files\IntelliScore Polyphonic\Samples\Pomp & Circumstance.mid.  The melody sounds like it was played on a clarinet, so select 71 - Clarinet from the Patch list.  Click the OK button to close the Project Editor.  When prompted to do so, start the recognizer.

When it is finished, the sequencer will start with the generated MIDI file.  Note that IntelliScore detected the chords present in the wave file.  Play the MIDI file that IntelliScore has just created and listen to the range between the high notes and low notes being played.  Also listen to determine if the faster notes were detected.  You may also want to have the sequencer notate the MIDI file.  This MIDI file seems to cover the entire range of notes, including several notes that seem too high.  Note what a more appropriate high note would be.  Also note that IntelliScore determined that Pomp & Circumstance is in the key of G Major, which seems right.  Now close the sequencer.

Now reopen the project editor.  In the Pitch Tab, you will see that the Note Range automatically changed to D0 - B5 to reflect the range of notes IntelliScore detected in the wave file.  Lower the High Note to C4 to eliminate the notes that were too high.  Also in the Pitch Tab, you will see that the Key was automatically set to G Major.  Since this is correct, leave the setting alone.  In the Timing Tab, you can leave Notes Per Beat alone, because it sounded like the faster notes were adequately detected in the MIDI file.  Now, click the OK button to close the window and restart the recognizer with these optimized settings.

When it is finished, start the sequencer program.  You may want to edit notes individually as desired.  Be sure to save the final touched-up version of your MIDI file.


Main Window

The Main Window provides access to all of IntelliScore's windows through a Menu Bar and Tool Bar and allows you to load and save projects.

•	Menu Bar

•	Tool Bar

•	Title Bar

•	Status Bar

•	Sine Wave Button

•	Music Notes Button


Help Menu
Help Menu (accelerator key: H)

Provides access to help and program information.

Item	Accelerator Key	Shortcut

IntelliScore Polyphonic Help	H	<F1>

Step By Step Guide	G

About IntelliScore Polyphonic	A


IntelliScore Help Item, Help Menu
IntelliScore Polyphonic Help Item, Help Menu

Opens the IntelliScore Polyphonic help file, which contains a comprehensive reference, recording guidelines, background information, and troubleshooting tips.


Step By Step Guide Item, Help Menu
About IntelliScore Polyphonic Item, Help Menu

Displays version and legal information about IntelliScore Polyphonic.


Tool Bar

Contains buttons for quick access to some of the more frequently used functions in the Menu Bar.

Icon	Equivalent Menu Item

Blank Document	New Project

Open Folder	Open Project...

Disk	Save Project

Document With Pointing Finger	Edit Project

Lightening Bolt	Recognize

Question Mark	IntelliScore Polyphonic Help


Pitch Tab, Project Editor
Pitch Tab, Project Editor (accelerator key: P)

Contains controls to adjust the note range and key, as well as specify the pitch mode and transposition.

Item	Accelerator Key	Minimum Value	Maximum Value	Default Value

Pitch Mode	I - Polyphonic, H - Monophonic, Y - Rhythm Only	Polyphonic: 16

Low Note	C-2 (0)	<= High Note	C0 (24)

High Note	>= Low Note	*	C6 (96)

Auto Detect (Note Range)	checked

Key	7 flats	7 sharps	Auto Detect

Major/Minor	J - Major, R - Minor	Major

Constrain To Key	K	unchecked

Octave Transpose	-10	+10	0

Half Step Transpose	-11	+11	0

Detect Clusters	U	unchecked

                *Depends on sample rate of wave file: 44100 Hz - G8 (127), 22050 Hz - E8 (124), 11025 Hz - E7 (112).


Pitch Mode, Pitch Tab

User Level: Novice, Expert

MIDI File Usage: Playback, Notate

If your wave file has more than one note playing at a time, be sure to select Polyphonic.  Even though IntelliScore is capable of detecting an unlimited number of notes sounding at the same time, you might improve accuracy if you limit this number.  For example, if the wave file is a recording of a singing duet, set this value to 2.  If only one note sounds at a time, select Monophonic.  This mode produces MIDI files with greater accuracy with monophonic music.  Select Rhythm Only mode if you are not interested in what notes are being played, but only their timing.  This mode produces a MIDI file containing only Middle C notes (MIDI note number 60), unless you transpose it to a different note.  Rhythm Only mode works best if the music is monophonic.  When you change the Pitch Mode, the Auto Detect feature is either enabled or disabled off depending upon the new setting.


Note Range, Pitch Tab

User Level: Novice, Expert

MIDI File Usage: Playback, Notate

If the music you want recognized is polyphonic, you should try to restrict the recognized note range to the smallest possible range that contains all notes present in the wave file, but not beyond.  This will improve both recognition speed and accuracy.  You can use the Auto Detect feature to help set this range.  You can in theory specify a note range from C-2 up to G8 (MIDI note numbers 0 through 127, if the sample rate of the wave file is 44100 Hz), assuming Middle C is C3 (MIDI note number 60), but we don't recommend it.  A larger range also requires more memory.  For comparison, a piano has a note range of A-1 to C7 (MIDI note numbers 21 to 108).  Generally, a 4 octave range is sufficient.  Be especially careful not to set the Low note too high; if the created MIDI file contains many wrong notes, try lowering the Low note by an octave, or reduce the MIDI note number by 12.  You can specify the note range by using the slider, or by typing the note value in the High and Low boxes.  To set the low note using the slider, drag the slider knob down to the desired value.  The value you select is displayed in the Low box.  To set the high note, drag the slider knob up to the desired value while pressing the <SHIFT> key.  The value you select is displayed in the High box.

The first example has a note range of E3 - G3.  The second example has a note range of E3 - E4.


High Note, Pitch Tab

User Level: Novice, Expert

MIDI File Usage: Playback, Notate

Type the value of the highest note of the Note Range, or adjust it using the spinner control.  The displayed range in the Note Range slider will adjust accordingly.  To hear the note you selected, click on the Speaker button below the High box.


Low Note, Pitch Tab

User Level: Novice, Expert

MIDI File Usage: Playback, Notate

Type the value of the lowest note of the Note Range, or adjust it using the spinner control.  The displayed range in the Note Range slider will adjust accordingly.  To hear the note you selected, click on the Speaker button above the Low box.


Auto Detect (Note Range), Pitch Tab

User Level: Novice, Expert

MIDI File Usage: Playback, Notate

The Auto Detect helps you set the High and Low note values.  It is enabled by default when you set the Pitch Mode to Polyphonic. After running the recognizer without clicking the Stop button while this feature is enabled, intelliScore automatically detects the highest and lowest notes in the MIDI file within the range that was previously set.  It then adjusts the High and Low notes to match these values to be used the next time you run the recognizer.  The Auto Detect feature only reduces the range; it does not increase it.  Therefore, if you determine that there are notes present in the wave file that were not in the MIDI file, you should increase this range.  Since the Auto Detect feature modifies the project, you be asked if you want to save the changes when you close it by opening another project, creating a new project, or exiting IntelliScore.


Detect Clusters, Pitch Tab

User Level: Expert

MIDI File Usage: Playback, Notate

Check this box if your music contains adjacent notes that sound at the same time.  If the Constrain To Key feature is enabled, adjacent notes are notes that are next to each other in the key.  If the Constrain To Key option is disabled, adjacent notes would be separated by half-step intervals.  An example of the second case would be the first inversion of the C major 7 chord, containing the notes E - G - B - C.  The notes B and C are only a half-step apart, meaning the notes are right next to each other.  Enabling this feature significantly increases recognition time.  Since these clusters occur only infrequently in most music, it is usually best to leave this feature turned off.

The first example contains a half-step interval between B and C, requiring the Detect Clusters feature.
The second example does not, and therefore would not benefit from the Detect Clusters feature.


Timing Tab, Project Editor
Timing Tab, Project Editor (accelerator key: T)

Contains settings that effect the tempo, speed, meter, and the duration of notes in the MIDI file.

Item	Accelerator Key	Minimum Value	Maximum Value	Default Value

Tempo Tracker	5 bpm	1080 bpm	120 bpm

Beats Per Measure	1	99	4

Beat Value	1	32	4

Notes Per Beat (Note Resolution)	Whole note	1/128 note triplets	Eighth note

Beats Per Chord	1	99	4

Sensitivity	0	7	1

Speed	12.5%	800%	100%


Sensitivity, Timing Tab

User Level: Expert

MIDI File Usage: Playback, Notate

In some forms of music IntelliScore may have difficulty detecting the melody if the music contains a lot of percussion and quicker notes at the same time.  If the melody in the MIDI file is lacking after running the recognizer, try increasing the Sensitivity by moving the slider one notch to the right.  You should only increase the Sensitivity when necessary, because higher sensitivities result in greatly slowing down recognition.  Therefore it is best to start with the default setting and work from there.  The Sensitivity setting is not available when the Pitch Mode is not Polyphonic.


Dynamics Tab, Project Editor
Dynamics Tab, Project Editor (accelerator key: D)

Contains settings indicating the volume of the wave file and affecting the relative volume of notes in the created MIDI file.  Note that no properties are visible if the User Level is set to Novice.

Item	Accelerator Key	Minimum Value	Maximum Value	Default Value

Wave Threshold	1	32767	512

Midi Threshold	1	127	6

Note On Velocity	N	checked

Note Off Velocity	F	checked

Auto Gain	G	checked

Volume	12.5%	800%	200%


Volume, Dynamics Tab

User Level: Expert

MIDI File Usage: Playback

You can change the volume of the notes so that they are louder or softer in the created MIDI file than in the original wave file.  Boosting the volume will make them louder, while cutting the volume will make them softer.  In the center position there is no change.  You can click on the "Z" button to easily return the slider to the center position.  For polyphonic music, you will probably need to boost the volume in order to make the note volumes in the MIDI file match the wave file.  The default setting achieves this purpose.


About Window

Displays the version of the installed IntelliScore as well as legal information.  To access this window, select "Help | About IntelliScore" in the Menu Bar.

Button Caption	Accelerator Key

OK	O


On-line Help

IntelliScore contains extensive on-line help at three levels:

•	To access general help such as background information, select "Help | intelliScore Polyphonic Help" from the Menu Bar, click on the Question Mark Icon on the Tool Bar, or press <F1>.

