CAWF

Section: User Commands (1)
Updated: Version 4.07, 27 Dec 93
Index Return to Main Contents
 

NAME

cawf - C version of the nroff-like, Amazingly Workable (text) Formatter  

SYNOPSIS

cawf [ -c config ] [ -d device ] [ -e ] [ -f font ] [ -h ] [ -macros ] [ -n num ] [ -o pages ] [ file ... ]  

DESCRIPTION

Cawf formats the text from the input file(s) (standard input if none) in an approximation of nroff. It comes closest to duplicating nroff's man or ms macro package styles. It has some limited support for nroff's me macros.  

OPTIONS

Options must precede file names.
-c config
defines an alternate path to the device configuration file. Normally the device configuration file is found in device.cf in the cawf library (see the FILES section).
The device configuration file contains device character strings for selecting fonts and the bold or italic type faces. See the DEVICES section for more information.
-d device
specifies the name of the output device. There are three built-in devices - ANSI, NONE and NORMAL - and other devices may be defined in the device configuration file. See the DEVICES section for more information.
The NORMAL device is the default.
-e
directs cawf to issue an eject (FF or ^L) after the last page.
-f font
specifies the one font for the device, declared with the -ddevice option, that is to be used for the entire document. Font must match a font associated with the device's stanza in the device configuration file. See the DEVICES section for more information.
No font may be specified for the built-in devices ANSI, NONE or NORMAL.
-h
requests a help display.
-macro
specifies the macro file to be used. The standard cawf distribution supplies macro files to support ``-man'', ``-me'' or ``-ms''. Cawf finds a macro file by constructing its name from `m', acro and .mac - e. g., -man is converted to man.mac. The default directory for macro files is defined when cawf is compiled; it's C:\SYS\LIB\CAWF in the MS-DOS environment; /Homes/abe/lib/cawf in the UNIX environment.
-n num
specifies that the starting page number should be num.
-p pages
specifies pages and a range of pages to be printed in a comma separated list. Ranges are specified in the form ``first-last''. If the first number of a range is omitted, it is assumed to be one. If the last number is omitted, it is assumed to be the last page of the document. For example, ``-5,9,6,11-'' specifies the printing of pages one through five, six, nine, and eleven through the end of the document.
file ...
are the names of files containing nroff source text.
 

NROFF COMPATIBILITY

Cawf accepts the following raw nroff requests:

       .\"     .ad     .bp     .br     .ce     .de     .di     .ds
        .el     .fi     .fl     .ft     .i0     .ie     .if     .in
        .it     .lg     .li     .ll     .ls     .lt     .na     .ne
        .nf     .nr     .ns     .pl     .po     .ps     .rm     .rn
        .rr     .rs     .so     .sp     .ta     .ti     .tl     .tm
        .tr

and the following in-text codes: 

\$      \%      \*      \"      \c      \f      \h      \k
\n      \s      \w

plus the full list of nroff/troff special characters in the original V7 troff manual.

Many restrictions are present; the behavior in general is a subset of nroff's. Of particular note are the following:

*
The fully supported nroff request control character is the period. There is limited support for the non-break, acute accent control character.
* Point sizes do not exist; .ps is ignored.
* Special vertical spacing - the .vs request included - is ignored.
* Conditionals cover only the numeric comparisons >, =, <, >= and <= on \n(.$; string comparisons between a macro parameter and a literal; n (always true); and t (always false). Only single line input is accepted from conditionals; multi-line input - e.g., \(anything\) - is not supported.
* The handling of strings is generally primitive.
* The handling of page header and footer strings is limited. Some in-text code forms are supported. When the ms macros are in use, the CH and CF strings are preset to standard values. (See the MS MACROS and HEADERS AND FOOTERS sections for more detail.)
*
Horizontal motion via \h must be supplied with a number register interpolation and must be positive - e. g., \h\n(NN, where the value in NN is >= 0.
*
The \k function is reliable only after TAB characters, so it is useful only for measuring table positions.
*
The .di request only turns output on and off - any macro name is ignored.
*
Expressions - e. g., .sp - are reasonably general, but the |, &, and : operators do not exist, there must be white space between the end of the nroff function and the beginning of the expression, and \w requires that quote (') be used as the delimiters. \w counts the characters inside the quotes and scales the result in ens, so that, for example, \w'\(bu' equals 4n, and \w'\(bu'/1n equals 4.
* The only acceptable count for the .it request is one, and it is effective only with man, me or ms macros.
* The default scaling factor is `v' for the .ne, .sp, and .pl raw nroff requests; it is `u' for .nr; and `n' for .in, .ll, .ls, .lt, .po, .ta and .ti. (A different scaling factor may be specified with a trailing character.)
* Some obsolete or meaningless requests - .i0, .lg and .li - are silently ignored.
* White space at the beginning of lines, and embedded white space within lines is dealt with properly.
* Sentence terminators at ends of lines are understood to imply extra space afterward in filled lines.
* Tabs are implemented crudely and not exactly, although usually they work as expected.
* Hyphenation is done only at explicit hyphens (`-' characters), em-dashes (the \*(em string) and nroff discretionary hyphens.
The `-' character is always considered a hyphen when it is part of a word, and is output in the Roman face, no matter what face is in effect for the word. One or two `-' characters, preceded by a word break, will be output in the effective face, so the me \*- string will be output properly, if used as in ``word \*-''.
If there are more than two consecutive `-' characters, and the effective face is bold or italic, only the first two will be output in the effective face; the remaining `-' characters will be output in the Roman face.
* By default bold and italic characters are emulated with backspacing and overprinting, but the -d and -f options, combined with the contents of the device configuration file, may be used to generate special codes for bold and italic characters. (See the DEVICES section for more information.)
 

