$Unique_ID{BAS01050} $Pretitle{} $Title{The Annual Record: 1950 } $Subtitle{} $Author{} $Subject{Annual Annuals Record Records} $Log{} Total Baseball: Registers, Leaders, and Rosters The Annual Record: 1950 1950 National League ============================================================================== ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ TEAM G W L PCT GB R OR AB H 2B 3B HR BB SO ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ PHI 157 91 63 .591 722 624 5426 1440 225 55 125 535 569 BRO 155 89 65 .578 2 847 724 5364 1461 247 46 194 607 632 NY 154 86 68 .558 5 735 643 5238 1352 204 50 133 627 629 BOS 156 83 71 .539 8 785 736 5363 1411 246 36 148 615 616 STL 153 78 75 .510 12.5 693 670 5215 1353 255 50 102 606 604 CIN 153 66 87 .431 24.5 654 734 5253 1366 257 27 99 504 497 CHI 154 64 89 .418 26.5 643 772 5230 1298 224 47 161 479 767 PIT 154 57 96 .373 33.5 681 857 5327 1404 227 59 138 564 693 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ TOT 618 5760 42416 11085 1885 370 1100 4537 5007 ============================================================================== ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ TEAM AVG OBP SLG PRO PRO+ BR /A PF CHI RC SB CS SBA SBR ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ PHI .265 .334 .396 .730 100 -14 -2 98 101 714 33 BRO .272 .349 .444 .793 113 107 92 102 101 833 77 NY .258 .342 .392 .734 100 4 0 101 101 726 42 BOS .263 .342 .405 .747 110 24 71 94 104 750 71 STL .259 .339 .386 .725 93 -15 -49 105 99 696 23 CIN .260 .327 .376 .703 91 -65 -67 100 102 643 37 CHI .248 .315 .401 .716 95 -53 -45 99 100 658 46 PIT .264 .338 .406 .744 99 13 -11 103 93 729 43 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ TOT .261 .336 .401 .737 372 ============================================================================== ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ TEAM CG SHO SV IP H H/G HR BB SO RAT ERA ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ PHI 57 13 27 1406 1324 8.5 122 530 620 12.0 3.50 BRO 62 10 21 1389^2 1397 9.0 163 591 772 13.0 4.28 NY 70 19 15 1375 1268 8.3 140 536 596 12.0 3.71 BOS 88 7 10 1385^1 1411 9.2 129 554 615 13.0 4.14 STL 57 10 14 1356 1398 9.3 119 535 603 13.0 3.97 CIN 67 7 13 1357^2 1363 9.0 145 582 686 13.2 4.32 CHI 55 9 19 1371^1 1452 9.5 130 593 559 13.6 4.28 PIT 42 6 16 1368^2 1472 9.7 152 616 556 13.9 4.96 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ TOT 498 81 135 11009^2 9.1 13.0 4.14 ============================================================================== ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ TEAM ERA+ OAV OOB PR /A PF CPI FA E DP FW PW ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ PHI 116 .250 .320 101 86 98 105 .975 151 155 .1 8.4 BRO 96 .263 .339 -22 -29 99 102 .979 127 183 1.4 -2.8 NY 110 .246 .320 66 59 99 100 .977 137 181 .8 5.8 BOS 93 .263 .336 0 -45 93 99 .970 182 146 -1.7 -4.4 STL 108 .268 .339 26 49 104 105 .978 130 172 1.1 4.8 CIN 98 .259 .338 -26 -13 102 97 .976 140 132 .5 -1.3 CHI 98 .271 .347 -21 -11 101 103 .968 201 169 -2.8 -1.1 PIT 88 .275 .353 -124 -88 106 95 .977 136 165 .8 -8.6 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ TOT .261 .336 .975 