$Unique_ID{BAS01280}
$Pretitle{}
$Title{Appendix:  Rules and Scoring:  Part 3}
$Subtitle{}
$Author{
Bingham, Dennis
Heitz, Thomas R.}
$Subject{Rule Rules Score Scoring Change Changes}
$Log{}

Total Baseball:  Appendixes


Rules and Scoring:  Part 3

Dennis Bingham and Thomas R. Heitz


1920

Ball     The President of the League of which the contesting clubs are members
shall specify the number of baseballs which the home club must deliver to the
umpire prior to the hour set for the commencement of a championship game, and
all of such baseballs shall be of the regulation make adopted by the league.
     The seal on boxes of new balls is not to be broken by the umpire except
prior to game time and for the purpose of inspecting the ball and removing the
gloss therefrom.

Ball Defacing     In event of the ball being intentionally discolored by any
player, either by rubbing it with the soil, or by applying rosin, paraffin,
licorice, or any other foreign substance to it, or otherwise intentionally
damaging or roughening the same with sandpaper or emery paper, or other
substance, the umpire shall forthwith demand the return of that ball and
substitute for it another legal ball, and the offending player shall be
disbarred from further participation in the game. If, however, the umpire
cannot detect the violator of this rule, and the ball is delivered to the bat
by the pitcher, then the latter shall be at once removed from the game, and as
an additional penalty shall be automatically suspended for a period of 10
days.
     At no time during the progress of the game shall the pitcher be allowed
to: (1) Apply a foreign substance of any kind to the ball; (2) Expectorate
either on the ball or his glove; (3) Rub the ball on his glove, person, or
clothing; (4) Deface the ball in any manner; (5) or to deliver what is called
the "shine" ball, "spit" ball, "mud" ball, or "emery" ball. For violation of
any part of this rule the umpire shall at once order the pitcher from the
game, and in addition he shall be automatically suspended for a period of 10
days, on notice from the president of the League.
     Note: In adopting the foregoing rule against "freak" deliveries on
February 9, 1920, it was understood and agreed that all bona fide spitball
pitchers would be certified to the respective presidents of the National and
American leagues at least 10 days prior to April 14, 1920, and that the
pitchers so certified would be exempt from the operation of the rule, as far
as it related to the spitball only.

Batter/Awarded Bases     The baserunner shall be entitled to advance one base
if, while the batsman, he becomes a baserunner by reason of "four balls" or
for being hit by a pitched ball or for being interfered with by the catcher in
striking at a pitched ball or if a fair hit ball strike the person or clothing
of the umpire or a baserunner on fair ground before touching a fielder.
Provided, that if a fair hit ball strike the umpire after having passed a
fielder or having been touched by a fielder, the ball shall be considered in
play. Also, if a fair hit ball strike the umpire on foul ground, the ball
shall be in play.

Catcher/Position     It shall be illegal for the catcher to leave his natural
position immediately and directly back of the plate for the purpose of aiding
the pitcher to intentionally give a base on balls to a batsman. If the
catcher shall move out of position prior to the time of the ball leaving the
pitcher's hand, all runners on bases shall be entitled to advance one base.
     Also see Interference/Defensive.

Coach     See Interference/Offensive.

Dead Ball     The baserunner shall return to his base without liability to be
put out if the umpire declares a dead ball, unless it also be the fourth
unfair ball, and he be thereby forced to take the next base as provided in the
rules. Provided, such fourth unfair ball shall not be called if the umpire
declare the ball "dead" because of a pitched ball accidentally hitting the
bat.

Fair/Foul Ball     A fair or foul fly must be judged according to the relative
position of the ball and the foul line, and not as to whether the fielder is
on fair or foul ground at the time he touches the ball.

Fielder     See Runner Tagged.

Force Out     A force out can be made only when a baserunner legally loses the
right to the base he occupies by reason of the batsman becoming a baserunner,
and he is thereby obliged to advance.

Game/Doubleheader     Whenever necessity demands that two games be played in
one afternoon, the first game shall be the regularly scheduled game for that
day.

Game/Drawn     A drawn game shall be declared by the umpire if the score is
equal on the last even inning played when he terminates play in accordance
with the rules after five or more equal innings have been played by each team.
But if the side that went second to bat is at bat when the game is terminated,
and has scored the same number of runs as the other side, the umpire shall
declare the game drawn without regard to the score of the last equal inning.
Provided, that if the side last at bat shall, before the completion of the
fifth inning, equal the score made by the opposing side in five complete
innings then the game shall be declared as legally drawn, and the individual
and team averages shall be incorporated in the Official Playing Records.

Game/Legal     "No Game" shall be declared by the umpire if he terminates play
in accordance with the rules before five innings are completed by each team.
Provided, however, that if the club second at bat shall have made more runs at
the end of its fourth inning, or before the completion of its fifth inning,
than the club first at bat made in five completed innings of a game so
terminated, the umpire shall award the game to the club having made the
greater number of runs, and it shall count as a legal game in the championship
record.

Game/"Time"     The rules of 1920 contain several new provisions governing the
calling of "Time" by the umpire, the most important of which is the following:
That in case of an accident to a player or players in attempting to make a
play on either a batted or a thrown ball, "Time" shall not be called until, in
the judgment of the umpire, no further play is possible.

Hit by Pitch     A "dead" ball is a ball delivered to the bat by the pitcher,
not struck at by the batsman, that touches any part of the batsman's person or
clothing while he is standing in his position or a wildly pitched ball which
the batsman plainly makes an attempt to dodge to avoid being hit, but which
ball accidentally hits his bat.

Home Run/Game-Ending     If a batsman, in the last half of the final inning of
any game, hit a home run over the fence or into a stand, all runners on the
bases at the time, as well as the batsman, shall be entitled to score, and in
such event all bases must be touched in order, and the final score of the game
shall be the total number of runs made.

Infield Fly     If, before two hands are out, while first and second or first,
second, and third bases are occupied, he hit a fair fly ball, other than a
line drive, that can be handled by an infielder, the batter is out. In such
case, the umpire shall, as soon as the ball be hit, declare it an infield or
outfield hit; but the runners may be off their bases or advance at the risk of
the ball being caught, the same as on any other fly ball. Provided, that,
with first and second bases occupied, with less than two out, any attempt to
bunt which results in a fair fly ball shall not be regarded as an infield fly.

Interference/Defensive     In the event a baserunner is trying to score from
third base on a pitched ball or the "squeeze" play, a "balk" and also an
"interference" should be called if the catcher runs out in front of the plate
to catch the ball; the runner shall be allowed to score and the batsman
entitled to first base. The same penalties must be imposed in case the
catcher pushes the batsman out of the way or tips his bat.

Interference/Offensive     The baserunner is out if, in the judgment of the
umpire, the coacher at third base by touching or holding the runner physically
assists him in returning to or leaving third base. The runner, however,
should not be declared out if no play is being made.
     The baserunner shall be entitled to advance one base if a thrown ball
strike a coacher on foul ground and the ball shall be considered in play.
Provided, that if in the opinion of the umpire the coacher intentionally
interfere with such thrown ball, the runner or runners must return to the last
bases touched, and the coacher penalized by removal from the playing field.
     The baserunner is not out if a fair hit ball goes through an infielder,
and hits a runner immediately back of him. The umpire must be convinced that
the ball passed through the infield and that no other infielder had the chance
to make a play on the ball. If, in the judgment of the umpire, the runner
deliberately and intentionally kicks such a hit ball, on which the infielder
has missed a play, then the runner must be called out for interference.

Interference/Umpire     See Batter/Awarded Bases.