•	For an explanation of a particular control on a window, click on the "What's This" Question Mark icon at the upper right corner of the window if it is present, and then click on the control you want to know more about.  Alternatively, you may click on the control you want to know more about, then press <F1>.

•	When an error message appears, you can often get more information about the error by pressing the Help key or <F1> key before dismissing the message box.


General Problems

Problem

I created a project, but I can't start the recognizer.

Possible Solutions

•	Select a Wave File.

Problem

The recognizer runs too slow or does not stop initializing.

Possible Solutions

•	Lower the Time Range.

•	Disable the Detect Clusters feature.

•	Lower the Note Range.

•	Lower the Note Resolution.

•	Reduce the Sensitivity

•	Enable the Constrain To Key feature.

•	See the instructions for the "Out of memory" error.

•	Get a faster processor.

Problem

The MIDI file does not reflect the wave file accurately enough.

Possible Solutions

•	Follow the Step By Step Guide.

•	Check the recording quality of your wave file, and re-record it if necessary.  See Audio Sources for more information.

•	After trying the suggestions below for more specific problems, review the Project Editor section of the Parameter Reference chapter in this User Guide to learn how you can adjust various parameter settings to improve accuracy.

Problem

Some sections of the MIDI file are more accurate than others.

Possible Solutions

•	Recognize the wave file in several pieces, using a separate project specifically optimized for each piece.  This is particularly helpful if the music changes key, tempo, or rhythm.

Problem

The A#0 or B0 note (MIDI note number 34 or 35) keeps showing up in my MIDI file, but it should not be there.

Possible Solutions

•	Your 60Hz AC power supply may be bleeding into your audio recording.  Be sure you are powering your computer through a surge suppresser that provides EMI filtering and re-record your wave file.

Problem

The quieter parts of my wave file are not reflected in the MIDI file.

Possible Solutions

•	Increase the recording level and re-record your wave file.

•	Use the Automatic Gain Control (AGC) feature of your sound card, if it has one, and re-record your wave file.

Problem

My wave editor or MIDI editor does not automatically load my file when I start it from IntelliScore or displays an error message.

Possible Solutions

•	Your editor may not be compatible with this feature.  If so, you will need to load the file yourself after starting the editor.

•	Use a different editor.

•	You may not have the proper drivers or hardware installed.  Refer to your sound card documentation for help.

Problem

Where my wave file contains very high notes, strange erroneous notes show up in the MIDI file.

Possible Solutions

•	Re-record your wave file through a high frequency cutoff filter, if you have one.  Set the cutoff frequency to half of the sample rate.

•	Use the cutoff filter feature of your sound card, if it has one and re-record your wave file.  It may be automatic, in which case you do not need to set it.

Problem

I am having trouble recording a wave file, playing or transcribing a MIDI file, or installing my sound card.

Possible Solutions

•	Be sure the volume is turned up high enough to hear and not muted.

•	Refer to the manual that came with your wave editor, MIDI editor, or sound card.  We do not provide support for other vendors' products.

•	If you need additional help, call the appropriate vendor's help desk.

Problem

When I play back the MIDI file that IntelliScore created, the instrument does not sound anything like the patch I selected in the Project Editor.

Possible Solutions

•	You may have specified MIDI channel 10 in the Project Editor, which is reserved for percussion instruments.

•	Your sound card may not be compatible with General MIDI.

Problem

I can't see any chords when I view the MIDI file in my sequencer.

Possible Solutions

•	IntelliScore writes chord names to the MIDI file as markers, however, your sequencer may not support the display of markers.  Try another sequencer.


Error Message: Unable to run recognizer
Error Message:

Unable to run recognizer.

Possible Solutions:

•	See instructions for the "Out of memory" error.

•	The file iSpd.exe is not in the "C:\Program Files\intelliScore Polyphonic" folder or is corrupted.  Reinstall IntelliScore.


Automatic Music Recognition

A system that listens to music in waveform format and recognizes the notes being played, together with timing and dynamics information. IntelliScore Polyphonic is the world's only practical polyphonic automatic music recognition system, that is, it can recognize more than one note being played at a time.


Monophonic

Music that only contains one note at a time.  Examples would include a person singing all by himself or playing an instrument that can only create one note at a time, such as a flute.  However, most music is polyphonic.  IntelliScore Polyphonic is the world's only practical automatic music recognition system that can recognize polyphonic music.


Polyphonic

Music containing more than one note at a time, such as chords.  This would include most music played by a group of people such as a band or orchestra, or a single person playing an instrument that produces more than one note at a time, such as a guitar or piano.  Most music is polyphonic.  IntelliScore Polyphonic is the world's only practical polyphonic music recognition system.


Copyright Notice

Copyright © 1997-1999 Innovative Music Systems, Inc.

All rights reserved.  No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without prior written consent of the author.


Patent Notice

U.S. and foreign patents pending.


Trademark Acknowledgments

IntelliScore and Innovative Music Systems, Inc. are trademarks of Innovative Music Systems, Inc.

Sound Blaster is a trademark of Creative Labs, Inc.

Windows 95 and Windows NT are trademarks of Microsoft Corporation.

Pentium is a registered trademark of Intel, Inc.

Other product and company names mentioned herein may be the trademarks of their respective owners.


License Agreement

INNOVATIVE MUSIC SYSTEMS, INC. ("LICENSOR") IS WILLING TO LICENSE INTELLISCORE ("SOFTWARE") TO YOU ONLY IF YOU ACCEPT ALL OF THE TERMS IN THIS LICENSE AGREEMENT. PLEASE READ THE TERMS CAREFULLY BEFORE YOU INSTALL THIS SOFTWARE, BECAUSE BY INSTALLING THIS SOFTWARE YOU ARE AGREEING TO BE BOUND BY THE TERMS OF THIS AGREEMENT. IF YOU DO NOT AGREE TO THESE TERMS, LICENSOR WILL NOT LICENSE THIS SOFTWARE TO YOU, AND IN THAT CASE YOU SHOULD RETURN THIS PRODUCT PROMPTLY, INCLUDING THE PACKAGING, ALL MEDIA, AND ALL WRITTEN MATERIALS, TO THE PLACE OF PURCHASE PROMPTLY FOR A FULL REFUND.

Ownership of the Software

1.  The Software and the accompanying written materials are owned by Licensor and are protected by United States copyright laws, by laws of other nations, and by international treaties.

Grant Of License

2.  Licensor grants to you the right to use one copy of the Software on a single computer. You may load one copy into permanent memory of one computer and may use that copy, or the enclosed CD-ROM or diskettes, only on that same computer. You may install the Software on a single network server, provided that you have a License for Network Station from Licensor for each station of the network at which the Software is used.

Restrictions on Use and Transfer

3.  You may not copy the Software, except that (1) you may make one copy of the Software solely for backup or archival purposes, and (2) you may transfer the Software to a single hard disk provided you keep the original solely for backup or archival purposes. You may not copy the written materials.

4.  You may permanently transfer the Software and accompanying written materials (including the most recent update and all prior versions) if you retain no copies and the transferee agrees to be bound by the terms of this Agreement. Such a transfer terminates your license. You may not rent or lease the Software or otherwise transfer or assign the right to use the Software, except as stated in this paragraph.

5.  You may not reverse engineer, decompile, or disassemble the Software.

6.  You certify that you have obtained the required authorization or permission for the reproduction of any copyrighted works you process by using the Software.  You agree to indemnify and hold harmless Licensor for any liability or legal action as a result of processing copyrighted works.

Limited Warranty

7.  Licensor warrants that the media remain free from material defects for a period of 90 days from the date of your receipt of the Software.

8.  LICENSOR DISCLAIMS ALL OTHER WARRANTIES, EITHER EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE, AND NON-INFRINGEMENT, WITH RESPECT TO THE SOFTWARE AND THE ACCOMPANYING WRITTEN MATERIALS. This limited warranty gives you specific legal rights. You may have others, which vary from state to state.

9.  LICENSOR'S ENTIRE LIABILITY AND YOUR EXCLUSIVE REMEDY SHALL BE REPLACEMENT OF DEFECTIVE MEDIA WHICH IS RETURNED TO LICENSOR WITH A COPY OF YOUR RECEIPT. Any replacement Software will be warranted for the remainder of the original warranty period or 30 days, whichever is longer.

10.  This Limited Warranty is void if failure of the Software has resulted from modification, accident, abuse, or misapplication.

11.  IN NO EVENT WILL LICENSOR BE LIABLE TO YOU FOR DAMAGES, INCLUDING ANY LOSS OF PROFITS, LOST SAVINGS, OR OTHER INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES ARISING OUT OF YOUR USE OR INABILITY TO USE THE SOFTWARE. Because some states do not allow the exclusion or limitation of liability for consequential or incidental damages, the above limitation may not apply to you.

12.  This Agreement is governed by the laws of the State of Florida, in the United States of America.

13.  If you have any questions concerning this Agreement or wish to contact Licensor for any reason, please write: Innovative Music Systems, Inc., 11176 NW 46th Drive, Coral Springs, Florida 33076 or email info@intelliscore.net.

14.  U.S. Government Restricted Rights. The Software and documentation are provided with Restricted Rights. Use, duplication, or disclosure by the Government is subject to restrictions set forth in subparagraph (c)(1) of The Rights in Technical Data and Computer Software clause at DFARS 252.227-7013 or subparagraphs (c)(1)(ii) and (2) of Commercial Computer Software - Restricted Rights at 48 CFR 52.227-19, as applicable.


Help File Assumptions
Assumptions

This help file assumes you are already familiar with the Windows 9x interface, as well as any installed hardware and software such as sound cards and sequencers.  It assumes everything is properly installed, configured, and working properly.  The ability to read music is helpful, but not required.  Knowledge of recording terminology is helpful.  Additionally, this guide assumes you will have read it in its entirety and are familiar with its terminology before attempting to use IntelliScore to transform a wave file to a MIDI file.


Help File Typographical Conventions
Typographical Conventions

This help file uses consistent visual cues and text formats so that you can interpret it accurately.

