THE VODUN (VOODOO) RELIGION
General Background
Vodun or Sevi Lwa is commonly called Voodoo or Voudou by the
public. The name comes from an African word for "spirit". Vodun's roots go
back to the West African Yoruba people who lived in 18th and 19th century
Dahomey. That country occupied parts of today's Togo, Benin and Nigeria.
Slaves brought their religion with them when they were forcibly shipped to
Haiti and other islands in the West Indies.
Today over 60 million people practice Vodun worldwide. Variations of Vodun
can be found in South America where it is variously called Umbanda,
Macumba, Quimbanda or Candombe. It is widely practiced in Benin.
Although it was suppressed during the Marxist regime, it has been allowed to
be practiced freely since a democratic government was installed there in
1989. Vodun was formally recognized by the Government of Benin in 1996-FEB.
It is also followed by most of the adults in Haiti. It can be found in
many of the large cities in North America, particularly in the American
South.
Today, there are two virtually unrelated forms of the religion:
- the actual religion, Vodun practiced in Benin, Haiti, Dominican
Republic and various centres in the US where Haitian refuges have settled.
- an evil, imaginary religion, which we will call Voodoo here.
It has been created for Hollywood movies. It does not exist, except in
the minds of most non-Voduns.
History of Vodun in the West
Slaves were baptized into the Roman Catholic Church upon their arrival in
Haiti and other West Indian islands. However, there was little Christian
infrastructure present during the early 19th century to maintain the faith.
The result was that the slaves created a syncretistic mixture of Roman
Catholicism and their original native faith. This they practiced in secret,
even while attending Mass regularly.
An inaccurate and sensational book (S. St. John, "Haiti or the Black
Republic) was written in 1884. It described Vodun as a profoundly evil
religion, and included lurid descriptions of human sacrifice, cannibalism,
etc, some of which had been extracted from Vodun priests by torture. This
book caught the imagination of people outside the West Indies, and
was responsible for much of the misunderstanding and fear that is present
today. Hollywood found this a rich source for Voodoo screen plays. Horror
movies began in the 1930's and continue today to misrepresent Vodun. It is
only since the late 1950's that accurate studies by anthropologists have
been published.
Other religions (Macumba, Candomble, Umbanda and Santeria) bear many
similarities to Vodun.
Vodun Beliefs
Vodun, like Christianity, is a religion of many
sects. Each group follows a somewhat different spiritual path and worships
a slightly different pantheon of deities, called Loa (or Ioa). The
word means "mystery" in the Yoruba language.
Yoruba traditional belief included a chief God Olorun, who is remote
and unknowable. He authorized a lesser God Obatala to create the earth
and all life forms. A battle between the two Gods led to Obatala's temporary
banishment.
There are hundreds of minor Gods. Those which originated from Dahomey are
called Rada deities; those who were added later are often deceased
leaders in the new world and are called Petro.Some of these are
- Agwe: god of the sea
- Aida Wedo: rainbow deity
- Ayza: protector
- Baka: an evil spirit who takes the form of an animal
- Baron Samedi: guardian of the grave
- Dambala (or Damballah-wedo): serpent deity
- Erinle: God of the forests
- Ezili (or Erzulie): Goddess of love
- Mawu Lisa: God of creation
- Ogou Balanjo: God of healing
- Ogun (or Ogu Bodagris): God of war
- Osun: God of healing streams
- Sango (or Shango): God of storms
- Yemanja: Goddess of waters
- Zaka (or Oko): God of agriculture
There are a number of points of similarity between Roman Catholicism and
Vodun:
- both believe in a supreme being
- the Loa resemble Christian Saints, in that they were once people who
led exceptional lives, and are usually given a single responsibility or
special attribute.
- both believe in an afterlife
- both have as the centerpoint of their ceremony a ritual sacrifice and
consumption of flesh and blood
- both believe in the existence of invisible evil spirits or demons
- followers of Vodun believe that each person has a met tet (master
of the head) which corresponds to a Christian's patron saint.