Pitcher/Delivery     The following prohibitions were added to the previous
balk rule in 1920:
     A balk shall be: Making any motion to pitch while standing in his
position without having the ball in his possession; or, regardless of whether
he makes any motion to pitch or not, if the pitcher takes a legal position on
the rubber without the ball in his possession, or if he takes a position off
the rubber and feints to deliver the ball to the bat.
     A balk shall be: After the pitcher has taken position, with both hands
holding the ball in front of him, he cannot take either hand off the ball
except in the act of delivering the ball to the batsman or in throwing to
bases.
     A balk shall be: If, with one or more runners on bases, the pitcher, in
the act of delivering the ball to the batsman or in throwing to first base,
drop the ball, either intentionally or accidentally, the umpire shall call it
a "balk" and advance runner or runners. No penalty shall be imposed if, with
no one on bases, the pitcher drop the ball while delivering it to the batsman.
     If the pitcher steps off the rubber, after being in position, for the
purpose either of drying his hands or rubbing his eyes, or for other reasons,
and it is a legitimate action not understood or interpreted by the umpire to
deceive the baserunner, then the umpire shall call "Time."
     In case a balk is called, the ball shall be considered "dead" when
announcement is made, and no play can be made until the runner or runners
reach the base or bases to which they are entitled.
     If, with no one on base, the pitcher deliver the ball while off the
rubber, the umpire shall call a "ball" whether it goes over the plate fair or
not. If, however, the batsman strikes at such illegally delivered ball it
counts either for a strike or whatever play may follow.

Pitcher/Illegal Act     See Ball/Defacing.

Player/Position     The players of the team not at bat may be stationed at any
points of the field on fair ground their captain may elect, regardless of
their respective positions, except that the pitcher, while in the act of
delivering the ball to the bat must take his position and the catcher must be
within the lines of his position, and within 10 feet of home base, whenever
the pitcher delivers the ball to the bat; nor shall the catcher leave his
natural position immediately and directly back of the plate for the purpose of
aiding the pitcher to intentionally give a base on balls to a batsman.

Runner/Advancing     A baserunner who holds his base on a fly ball shall have
the right to advance the moment such fly ball touches the hands of a fielder.

Runner/Bases     The failure of a preceding runner to touch a base (and who is
declared out therefore) shall not affect the status of a succeeding runner who
touches each base in proper order.

Runner/Illegal Act     A baserunner having acquired legal title to a base
cannot run bases in reverse order for the purpose either of confusing the
fielders or making a travesty of the game. A runner violating this rule is
out if touched with the ball, or the ball held on the base said runner was
entitled to hold.

Runner/Returning     In case a runner is being run down between bases, and the
following runner occupies the same base the first runner has left, the second
man cannot be put out while holding said base. If the first runner, however,
returns safely to the base he left, and both runners are then occupying the
same base, the second runner is the man out, if touched with the ball.

Runner/Tagged     The baserunner is out if at any time while the ball is in
play, he be touched by the ball in the hands of a fielder, unless some part of
his person be touching the base he is entitled to occupy; provided, however,
that the ball be held by the fielder after touching him, unless the baserunner
deliberately knock it out of his hand. The ball must be firmly held by the
fielder after touching the runner. The ball cannot be juggled, even though
the fielder may retain possession of the ball and prevent same from dropping
to the ground.

Substitute     When a substitution is made but no announcement of the
substitution is made as required by the rules the substitute will nevertheless
be considered in the game as follows: if a pitcher, when he takes his place
on the rubber; if a batter, when he takes his place in the batsman's box; if a
fielder, when he takes the place of the fielder substituted for; if a runner,
when the substitute replaces him on the base he is holding, and any play made
by such unannounced substitute shall be legal under the rules.

Umpire     The rules of 1920 contain various new provisions governing umpires
and their respective duties.

1921

Pitcher     Note: By concurrent action of the National and American leagues
taken at their respective annual meetings held in New York in December 1920,
it was agreed that all bona fide spitball pitchers then remaining in the
National and American leagues be exempt from the operation of the rule against
the use of the spitball during the balance of their major league careers. The
pitchers so exempted were: National League--William Doak, Phil Douglas, Dana
Fillingim, Ray Fisher, Marvin Goodwin, Burleigh Grimes, Clarence Mitchell, and
Richard Rudolph (8). American League--A.W. Ayers, Ray Caldwell, Stanley
Coveleski, Urban Faber, H. B. Leonard, Jack Quinn, Allan Russell, Urban
Shocker, and Allan Sothoron (9).

1922-25

     There were no changes to the playing rules in these years.

1926

Batter/Awarded Bases     A fair batted ball that goes over the fence or into a
stand shall entitle the batsman to a home run, unless it should pass out of
the ground or into a stand at a distance less than 250 feet from the home
base, in which case the batsman shall be entitled to two bases only. In
either event the batsman must touch the bases in regular order. The point at
which a fence or stand is less than 250 feet from the home base shall be
plainly indicated by a white or black sign or mark for the umpire's guidance.

Pitcher/Legal Act     Under the supervision and control of the umpire, the
pitcher may use to dry his hands a small, finely meshed sealed bag containing
powdered rosin, furnished by the League.
     Note: This rule was first adopted by the National League only.

1927-30

     There were no changes to the playing rules in these years.

1931

Batter     The rules of 1931 provide new wording for the rule governing when
the batter is out without changing the substance of the rule.

Batter/Awarded Bases     A fair hit ball that bounds into a stand or over a
fence shall be a two-base hit.
     Note: There is no reference to distance in this rule and any fair hit
ball bounding over the fence or into the stand is a two-base hit.

Coach     See Interference/Offensive.

Dead Ball     The rules of 1931 merge two previous rules governing dead balls
in one differently worded rule without changing the substance of the old
rules.

Fair/Foul Ball     When a batted ball passes outside the playing field the
umpire shall decide it fair or foul according to where it leaves the playing
field.

Game     The rules of 1931 merge four previous rules governing regulation
games in one differently worded rule without changing the substance of the old
rules.

Game/Legal     "No game" shall be declared by the umpire if he terminates play
in accordance with the rules before five innings have been completed by each
team; but if the team last at bat is at bat in the last half of the fifth
inning and has equaled before the completion of that inning the score of the
side first at bat, the umpire shall declare the game "legally drawn" in
accordance with the rules. If the team second at bat shall have made more
runs at the end of its fourth inning or before the completion of its fifth
inning, than the team first at bat has made in five completed innings of a
game so terminated, the umpire shall award the game to the team having made
the greater number of runs, and it shall count as a legal game in the
championship record.

Glove/Pitcher     The pitcher's glove must be uniform in color.

Interference/Offensive     The players or coachers of the side at bat must
immediately vacate any space occupied by them if it is needed by a fielder
attempting to handle a batted or thrown ball.
     The baserunner is out if, in running the last half of the distance from
home base to first base, while the ball is being fielded to first base, he run
outside the three-foot lines, and, in the opinion of the umpire, interferes
with the fielder taking the throw at first base; except that he may run
outside the three-foot lines to avoid a fielder attempting to field a batted
ball.

Obstruction     The baserunner shall advance one base if he be prevented from
making a base by the obstruction of a fielder, except when a fielder is trying
to field a batted ball unless the latter has the ball in his hand ready to
touch the baserunner. The ball is still in play so far as other baserunners
are concerned.

Pitcher/Delivery     Preliminary to pitching, the pitcher shall take his
position facing the batsman, with both feet squarely on the ground and on top
of the pitcher's plate, or one foot on top of the pitcher's plate and the
other foot in contact with same, or one foot in front of the pitcher's plate
and the other foot on top of same, and in the act of delivering the ball to
the batsman he must keep one foot in contact with the pitcher's plate. He
shall not raise either foot until in the act of delivering the ball to the
batsman, or in throwing to a base; nor may he make more than one step in such
delivery. With a runner on first base or on second base, the pitcher must
face the batsman with both hands holding the ball in front of him. If he
indulges in a preliminary stretch by raising his arms above his head or out in
front, he must return to a natural pitcher's position and stop before starting
his delivery of the ball to the batsman.