<KEY>	The name of a key on the computer keyboard to be used.  For example, <F4> means press the key labeled "F4."  It does not mean type F followed by 4.

<KEY1+KEY2>	When two keys are joined by a "plus" sign, this means you should press both keys at the same time.  For example, <ALT+F4> means you should press the <ALT> key, and while holding it down, press the <F4> key, then release both keys.

bold	Characters printed in bold represent a value that should be typed exactly as it is shown or selected from a provided list.

italic	Words shown in italic are place holders for information you need to provide.  For example, if you are directed to type filename, enter the actual name for a file instead of the word "filename."

solid underline	Clicking on a solid underlined word or phrase will cause you to jump to a different topic relating to that word or phrase.

dotted underline	Clicking on a dotted underlined word or phrase will make additional information relating to that word or phrase appear in a pop-up window.  Click again to remove the pop-up window.

"quoted"	Items contained in quotes are names of items in the Menu Bar or Windows controls that are not described elsewhere.

"Label1 | Label2"	Labels separated by the pipe symbol specify how to navigate through the Menu Bar items to trigger a desired action.  For example, "File | Open" means click on the "File" label to open the File Menu, then click on the "Open" label.  This combination of actions opens a file.


This is a topic.


This is a pop-up window.


Wave File Format Support
Wave File Formats Supported

•	Sample rates: 11025 / 22050 / 44100 Hz

•	Monaural or stereo

•	8-bit or 16-bit sampling resolution

•	Handles wave files up to 2 billion bytes in length (However, we recommend recording a separate wave file for every section of a song, so that recognition parameters can be set differently for each section.)

•	Standard PCM format (uncompressed only)


MIDI File Support

•	Conforms to MIDI File Specification 1.0, format 0

•	Note Range: 0 (C-2) to 127 (G8), where middle C = 60 (C3)

•	Note On Velocity and Note Off Velocity: 1 - 127, 64 if disabled

•	Detected chords written as markers

•	Patch: 0 - 127 corresponding to General MIDI instrument names

•	MIDI Channel: 1 - 16

•	Notes Per Beat (Note Resolution): Whole note to 128th note, including triplets

•	Key Signature: All twelve major and minor keys

•	Meter (Time Signature): 1/1 to 99/32


Performance

•	Full 32-bit operation for best performance under Windows 95 and Windows NT

•	Optimized for fastest processing

•	Supports long filenames


How It Works

Suppose you were to listen to a music recording and enter it note by note into your sequencer.  For each note being played, you would need to determine its pitch, rhythm, and dynamics, which translate to which note is being played, when and how long the note is played, and how loud it is played.  IntelliScore must determine the same things.  The computer starts with a music recording in the form of a wave file.  If you visually examine such a wave file in your wave editor, it would be hard to conceive that we perceive that squiggly oscillating waveform as music.  Our ears perform the magic.  A snail-shaped organ in our inner ears contain many tiny hairs that vibrate in response to a waveform.  Which hairs vibrate determine the notes we hear.  Even if you are not musically trained sufficiently to name the notes being played, the fact is you perceive music as a set of notes, not as the oscillating waveform that initially enters your ear canal.

What may be rudimentary to us is often not so simple for computers, and music recognition is no exception.  Since computers cannot truly hear like we can, IntelliScore recognizes music by doing what computers do best - computations.  In fact, IntelliScore performs several million calculations to recognize a single piece of music.

It is important to note that a single wave file can be interpreted as several different combinations of notes.  To prove this point, try this challenge with your friends:  Give each of your friends a duplicate recording of a song.  To make it as interesting as possible, be sure the song uses several different instruments including percussion.  Have each person independently figure out all notes being played and create a MIDI file from them.  They can take as much time and listen to the recording as many times as they want.  Now compare the MIDI files, and you will find that they are not the same!  The differences are most pronounced in passages of music containing instruments having a bright timbre.  Is the sound created by many muted instruments playing different notes or a few bright instruments?  Now have IntelliScore create a MIDI file from the recording.  IntelliScore will give you a solution that represents the "essence" of the music, that is, the prominent chords and melody lines but not necessarily some of the more subtle parts.  Its results may be different than what you would have come up with.  However, even if though you may clean up the MIDI files created by IntelliScore, you will be spared of many hours of tedious effort of notating the song from scratch.

Of course our ears are not the only organ that help us to hear.  The other is our brain.  This is where we determine what set of notes are being played based upon our understanding of what notes belong together, and then decide whether or not we like these patterns.  The study of these patterns is known as music theory.  IntelliScore uses music theory, among other things, to help it recognize music.

See also:

•	Notes About MIDI

•	A Note About Accuracy and Speed


Notes About MIDI

MIDI files, just like sheet music, cannot represent the full range of expression that exists in live music performed by humans.  This is the reason why several people can perform the same piece of sheet music, yet the resulting sound is different.  Even a MIDI file played by one computer might sound different than another because the sound generation hardware may be different.  Wave table sound cards utilize actual recordings of real instruments, whereas FM (frequency modulation) sound cards create synthesized sounds.  Additionally, many musicians know that the music emanating from a computer playing a MIDI file can sound flat because it lacks the small errors introduced by human performers.  A wave file is a digital recording similar to that on an audio CD, and captures all the nuances in a performance.  A MIDI file, by contrast, represents musical information symbolically as a series of notes, volume, duration, etc.  Therefore, a certain amount of information is lost when converting wave files to MIDI files.  This section describes how information is mapped between the two formats.

Each note is tracked from when it begins sounding until when it ends.  The volume of the note as when it rises above the Midi Threshold is considered the "note on velocity".  Similarly, the volume of the note when it subsequently falls below the Midi Threshold is recorded as the "note off velocity".  These two events may coincide with the attack and release of the note if the Midi Threshold is low enough.  The volume may fluctuate while the note is sounding, but these fluctuations are lost.  If the pitch of the note fluctuates, this information is also lost.  The exception to this rule is when the pitch change is extreme enough to be considered a different note.  In this case, the first note is considered to end and the new note begins.  The note off velocity of the first note and the note on velocity of the new note are recorded as the volume of the note when the pitch change to the new note occurred.

Because note on velocity and note off velocity can be programmed on synthesizers to effect sounds in different ways beside volume, the resulting sound may not be as expected.  Differing envelopes of musical instruments also affect the velocity values.  An envelope consists of the attack, decay, sustain, and release volumes.  When a note is struck, the volume increases from zero during the attack stage then decreases partially during the decay stage.  The volume remains steady or continues to fall at a slower rate while the note is sustained.  When the note is released, the volume returns to zero.  The sustain phase of a piano's envelope, for example, decreases constantly.  In this case a note with a short duration (sooner release) on a piano would have a higher note off velocity than the same note with a longer duration.  However, the same note on a flute would result in a higher note off velocity than a piano, since the volume during sustain phase of a flute is constant.

You should also know that the MIDI standard enforces certain elements of modern Western music theory.  Music is represented using a twelve-tone scale, for example.  Only major and minor scales are recognized, for another.  This limitation of MIDI may also affect how accurately wave files can be represented as MIDI files.


A Note About Accuracy and Speed

Several factors affect the accuracy of the IntelliScore's proprietary music recognition algorithm in addition to the limits imposed by MIDI.  Non-tuned sounds such as drums, cymbals, applause, and noise are not converted to MIDI.  However, if you record the music yourself, recognition will be much improved if you leave percussion out of the recording.  The tone quality of different instruments affects recognition accuracy.  A bright instrument, such as a trumpet for instance, is not recognized as accurately as a flute, which produces a dull tone.  As a result IntelliScore will recognize some forms of music quite accurately, while it may refuse to recognize others.

Music with longer notes tend to be recognized more accurately.  Accuracy can be improved by adjusting the recognition parameters rather than accepting their default values.  There is a trade-off, as greater accuracy usually results in lengthening the time that IntelliScore requires to recognize a piece of music.  The best way to reduce recognition time without compromising accuracy is to run IntelliScore on the fastest processor possible.

When evaluating how well IntelliScore recognizes a piece of music, it is important to judge what the MIDI file sounds like rather than what it looks like after being notated.  MIDI files do not contain enough information to specify exactly how it should be notated.  As a result, two different music notation software programs will interpret the exact same MIDI file differently, creating sheet music that is different in appearance.  In a similar fashion, published sheet music often represents a copyist's interpretation of a piece of music.


System Requirements
Minimum System Requirements

•	Intel Pentium or higher (or compatible processor).  The key component affecting IntelliScore's recognition speed is the processor, so the faster, the better.  The processor has no affect upon recognition accuracy.

•	Windows 95 or Windows 98 with 16M of memory, or Windows NT 4.0 with 24M of memory

•	Mouse or compatible pointing device

•	CD-ROM drive or 3.5" floppy drive to install the program (3.5" diskettes available upon request)

•	Windows compatible sound card, such as Sound Blaster, that supports recording of 8-bit wave files at 11025 Hz and plays MIDI files following the General MIDI standard

•	Speakers or earphone

Optional

•	Sequencer software to edit MIDI files

•	Notation software to convert MIDI files to sheet music

•	MIDI interface and MIDI instrument to play MIDI files

•	CD-ROM drive for playing audio CDs

•	Surge suppresser with electromagnetic interference (EMI) filtering (recommended when recording from an external source)

Hard disk space (8M total)

•	6M for program and help files

•	2M for example files

•	Additional space to store files you create

In addition, your hard disk will need space to store wave files.  This can be substantial depending on the number, length, and format of these files.  The table below will give you some idea of how much storage you would need for each minute of music depending on the recording parameters you use.  The first row shows the preferred settings.  The wave file settings in the last row are equivalent to the digital recordings on an audio CD.

Sample Rate	Sampling Resolution	Number of Tracks	Size

11025	8 bit	monaural	661,500

11025	8 bit	stereo	1,323,000

11025	16 bit	monaural	1,323,000

11025	16 bit	stereo	2,646,000

22050	8 bit	monaural	1,323,000

22050	8 bit	stereo	2,646,000

22050	16 bit	monaural	2,646,000

22050	16 bit	stereo	5,292,000

44100	8 bit	monaural	2,646,000

44100	8 bit	stereo	5,292,000

44100	16 bit	monaural	5,292,000

44100	16 bit	stereo	10,584,000


Exiting IntelliScore
Exit

To exit the program, do one of the following:

•	Click on "File | Exit".

