World Book International Editorial Advisory Board
William H. Nault, A.B., M.A., Ed.D., Litt.D. LL.D., L.D.O.
Publisher Emeritus and Chairman,
Editorial Advisory Board, World Book, Inc.
Andrew B. Gonzalez, A.B., M.A., Ph.D., Litt.D.
President, De La Salle University, Manila, Philippines
Dato Isahak Haron, B.A., Dip.Ed., M.Ed., Ph.D.
Professor, Department of Pedagogy and Educational Psychology, Faculty of Education,
University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Dame Leonie Kramer, A.C., D.B.E., B.A., M.A., D.Phil., D.Litt., LL.D.
Emeritus Professor and Chancellor, The University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
K. N. Panikkar, M.A., Ph.D.
Chairman, Archives on Contemporary History, and Professor of Modern History,
Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
Mohammed A. Rasheed, B.A., M.S., Ph.D.
Minister of Education, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Emeritus Professor of Education,
King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Sir William Taylor, C.B.E., B.Sc.Econ., Ph.D., LL.D., D.Sc., Ed.D., D.C.L., D.Litt., D.Univ., F.C.P.
President, Society for Research in Higher Education and Emeritus Research Fellow,
University of London Institute of Education, London, England
World Book Editorial Advisers and Consultants
Mary Alice Anderson, B.S., M.A.
Media Specialist, Winona (Minnesota) Middle School
David J. Bercuson, B.A., M.A., Ph.D.
Professor of History, University of Calgary
Lawrence C. Bliss, B.S., M.S., Ph.D.
Emeritus Professor of Botany, University of Washington
Marianna Anderson Busch, B.A., Ph.D.
Professor and Chair, Department of Chemistry, Baylor University
Maria Luisa Crawford, A.B., Ph.D.
Professor of Geology, Bryn Mawr College
Anne Innis Dagg, B.A., M.A., Ph.D.
Academic Advisor, Independent Studies, University of Waterloo (Ontario)
Herbert J. Ellison, B.A., M.A., Ph.D.
Professor of Russian History, Jackson School of International Studies, University of Washington
Homer D. C. Garcia, B.A., M.A., M.Phil., Ph.D.
Professor of Sociology, Baylor University
C. Anderson Hedberg, M.D.
Associate Professor of Medicine, Rush-Presbyterian-St. LukeÆs Medical Center and Rush Medical College
Alan E. Mann, B.A., M.A., Ph.D.
Professor of Anthropology, University of Pennsylvania
Donald G. Marshall, A.B., M.Phil., Ph.D.
Professor and Head of English, University of Illinois at Chicago
Margaret Mc Keown, B.S., M.S., Ph.D.
Research Scientist, Learning Research and Development Center, University of Pittsburgh
Catherine Murphy, B.S., M.L.S., D.L.S.
Assistant Professor, School of Library and Information Sciences, University of North Texas
Jay M. Pasachoff, A.B., A.M., Ph.D.
Field Memorial Professor of Astronomy and Director, Hopkins Observatory of Williams College
Robert B. Prigo, B.S., M.S., Ph.D.
Professor of Physics, Middlebury College
Michael Seidel, B.A., M.A., M.Phil., Ph.D.
Professor, Department of English and Comparative Literature, Columbia University
Whitney Smith, A.M., A.B., Ph.D.
Director, The Flag Research Center
Ivan Soll, A.B., Ph.D.
Professor of Philosophy, University of Wisconsin-Madison
Marilyn Stokstad, B.A., M.A., Ph.D.
Judith Harris Murphy Distinguished Professor of Art History, University of Kansas
Scott L. Waugh, B.A., Ph.D.
Dean of Social Sciences and Professor of History, University of California, Los Angeles
Robert Wedgeworth, A.B., M.S.