Runner/Awarded Bases     In all cases where there are no spectators on the
playing field and where a thrown ball goes into a stand for spectators or over
or through any fence surrounding the playing field or into the players' bench
(whether the ball rebounds into the field or not) or remains in the meshes of
a wire screen protecting the spectators, the runner or runners shall be
entitled to two bases. When the throw is made by an infielder, the umpire, in
awarding such bases, shall be governed by the position of the runner or
runners at the time the ball was pitched; when the throw is made by an
outfielder, the award shall be governed by the position of the runner or
runners at the time the throw was made.
     The baserunner shall advance one base without liability to be put out if
a ball delivered by the pitcher pass the catcher and touch any fence or
building within 60 feet of the home base. The ball shall be dead in such
case.

Runner/Bases     The baserunner is out if, when advancing bases or obliged to
return to a base while the ball is in play, he fail to touch the intervening
base or bases, if any, in the regular or reverse order, as the case may be, he
may be put out by the ball being held by a fielder on any base he failed to
touch or by being touched by the ball in the hand of a fielder in the same
manner as in running to first base; provided, that the baserunner shall not be
out in such case if the ball be delivered to the bat by the pitcher before the
fielder hold it on said base or touch the baserunner with it; however, after a
fly ball other than a foul tip be legally caught by a fielder, the baserunner
who complies with this rule can only be retired by the ball being held by a
fielder on the base occupied by the runner when such ball was batted or by
being touched by the ball in the hand of the fielder.
     The failure of a preceding runner to touch a base (and who is declared
out therefore) shall not affect the status of a succeeding runner who touches
each base in proper order; except that, after two are out, a succeeding runner
cannot score a run when a preceding runner is declared out for failing to
touch a base as provided in the rules. This exception also applies to a
batsman who hits the ball out of the playing field for an apparent home run.

Substitute     Substitutions shall not be in effect until the manager or
captain of the team making the change notifies the umpire.

Substitute/Runner     The manager or the captain of the opposing team must
consent before a runner can be substituted for another baserunner.
     Note: Previously this rule referred only to the captain. Throughout the
rules of 1931, wherever authority or decision-making authority is granted to
the captain, the words "or manager" have been added.

Uniform     Glass buttons or polished metal must not be used on a uniform.

1932-38

     There were no changes to the playing rules in these years.

1939

Batter/Caught Fly     The baserunner is out if, having made a fair hit while
batsman, such fair hit ball be caught by a fielder before touching the ground
or any object other than a fielder; provided, it be not caught in a fielder's
hat, cap, protector, pocket, or other part of his uniform.

Fielder/Drops Fly Ball     If, before two are out, while first and second or
first, second, and third bases are occupied, an outfielder, in the judgment of
the umpire, intentionally drops a fly ball or a line drive, he shall
immediately rule the ball has been caught.
     Note: Baserunners are obliged to "tag up" after the out has been
declared before they can advance.

Gloves     The catcher may wear a leather glove or mitt of any size, shape or
weight.
     The first baseman may wear a leather glove or mitt not more than 12
inches from top to bottom and not more than 8 inches wide across the palm,
with thumb and palm connected by leather lacing of not more than 4 inches from
thumb to palm, which lacing shall not be enlarged, extended or reinforced by
any process or material whatever.
     Every other player is restricted to the use of a leather glove weighing
not over 10 ounces and measuring not over 14 inches around the palm. The
pitcher's glove must be uniform in color.

Pitcher/Delivery     Preliminary to pitching, the pitcher shall take his
position facing the batsman with both feet squarely on the ground, but his
pivot foot must be on or in front in contact with the pitcher's plate; his
other foot may be directly behind or in front (not on the side) of the
pitcher's plate, and in the act of delivering the ball to the batsman he must
keep one foot in contact with the pitcher's plate. He shall not raise either
foot until in the act of delivering the ball to the batsman or in throwing to
a base; nor may he make more than one step in such delivery. With a runner on
first base or second base, the pitcher must face the batsman with both hands
holding the ball in front of him. If he indulges in a preliminary stretch by
raising his arms above his head or out in front, he must return to a natural
pitcher's position and stop before starting his delivery of the ball to the
batsman.
     Note: After pitcher takes legal position for delivery of ball to
batsman, he can take but one step and that must be forward.
     A balk will be called (entitling the runner or runners to advance one
base) if the pitcher makes any delivery of the ball to the bat while his pivot
foot is back of and not in contact with the pitcher's plate.

1940

Bat     The bat must be made entirely of hardwood in one piece.

Coach     No fines are to be assessed for violations of the coaching rules.

Dead Ball     A batted or thrown ball touched, stopped, or handled by a person
not engaged in the game is dead and not in play. If a fair hit, the batsman
making the hit shall be entitled to two bases and each baserunner shall be
entitled to advance two bases. If a thrown ball, each baserunner shall be
entitled to advance in accordance with the rules governing a thrown ball.
     Note: This rule replaces the rule regarding "blocked balls."

Fielder     See Runner/Tagged.

Fielder/Drops Fly Ball     See Runner/Advancing.

Foul Ball     A foul hit is a legally batted ball that settles on foul
territory between home and first base or home and third base or that bounds
past first or third base on or over foul territory or that falls on foul
territory beyond first or third base or, while on or over foul ground, touches
the person of the umpire or a player or any object foreign to the natural
ground. A foul fly must be judged according to the relative position of the
ball and the foul line, and not as to whether the fielder is on foul or fair
ground at the time he touches the ball.

Game/Doubleheader     No club or clubs shall engage in more than two
championship games within a period of one day.

Game/Start     No inning of any night game shall be started after 11:50 P.M.
standard time.

Grounds     The ball ground must be enclosed. To obviate the necessity for
ground rules, the shortest distance from a fence or stand on fair territory to
the home base should be 250 feet and from home base to the grandstand 60 feet.

Grounds/Foul Lines     The foul lines are to be continued until they reach the
boundary lines of the ground and not less than 10 feet above the top of the
fence or stand. The foul lines are to be made, on the playing field, of lime,
chalk, or other powder or paint.

Infield Fly     The batter is out if, before two are out, while first and
second or first, second, and third bases are occupied, he hit a fair fly ball,
other than a line drive, that can reasonably be caught by an infielder. In
such case, the umpire shall declare it an infield fly. However, the runners
may be off their bases or advance at the risk of the ball being caught, the
same as on any other fly ball; but if hit by the ball while standing on base,
that baserunner shall not be called out, but the ball is dead and the batsman
shall be called out and if the baserunner be hit while off base, both that
baserunner and the batsman shall be called out and the ball is dead.
Provided, that, with first and second bases occupied or first, second, and
third bases occupied, with less than two out, any attempt to bunt which
results in a fair fly ball shall not be regarded as an infield fly.

Interference/Defensive     The batter becomes a baserunner if the catcher
interferes with him, unless he makes a safe hit.
     The baserunner is entitled to advance one base if the catcher interferes
with the batsman while a baserunner is attempting to steal a base.

Interference/Offensive     If one or more members of the team at bat stand or
collect at or around a base for which a baserunner is trying, thereby
confusing the team in the field and adding to the difficulty of making such
play or if a batsman or baserunner who has just been retired obstructs or
interferes with any following play being made on a baserunner, the baserunner
shall be declared out for the interference of his teammate or teammates.
     The baserunner is out if, after having hit or bunted a ball to fair
territory, his bat again hits the ball on or over fair territory and deflects
its course. Other baserunners cannot advance.