Followers of Vodun believe that each person has a soul which is composed of
two parts: a gros bon ange or "big guardian angel", and a ti bon
ange or "little guardian angel". The latter leaves the body during sleep
and when the person is possessed by a Loa during a ritual. There is a concern
that the ti bon ange can be damaged or captured by sorcery while it is free
of the body.
Vodun Rituals
The purpose of rituals is to make contact with the Gods and Goddesses, to
gain their favor by offering them animal sacrifices and gifts, to obtain
help in the form of more abundant food, higher standard of living, and
improved health. Human and Loa depend upon each other; humans provide food
and other materials; the Loa provide health, protection from evil spirits
and good fortune. Rituals are held to celebrate lucky events, to attempt to
escape a run of bad fortune, to celebrate a seasonal day of celebration
associated with a Loa, for healing, at birth, marriage and death.
Vodun priests can be male (houngan or hungan), or female
(mambo). A Vodun temple is called a hounfour (or humfort). At
its centre is a poteau-mitan a pole where the God or Gods
communicate with the people. An altar will be elaborately decorated with
candles, pictures of Christian saints, symbolic items related to the Loa,
etc. Rituals consist of some of the following components:
- a feast before the main ceremony
- creation of a veve, a pattern of flour or cornmeal on the floor
which is unique to the Loa for whom the ritual is to be conducted
- shaking a rattle and beating drums which have been cleansed and purified
- chanting
- dancing by the houngan and/or mambo and the hounsis (students
studying Vodun). The dancing will typically build in intensity until
one of the dancers (usually a hounsis) becomes possessed by a Loa and falls.
His or her ti bon ange has left their body and the spirit has taken control.
The possessed dancer will behave as the Loa and is treated with respect and
ceremony by the others present.
- animal sacrifice; this may be a goat, sheep, chicken, or dog. They are
usually killed by slitting their throat; blood is collected in a vessel. The
possessed dancer may drink some of the blood. The hunger of the Loa is then
believed to be satisfied. The animal is usually cooked and eaten.
Sorcery
The houngan and mambos confine their activities to "white" magic which is
used to bring good fortune and healing. However caplatas (also known
as bokors) perform acts of sorcery or black magic, sometimes called
"left-handed Vodun". Rarely, a houngan will engage in sorcery; a few
alternate between white and dark magic.
One belief unique to Vodun is that a dead person can be revived after having
been buried. After resurrection, the zombie has no will of their own,
but remains under the control of others. In reality, a zombie is a living
person who has never died, but is under the influence of powerful drugs
administered by a sorcerer. Although most Haitians believe in zombies,
few have ever seen one. There are a few recorded instances of persons
who have claimed to be zombies.
Sticking pins in "voodoo dolls" was once used as a method of cursing an
individual by some followers of Vodun in New Orleans; this practice
continues occasionally in South America. The practice became closely
associated with Voodoo in the public mind because of horror movies.
Internet Resources
You can consult:
http://www.nando.net/prof/caribe/voodoo.html
for more information about Vodun.
An unmoderated forum, alt.religion.orisha was started in 1996-FEB
for the discussion of African-based and derived belief systems throughout
the African Diaspora. This includes: Candomble, Fon, Hoodoo,
Macumba Arara, Palo, Santeria, Yoruba Orisha and Voudun (Voodoo). Some of
the expected topics include: recent books, scholarly articles and tapes,
ethnography, information on acquisition and use of herbs in ritual practice,
ritual music, instruments and dance, divination systems, the changing role
of traditional practice in modern times, the law and repression of ritual
practices.
Return to the OCRT home page; return to the
Descriptions of Religions and Ethical Systems page.
References
- G.A. Mather & L.A. Nichols, "Dictionary of Cults, Sects, Religions and
the Occult", Zondervan, Grand Rapids MI (1993), ISBN 0-310-53100-4
- E. Belgum, "Voodoo", Greenhaven Press, San Diego (1991) ISBN
0-89908-089-8
- A quarterly newsletter for beginners in Santeria/Voodoo/African
Traditions is available. Contact bpantry@tiac.net
- Branwen's Pantry, a mail order store specializing in
supplies for Santeria and similar religions is at:
http://www.tiac.net/users/bpantry/
Return to the OCRT home page; return to the
Descriptions of Religions and Ethical Systems page.