An east African country of fertile upland plateaus and mountains, Uganda has outlets to the sea through Kenya and Tanzania. Its history from independence in 1962 until 1986 was one of ethnic strife. Since 1986, under President Museveni, peace has been restored and steps have been taken to rebuild the economy and democracy.

The predominantly rural population consists of 13 main ethnic groups. Traditional animosities were manipulated by ex-rulers Amin and Obote. Since 1986 President Museveni has worked hard for reconciliation, in 1993 allowing the restoration of the four historical monarchies. Uganda now has one of the best human rights records in Africa.

Strengths

Agriculture. Coffee brings in 93% of export earnings. Potential for more export crops. Road system is being repaired. Proinvestment policies.

Weaknesses

Lack of skilled workforce. Instability in the subregion affects confidence. World coffee price fluctuations. High transportation costs.

Since 1986, President Museveni has run a "no-party democracy," with political parties represented in a broadly based government, but banned from campaigning. Continuing to overcome ethnic tension is the main issue after its catastrophic effect in the 1970s and 1980s. Rebel insurgencies in the north and west led to the deaths, kidnapping, and displacement of tens of thousands of people, and destroyed Uganda's economy. A referendum in June 2000 on a return to full multipartyism resulted in an overwhelming vote of support for the "no-party" system. In 2001, Museveni won another term in office, taking 69% of the vote, and his supporters maintained a clear majority in the legislative elections.

Mineral resources are varied but barely exploited. Uganda has sizable copper deposits. The mines, closed under Obote, are now being reopened. Gold and cobalt mining are also due to resume and oil exploration is under way. Hydroelectric output is being expanded, notably at Owen Falls, with the aim of replacing 50% of oil imports.

A successful education and prevention campaign has reduced the prevalence of HIV/AIDS to about 8%, from a peak of 14% in the early 1990s.

All schools charge fees. Enrollment in primary schools is 94%, but only 11% of pupils go on to secondary school.

Uganda has a small but growing middle class. Those close to the government form the wealthiest group. 44% of the population live below the poverty line.

Uganda's ancient kingdoms were ruled under a British protectorate from 1893 until independence in 1962.

• 1962–1971 Milton Obote in power.
• 1971–1986 Ethnic strife, economic collapse under Idi Amin and Obote.
• 1986 President Museveni in power.
• 1996 Museveni wins first presidential elections.
• 2000 Referendum endorses "no-party" system.