Pitcher/Delivery     Preliminary to pitching, the pitcher shall take his
position facing the batsman with his pivot foot always on or in front of and
in contact with the pitcher's plate. In the act of delivering the ball to the
batsman, the pitcher's other foot is free, except that he cannot step to
either side of the pitcher's plate. He shall not raise either foot until in
the act of delivering the ball to the batsman or in throwing to a base. With
a runner on first or second base, the pitcher must face the batsman with both
hands holding the ball in front of him. If he raises his arms above his head
or out in front he must return to a natural pitcher's position and stop before
starting the delivery of the ball to the batsman.
     Note: After pitcher takes legal position for delivery of ball to
batsman, he may take one step backward and one step forward, but not to either
side.
     It is a balk if the pitcher, in the act of delivering the ball to the
batsman or in throwing to first base, drop the ball, either intentionally or
accidentally.
     Note: With no one on base, it is not a balk if the pitcher drops the
ball while delivering it to the batsman.
     A balk (entitling the runner or runners to advance one base) shall be
called for: (1) Throwing the ball by the pitcher to any base to catch the
baserunner without first stepping directly toward such base in the act of
making such throw; or throwing or feinting to throw to an unoccupied base; (2)
Making any motion of the arm, shoulder, hip, knee, foot, or body the pitcher
habitually makes in his method of delivery, without immediately delivering the
ball to the bat.

Runner/Advancing     A baserunner who holds his base on a fly ball shall have
the right to advance the moment such fly ball touches the person or uniform of
a fielder.
     The baserunner may "tag up" and advance if, before two are out, while
first, or first and second, or first, second, and third bases are occupied,
any player, in the judgment of the umpire, intentionally drops a fly ball or a
line drive, the umpire shall immediately rule the ball has been caught.

Runner/Awarded Bases     In all cases where there are no spectators on the
playing field, and where a thrown ball goes into a stand for spectators, or
over or through any fence surrounding the playing field, or into the players'
bench (whether the ball rebounds into the field or not), or remains in the
meshes of a wire screen protecting the spectators, the runner or runners shall
be entitled to two bases. When a first throw made by an infielder, the
umpire, in awarding such bases, shall be governed by the position of the
runner or runners at the time the ball was pitched; when the throw is made by
an outfielder or is the result of any following plays or attempted plays, the
award shall be governed by the position of the runner or runners at the time
the last throw was made.

Runner/Overrunning First     The baserunner is permitted to "overslide" as
well as overrun first base without liability to be put out.

Runner/Tagged     The baserunner is out if at any time while the ball is in
play, he be touched by the ball in the hand of a fielder, unless some part of
his person be touching the base he is entitled to occupy; provided, however,
that the ball be held by the fielder after touching him, unless the baserunner
deliberately knock it out of his hand. The ball must be firmly held by the
fielder after touching the runner. The ball cannot be juggled, even though
the fielder may regain possession of the ball and prevent same from dropping
to the ground.
     Note: The previous rule read: "even though the fielder may retain
possession of the ball."

Trainer     Trainers are permitted to occupy the players' bench.

Trainer/Umpire     Umpires are given authority over trainers.

Umpire     The rules of 1940 describe the procedures to be used when more than
two umpires are assigned.
     The Umpire-in-Chief is to make all decisions regarding batters.

1941

     There were no changes to the playing rules this year.

1942

Game/Start     No inning of any night game shall be started after 12:50 A.M.
war time.

1943-48

     There were no changes to the playing rules in these years.

1949

Catcher/Position     The catcher must stand with both feet inside the
catcher's lines until the ball leaves the pitcher's hand.

Coach     First base coaches as well as third base coaches must refrain from
touching or holding the runner physically or the runner is out.

Foul/Fair Ball     A foul fly must be judged according to the relative
position of the ball and the foul line, including the foul pole, and not as to
whether the fielder is on foul or fair ground at the time he touches the ball.

Game/Start     No inning of any night game shall be started after 12:50 A.M.
local city time.

Pitcher/Delivery     No balk can be committed with all bases empty.

Player/Illegal Act     No manager, captain, coach, or player shall address the
spectators before or during a game except in reply to a request for
information about the progress or state of the game or to give the name of a
player.

1950

Bases     The home plate and the pitcher's plate shall be of whitened rubber,
anchored in the ground, even with its surface. The home plate, with beveled
edges, shall be level with the baselines. The pitcher's plate shall be on a
mound 15 inches higher than home plate. The slope from the pitcher's plate to
the baselines shall be gradual.
     First, second, and third bases shall be approved bags of white canvas,
securely anchored in the ground. They shall be 15 inches square and not less
than three, nor more than five inches thick and shall be filled with soft
material.

Bat     The bat shall be round, not over 2 3/4 inches in diameter at the
thickest part, not more than 42 inches in length, and entirely of hard, solid
wood in one piece. Twine may be wound around it or a granulated substance
applied to it, for a distance of 18 inches from the end of the handle, but not
elsewhere.

Batter/Awarded Bases     Each runner including the batter-runner may, without
liability of being put out, advance to home base, scoring a run, if a fair
ball goes over the field fence in flight and he touch all bases legally; or if
a fair ball which, in the umpire's judgment, would have cleared the field
fence in flight, is deflected by the act of a defensive player in throwing his
glove, cap, or any article of his apparel, the runner shall be awarded a home
run.
     The rules of 1950 include various new provisions for baserunners when
balls are hit or thrown into the stands.
     The batter becomes a baserunner when a fair ball, after touching the
ground, bounds into the stands or passes through or under a fence or through
or under a scoreboard or through or under shrubbery or vines on the fence, in
which case the batter and the baserunners shall be entitled to advance two
bases.
     The batter becomes a baserunner when any fair ball which, either before
or after striking the ground, passes through or under a fence or through or
under a scoreboard or through any opening in the fence or scoreboard or
through or under shrubbery or vines on the fence, in which case the batter and
the baserunners shall be entitled to two bases.
     The batter becomes a baserunner when any bounding fair ball is deflected
by the fielder into the stands or over or under a fence on fair or foul
ground, in which case the batter and all baserunners shall be entitled to
advance two bases.
     The batter becomes a baserunner when any fair fly ball is deflected by
the fielder into the stands or over the fence into foul territory, in which
case the batter shall be entitled to advance to second base; but if deflected
into the stands or over the fence in fair territory, the batter shall be
entitled to a home run.

Batter/Illegal Act     The batter is out for illegal action when he fails to
take his position in the batter's box promptly. If he persists in unwarranted
delay in taking his position the umpire shall direct the pitcher to deliver
the ball to the bat and every such pitch shall be called "strike" by the
umpire. If he enters the batter's box in the interval between any such
pitches, the ball and strike count shall continue regularly, but if he has not
entered the batter's box when three strikes are called he shall be declared
"out."

Catch     A catch is the act of a defensive player in receiving, and holding
firmly in his hand or glove, a batted or thrown ball. It is not a catch,
however, if simultaneously or immediately following his contact with the ball,
he collide with a player or with a wall or if he fall down, and as a result of
such collision or falling, drops the ball. If the player has made the catch
and drops the ball while in the act of making a throw following the catch, the
ball shall be adjudged to have been caught. In establishing the validity of
the catch, the player shall hold the ball long enough to prove that he has
complete control of the ball and that his release of the ball is voluntary and
intentional.

Dead/Live Ball     See Game/"Time."

Definitions     Rule Two of the rules of 1950 includes the definitions of 69
baseball terms as used in the rules. Several of the key definitions are
quoted throughout this year's rule entries.

Fair Territory     Fair territory is that part of the playing field within,
and including the first and third baselines, from home base to the bottom of
the playing field fence and perpendicularly upwards. All foul lines are in
fair territory.

Foul Tip     A foul tip is a ball batted by the batter that goes sharp and
direct from the bat to the catcher's hands and is legally caught. It is not a
foul tip unless caught and any foul tip that is caught is a strike, and the
ball is in play. It is not a catch if it is a rebound from any part of the
catcher's equipment other than the catcher's glove or hand.

