A Declaration of the Rights of Nature

(1) Nature - animate or inanimate - has a right to existence; that is, to preservation and development.

'Nature has a right to the protection of its eco-systems, species and populations, in all their inter-connectedness'

(2) Nature has a right to the protection of its eco-systems, species and populations, in all their inter-connectedness.

(3) Animate nature has a right to the preservation and development of its genetic inheritance.

(4) Organisms have a right to a life fit for their species, including procreation within their appropriate eco-systems.

(5) Disturbances of nature require a justification. They are only permissible, firstly, when the presuppositions of the disturbance are determined in a democratically legitimate process and with respect for the rights of nature; secondly, when the interests of the disturbance outweigh the interests of a complete protection of the rights of nature; and thirdly, when the disturbance is not inordinate.

Damaged nature is to be restored wherever possible.

(6) Rare eco-systems, and above all those with an abundance of species, are to be placed under absolute protection. The driving of species to extinction is forbidden.

From 'Rights of Future Generations, Rights of Nature', edited by Lukas Vischer, published by the World Alliance of Reformed Churches (1990, Geneva). Sent in by one of the booklet's contributors, Professor Peter Saladin, Forrerstr. 26, CH-3006, Bern, Switzerland (tel 31 44 8006).


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