University Librarian and Professor of Library Administration, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Executive Committee
Robert C. Martin, President, World Book Direct Marketing and World Book School and Library Division
John E. Frere, President, World Book International
Michael Ross, Vice President and Publisher, World Book Publishing
J. Bernard Rice, General Manager, Reference Software, Consumer Division, IBM
James M. Ebetino, Division Counsel, Consumer Division, IBM
Tim Guster, Corporate Counsel, The Scott Fetzer Company
James E. Reynolds, World Book Brand Marketing Executive
Product Management
IBM Multimedia Studio
Neil L. Holman, Ph.D., Executive Producer
Allen Konieczka, Senior Producer
Jennifer De Vries, Producer
James Kolanowski, System Operations
Dawn Albin, Production Manager
Stephanie Tunney, Administrative Assistant
World Book Electronic Products Group
Garrett Ellison, Director
D. Leigh Daeuble, Manager, Database Production
Dawn Bueneman, Associate Producer
Jason Moser, Production Coordinator
IBM Interactive Media
Bruce Culbert, Director, Interactive Media Consulting and Services
Ken Lawler, Executive Producer
Rhaz Zeisler, Executive Creative Director
Mark Cohen, Producer
Design
JMC Studios, Inc.
Jim McGreal, Principal Designer
Kurt Heinz
Pat McCarthey
Fred Hickler
World Book International
Howard Timms, Managing Editor
World Book International - London
Editorial
Executive Editor
Jeff Groman
Assistant Managing Editors
Martha Bremser
Lloyd Lindo
Senior Editor
Francesca Mitchell
Staff Editors
Will Kragh
Wendy Lane
Casey Nolan
Jeremiah Steele
Research Services
Cathy Johns
Barbara Vossel
Special Assignment Editors
James E. Davis
William Gould
Katherine Lubar
Venessa Murphy
Richard Shaw
Proofreader
Anthony F. Germing
Indexers
Marilyn A. Timms, Head
Carole Taylor
Russell Webb
Art and Production
Production Manager
Franci Perez
Assistant Production Manager
Robin Mills
Production Services
Enrique Lavado
Computer Services
Shikoh Kahn, Head
James Tyrrell
Picture Editor
Janet Moore
Picture Researcher
Jennifer Johnson
Support Staff
Sylvia Vargas
CD-ROM Production
Manager
Moire Lennox
Sounds Editor
Bridget Martyn
Dictionary
William Gould
Text Editors
Hannah Bond
Eileen Cadman
Alison Coles
James Edge
Joseph Harris
Andrew Macpherson
Judith Sheppard
On-line Group
Aleks Sierz
Support Staff
Sara Creighton
Robert Overend
Derek Thomas
World Book Publishing - Chicago
Editorial
Vice President and Editor in Chief
Robert J. Janus
Executive Editor
Dale W. Jacobs
Managing Editors
Sara Dreyfuss
Warren Silver
Subject Editors
Timothy Falk
Brad Finger
Sally T. Halderman
Barbara Lanctot
Jay Myers
James J. Norton
Michael B. Schuldt
Thomas J. Wrobel
Daniel O. Zeff
Text Editors
Jane M. Stiedemann
Megan Caras
Daniel Marotta
Marissa Morrison
Statistical Services
Jay Powers, Head
Cartographic Services
H. George Stoll, Head
Wayne K. Pichler, Manager, Cartographic Database
Susan E. Ryan
Research Services
Lynn Durbin
Cheryl Graham
Karen A. McCormack
Loranne K. Shields
Mitchell C. Bassler
Nicholas V. Kilzer
Indexing Services
David Pofelski, Head
Pam Hori
Library Services
Jon Fjortoft, Head
Permissions
Janet T. Peterson
Online Group
Darlene Stille, Executive Editor
Mark Dunbar, Online Editor
David Dreier
Tim Frystak
Jay Lenn
Jennifer Parello
Al Smuskiewicz
Scott Thomas
Peter Uremovic
Kristina Vaicikonis
Support Staff
Rose M. Barberio
Barbara Hoffman
Curley Hunter
Gwendolyn Johnson
Carmen Jusino
Ethel Matthews
Art
Roberta Dimmer, Executive Director
Don DiSante
Sandra M. Dyrlund
Thomas B. Kinney
Julie Laffin
Melanie J. Lawson
Isaiah W. Sheppard, Jr.