Game     Baseball is a game between two teams of nine players, each with
adequate substitutes, coaches, and trainers, under direction of a manager,
played in accordance with these rules, under jurisdiction of an umpire or
umpires on an enclosed field.
     The object of each team is to win by scoring the more runs.
     A game consists of nine innings, except as otherwise provided, and an
inning is that portion of the game during which each team shall play both
offensively and defensively.
     The winner of the game shall be that team which shall have scored, in
accordance with these rules, the greater number of runs at the conclusion of a
regulation game.

Game/Doubleheader     The rules of 1950 include a series of new provisions
governing the conduct of doubleheaders.

Game/Rain     The manager of the home team shall be the sole judge of the
fitness of the playing field for the beginning of any game other than the
second game of a doubleheader. Exception: Any league may permanently
authorize its president to suspend the application of this rule as to that
league during the closing weeks of its championship season in order to ensure
that the championship is decided each year on its merits. When the
postponement of, and possible failure to play, a game in the final series of a
championship season between any two teams might affect the final standing of
any club in the league, the president, on appeal from any league member, may
assume the authority granted the home team manager by this rule.

Game/Start     The players of the home team shall take their defensive
positions, the first batter of the visiting team shall take his position in
the batter's box, the umpire shall call "Play," and the game shall proceed.
     The rules of 1950 include a series of new provisions governing the
preliminaries before championship games.

Game/"Time"     The ball is dead when the umpire-in-chief suspends play by
calling "Time" when a manager requests "Time" for a substitution or for
conference with his player.
     The ball is dead when the umpire-in-chief suspends play by calling "Time"
when a fielder, after catching a fly ball, falls into a bench, dugout, or
stand or falls across ropes into a crowd (when spectators are on the field),
and baserunners may advance one base without liability to be put out.
     Note: If player after making the catch steps into the dugout but does
not fall, the ball is alive and in play and runners may advance at their own
peril.
     After the umpire calls "Play" the ball is alive and in play and remains
alive and in play until for legal cause, or at the umpire's call of "Time"
suspending play, the ball becomes dead. While the ball is dead no player may
be put out, no bases may be run, and no runs may be scored, except that
runners may advance as legally provided.

Glove/Fielder     Each player, other than the first baseman and the catcher,
is restricted to the use of a leather glove not more than twelve inches long
nor more than eight inches wide, measured from the base of the thumb crotch to
the outside edge of the glove. The space between the thumb and the forefinger
shall not exceed 4 1/2 inches at the top nor more than 3 1/2 inches at the
base of the thumb crotch. The webbing may be standard leather or lacing and
shall not be enlarged, extended, or reinforced by any process or materials
whatever. The webbing cannot be constructed of wound or wrapped lacing to
make a net type of trap. The glove may be of any weight.

Glove/First Baseman     The first baseman may wear a leather glove or mitt not
more than 12 inches long from top to bottom and not more than eight inches
wide across the palm, measured from base of thumb crotch to outer edge of the
mitt. The space between the thumb section and the finger section of the mitt
shall not exceed four inches at the top of the mitt and 3 1/2 inches at the
base of the thumb crotch. The mitt shall be constructed so that this space is
permanently fixed and cannot be enlarged, extended, widened, or deepened by
the use of any materials or process whatever. The web of the mitt shall
measure not more than five inches from its top to the base of the thumb
crotch. The web may be either a lacing, lacing through leather tunnels, or a
center piece of leather which may be an extension of the palm connected to the
mitt with lacing and constructed so that it will not exceed the
above-mentioned measurements. The webbing cannot be constructed of wound or
wrapped lacing or deepened to make a net type of trap.

Glove/Pitcher     The pitcher's glove shall be uniform in color and cannot be
white or gray.

Home Run     See Batter/Awarded Bases.

Infield Fly     An infield fly is an out called by the umpire on the
batter--if, before two are out, while first and second or first, second, and
third bases are occupied, he hit a fair fly ball, other than a line drive,
that in the judgment of the umpire can reasonably be caught by an infielder.
Where a defensive player who normally plays in the outfield places himself in
the infield, he shall for the purpose of the infield fly rule be considered an
infielder. In such case, the umpire shall declare it an infield fly.
However, the runners may be off their bases or advance at the risk of the ball
being caught, the same as on any other fly ball. If a runner is hit by the
ball while standing on base, he shall not be called out, but the ball is dead
and the batter shall be called out; but if a baserunner is hit while off base,
both he and the batter shall be called out and the ball is dead. Provided,
that, with first and second bases occupied, or first, second, and third bases
occupied, before two are out, any attempt to bunt which results in a fair fly
ball shall not be regarded as an infield fly.

Interference/Offensive     The rules of 1950 include several new provisions
describing the circumstances under which a baserunner is out for interference.
     The batter is out when a preceding runner shall, in the umpire's
judgment, intentionally interfere with the play of a defensive player who is
attempting to catch a thrown ball or to throw the ball in an attempt to
complete any play.
     The batter is out when with two out, a runner on third base, and two
strikes on the batter, the runner attempts to steal home base on a legal pitch
and the ball strikes the runner in the strike zone. The umpire shall call
"strike three," the batter is out and the run shall not count; with less than
two out the umpire shall call "strike three," the ball is dead, and the run
counts.
     The batter is out when after striking or bunting the ball he
intentionally strikes the ball a second time, or strikes it with a thrown bat
or deflects its course in any manner while running to first base. The ball is
dead and no runners may advance. If the runner drops his bat and the ball
rolls against the bat and, in the umpire's judgment, there was no intention to
interfere with the course of the ball, the ball is alive and in play.

Obstruction     A batter who has become a runner is entitled to unimpeded
progress as he advances around the bases. Whenever a defensive player impedes
the runner in any way, unless he is attempting to field a batted ball or has
the ball in his possession, the umpire shall call "obstruction," the ball
shall remain in play, and all runners shall be permitted to advance, without
liability to be put out, to the bases which, in the judgment of the umpire,
the runners would have reached had obstruction not been called.
     In a "run-down" play, if the runner's progress is impeded by any
defensive player who does not have the ball in his possession, the umpire
shall call "obstruction" and the runner shall be entitled to occupy the base
he is attempting to reach when the obstruction occurred.

Pitcher/Delivery     There are two legal pitching positions: The "Wind-up"
position and the "Set" position. Either position may be used at any time.
     Pivot Foot     The pitcher's pivot foot is that foot which is in contact
with the pitcher's plate as he delivers the pitch.
     Set Position     Set position is the pitcher's position when he stands
facing the batter with his entire pivot foot on or in front of and in contact
with, and not off the end of the pitcher's plate, and his other foot in front
of the pitcher's plate, holding the ball in both hands in front of his body
and coming to a complete stop of at least one second.
     Wind-up Position      Wind-up position is the pitcher's position when he
stands facing the batter, his pivot foot on or in front of and touching the
pitcher's plate, and the other foot free.
     From the set position, the pitcher may deliver the ball to the batter,
throw to a base, or step backward off the pitcher's plate with his pivot foot.
Before assuming set position the pitcher may elect to make any natural
preliminary motion such as that known as "the stretch."  But if he so elects,
he must come to set position before delivering the ball to the batter. After
assuming set position, any natural motion associated with his delivery of the
ball to the batter commits him to the pitch without alteration or
interruption.
     If there is a runner or runners it is a balk if the pitcher delivers the
pitch from "set position" without coming to a stop of one full second.

Pitcher/Illegal Act     The pitcher shall not be allowed to pitch at a
batter's head, and if, in the umpire's opinion, such violation occurs, he
shall call "Time" and warn the pitcher and the manager of the defensive team
that another such pitch will mean the immediate expulsion of the pitcher from
the game. If such pitch is repeated, the umpire shall inflict the penalty as
follows: The pitcher shall be removed from the game and from the grounds.
The president of the League shall impose such fine and suspension as his
judgment warrants.
     See also Pitcher/Uniform.