•	Click on the X button at the top right hand corner of the window.

•	Double click on the icon at the top left corner of the window.

•	Click on the icon at the top left corner of the window and click on "Close."

•	Press <ALT+F4> or <CTRL+F4>.

If you have made any unsaved changes to the recognition parameters, you will be asked if you wish to save them before exiting the program.


Step By Step Guide: Step 1. Obtain or select wave file

The only parameter that you must always set is the name of the wave file you want IntelliScore to recognize.  If the music you are interested in does not currently exist as a wave file, you need to create one first.  See the section on Audio Sources for instructions.  It is important that the wave file you select be recorded at a good level.  If you record the music yourself, the best recognition will be obtained if you leave any percussive elements out of the recording.  It also helps to sing "da," "oh," or something similar instead of the actual words in the vocal track.  Type the full path of the file in the Wave File box, or click the "Browse..." button to select it.

•	To go to the next step, click here.


Audio Sources

If you want IntelliScore to recognize a piece of music, it must first exist as a wave file.  If you do not have a wave file, you will need to record one using a wave editor.  You can play the music while the wave file is being created, but it would probably be more convenient to record a song to standard media, clean it up, and then create the wave file from your recording.  Hook up your tape player, audio CD player, record player, mixer, or electronic musical instrument, as appropriate, to your sound card following the sound card manufacturer's instructions.  Set the recording mixer in your wave editor to accept input from the audio source you are using.

Many sound cards will accept input directly from audio CDs in your computer's CD-ROM drive.  Recording from audio CDs provides the best recording quality and convenience because you do not need to hook up any external equipment, nor do you need to adjust the recording level.  To record from your CD-ROM drive, simply play the song using CD player software such as the one supplied with Windows and at the same time record the wave file using wave editing software such as Sound Recorder.

Several utilities are available on the Internet that purport to create wave files directly from audio CDs in the CD-ROM drive without requiring a sound card.  These are sometimes called "CD rippers."  These utilities only work with certain CD-ROM drives.  As results from these utilities vary, we do not supply any such utility with IntelliScore, nor do we provide support for them.

When you are satisfied with the wave file you created, save it and exit the editor program.  You can now enter the name of this wave file in the Project Editor.  IntelliScore will use it to create the MIDI file.

We feel it is necessary to caution you at this point about creating wave files from copyrighted material.  Usually it is unlawful to reproduce, store, or transmit copyrighted material in any form or by any means, including electronic, recording, or otherwise without the consent of the owner of the material.  While automatic music recognition is a new field that has not yet been tested in the courts, recording copyrighted material as wave files, as well as converting wave files to MIDI files, could constitute a violation.  If you use IntelliScore to process copyrighted material, you are violating the terms of your license agreement.

See also:

•	Wave File Settings

•	Recording Levels

•	Use of Signal Processors


Wave File Settings

In your wave editor, set the wave file parameters to the following:

•	Sample Rate: 11025 Hz

•	Sampling Resolution: 8-bit

•	Number of Tracks: Monaural

•	PCM format (uncompressed), if a choice is given

You could use the higher sampling rates than 11025 Hz, but it would take longer for IntelliScore to recognize, not improve recognition quality very much, and take up a lot of additional storage space on your hard disk.  Probably the only time you would want to record with a higher sampling rate is so that IntelliScore could recognize very high frequencies (above the range on a piano).  Similarly, a sampling resolution of 16-bits occupies more hard disk storage than an 8-bit sample without providing a significant improvement in accuracy, therefore sampling with an 8-bit resolution is recommended.  Stereo wave files do not provide any benefit over monaural files (except that Stereo Balance can be manually adjusted) since IntelliScore converts these to monaural anyway.


Recording Levels

Next you need to set recording levels suitable for your audio source.  For an audio CD in a CD-ROM drive, always set the recording level to the maximum setting.  For external sources, you may need to record a small part of your music and look at the wave file you created.  The loudest parts of the music extend the farthest from the center line.  If there is a gap between the loudest part of the music and the upper or lower limits of the display, turn up the recording level and try again.  If the level is clipped at the upper or lower limits occasionally, turn down the recording level and try again.  The goal is to set the level as high as you can, but not so high that the peaks of the wave gets clipped.  In analog recording it is okay to allow occasional peaks beyond the limit, but in the digital recording of a wave file it produces unacceptable results.

In the first box, the recording level was set too low.  In the next box, the level was set too high.
The last box shows the optimum recording level.


Signal Processors

If you have any pieces of signal processing equipment, you can use them to improve the quality of the wave file you are recording.  Remember that the better the quality of the recording, the better IntelliScore is able to recognize it.  We will assume you know how to use these devices and what they are used for.

•	Limiters and Compressors

•	Noise Gates

•	Cutoff Filters

•	Equalizers


Limiters and Compressors

You can use a limiter to increase the volume of your music without clipping part of the signal.  You can use a compressor in combination with a limiter to increase the volume of the quieter parts to match the louder parts, evening out the volume throughout.  IntelliScore is better able to recognize louder notes.  The Auto Gain parameter performs digital compression in case you don't have a compressor.  This parameter defaults to "on."  The disadvantage of using compression is that you lose the dynamics of the music.


Noise Gates

A noise gate can help eliminate background noise during the parts of the song that don't have any notes playing.  This helps prevent IntelliScore from detecting notes where there aren't any.  The Wave Threshold parameter acts as a digital noise gate.


Cutoff Filters

A high frequency cutoff filter can help prevent erroneous notes from appearing in your wave file where higher notes are present.  The cutoff frequency should be set to half of the sample rate as shown in the table below.  Many sound cards have an appropriate cutoff filter built in.

Sample Rate (Hz)	Cutoff Frequency (Hz)

11025	5012.5

22050	11025

44100	22050


Equalizers

You may use an equalizer to color the music to your liking, possibly to compensate for an uneven frequency response in the audio source or to apply special effects.  IntelliScore does not apply any of its own equalization.


Title Bar

The title bar, along the top of the Main Window, contains the name of the currently loaded project.


Status Bar

The status bar, along the bottom of the Main Window, indicates the overall status of the recognizer and other useful information.


Sine Wave Button, Main Window

This large button, on the left side of the Main Window, launches the wave editor defined in the Options Window.  If a wave filename appears in the button, it is automatically loaded when the wave editor starts, if your wave editor supports this feature.


Music Notes Button, Main Window

This large button, on the right side of the Main Window, launches the MIDI editor defined in the Options Window.  If a MIDI filename appears in the button, it is automatically loaded when the MIDI editor starts, if your MIDI editor supports this feature.


Menu Bar

Provides access to functions that manipulate projects, wave files, and MIDI files; customizes the way IntelliScore operates; runs the recognizer, and accesses help and program information.

•	File Menu

•	Edit Menu

•	Tools Menu

•	Help Menu


File Menu
File Menu (accelerator key: F)

Provides access to functions that create, open, and save projects as well as end the program.

Item	Accelerator Key	Shortcut

New Project	N	<CTRL+N>

Open Project...	O	<CTRL+O>

Save Project	S	<CTRL+S>

Save Project As...	A	<CTRL+A>

Exit	X	<CTRL+F4>

1 project name	1

2 project name	2

3 project name	3

4 project name	4


New Project Item, File Menu

Creates a new project with default recognition parameter values and no wave file or midi file selected, then opens the Project Editor.  If unsaved changes have been made to the current project, IntelliScore asks if you want to save them first.


Open Project Item, File Menu
Open Project... Item, File Menu

Prompts you to select an existing project to open, reads the parameters of the project you select, displays the project name in the Title Bar, and opens the Project Editor.  If unsaved changes have been made to the current project, IntelliScore asks if you want to save them first.


Save Project Item, File Menu

Saves the current parameter settings, as modified in the Project Editor, using the current project name.  If there is no current project name, you will be prompted to enter one.


Save Project As Item, File Menu
Save Project As... Item, File Menu

Prompts you to type a new project name, then saves the current parameter settings, as modified in the Project Editor, using that project name.  If no project is currently loaded, IntelliScore suggests a name that is the same as the wave file you selected, except with an .ipr extension at the end.  The new project name is displayed in the Title Bar.  If the project name you enter already exists, you will be asked to confirm the save, since the old file will be overwritten.


Exit Item, File Menu

Ends the program.  If you have made any unsaved changes to the recognition parameters, you will be asked if you wish to save them before exiting the program.


Recent Projects List, File Menu

The latest four projects opened or saved are displayed, most recent file on top.  Click on one of these project filenames to open the selected project.  If the project you select has the same name as the project currently loaded, it is not reloaded.


Edit Menu
Edit Menu (accelerator key: E)

Provides access to external programs that manipulate wave files and MIDI files and allows you to edit projects.

Item	Accelerator Key	Shortcut

Wave...	W

Project...	R	<F4>

Midi…	M


Wave Item, Edit Menu
Wave… Item, Edit Menu

Launches the wave editor defined in the Options Window.  If the wave filename specified in the current parameter settings exists, it is automatically loaded when the wave editor starts, if your wave editor supports this feature.


Project Item, Edit Menu
Project... Item, Edit Menu

Opens the Project Editor, with which you can modify the settings in the currently open project.  These affect the way IntelliScore recognizes music.


Midi Item, Edit Menu
Midi… Item, Edit Menu

Launches the MIDI editor defined in the Options Window.  If the MIDI filename specified in the current parameter settings exists, it is automatically loaded when the MIDI editor starts, if your MIDI editor supports this feature.


Tools Menu
Tools Menu (accelerator key: T)

Runs the recognizer and allows you to customize the way IntelliScore operates.

Item	Accelerator Key	Shortcut

Recognize	R	<F5>

Options...	O


Recognize Item, Tools Menu

Starts the recognizer, which creates a MIDI file from the wave file you select based on the settings in the currently open project.  You must specify a wave file in the project before you can start the recognizer.  If the name of the MIDI file to be created already exists, you will be prompted to confirm that you want the old file replaced.  If the wave file you specified does not exist, you will be notified, and the recognizer will stop.