MAN MACROS

The man macro set replicates the full V7 manual macros, plus a few semi-random oddballs. The full list is: 

.AT     .B      .BI     .BR     .BY     .DE     .DS     .DT     .HP     .I
.IB     .IP     .IR     .IX     .LP     .NB     .P      .PD     .PP     .RB
.RE     .RI     .RS     .SH     .SM     .SS     .TH     .TP     .UC

.BY and .NB each take a single string argument (respectively, an indication of authorship and a note about the status of the manual page) and arrange to place it in the page footer. .AT and .IX do nothing.  

ME MACROS

The me macro subset has been derived from the cawf ms macros by Chet Creider <creider@csd.uwo.ca>. It includes: 

.(l     .(q     .)l     .)q     .b      .bu     .i      .ip     .lp     .np
.pp     .r      .sh     .sm     .u      .uh

The .(l macro supports the C and L options. Size changes via the .sz and .sm macros are silently ignored. The .u macro just prints its argument in italics. The ps and pi number registers exist and can be changed. The td string is available and is preset to today's date. Single spacing is not enforced in lists and quotations.

The .AB, .AE, .AI, .AU, .DA, .ND, .TL and .UX macros have been retained from the ms set. The .XP macro has been borrowed from the Berkeley additions to the ms macro set.  

MS MACROS

The ms macro set is a substantial subset of the V7 manuscript macros. The macros are: 

.AB     .AE     .AI     .AU     .B      .CD     .DA     .DE     .DS     .I
.ID     .IP     .LD     .LG     .LP     .ND     .NH     .NL     .PP     .QE
.QP     .QS     .R      .RE     .RP     .RS     .SH     .SM     .TL     .TP
.UL     .UX

Size changes are recognized but ignored, as are .RP and .ND. .UL just prints its argument in italics. .DS/.DE does not do a keep, nor do any of the other macros that normally imply keeps.

The DY string is available, is preset to today's date, and may be altered with the .DA macro. The PD, PI, and LL number registers exist and can be changed.

The CH string is preset for page numbering, and the CF string is preset to the contents of the DY string. (The DY string can be set with the .DA macro; it is preset to today's date.)  

HEADERS AND FOOTERS

Cawf's page header and footer handling is limited. It comes closest to that of the ms macros with the following characteristics.
*
Strings may be placed in three areas - the left, center, and right portions of page header and footer lines.
* The page header line is not normally printed on the first page of output, but may be selected with the ``.^b fh 1'' directive.
* The ``.^b lf n'' and ``.^b lh n'' directives may be used to specify the number of lines in the page header and footer sections.
The default section length is five lines - two blank lines, followed by the header or footer line, followed by two blank lines.
However, the last blank footer line is suppressed, so that printers that can't look ahead to a following form feed won't issue an extra form feed and cause a fully blank page to be printed. This makes the effective default footer section length four lines - five minus one.
* The ``\f'' (font change) in-text code is interpreted. Each of the three areas on the header or footer line is a separate entity with respect to type faces. Each begins in the Roman face and cawf closes it by returning to the Roman face, if necessary.
* The ``\n'' (number register interpolation) and ``\*'' (string interpolation) in-text codes are expanded.
* The `%' current page number in-text code is interpreted. Use the ``\%'' two character sequence to introduce a percent sign into a header or footer area.
* Any other two character sequence, beginning with `\', is contracted into the second character of the sequence - e.g., ``\\'' becomes a single `\' character.
* In-text codes within strings are not interpreted - e.g., when a string contains a request to interpolate a second string or change font, the in-text code is printed, not its interpretation.

When the ms macros are in use, the CH string is preset for page numbering, and the CF string is preset to the contents of the DY string (today's date). (See the MS MACROS section.)