Pitcher/Illegal Pitches     If the pitcher makes an illegal pitch with the
bases unoccupied it shall be called a ball, unless the batter shall make a
fair hit or reaches first base on an error or otherwise.
     The pitcher shall not be allowed to pitch the "quick return ball."
Whenever such pitch is attempted the umpire shall call "Time."  If the offense
is repeated the umpire shall call each such repeated offense a "ball," unless
the batter reaches first base on a fair hit, an error, or otherwise, and no
other runner is forced by his reaching first base, in which case the play
proceeds.

Pitcher-Infielder     If the pitcher removes his pivot foot from contact with
the pitcher's plate by stepping backward with that foot, he thereby becomes an
infielder and, if his subsequent throw to a base, when off the pitcher's
plate, goes into a stand or over, through, or under a fence or into a bench or
dugout (whether the ball rebounds or not) or remains in the meshes of a wire
screen protecting the spectators, the ball is dead and all runners shall be
entitled to advance two bases.

Pitcher/Pick-Off     At any time during the pitcher's preliminary movements
and until his natural pitching motion commits him to the pitch, he may throw
to any base provided he step directly toward such base before making the
throw.

Pitcher/Position     See Bases for pitcher's plate.

Pitcher/Uniform     The pitcher shall not be allowed to wear a garment with
ragged, frayed or slit sleeves, and shall not be permitted to attach tape or
other material of a color different from his uniform or glove to his glove or
clothing.

Pitcher/Warm-Ups     When a pitcher takes his position at the beginning of
each inning or when he relieves another pitcher, he shall be permitted to
pitch not to exceed eight preparatory pitches to his catcher during which play
shall be suspended. Such preparatory pitches shall not consume more than one
minute of time.

Player/Illegal Acts     Players in uniform shall not address nor mingle with
spectators, nor sit in the stands before or during a game. No manager,
captain, coacher, or player shall address any spectator before or during a
game. Players of opposing teams shall not fraternize at any time while in
uniform. Penalty: The president of the league shall impose fines for
violation of this rule at his discretion.
     No manager, player, substitute, coacher, trainer, or batboy shall at any
time, whether from the bench, the coacher's box, or on the playing field, or
elsewhere call "Time," or employ any other word or phrase while the ball is
alive and in play for the obvious purpose of confusing an umpire or an
opposing player.
     Except the batter, or a runner attempting to score, no offensive player
shall cross the catcher's lines when the ball is in play.

Runner/Out     The baserunner is out if, after he has acquired legal
possession of a base, he or that base is tagged while he is running the bases
in reverse order for the purpose of confusing the defense or making a travesty
of the game. No runner may advance in this situation in the event of an error
on this play by the defensive team.
     The baserunner is out if, in running or sliding for home base, he fails
to touch home base and makes no attempt to return to the base, when a
defensive player holds the ball in his hand while touching home base and
appeals to the umpire for the decision.

Strike Zone     The strike zone is that space over home plate which is between
the batter's armpits and the top of his knees when he assumes his natural
stance.

Substitute     A player or players may be substituted during a game at any
time the ball is dead. A substituted player shall bat in the replaced
player's position in the team's batting order. A player once removed from a
game shall not re-enter that game. If a substitute enters the game in place
of a manager, the manager may thereafter go to the coaching lines at his
discretion. When two or more substitute players of the defensive team enter
the game at the same time, the manager, or his designated representative,
shall, immediately before they take their position as defensive players,
designate to the umpire-in-chief such players' positions in the team's batting
order and the umpire-in-chief shall so notify the official scorer. If this
information is not immediately given to the umpire-in-chief, he shall have
authority to designate the substitutes' places in the batting order.

Substitute/Runner     A player whose name is on his team's batting order may
not become a substitute runner for another member of his team.

Umpire     Each umpire is the representative of the president of the league,
the president of the National Association and the Commissioner of Baseball.
     The umpire-in-chief shall enforce the rules from the moment he receives
the batting order from the manager of the home team until termination of the
game. This shall include control of ground crews, newsmen, and photographers,
and any other persons whose duties require their presence upon the field.

1951-53

     There were no changes to the playing rules in these years.

1954

Bat     The bat shall be a smooth, rounded stick not more than 2 3/4 inches in
diameter at the thickest part and not more than 42 inches in length. The bat
shall be one piece of solid wood or formed from a block of wood consisting of
two or more pieces of wood bonded together with an adhesive in such a way that
the grain direction of all pieces is essentially parallel to the length of the
bat. Any such laminated bat shall contain only wood or adhesive, except for a
clear finish.
     For a distance of 18 inches from the end by which the bat is gripped, it
may be roughened or wrapped with tape or twine.
     Note: Approval of the laminated bat is experimental for the 1954 season,
and no laminated bat shall be used in a professional game until the
manufacturer has secured approval from the Rules Committee of his design and
method of manufacture. In giving or withholding such approval, the Rules
Committee will be guided by comparison of the laminated bat with one-piece
solid wood bats. Laminated bats which are inferior to one-piece solid wood
bats in safety or durability will not be approved. A design or method of
manufacture which produces a "loaded" or "freak" type of bat or which produces
a substantially greater reaction or distance factor than one-piece solid wood
bats will not be approved.

Batter/Illegal Act     See Interference/Offensive.

Catch     A catch is the act of a fielder in getting secure possession in his
hand or glove of a ball in flight and firmly holding it; providing he does not
use his cap, protector, pocket, or any other part of his uniform in getting
possession.

Dead/Live Ball     See Game/"Time."

Definitions     Rules Two and Three of the rules of 1954 contain several new
definitions of key baseball terms as used in the rules.

Fielder/Drops Fly Ball     The batter is out when, with less than two out and
first, first and second, first and third, or first, second, and third bases
occupied, a fielder intentionally drops a fair fly ball or line drive.
Runners need not re-touch and may advance at their own peril.

Fielder/Illegal Act     No fielder shall take a position in the batter's line
of vision, and with deliberate unsportsmanlike intent, act in a manner to
distract the batter.

Game     The rules of 1954 contain a series of new provisions governing
suspended games.

Game/"Time"     After the umpire calls "Play" the ball is alive and in play
and remains alive and in play until for legal cause, or at the umpire's call
of "Time" suspending play, the ball becomes dead. While the ball is dead no
player may be put out, no bases may be run, and no runs may be scored, except
that runners may advance one or more bases as the result of acts which
occurred while the ball was alive (such as, but not limited to, a balk, an
overthrow, interference, or a home run or other fair hit out of the playing
field).

Gloves/Equipment     Members of the offensive team shall carry all gloves and
other equipment off the field and to the dugout while their team is at bat.
No equipment shall be left lying on the field, either in fair or foul
territory.

Interference/Defensive     Defensive interference is an illegal act by a
fielder which hinders or prevents a batter from hitting a pitch.

Interference/Offensive     The batter is out after hitting or bunting a fair
ball, when his bat hits the ball a second time in fair territory. The ball is
dead and no runners may advance. If the batter-runner drops his bat and the
ball rolls against the bat in fair territory and, in the umpire's judgment,
there was no intention to interfere with the course of the ball, the ball is
alive and in play.
     The batter is out after hitting or bunting a foul ball, when he
intentionally deflects the course of the ball in any manner while running to
first base. The ball is dead and no runners may advance.
     The batter is out when his fair ball touches him before touching a
fielder.
     It is interference by a batter or runner when he intentionally deflects
the course of a foul ball in any manner.

Interference/Spectator     The batter is out when spectator interference
clearly prevents a fielder from catching his fly ball.
     Spectator interference occurs when a spectator reaches out of the stands,
or goes on the playing field and touches a live ball. When there is spectator
interference with any thrown ball, except a throw by the pitcher, the ball
shall be dead at the moment of interference and the umpire shall impose such
penalties as in his opinion will nullify the act of interference.