Options Item, Tools Menu
Options... Item, Tools Menu

Opens the Options Window so you can adjust the way that the IntelliScore user interface operates.


IntelliScore Help Item, Help Menu
Step By Step Guide Item, Help Menu

Opens the Step By Step Guide.  You should follow these steps as included in the IntelliScore help file until you are comfortable with the process involved in creating a project.


Options Window

You can customize various features of IntelliScore to work they way you want.  You can specify what wave editor and MIDI editor you want to use, your use level, how you intend to use the MIDI files IntelliScore creates, and the volume and duration of tones generated when you press a speaker button while setting recognition parameters.  These settings will be preserved until you change them.  To display the Options Window, select "Tools | Options..." or click on the Options button while in the Project Editor.

Item	Accelerator Key	Minimum Value	Maximum Value	Default Value

Wave Editor	sndrec32.exe

Wave Browse Button	B

Midi Editor	mplayer.exe

Midi Browse Button	R

User Level	       N - Novice, E - Expert	              N

Playback	P	checked

Notate	T	checked

Speaker Button Duration	.25 seconds	1.25 seconds	.75 seconds

Speaker Button Velocity	1	127	127

OK Button	O

Cancel Button	C

Apply Button	A


Wave Editor and Midi Editor, Options Window

IntelliScore links to any programs you specify that record, play, and edit wave files or MIDI files so you can continue to use the editors you have come to know.  Upon installation of IntelliScore, these are "Sound Recorder" (for wave files) and "Media Player" (for MIDI files), which are supplied with Windows.  You only need to indicate where these programs are.  Either type the full path of the program in the appropriate box or click on the corresponding "Browse..." button to select one.  Be aware that the Sound Recorder program that comes with Windows 95 can only record up to one minute of sound.  Your sound card probably came with its own wave editor that can record wave files.


Speaker Button Settings, Options Window

Reference tones can be played to help you determine the appropriate note range, key, patch, and channel when setting recognition parameters.  They sound when a Speaker button is clicked in the Project Editor, as long as a sound card is installed in your system.  You can use the sliders to customize the duration and velocity of the reference tones.


User Level, Options Window

User Level affects what parameters are available to you when you edit projects.  If you are new to IntelliScore, you should always select Novice.  This will hide conversion parameters from you that are often difficult to set properly and are rarely used anyway.  Once you become familiar with these parameters and are obtaining successful results, or you just want to experiment, you can select Expert.  This will show the simpler parameters along with the more esoteric ones.


MIDI File Usage, Options Window

Indicate how you intend to use the MIDI files to be created by IntelliScore.  If you want to play back the MIDI files, check the first box.  This will allow you to set parameters affecting how the MIDI file sounds when played back and does not require you to have any knowledge of music theory.  If you intend to notate the MIDI files, check the second box.  This will allow you to set parameters affecting how the sheet music will appear.  To set these parameters, you need to know how to read music.  If you would like to both play the MIDI files and notate them, check both boxes.


OK Button, Options Window

Preserves any changes you have made and closes the Options window.


Cancel Button, Options Window

Discards any changes you made since the last time you clicked the Apply button.  The Options window is then closed.


Apply Button, Options Window

Preserves any changes you have made.


Project Editor

You use the project editor to change the settings in a project.  A project specifies everything IntelliScore needs to recognize a piece of music, including what wave file you want converted, the name of the MIDI file that will be created, and all of the settings that influence the speed of the recognition process and the accuracy and contents of the resulting MIDI file.  To start the Project Editor, click on "Edit | Project..." in the Menu Bar or the Document With Pointing Finger Icon in the Tool Bar.

Tabs

•	Wave

•	Pitch

•	Timing

•	Dynamics

•	Midi

Buttons

Caption	Accelerator Key

OK	O

Cancel	C

Apply	A


Wave Tab, Project Editor
Wave Tab, Project Editor (accelerator key: V)

Contains settings relating to the wave file you want recognized.

Item	Accelerator Key	Minimum Value	Maximum Value	Default Value

Wave File Name	None; required

Start Time	00:00:00	<= End Time	00:00:00

End Time	>= Start Time	length of wave file*	length of wave file*

Entire Range	E	checked

Stereo Balance	100% L, 0% R	0% L, 100% R	50% L, 50% R

Reference Pitch	435 Hz	445 Hz	440 Hz

*If wave file does not exist or its format is unsupported, its length is considered to be 01:00:00.


Wave File Name, Wave Tab

User Level: Novice, Expert

MIDI File Usage: Playback, Notate

In the "File Name" box, type the full path and filename of the wave file you want recognized.  The wave file does not need to exist until you start the recognizer.  This information is required for all projects.  Rather than typing, you can click the "Browse..."  button to open a dialog window to help you find an existing wave file.  After selecting a wave file and closing the dialog, its name appears in the File Name box.  Clicking the "Editor..." button launches the wave editor defined in the Options Window.  If the wave file you specified in the File Name box currently exists, it is automatically loaded when the wave editor starts, if your wave editor supports this feature.


Time Range, Wave Tab

User Level: Expert

MIDI File Usage: Playback, Notate

You can specify what part of the wave file you want recognized to speed up the recognition process.  The maximum range is determined by the length of the wave file when you specify the wave file or when the project is loaded, whichever occurs last.  If the wave file does not currently exist, the length defaults to one hour (01:00:00). You can use the slider to the set the desired range or type in the Start and End times.  To set the start time using the slider, drag the slider knob to the desired position.  The current start time is displayed in the Start box.  To set the end time, drag the slider knob to the desired position while pressing the <SHIFT> key.  The current end time is displayed in the End box.  The Start Time is automatically changed if you use the Tempo Tracker to set the tempo.  (The End Point is not changed.)  If you manually change the Start Time, you should record the tempo again using the Tempo Tracker to maintain synchronization.


Start Time, Wave Tab

User Level: Expert

MIDI File Usage: Playback, Notate

Type the desired starting point of the Time Range in the wave file you want recognized.  It must be in a hh:mm:ss format, where hh is hours, mm is minutes, and ss is seconds.  You may also adjust the time using the spinner control.  The displayed range on the Time Range slider is adjusted accordingly.  You cannot enter a time greater than the End time.  The Start Time is automatically set if you use the Tempo Tracker to set the tempo.  If you manually change the Start Time, you should record the tempo again using the Tempo Tracker to maintain synchronization.


End Time, Wave Tab

User Level: Expert

MIDI File Usage: Playback, Notate

Type the desired ending point of the Time Range in the wave file you want recognized.  It must be in a hh:mm:ss format, where hh is hours, mm is minutes, and ss is seconds.  You may also adjust the time using the spinner control.  The displayed range on the Time Range slider is adjusted accordingly.  You cannot enter a time less than the Start time or greater than the length of the wave file.  The End Time is automatically set if you use the Tempo Tracker to set the tempo and indicate, when prompted, that you tapped the entire portion of the wave file.  If the wave file does not currently exist, the length defaults to one hour (01:00:00).


Entire Range, Wave Tab

User Level: Expert

MIDI File Usage: Playback, Notate

Check this box as a quick way to set the time range to the maximum settings.  When checked, the Time Range slider is completely filled in, the Start time displays 00:00:00, and the End time displays the current length of the wave file.  If the wave file does not currently exist, the length defaults to one hour (01:00:00). Since checking this box changes the Start Time, you should record the tempo again using the Tempo Tracker to maintain synchronization.


Stereo Balance, Wave Tab

User Level: Expert

MIDI File Usage: Playback, Notate

If the wave file was recorded in stereo, the left and right channels are combined to form a monaural recording during the recognition process.  At the center position, the two channels are mixed equally.  You can move the slider to the left or right to change this balance.  Click the "Z" button to return the balance to the exact center position.


Reference Pitch, Wave Tab

User Level: Expert

MIDI File Usage: Playback, Notate

You can use this setting to specify the tuning of the music in the wave file.  In most parts of the world, the standard frequency of an A3 note (the A above middle C, MIDI note number 69) is 440 Hz.  This is the first note you hear when members of an orchestra are tuning their instruments.  If some notes in the created MIDI file waver between the correct note and the note next to it, try adjusting the Reference Pitch.  For example, if the correct note is a D and in the MIDI file it alternates between a D and D-flat, the recording is flat.  Set the Reference Pitch to a lower frequency value to compensate.  Likewise, if the MIDI file alternated between a D and a D-sharp, the recording is sharp.  Set the Reference Pitch to a higher frequency value to compensate.


Key, Pitch Tab

User Level: Novice, Expert

MIDI File Usage: Notate

Use the drop-down list box to manually select the key of the music.  Click on the Speaker button to hear a triad representing the Key you specify.  If you do not know the key, leave this control set to the default of Auto Detect. This will allow IntelliScore to determine the predominant key and write it to the MIDI file when it performs music recognition.  After running the recognizer without clicking the Stop button, the Key and Major/Minor settings are automatically updated.  You will need to save the project to retain this information in the project.

The first section shows music as it would appear without an appropriate key signature.
The second section contains the correct key signature of D-flat major.


Major/Minor, Pitch Tab

User Level: Novice, Expert

MIDI File Usage: Notate

Check the appropriate radio button to indicate whether the music is in a Major or Minor key.  This in itself does not affect what notes are in the created MIDI file, only the key specification displayed when the file is notated.  This parameter cannot be adjusted if the Key is set to Auto Detect.  Click on the Speaker button to hear a triad representing the Key you specify.


Constrain To Key, Pitch Tab

User Level: Novice, Expert

MIDI File Usage: Notate

Check this box to limit the notes in the created MIDI file to the notes in the Key you specify.  Any detected notes that are not in the key are filtered out.  Select this option when the music remains in key most of the time, as it will reduce the number of erroneous notes in the MIDI file.  If you use this option and too many notes are filtered out, try again without it.  This option cannot be selected if the Key is set to Auto Detect.

The first section did not use the Constrain To Key feature.
The second section used the Constrain To Key feature for the key shown (F major).