Text is is placed in the page header and footer lines from the LH, CH, RF, LF, CF, and RF strings. The .^b requests provide limited control over the printing of the page header and footer lines: 

.^b fh 1   enables header string printing on the first page
.^b fh 0   disables header string printing on the first page
.^b HF 1   enables header/footer string printing
.^b HF 0   disables header/footer string printing
.^b lf n   print an (n - 1) line page footer (default n is 5)
.^b lh n   print an n line page header (default n is 5)

There are appropriate .^b requests in the distribution man, me and ms macro files. (The me and ms macro files use another .^b request, .^b NH, to enable numbered section header processing.)  

OUTPUT

The default output format supported by cawf, in its distributed form, is that appropriate to a dumb terminal, using overprinting for italics (via underlining) and bold. The nroff special characters are printed as some vague approximation (it's sometimes extremely vague) to their correct appearance.

One part of cawf's knowledge of the output device, related to the formation of characters, is established by a device file, which is read before the user's input. The search for it begins in cawf's library directory, under the name term.dev (where term is the value of the TERM environment variable). Failing to find that, cawf searches for dumb.dev. (See the FILES section for a description of the path to cawf's library directory.) The device file uses special internal requests to set up resolution, special characters and more normal nroff functions to set up page length, etc.

Cawf has limited support for special forms of bold and italic characters. It is provided through the -c config, -ddevice and -ffont options. See the DEVICES section for more information.

Note the distinction between the device and the output device configuration files. The device file typically defines characters and constant output parameters. The output device configuration file defines font and type face codes. It is usually not necessary to define a separate device file for each device represented in the output device configuration file - the dumb.dev device file will suffice for almost all representations.  

DEVICES

Cawf supports primitive output device configuration for font and type face control. One font may be selected for the entire document by directing cawf to issue a font selection control character string at the beginning of the document, and control character strings may be selected for switching between the bold, italic and Roman type faces.

The -c config, -ddevice and -ffont options direct the font and type face selections.

The -ddevice option specifies the name of the device. Cawf has three built-in devices - ANSI, NONE and NORMAL. When the ANSI device is selected, cawf issues the ANSI shadow mode control codes, ``ESC [ 7 m'', to represent the bold face; the ANSI underscore control codes, ``ESC [ 4 m'', to represent the italic face; and the ANSI control codes, ``ESC [ 0 m'', to represent the ROMAN face. No -ffont specification is permitted with the ANSI device.

When the NONE device is selected, cawf uses no special output codes to represent the type faces. No -ffont specification is permitted with the ANSI device.

The NORMAL output device is the default. When it's selected, cawf overprints each bold character two times, using three issuances of each bold character, separated by backspace characters; it issues an underscore and backspace before each italic character. No -ffont specification is permitted with the ANSI device. The bsfilt(1) filter may be used to further process the backspace codes output for a NORMAL device.

All other devices named in the -ddevice option must be represented by a stanza in the device configuration file. The device configuration file is usually contained in device.cf in cawf's library directory (see the FILES section for more information). An alternate device configuration file path may be specified with the -cconfig option.

The DEVICE CONFIGURATION FILE section describes the organization of the device configuration file. It is easy to add devices to the device.cf supplied in the cawf distribution.

The -ffont option may be used with the -ddevice option, when the appropriate stanza in the device configuration file contains an entry for the named font. The DEVICE CONFIGURATION FILE section describes how fonts are defined in device configuration file stanzas.  

DEVICE CONFIGURATION FILE

The device configuration file defines the special character codes necessary to direct output devices to select fonts and to produce bold, italic and Roman type faces.

The configuration file is usually found in device.cf in cawf's library directory (see the FILES section for more information). It is organized into two main parts - comments and device stanzas. Comments are any lines that begin with the pound sign (`#') character. They are informational only and cawf ignores them. Cawf also ignores empty lines, so they may be used as vertical white space.

Stanzas name devices and define their font and type face control strings. A stanza begins with the name of the device, starting at the beginning of a line and occupying the entire line. The body of the stanza, defining fonts and type faces, is formed of lines beginning with white space (a TAB or space characters) that directly follow the device name.

Individual lines of the stanza body contain a key character, followed by a equal sign, followed by the font name (if a font key) and the output device control codes. Cawf issues the font control codes once, at the beginning of output, so only one font may be selected. The type face control codes are issued at each change of type face.

The key characters are: b        for bold
f          for font definition
i          for italic
r          for Roman
The `b', `i' and `r' key codes are followed by an equal sign (`=') and their control code definition. The `f' key code is followed by an equal sign (`='), the font name, another equal sign and the font control code definition.

Control code definitions may contain any printable ASCII characters. Non-printable characters may be encoded in octal notation with the `\nnn' form or in hexadecimal with the `\xnn' form. The special code, `\E' (or `\e') represents the ESC control character (\033 or \x1b).