Pitcher/Delivery     In the event a balk is called, the ball is dead, and each
runner shall advance one base without liability to be put out unless the
batter hits the pitch on which the balk is made, in which case the manager of
the offensive team may elect to accept either the balk penalty or the result
of the batter's action.

Pitcher/Illegal Pitch     A quick return pitch is a pitch made with obvious
intent to catch a batter off balance.

Pitcher/Starter     The pitcher named in the batting order handed the
umpire-in-chief shall pitch to the first batter or any substitute batter until
the batter is put out or reaches first base, unless the pitcher sustains
injury or illness which, in the judgment of the umpire-in-chief, incapacitates
him from pitching.
     If the pitcher is replaced, the substitute pitcher shall pitch to the
batter then at bat, or any substitute batter, until such batter is retired or
reaches first base, or until the offensive team is retired, unless the
substitute pitcher sustains injury or illness which, in the umpire-in-chief's
judgment, incapacitates him for further play as a pitcher.

Relief Pitcher     See above, Pitcher/Starter.

Runner     The rules of 1954 include several new provisions awarding
baserunners additional bases in various circumstances.

Squeeze Play     Squeeze play is a term to designate a play when a team, with
a runner on third base, attempts to score that runner by means of a bunt.

Triple Play     A triple play is a play by the defense in which three
offensive players are legally put out as a result of continuous action,
providing there is no error between the putouts.

Umpire     The umpire's authority to act in legal manner on all matters
pertaining to a game shall not be questioned. The umpire shall have power to
make decisions on any points not specifically covered in the rules.

Wild Pitch     A wild pitch is one so high, so low, or so wide of the plate
that it cannot be handled with ordinary effort by the catcher.

1955

Ball     The ball shall be a sphere formed by yarn wound around a small core
of cork, rubber or similar material, covered with two strips of white
horsehide, tightly stitched together. It shall weigh not less than 5 nor more
than 5 1/4 ounces avoirdupois and measure not less than 9 nor more than 9 1/4
inches in circumference.

Batter/Position (Illegal)     An illegally batted ball is one hit by the
batter with one or both feet outside of the batter's box.

Batting Order     The umpire-in-chief shall make certain that the original and
copies of the respective batting orders are identical, and then tender a copy
of each batting order to the opposing manager. The copy retained by the
umpire shall be the official batting order. The tender of the batting order
by the umpire shall establish the batting orders. Thereafter, no
substitutions shall be made by either manager, except as provided in the
rules.

Catcher/Position     The catcher shall stand with both feet within the lines
of the catcher's box, directly back of the plate, until the ball leaves the
pitcher's hand. The intent of this rule is to deter the giving of intentional
bases on balls. If the catcher has either foot outside his box when the
pitcher delivers the ball, it is a balk.

Dead/Live Ball     See Game/"Time."

Interference/Defensive     The batter becomes a runner and is entitled to
first base when the catcher or any other fielder interferes with him, unless
the batter reaches first base on a hit, an error, or otherwise, and all other
runners advance at least one base, in which case the play proceeds without
reference to the interference.

Interference/Offensive     It is interference by a batter or runner when any
member or members of the offensive team stand or gather around any base to
which a runner is advancing, to confuse, hinder, or add to the difficulty of
the fielders. Such runner shall be declared out for the interference of his
teammate or teammates.
     It is interference by a batter or runner when any batter or runner who
has just been retired hinders or impedes any following play being made on a
runner. Such runner shall be declared out for the interference of his
teammate.

Forfeited Game     A game shall be forfeited in favor of the opposing team
when a team is unable or refuses to place nine players on the field.

Game     The rules of 1955 include new provisions for determining a suspended
game and its resumption.

Game/Rain     The manager of the home team shall be the sole judge as to
whether a game shall be started because of unsuitable weather conditions or
the unfit condition of the playing field, except for the second game of a
doubleheader.

Game/"Time"     The ball becomes dead when the umpire-in-chief suspends play
by calling "Time" when an accident incapacitates a player or umpire, or if it
is necessary to remove a player or spectator from the grounds. The umpire
shall not call "Time" because of an accident to player or umpire during a
play, until in his judgment, no further action is possible in that play,
unless an accident to a runner is such as to prevent him from proceeding to a
base to which he is legally entitled, as on a home run hit out of the playing
field, or an award of one or more bases, in which case a substitute runner
shall be permitted to complete the play.

Pitcher/Delivery     When the bases are unoccupied, the pitcher shall deliver
the ball to the batter within 20 seconds after taking his pitching position.
Each time the pitcher delays the game by violating this rule, the umpire shall
call "Ball."

1956

     There were no changes to the playing rules this year.

1957

     The rules of 1957 contain new wording and explanation for the rules
governing a batter who bats out of order.

Ball/Defacing     See Pitcher/Illegal Act.

Batter/Position     The batter shall take his position in the batter's box
promptly when it is his time at bat.
     The batter shall not leave his position in the batter's box after the
pitcher comes to the Set Position, or starts his windup. Penalty: If the
pitcher pitches, the umpire shall call "Ball" or "Strike," as the case may be.

Catcher/Position     When the ball is put in play at the start of or during a
game, all fielders other than the catcher shall be on fair territory. The
catcher shall station himself directly back of the plate. He may leave his
position at any time to catch a pitch or make a play except that when the
batter is being given an intentional base on balls, the catcher must stand
with both feet within the lines of the catcher's box until the ball leaves the
pitcher's hand. Penalty: Balk.

Coach     The offensive team shall station two coaches on the field during its
term at bat, one near first base and one near third base. Failure to place
two coaches on the field shall subject the manager to fine or suspension or
both by the league president.
     Coaches shall be limited to two in number and shall (1) be in team
uniform; (2) remain within the coach's box at all times; and (3) address
players of their own team only. Penalty: The offending coach shall be
removed from the game, and shall leave the playing field.

Game     When the winning run is scored in the last half-inning of a
regulation game, or in the last half of an extra inning, as the result of a
base on balls, hit batsman, or any other play with the bases full which forces
the runner on third to advance, the umpire shall not declare the game ended
until the runner forced to advance from third has touched home base and the
batter-runner has touched first base. Penalty: If the runner on third
refuses to advance to and touch home base in a reasonable time, the umpire
shall disallow the run, call out the offending player, and order the game
resumed. If, with less than two out, the batter-runner refuses to advance to
and touch first base, the run shall count, but the offending player shall be
called out.
     The rules of 1957 include a rewording of the rules governing suspended
games and the resumption of suspended games.

Game/Doubleheader     A league may adopt a rule providing that one game of a
doubleheader shall be seven innings in length. In such games, any of these
rules applying to the ninth inning shall apply to the seventh inning.
     The second game of a doubleheader shall start 20 minutes after the first
game is completed, unless a longer interval (not to exceed 30 minutes) is
declared by the umpire-in-chief and announced to the opposing managers at the
end of the first game. Exception: If the league president has approved a
request of the home club for a longer interval between games for some special
event, the umpire-in-chief shall declare such longer interval and announce it
to the opposing managers. The umpire-in-chief of the first game shall be the
timekeeper controlling the interval between games.

Hit by Pitch     The batter becomes a runner and is entitled to first base
without liability to be put out (provided he advances to and touches first
base) when he is touched by a pitched ball which he is not attempting to hit
unless: (1) The ball is in the strike zone when it touches the batter, or (2)
The batter makes no attempt to avoid being touched by the ball.
     Note: If the ball is in the strike zone when it touches the batter, it
shall be called a strike, whether or not the batter tries to avoid the ball.
If the ball is outside the strike zone when it touches the batter, it shall be
called a ball if he makes no attempt to avoid being touched.