Transpose, Pitch Tab

User Level: Expert

MIDI File Usage: Playback, Notate

Use this feature if you want to transpose chromatically the notes in the created MIDI file.  It does not affect the Key signature you specified in the MIDI file, if any.  Type the desired value in the "Octaves" box and "Half Steps" box, as applicable.  Alternatively, you can adjust the values using the appropriate spinner control(s).  For example, if you want to transpose the notes down 14 half-steps, enter -1 in the "Octaves" box and -2 in the "Half Steps" box, since an octave contains 12 half-steps.  If the wave file contains an A3 (MIDI note number 69), for example, this setting would be changed to G2 (MIDI note number 55) in the created MIDI file.  If the wave file contains an E3 (MIDI note number 64), it would be changed to a D2 (MIDI note number 50), and so on.

The first section is not transposed.  The second section is transposed down one half-step.


Tempo Tracker, Timing Tab

User Level: Novice, Expert

MIDI File Usage: Playback, Notate

After you specify a wave file you want recognized, use the Tempo Tracker to tell IntelliScore where the beats fall in the music.  If you already know the tempo and are running intelliScore in Expert Mode, you can type it in, but for best accuracy, record the tempo using the Tempo Tracker.  Close all unnecessary programs before using the Tempo Tracker.  Switch to the Timing Tab and click the Play button (it contains the right arrow icon.)  The wave file will begin playing.  Click on the button to the right of the Play button or press the <SPACE BAR> in time with the music, starting with the first downbeat of the portion you want recognized.  (The downbeat is the first beat of the measure or bar.)  Basically, tap at a steady rate every time your head tells you to tap your foot.  You do not need to click at the same speed as the notes are being played; several notes can play in between each tap.  One rule of thumb that applies to most modern music is to listen to the rhythm.  The rhythm usually consists of a repeating pattern.  If you tap four times per pattern, you will notice that the loudest drum hit occurs on the third of every four beats.  As you tap you will notice a counter under the tapper buttons in the format m:b, where m is the current measure and b is the current beat within that measure.  You will also notice the average tempo of your taps is displayed.  You can stop tapping when this value stabilizes, but for best accuracy, you should tap the entire portion of the song that you want recognized; this ensures synchronization is maintained even if the music changes tempo.  The portion of the wave file starting with your first tap will be recognized; clicking the Start and Stop buttons do not count as taps.  As a result you must tap at least twice.  If you wait more than about 65 seconds between any two taps, the tempo is too slow and you will receive an error.  When you are finished, press the Stop button (it contains the square icon) or wait for the wave file to finish playing.  If you miss a beat, just start over.  Once you finish tapping, the Start Time on the Wave Tab will be automatically changed to reflect when you started tapping.  (The End Point is not changed.)  If you later select a different wave file or change the Start Time, you should record the tempo again to maintain synchronization.  Once you tap in the tempo, you will not be able to type in another tempo unless you create a new project.


Meter, Timing Tab

User Level: Novice, Expert

MIDI File Usage: Notate

Set the meter of the music you want displayed when it is represented in sheet music form.  The terms "meter" and "time signature" are interchangeable.  Type the number of beats per measure in the upper box or adjust it with the spinner control.  For the lower box, select a value from the drop-down list box that indicates what type of note has one beat.  A beat corresponds to one tap in the Tempo Tracker.  For example, if you want a quarter note to get one beat, select 4 from the list.  If you want an eighth note to get one beat, select 8.

The first section shows music with the wrong meter of 4/4 applied.  The second section has the correct meter of 12/8 applied.


Notes Per Beat (Note Resolution), Timing Tab

User Level: Novice, Expert

MIDI File Usage: Playback, Notate

If you have not indicated in the Options window that you intend to notate the MIDI file, select from the drop-down list the largest number of notes contained within the time span of one beat.  If the created MIDI file misses notes with a short duration, increase the notes per beat.  If the created MIDI file contains many erroneous notes with a short duration, reduce the notes per beat.  If you are converting with a swing beat, try using one of the triplet settings.  These are the numbers that are not a power of two, such as 3, 6, and 12.  Choose this setting carefully, as the best setting will probably be somewhere in the middle.  Be aware that setting the notes per beat to a high number significantly increases the duration of the recognition process.  The Notes Per Beat setting works with the pace of your taps using the Tempo Tracker to determine the average resolution over time used by the recognizer.  For example, if you tapped twice per second and set a resolution of 4 beats per note, this yields the same results as if your tapped once per second and set a resolution of 8 beats per note.  Both of these examples result in a resolution of 480 notes per minute.

If you have indicated in the Options window that you intend to notate the MIDI file, select from the drop-down list the shortest type of note that you want in the MIDI file.  If the created MIDI file misses the notes with a shorter duration, choose a shorter note from the list.  (The note types are arranged in the list from the longest duration at the top to the shortest at the bottom.)  If the created MIDI file contains many erroneous notes with a short duration, select a longer note.  Choose this setting carefully, as the best setting will probably be somewhere in the middle.  Setting the resolution to look for shorter notes also significantly increases the duration of the recognition process.

The first section has thirty-second note resolution applied.  The next section has sixteenth note resolution applied.
The last section has eighth note resolution applied.


Beats Per Chord, Timing Tab

User Level: Expert

MIDI File Usage: Playback, Notate

Indicate how long a typical chord lasts in the song before changing to another chord by typing in the number of taps for each chord or using the spinner.  Even if you want monophonic recognized, chords are often implied by the pattern of the notes used.  IntelliScore automatically detects these implied chords and writes them to the MIDI file as markers, although not all sequencers can display markers.  Even if you do not plan on using the chords detected by IntelliScore, this setting is useful as it affects the accuracy of the notes that will be detected.  If you can't determine out the Beats Per Chord, just leave it at the default value.


Speed, Timing Tab

User Level: Expert

MIDI File Usage: Playback, Notate

Use the horizontal spinner control to change the rate at which the MIDI file will play.  The position of the needle in the gauge moves to the left if the speed is reduced or to the right if the speed is increased.  The speed is unchanged if the needle is exactly vertical.  Click the "Z" button to easily make the needle exactly vertical.


Wave Threshold, Dynamics Tab

User Level: Novice, Expert

MIDI File Usage: Playback, Notate

If your wave file contains a lot of non-musical content such as noise or audience sounds, you may want to increase the wave threshold to a higher value.  IntelliScore will ignore parts of the recording that are quieter than the level you set (before applying Auto Gain, if enabled).  This is similar in function to a noise gate.  If the created MIDI file misses too many of the quieter notes, try setting the wave threshold lower.  If this is not an issue, leave the Wave Threshold at the default value at the lowest setting.


Midi Threshold, Dynamics Tab

User Level: Expert

MIDI File Usage: Playback, Notate

Use this slider control to set the minimum volume of notes to include in the MIDI file.  Most erroneous notes in a MIDI file created by IntelliScore are the quieter ones.  Adjust the value so that it is high enough to filter out the erroneous notes without being so high as to filter out the correct notes as well.  The Midi Threshold is not affected by the Volume setting.


Detect Note On/Off Velocity, Dynamics Tab

User Level: Expert

MIDI File Usage: Playback

For each note in a MIDI file created by IntelliScore, there can be up to four pieces of information: when the note starts, the velocity of the note when it starts, when the note stops, and the velocity of the note when it stops.  "Note On Velocity" in MIDI terms refers to how quickly a note is struck.  "Note Off Velocity" indicates how quickly a note is released.  IntelliScore treats velocity as equivalent to volume.  Depending on the patch that is used when the MIDI file is played through a MIDI editor, velocity might map to volume. Sometimes IntelliScore assigns to certain notes velocities that are too slow, resulting in these notes being too quiet when the MIDI file is played.  In this situation you can prevent velocity information from being included in the MIDI file by unchecking the appropriate boxes.  When the velocity feature is deactivated, the every note will be assigned the same velocity.  You can adjust this velocity by specifying the Volume.


Auto Gain, Dynamics Tab

User Level: Expert

MIDI File Usage: Playback, Notate

IntelliScore recognizes louder music more accurately than quieter music.  If the music recorded in your wave file has several quiet sections, you may want to check this box.  On the other hand, using Auto Gain has the side effect of squeezing out the overall dynamics of music similar to a compressor, so that the softer and louder parts of the wave file both end up equally loud in the created MIDI file.


Midi Tab, Project Editor
Midi Tab, Project Editor (accelerator key: M)

Contains the name to assign to the MIDI file that IntelliScore will create, as well as the channel and patch to use in the MIDI file.

Item	Accelerator Key	Minimum Value	Maximum Value	Default Value

File Name	Wave Filename

Auto Name	checked

Channel	1	16	1

Patch	0	127	0


Midi File Name, Midi Tab

User Level: Novice, Expert

MIDI File Usage: Playback, Notate

In the "File Name" box, type the full path and filename to assign to the MIDI file that IntelliScore will create.  Initially this will be the same name as the wave file you selected, except with a .mid extension at the end.  If you want to replace an existing MIDI file, you can click the "Browse..."  button to open a dialog window to help you find the file you want to replace.  After selecting a MIDI file and closing the dialog, its name appears in the File Name box.  Clicking the "Editor..." button launches the MIDI editor defined in the Options Window.  If the MIDI file you specified in the File Name box currently exists, it is automatically loaded when the MIDI editor starts, if your MIDI editor supports this feature.


Auto Name, Midi Tab

User Level: Novice, Expert

MIDI File Usage: Playback, Notate

If you check this box, IntelliScore will automatically create a name for the MIDI file to be created.  Whenever you select a  wave file, your MIDI file name will be in the same folder and have the same name as your wave file, except that the extension is changed from .wav to .mid.   You may of course modify the name of the MIDI file if you like.  If you do not check this box, the MIDI file name will not change if the name of your wave file changes.


Channel, Midi Tab

User Level: Expert

MIDI File Usage: Playback

IntelliScore assigns all notes in the MIDI file to the same MIDI channel.  Type the number of the  channel you want to use or adjust it using the spinner control.  The range is 1 to 16.  On General MIDI synthesizers, channel 10 is reserved for rhythm instruments.  You will see a warning if you select channel 10.