Wilma Stevens
Production
Daniel N. Bach, Vice President, Production and Technology
Manufacturing/Pre-Press
Sandra Van den Broucke, Director
Audrey Casey
Carma Fazio
Debra Gill
Randi Park
Janice Rossing
Network Services
Richard B. Zinn
Lyn Dempsey
Freelancers
David Gould
John Judge
Lisa Klobuchar
Kelly Mountain
Dan Osborn
Carol Parden
Debra Porter
Richard Stachura
World Book, Inc.
William K. Phillips, President, World Book Educational Products/Direct Sales
Paul Kobasa, Director, Product Development
Joseph Vrankin, Director, Retail Trade Division
Matt Rosa, Marketing
Bev Ecker, Marketing
Melissa Tucker, World Book International, Senior Editor
IBM Corp.
IBM Multimedia Studio
Melissa Kmiecik
Steve Kosmala
Richard P. LeVee
Steve Litzinger
Anthony N. Magistrale
Ferrell Nolan
Irenie Poitras
Stacey Schwartz
IBM Interactive Media
Internet Software Engineers
Sean T. Murray, Lead Architect
Chris Hamilton
Anthony M. Lavey, Jr.
R. Lavon Loftin
Kimberly S. Murray
John Pisello
Jiandong (J.D.) Ye
Testing and Quality Control
Kim Wilkens, Test Manager
David Slipakoff, Test Lead
Athon Barron
David Beals
Rene McCurdy
Tom Nolan
David Tatum
Patrick Veedock
Graphics Production
Timothy Q. Mercer
Karolina A. McLean
Sharon Wasserman
IVID Communications, Inc.
Jack Spiegelberg, President and CEO
Janita Taylor, Project Manager
Software Engineers
Stanford Easley, Lead Software Engineer and System Architect
Paul Czerner
Royce Fickling
W. Sean Hennessy
Christopher Littlefield
Larry Michalec
Richard Pallencaoe
John Schiller
Keith Stowman
Suvat Sukchindasathien
Greg Taylor
Nicole Vjaters
John Walsh
Data Preparation
Claudia Lowenstein, Lead Data Preparation Specialist
Dell Herdman
User Interface Design and Graphics Production
Charlie Pierce, Lead Designer
Carol Breckenridge
Jim Busike
Renee Doniger
Stuart Grossman
Jeff Jones
Ralph Petrozello
Test Team
Mike Acosta, Lead Tester
Nawal Bengholam
Audrey Coughlin
Bernard Dambron
Ann Marie Jordan
Donna Todd
Support Staff
Racine Blevins
Various simulations created by Applied Research Associates, Inc.
Applied Research Associates, Inc.
Robert H. Sues, Ph.D., Project Manager, Technical Design
Graham S. Rhodes, Project Manager, Lead Software Engineer
Steven L. Butler, Lead Artist
Eric Ayars
Peter R. Montpellier
K. Kanchana
Lonny B. Kruger
Mark D. Smith
Mao Kang Su, Ph.D.
Andrew C. Steckley, Ph.D.
Rodney L. Walker
Audio and video compression and 3D animations provided by Peak Image Communications, Inc.
Peak Image Communications, Inc.
Kim Jerome, Media Coordination
Ken Jerome, Video Compression
Dan Swartz, Media Coordination
Eric Sherpan, 3D Animation
Tom Hepburn, 3D Animation
Brian Basilico, Audio Recording and Compression
Bret Steinhaus, Graphic Design
Eve McKeown, Graphic Design
Thad McAuley, Graphic Design
Lynn Kieklak, Graphic Design
Various animations created by Engineering Animations, Inc.
Various animations and videos produced by:
Elizabeth Azar
Clare Boger
Brad Buttram
Bob Clark
Chad Cameron
Marc Cohen
Bryan Coles
Steve Gilbert
Daniel Gill
Marti Griffin
Mary Jobson
Michael McCrystal
Michael McCurdy
Phillip OÆNeill
John Park
Alan Queen
Jarrod Roberson
Lenny Shkirenko
Sonja Vass
Sharon Wasserman
Field Production
Marvell Pictures, Inc.
Bob Clark
Monty Greenlee
Thomas Kurtzel
David Parrish
George Reasner