Infield Fly     An infield fly is a fair fly ball (not including a line drive
nor an attempted bunt) which can be caught by an infielder with ordinary
effort when first and second, or first, second, and third bases are occupied,
before two are out. The pitcher, catcher, and any outfielder who stations
himself in the infield on the play shall be considered infielders for the
purpose of this rule.
     When it seems apparent that a batted ball will be an infield fly, the
umpire shall immediately declare "Infield Fly" for the benefit of the runners.
If the ball is near the baselines, the umpire shall declare "Infield Fly, if
Fair."
     The ball is alive and runners may advance at the risk of the ball being
caught, or re-touch and advance after the ball is touched, the same as on any
fly ball. If the hit becomes a foul ball, it is treated the same as any foul.
     Note: If a declared infield fly is allowed to fall untouched to the
ground, and bounces foul, it is a foul ball. If a declared infield fly falls
untouched to the ground outside the baseline, and bounces fair, it is an
infield fly.

Interference/Defensive     If, with a runner on third base and trying to score
by means of a squeeze play or a steal, the catcher or any other fielder steps
on, or in front of home base without possession of the ball, or touches the
batter or his bat, the pitcher shall be charged with a balk, the batter shall
be awarded first base on the interference, and the ball is dead.
     Each runner, other than the batter, may without liability to be put out,
advance one base when he is attempting to steal a base, if the batter is
interfered with by the catcher or any other fielder.
     Note: When a runner is entitled to a base without liability to be put
out, while the ball is in play, or under any rule in which the ball is in play
after the runner reaches the base to which he is entitled, and the runner
fails to touch the base to which he is entitled before attempting to advance
to the next base, the runner shall forfeit his exemption from liability to be
put out, and he may be put out by tagging the base or by tagging the runner
before he returns to the missed base.

Obstruction     In a rundown play, if the runner is obstructed by any fielder
who does not have the ball in his possession (unless the fielder is in the act
of fielding the ball), the umpire shall call "Obstruction" and the runner
shall be entitled to occupy the base he is attempting to reach when the
obstruction occurs. If such base is held by a following runner, any following
runner forced to vacate his base by the obstructed runner's return shall be
permitted to return to his last-held base without liability to be put out.

Pitcher/Delivery     When the bases are unoccupied, the pitcher shall deliver
the ball to the batter within 20 seconds after he receives the ball. Each time
the pitcher delays the game by violating this rule, the umpire shall call
"Ball."
     Note: The intent of this rule is to avoid unnecessary delays. The
umpire shall insist that the catcher return the ball promptly to the pitcher,
and that the pitcher take his position on the rubber promptly. Obvious delay
by the pitcher should instantly be penalized by the umpire.
     If there is a runner or runners it is a balk if the pitcher, while giving
an intentional base on balls, pitches when the catcher is not in the catcher's
box.
     If there is a runner or runners it is a balk if the pitcher makes an
illegal pitch.

Pitcher/Illegal Act     The pitcher shall not (1) apply a foreign substance of
any kind to the ball; (2) expectorate either on the ball or his glove; (3) rub
the ball on his glove, person, or clothing; (4) deface the ball in any manner;
(5) deliver what is called the "shine" ball, "spit" ball, "mud" ball or
"emery" ball. The pitcher, of course, is allowed to rub the ball between his
bare hands. Penalty: For violation of any part of this rule, the umpire
shall immediately disqualify the pitcher, and the league president shall
suspend the pitcher for a period of 10 days. If a pitch is delivered in
violation of this rule, it shall be treated as an illegal pitch.

Player/Illegal Act     Players in uniform shall not address nor mingle with
spectators, nor sit in the stands before, during, or after a game. No
manager, captain, coach, or player shall address any spectator before or
during a game.
     Players of opposing teams shall not fraternize at any time while in
uniform. Penalty: The league president shall impose fines for violation of
this rule at his discretion.

Player/Position     See Catcher/Position.

Relief Pitcher     If an improper substitution is made for the pitcher, the
umpire shall direct the proper pitcher to return to the game until the
provisions of this rule are fulfilled. If the improper pitcher is permitted
to pitch, any play that results is legal. The improper pitcher becomes the
proper pitcher as soon as he makes his first pitch to the batter, or as soon
as any runner is retired.

Strike Zone     A strike is a legal pitch when so called by the umpire which
(a) is struck at by the batter and is missed; (b) enters the strike zone in
flight and is not struck at; (c) is fouled by the batter when he has less than
two strikes; (d) is bunted foul; (e) touches the batter as he strikes at it;
(f) touches the batter in flight in the strike zone; or (g) becomes a foul
tip. Note: (f) was added to the former rule and definition.

Touch/Definition     To touch a player or umpire is to touch any part of his
body, clothing, or his equipment.

Umpire     Each umpire has authority to disqualify any player, coach, manager,
or substitute for objecting to decisions or for unsportsmanlike conduct or
language, and to remove such disqualified person from the playing field. If
an umpire disqualifies a player while a play is in progress, the
disqualification shall not take effect until no further action is possible in
that play.
     Each umpire has authority at his discretion to remove from the playing
field (1) any person whose duties permit his presence on the field, such as
ground-crew members, ushers, photographers, newsmen, broadcasting-crew
members, etc., or (2) any spectator or other person not authorized to be on
the playing field.

Umpire/Decisions     If different decisions should be made on one play by
different umpires, the umpire-in-chief shall call all the umpires into
consultation, with no manager or player present. After consultation, the
umpire-in-chief (unless another umpire may have been designated by the league
president) shall determine which decision shall prevail, based on which umpire
was in best position and which decision was most likely correct. Play shall
proceed as if only the final decision had been made.

1958

Appeal/Runner     Any runner shall be called out, on appeal, when (a) after a
fly ball is caught, he fails to re-touch his base before he or his base is
tagged; (b) with the ball in play, while advancing or returning to a base, he
fails to touch each base in order before he, or a missed base is tagged; (c)
he overruns or overslides first base and fails to return to the base
immediately, and he or the base is tagged; (d) he fails to touch home base and
makes no attempt to return to that base, and home base is tagged. Any appeal
under this rule must be made before the next legal pitch. If the violation
occurs during a play which ends a half-inning, the appeal must be made before
the defensive team leaves the field.
     Note: Appeal plays may require an umpire to recognize an apparent
"fourth out."  If the third out is made during a play in which an appeal play
is sustained on another runner, the appeal play decision takes precedence in
determining the out. If there is more than one appeal during a play that ends
a half-inning, the defense may elect to take the out that gives it the
advantage. If the third out on appeal is a force play or failure of the
batter-runner to touch first base, no runs can score on the play. Otherwise
runs made before the appeal is sustained shall count. For the purposes of
this rule, the defensive team has "left the field" when the pitchers and all
infielders have left fair territory on their way to the bench or clubhouse.

1959

Grounds     Any playing field constructed by a professional club after June 1,
1958, shall provide a minimum distance of 325 feet from home base to the
nearest fence, stand, or other obstruction on the right and left field foul
lines, and a minimum distance of 400 feet to the center field fence. No
existing playing fields shall be remodeled after June 1, 1958, in such manner
as to reduce the distance from home base to the foul poles and to the center
field fence below the minimum distances.

Interference/Spectator     When there is spectator interference with any
thrown ball, the ball shall be dead at the moment of interference, and the
umpire shall impose such penalties as in his opinion will nullify the act of
interference.

Runner/Awarded Bases     The runner is entitled to advance one base, if a
ball, pitched to the batter, or thrown by the pitcher from his position on the
pitcher's plate to a base to catch a runner, goes into a stand, or players'
bench, or over or through a field fence or backstop. The ball is dead.
     Note: If such a wild pitch is ball four, the batter-runner is entitled
to first base only.
     Each runner, including the batter-runner, may advance two bases, if a
fair ball bounces or is deflected into the stands outside the first or third
base foul lines; or if it goes through or under a field fence, or through or
under a scoreboard, or through or under shrubbery or vines on the fence; or if
it sticks in such fence, scoreboard, shrubbery, or vines.