Patch, Midi Tab

User Level: Novice, Expert

MIDI File Usage: Playback

Select an instrument name from the drop-down list box that most closely resembles the prominent instrument used in the wave file.  This will be the patch used when the MIDI file is played back through your MIDI editor or MIDI instrument, if it is General MIDI compliant.  Although your wave file may contain several different instruments playing at the same time, they will all be played back from the MIDI file using the same patch.  Of course, the accuracy of the instrument sounds is determined by your playback device, not by the MIDI file itself.  To hear what the selected patch would sound like through your MIDI editor, click the Speaker button. The patch selected has not bearing upon recognition accuracy.  It you would like to experiment, you can set the patch to an instrument that has no relation to the instrument used in the wave file, to see what the music would sound like played if it were played on a different instrument.


OK Button, Project Editor

Preserves any changes you have made and closes the Project Editor.  If you have supplied all the necessary information, intelliScore prompts you to run the recognizer.


Cancel Button, Project Editor

Discards any changes you made since the last time you clicked the Apply button.  The Project Editor is then closed.


Apply Button, Project Editor

Preserves any changes you have made.


Status Window

While the recognizer is working, a status window displays to indicate the Time Elapsed and how much is done, as well as the Estimated Time Remaining and the Estimated Total Time.  The percent complete is shown with a gauge that gradually fills as the process approaches completion.  Also displayed is a Ratio that shows how long the recognition process is taking in comparison to the length of the wave file.  (The initialization time is not taken into account.)  For example, a ratio of 1.50 indicates that it is taking one and a half minutes to recognize every minute of the wave file.  The ratio is affected by many factors, including the project properties, the complexity and format of the wave file, and the speed of the processor, and the operating environment.  If the ratio seems very high, try reducing settings such as Note Range and Notes Per Beat (Note Resolution).  Following a brief initialization period at the beginning of the recognition process, all values are updated each second.  To begin the recognition process, select "Tools | Recognize" in the Menu Bar or click on the Lightening Bolt Icon in the Tool Bar.  If the recognition completes successfully, the MIDI editor you specified in the Options window will open with the generated MIDI file.

Button Caption	Accelerator Key

Stop	S


Stop Button, Status Window

Click this button to stop the recognition process at any time.  The MIDI file that was in the process of being created by the recognizer will still be playable, but it will not contain the entire Time Range as set in the project.


OK Button, About Window

Click this button to close the About Window and return to the Main Window.


Error Message: The Wave Editor file 'filename' does not exist
Error Message:

The Wave Editor file 'filename' does not exist.

Possible Solutions:

•	The Wave Editor you specified in the Customization Window cannot be currently be used because it does not exist.  Install the editor at the location you specified.

•	Select another editor.


Error Message: Unable to run Wave Editor
Error Message:

Unable to run Wave Editor.

Possible Solutions:

•	An unknown problem occurred while attempting to start the Wave Editor.  Make sure the editor exists at the location you specified in the Customization Window.

•	Perhaps the editor program is corrupted.  Reinstall it.

•	Perhaps your computer has run out of memory. See instructions for the "Out of memory" error.


Error Message: The Midi Editor file 'filename' does not exist
Error Message:

The Midi Editor file 'filename' does not exist.

Possible Solutions:

•	The Midi Editor you specified in the Customization Window cannot be currently be used because it does not exist.  Install the editor at the location you specified.

•	Select another editor.


Error Message: Unable to run Midi Editor
Error Message:

Unable to run Midi Editor.

Possible Solutions:

•	An unknown problem occurred while attempting to start the Midi Editor.  Make sure the editor exists at the location you specified in the Customization Window.

•	Perhaps the editor program is corrupted.  Reinstall it.

•	Perhaps your computer has run out of memory. See instructions for the "Out of memory" error.


Error Message: Wave File does not currently exist
Error Message:

Wave File does not currently exist.

Possible Solution:

•	The Wave File name you specified in the Project Editor does not currently exist.  You will need to place it there before running the recognizer.


Error Message: Wave File format not supported
Error Message:

Wave File format not supported.

Possible Solutions:

•	IntelliScore supports uncompressed (PCM) wave files in monaural or stereo, 8-bit or 16-bit sampling resolution, and sample rates of 11025 Hz, 22050 Hz, or 44100 Hz.  Make sure you record your wave file using only these settings.

•	If you cannot re-record the wave file, convert it to a supported format.  You may use the Sound Recorder utility supplied with Windows to accomplish this, as follows:

1.	In the Start | Programs | Accessories program menu, locate Sound Recorder, and open it.

2.	In the Sound Recorder menu, click File | Open...

3.	In the Open window, select the wave file you want to convert and click the Open button.

4.	Back at the menu, click File | Save As…

5.	In the Save As window, enter the name of the file you want to use for the wave file having the new format and click the Change… button.

6.	In the Sound Selection window, select Telephone Quality from the list of format names and click the OK button.

7.	Back in the Save As window, click on the Save button.

8.	Back at the menu, click File | Exit.


Error Message: Error accessing Wave File information
Error Message:

Error accessing Wave File information.

Possible Solutions:

•	The file you specified is not really a wave file.  Specify a different file in the Project Editor.

•	The wave file may be corrupted.  Recopy the wave file.


Error Message: Invalid Start Time format
Error Message:

Invalid Start Time format.

Possible Solution:

•	In the Project Editor, specify the Start Time in hh:mm:ss format, where hh is hours, mm is minutes, and ss is seconds.  For example, 00:04:36.


Error Message: Invalid End Time format
Error Message:

Invalid End Time format.

Possible Solution:

•	In the Project Editor, specify the End Time in hh:mm:ss format, where hh is hours, mm is minutes, and ss is seconds.  For example, 00:04:36.


Error Message: Invalid Low Note
Error Message:

Invalid Low Note.

Possible Solution:

•	Applies if you indicated in the Options window that you intend to notate the MIDI file.  In the Project Editor, specify the Low Note as the letter of the note followed by an octave number.  You can include a sharp ("#") or flat ("b") if desired after the note letter.  Include a negative sign before the octave number if appropriate.  Examples of valid values include: A#3, Bb-1, G8, F-2, C0.  Middle C is considered C3.


Error Message: Invalid High Note
Error Message:

Invalid High Note.

Possible Solution:

•	Applies if you indicated in the Options window that you intend to notate the MIDI file.  In the Project Editor, specify the High Note as the letter of the note followed by an octave number.  You can include a sharp ("#") or flat ("b") if desired after the note letter.  Include a negative sign before the octave number if appropriate.  Examples of valid values include: A#3, Bb-1, G8, F-2, C0.  Middle C is considered C3.


Error Message:

Any error message containing "MMSYSTEM"

These errors indicate a problem with the use of your sound card. They can occur when you click one of the speaker buttons or when playing the wave file using the Tempo Tracker.

Possible Solutions:

•	If any application is running that works with wave or MIDI files, such as sequencers, close them and try again.

•	You may not have the proper drivers or hardware installed.  Refer to your sound card or Windows documentation for help.


Error Message: Specified Project does not exist
Error Message:

Specified Project does not exist.

Possible Solutions:

•	Make sure to specify a project that exists when you run the recognizer.

•	Check the spelling and path of the project filename.


Error Message: No Wave File specified
Error Message:

No Wave File specified.

Possible Solution:

•	Specify a wave file in the Project Editor before running the recognizer.


Error Message: Specified Wave File does not exist
Error Message:

Specified Wave File does not exist.

Possible Solutions:

•	Make sure the wave file you specified in the Project Editor exists before running the recognizer.

•	Make sure the drive containing the wave file is available.


Error Message: Unable to read Wave File
Error Message:

Unable to read Wave File.

Possible Solutions:

•	The file you specified is not really a wave file.  Specify a different file in the Project Editor, then run the recognizer again.

•	The wave file may be corrupted.  Recopy the wave file, then run the recognizer again.


Error Message: Wave format not supported or invalid
Error Message:

Wave format not supported or invalid.

Possible Solutions:

•	IntelliScore supports uncompressed (PCM) wave files in monaural or stereo, 8-bit or 16-bit sampling resolution, and sample rates of 11025 Hz, 22050 Hz, or 44100 Hz.  Make sure you record your wave file using only these settings, then run the recognizer again.

•	If you cannot re-record the wave file, convert it to a supported format using a utility such as the one supplied with Windows.


Error Message: Unable to create Midi File
Error Message:

Unable to create Midi File.

Possible Solutions:

•	Make sure the path and filename you specified in the Project Editor are valid.

•	Make sure the drive you specified for the MIDI file is available and not write-protected.


Error Message: Unable to create Midi File due to timing settings
Error Message:

Unable to create Midi File due to timing settings.

Possible Solutions:

•	Tap at a different pace using the Tempo Tracker, adjust Notes Per Beat (Note Resolution), and/or Note Value within the Meter so that the settings are more toward the center of the range.


Error Message: Unable to write to Midi File
Error Message:

Unable to write to Midi File.

Possible Solutions:

•	Make sure there is ample space available on the drive you specified to store the MIDI file.

•	Make sure the drive you specified for the MIDI file is still available.


Error Message: User aborted recognition process
Error Message:

User aborted recognition process.

Possible Solution:

•	You clicked on the Stop button in the Status Window while the recognizer was running.  You may use the portion of the MIDI file that was written prior to the abort or rerun the recognizer.


Error Message: Not enough taps
Error Message:

Not enough taps.

Possible Solution:

•	You only tapped once while attempting to record the tempo using the Tempo Tracker.  You need to tap at least twice to indicate the period of the wave file you want recognized.  Pressing the Start and Stop buttons do not count as taps.


Error Message: You waited too long between taps
Error Message:

You waited too long between taps.

Possible Solution:

•	You waited over 65 seconds between the current tap and the previous tap while using the Tempo Tracker, resulting in a tempo that is too slow.  Be sure to tap more frequently.


Error Message: Out of memory
Error Message:

Out of memory.

Possible Solutions:

•	Reboot your computer and try again.

•	Close all other applications, including help files, before running the recognizer.

•	If you manually set the size of your virtual memory swap file, increase it.

•	Increase the amount of physical memory in your computer.


Error Message:

Any "General Protect Fault" (GPF) error or "Fatal Exception" error

Possible Solutions:

•	Reboot your computer and try again.