Here's a sample showing the definition for the HP LaserJet III. The stanza name is ``lj3''. All its non-printable characters are ESCs; the first is coded in octal form; the second with '\E'; the rest, in hexadecimal form. TAB is used as the leading white space character for the stanza body lines. # HP LaserJet III

lj3
        b=\033(s7B
        i=\E(s1S
        r=\x1b(s0B\x1b(s0S
        f=c10=\x1b&l0O\x1b(8U\x1b(s0p12h10v0s0b3T
        f=c12ibm=\x1b&l0O\x1b(10U\x1b(s0p10.00h12.0v0s0b3T
        f=lg12=\x1b&l0O\x1b(8U\x1b(s12h12v0s0b6T

The distribution device.cf file defines the following devices and fonts. 

epson     dot matrix printer in Epson FX-86e/FX-800 mode
          Bold:     Double-strike
          Fonts:    none

ibmppds   IBM Personal Printer Data Stream (PPDS) protocol
          Bold:     Double-strike
          Italic:   Underline
          Fonts:    none

kxp1124   Panasonic KX-P1124 dot matrix printer in PGM mode
          Bold:     Emphasized
          Fonts:    c10        10 Characters Per Inch (CPI) Courier
                    c12        12 CPI Courier
                    bps10      10 CPI Bold PS
                    bps12      12 CPI Bold PS
                    p10        10 CPI Prestige
                    p12        12 CPI Prestige
                    s10        10 CPI Script
                    s12        12 CPI Script
                    ss10       10 CPI Sans Serif
                    ss12       12 CPI Sans Serif

kxp1180   Panasonic KX-P1180 dot matrix printer in PGM mode
          Bold:     Emphasized
          Fonts:    c10        10 Characters Per Inch (CPI) Courier
                    c12        12 CPI Courier
                    bps10      10 CPI Bold PS
                    bps12      12 CPI Bold PS
                    p10        10 CPI Prestige
                    p12        12 CPI Prestige
                    ss10       10 CPI Sans Serif
                    ss12       12 CPI Sans Serif

lj3       HP LaserJet III
          Fonts:    c10        10 point, 12 Characters Per Inch (CPI)
                               Courier
                    c12ibm     12 point, 10 CPI Courier, IBM-PC
                               Symbol Set
                    lg12       12 point, 12 CPI Letter Gothic

vgamono   VGA monochrome monitor for MS-DOS
          (ANSI.SYS driver required for MS-DOS)
          Italic:   Reverse-video
          Fonts:    none
 

FILES

Cawf resource files are located in the cawf library directory - C:\SYS\LIB\CAWF, the MS-DOS environment default; or /Homes/abe/lib/cawf, the UNIX environment default. These defaults can be overridden by the CAWFLIB environment variable, or changed in the cawflib.h header file. 

common      common device-independent initialization
device.cf   output device configurations
*.dev       device-specific initialization
m*.mac      macro package files
 

DIAGNOSTICS

Unlike nroff, cawf complains whenever it sees unknown requests. All diagnostics appear on the standard error file.  

HISTORY

Vic Abell of Purdue University <abe@cc.purdue.edu> derived cawf from awf, ``the Amazingly Workable (text) Formatter,'' written by Henry Spencer of the University of Toronto. The Toronto work was a supplement to the C News project. The Purdue effort was aimed at producing a C language version that would run on small systems, particularly MS-DOS ones. The adaptation of the me macros was done by Chet Creider <creider@csd.uwo.ca>. Chet also contributed ideas for device, font and type face support.

The MS-DOS version of cawf has been compiled with version 3.1 of Borland's C++ compiler. It runs under the Mortis Kern Systems Toolkit KornShell, ksh(1), and COMMAND.COM. Cawf has also been ported to OS/2 1.x and OS/2 2.x, using the Microsoft C and EMX GNU C compilers.  

BUGS

Nroff and troff mavens will have many complaints. Some may even represent bugs and not deliberate omissions.

Watch out for scaling factors - especially on requests like \w.

The overprinting required to create bold and italicized characters is tiresome on a slow printer. The bsfilt(1) post-filter from this distribution may be used to alleviate that nuisance by managing the backspacing codes from cawf's NORMAL device output.

The printing of bold and italic characters is sometimes better handled by special printer codes. Use cawf's -c config, -ddevice and -ffont options to produce special font and device output control codes.

Cawf has a small amount of built-in code for the man, me and ms macro packages, but none for any others.

The stacking for the .so request is limited.  

SEE ALSO

bsfilt(1), colcrt(1), man(7), me(7), ms(7) and nroff(1).

 

Index

NAME
SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION
OPTIONS
NROFF COMPATIBILITY
MAN MACROS
ME MACROS
MS MACROS
HEADERS AND FOOTERS
OUTPUT
DEVICES
DEVICE CONFIGURATION FILE
FILES
DIAGNOSTICS
HISTORY
BUGS
SEE ALSO
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