•	Email the Help Desk.


What To Do If Nothing Else Helps

If you have tried everything suggested in this User Guide and yet are still experiencing difficulties, try visiting our Web site at www.intelliscore.net for the troubleshooting tips and patches.  If you don't find what you need, email the Help Desk for assistance at support@intelliscore.net for a prompt and courteous response.  Alternately, you may call 954-753-3278.  Please provide the following information in your email:

•	Your name and product registration number

•	The edition and version of your software

•	Exactly what you were doing when the error occurred

•	The exact error message, including the error code if one is displayed


Audio CD

A compact disc containing a digital audio recording in a format playable by a CD player such as the one that may be part of a stereo system or in a car.  CD-ROM drives in computers are also capable of playing audio CDs.  They are a high quality source from which to record wave files.


Copyist

A person who writes down sheet music of a song by listening to the song a little at a time and picking out each note.  IntelliScore essentially does this tedious task automatically, so you can spend more time playing or studying music rather than transcribing it.


General MIDI

An extension to the MIDI standard that specifies specific instrument sounds that are to be associated with different patch numbers.  The list of instruments and patch numbers can be found at the Patch list box in the Project Editor.  The standard was created so that there was some consistency between different synthesizers playing the same MIDI information, although each synthesizer is free to interpret what each instrument should sound like.


Hz

Hertz is a measure of frequency.  A Sample Rate of 11025 Hz, for example, means that the waveform is measured 11025 times per second.  Hertz is also used to indicate the pitch of a note.  For example, the note A3 typically has a frequency of 440 Hz, or 440 cycles per second in its waveform.  Higher notes have higher frequencies.


Marker

A section name occurring in the midst of a MIDI file.  IntelliScore uses markers to indicate chord changes that transpire over the course of a MIDI file.


MIDI

Musical Instrument Digital Interface.  A standard developed to help musical devices communicate with each other.  It is sort of the musical equivalent of a computer modem.  It specifies what note should be played and released when and with what velocity, as well as other information.


MIDI Channel

Up to 16 different MIDI devices can be connected together in a network.  Each device is assigned its own channel so that it knows what messages to act upon and which are for other devices and should therefore be ignored.  You can specify which one you want IntelliScore to send out with the Channel text box in the Project Editor.


MIDI Editor

A software program designed to create, edit, and play MIDI files similar to a sequencer.  Many MIDI editors can also convert a MIDI file into sheet music.


MIDI File

A file that complies to the MIDI File Specification, containing a recording of MIDI information for later use.  It normally has a filename extension of .mid and can be managed through a MIDI editor.


MIDI Instrument

A musical instrument that contains a MIDI interface.  This allows it to receive MIDI information and play music automatically similar to a player piano.  It can also transmit MIDI information so that performances played on the instrument can be recorded.


MIDI Interface

A device that goes between a piece of musical equipment and cables which makes that device MIDI-enabled.  Most sound cards contain a MIDI interface so that you can connect your computer to a MIDI instrument and send MIDI information back and forth.


Monaural

Indicates music that is recorded with only one track so that both ears hear the same thing.  Music recorded this way does not have as much depth as stereo.  However, since IntelliScore produces a MIDI file with a single MIDI channel, it does not need a stereo recording.  You can convert a stereo recording to monaural through Windows or by setting the Stereo Balance in the Project Editor.


Notate

The process of creating sheet music from a music recording, such as a wave file or MIDI file.


PCM

Pulse Code Modulation.  This is the standard format used to record a waveform in an uncompressed wave file.  IntelliScore can only recognize this type of wave file, as other formats used in Windows are proprietary.


Project

A file containing recognition parameters.  The primary purpose of IntelliScore's user interface is to assist you in managing projects.


Recognition Parameters

Settings that tell the recognizer what you want it to do.  These settings include the name of the wave file you want recognized, the name of the MIDI file you want created, and several properties that affect the accuracy and speed of the recognition process.  You indicate this information in the Project Editor.


Recognizer

The component of IntelliScore that actually performs the music recognition.  Its behavior is controlled by the recognition properties you specify.  You can monitor its progress through the Status Window.


Rhythm

The component of music that contains timing information, such as when notes are played and how long they sustain before being released.  IntelliScore detects rhythm while recognizing a piece of music and includes this information in the MIDI file it creates.  If you are only interested in the rhythm of a song and not which notes it contains, select Rhythm Only as the Pitch Mode in the Project Editor.


Sample Rate

The number of waveform values measured per second.  At a sample rate of 11025 Hz, a measurement of the level of a waveform is taken 11025 times each second when creating a wave file.  The higher the sample rate, the more accurately the waveform will be converted from its natural analog form to the digital form required by computers because it has a higher frequency response.  Incidentally, a sample rate of 44100 Hz is used when recording an audio CD.


Sampling Resolution

The maximum accuracy of each measurement taken of a waveform when creating a wave file.  An 8-bit sampling resolution can record 256 different values, while a 16-bit sampling resolution can record 65536 different values.  Therefore, the higher the sampling resolution, the more accurately the waveform will be converted from its natural analog form to the digital form required by computers because it has a higher dynamic range.  However, 8-bit sampling resolution is sufficient for wave files you want recognized by IntelliScore.  Incidentally, a sampling resolution of 16 bits is used when recording an audio CD.


Sequencer

A device or software program used to record a sequence of notes and play them back.  This is only a subset of the functionality contained in most MIDI editors.


Sheet Music

Music represented in written form.  Many MIDI editors can create sheet music from a MIDI file.  A copyist has traditionally created sheet music from analog recordings.  IntelliScore listens to analog recordings in the form of wave files and creates MIDI files to be notated by a MIDI editor.


Sound Card

An add-on device attached to a computer that, in combination with appropriate software, gives it capabilities such as recording and playing wave files and MIDI files.  It can contain its own synthesizer and MIDI interface.


Stereo

Indicates music that is recorded with two tracks so that each ear hears slightly different sounds.  Music recorded this way has more depth than monaural because it creates the illusion of instruments placed at different locations in space.  However, since IntelliScore produces a MIDI file with a single MIDI channel, a stereo recording is unnecessary.  You can convert a stereo recording to monaural through Windows or by setting the Stereo Balance in the Project Editor.


Tracks

Music recorded from a single source, such as one microphone.  Two tracks that play simultaneously (such as if it is recorded from two microphones) is called stereo, while a single track is monaural.


Velocity

A measure of how rapidly a note is struck when it starts sounding or how rapidly it is released when it stops.  This information is recorded in MIDI files.  IntelliScore treats velocity as equivalent to volume.


Wave Editor

A software program designed to record, edit, and play wave files, such as the Sound Recorder utility that comes with Windows.  You can use this program or your own.


Wave File

A digital recording of an analog waveform, similar to the contents of an audio CD.  It normally has a filename extension of .wav and can be managed through a wave editor.


Waveform

An analog representation of sound, just as it exists in the real world.  Sound is created by oscillating air pressure.  Each oscillation is represented as a cycle.  Our ears interpret shorter cycles as higher pitches than it does longer cycles.  Waveforms can be recorded as wave files or on an audio CD for use by a computer.


MIDI Note Number/Name Map

If you indicate in the Options window that you intend to notate the MIDI file, you edit note information in the Project Edit using note names.  Otherwise, you use MIDI note numbers.  This table lists the MIDI note numbers and their equivalent note names.

0=C-2	1=C#-2 / Db-2	2=D-2	3=D#-2 / Eb-2

4=E-2	5=F-2	6=F#-2 / Gb-2	7=G-2

8=G#-2 / Ab-2	9=A-2	10=A#-2 / Bb-2	11=B-2

12=C-1	13=C#-1 / Db-1	14=D-1	15=D#-1 / Eb-1

16=E-1	17=F-1	18=F#-1 / Gb-1	19=G-1

20=G#-1 / Ab-1	21=A-1	22=A#-1 / Bb-1	23=B-1

24=C0	25=C#0 / Db0	26=D0	27=D#0 / Eb0

28=E0	29=F0	30=F#0 / Gb0	31=G0

32=G#0 / Ab0	33=A0	34=A#0 / Bb0	35=B0

36=C1	37=C#1 / Db1	38=D1	39=D#1 / Eb1

40=E1	41=F1	42=F#1 / Gb1	43=G1

44=G#1 / Ab1	45=A1	46=A#1 / Bb1	47=B1

48=C2	49=C#2 / Db2	50=D2	51=D#2 / Eb2

52=E2	53=F2	54=F#2 / Gb2	55=G2

56=G#2 / Ab2	57=A2	58=A#2 / Bb2	59=B2

60=C3	61=C#3 / Db3	62=D3	63=D#3 / Eb3

64=E3	65=F3	66=F#3 / Gb3	67=G3

68=G#3 / Ab3	69=A3	70=A#3 / Bb3	71=B3

72=C4	73=C#4 / Db4	74=D4	75=D#4 / Eb4

76=E4	77=F4	78=F#4 / Gb4	79=G4

80=G#4 / Ab4	81=A4	82=A#4 / Bb4	83=B4

84=C5	85=C#5 / Db5	86=D5	87=D#5 / Eb5

88=E5	89=F5	90=F#5 / Gb5	91=G5

92=G#5 / Ab5	93=A5	94=A#5 / Bb5	95=B5

96=C6	97=C#6 / Db6	98=D6	99=D#6 / Eb6

100=E6	101=F6	102=F#6 / Gb6	103=G6

104=G#6 / Ab6	105=A6	106=A#6 / Bb6	107=B6

108=C7	109=C#7 / Db7	110=D7	111=D#7 / Eb7

112=E7	113=F7	114=F#7 / Gb7	115=G7

116=G#7 / Ab7	117=A7	118=A#7 / Bb7	119=B7

120=C8	121=C#8 / Db8	122=D8	123=D#8 / Eb8

124=E8	125=F8	126=F#8 / Gb8	127=G8

Notes of note:

•	Lowest note on piano:	21 (A-1)

•	Lowest note on bass guitar:	28 (E0)

•	Lowest note on guitar:	40 (E1)

•	Middle C:	60 (C3)

•	A440:	69 (A3)

•	Highest note on piano:	108 (C7)