1204 1303 ============================================================================== ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ TEAM BW SBW DIF ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ PHI -.2 5.7 BRO 9.0 4.5 NY .0 2.5 BOS 6.9 5.1 STL -4.8 .4 CIN -6.5 -3.2 CHI -4.4 -4.2 PIT -1.1 -10.6 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ============================================================================== [ Runs ] [ Hits ] [ Doubles ] Torgeson-Bos 120 Snider-Bro 199 Schoendienst-StL 43 Stanky-NY 115 Musial-StL 192 Musial-StL 41 Kiner-Pit 112 Furillo-Bro 189 Robinson-Bro 39 Snider-Bro 109 Ennis-Phi 185 Kluszewski-Cin 37 Musial-StL 105 Waitkus-Phi 182 Dark-NY 36 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ [ Triples ] [ Home Runs ] [ Total Bases ] Ashburn-Phi 14 Kiner-Pit 47 Snider-Bro 343 Bell-Pit 11 Pafko-Chi 36 Musial-StL 331 Snider-Bro 10 Sauer-Chi 32 Ennis-Phi 328 Smalley-Chi 9 Hodges-Bro 32 Kiner-Pit 323 Schoendienst-StL 9 Pafko-Chi 304 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ [ Runs Batted In ] [ Runs Produced ] [ Bases On Balls ] Ennis-Phi 126 Furillo-Bro 187 Stanky-NY 144 Kiner-Pit 118 Ennis-Phi 187 Kiner-Pit 122 Hodges-Bro 113 Musial-StL 186 Torgeson-Bos 119 Kluszewski-Cin 111 Snider-Bro 185 Westrum-NY 92 Musial-StL 109 Torgeson-Bos 184 Reese-Bro 91 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ [ Batting Average ] [ On Base Percentage ] [ Slugging Average ] Musial-StL .346 Stanky-NY .460 Musial-StL .596 Robinson-Bro .328 Musial-StL .437 Pafko-Chi .591 Snider-Bro .321 Robinson-Bro .423 Kiner-Pit .590 Ennis-Phi .311 Glaviano-StL .421 Gordon-Bos .557 Kluszewski-Cin .307 Torgeson-Bos .412 Snider-Bro .553 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ [ Production ] [ Adjusted Production ] [ Batter Runs ] Musial-StL 1.034 Musial-StL 161 Musial-StL 57.3 Kiner-Pit .998 Gordon-Bos 160 Kiner-Pit 48.7 Pafko-Chi .989 Pafko-Chi 158 Pafko-Chi 41.5 Gordon-Bos .960 Kiner-Pit 154 Snider-Bro 35.6 Snider-Bro .932 Elliott-Bos 143 Gordon-Bos 35.3 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ [ Adjusted Batter Runs ] [ Clutch Hitting Index ] [ Runs Created ] Musial-StL 53.5 D.Mueller-NY 138 Musial-StL 149 Kiner-Pit 46.1 Slaughter-StL 136 Kiner-Pit 133 Pafko-Chi 42.3 Westlake-Pit 115 Snider-Bro 131 Gordon-Bos 39.6 Wyrostek-Cin 112 Pafko-Chi 124 Torgeson-Bos 36.5 Thompson-NY 111 Torgeson-Bos 121 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ [ Total Average ] [ Stolen Bases ] [ Stolen Base Average ] Musial-StL 1.139 Jethroe-Bos 35 Kiner-Pit 1.071 Reese-Bro 17 Pafko-Chi 1.057 Snider-Bro 16 Stanky-NY 1.013 Torgeson-Bos 15 Gordon-Bos 1.003 Ashburn-Phi 14 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ [ Stolen Base Runs ] [ Fielding Runs ] [ Total Player Rating ] Smalley-Chi 21.3 Robinson-Bro 4.7 Cox-Bro 12.0 Stanky-NY 4.2 Ryan-Bos-Cin 11.6 Gordon-Bos 3.8 Robinson-Bro 10.6 Snider-Bro 3.5 Westrum-NY 10.4 Kiner-Pit 3.5 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ [ Wins ] [ Win Percentage ] [ Games ] Spahn-Bos 21 Maglie-NY .818 Konstanty-Phi 74 Sain-Bos 20 Konstanty-Phi .696 Dickson-Pit 51 Roberts-Phi 20 Simmons-Phi .680 Werle-Pit 48 Roberts-Phi .645 Maglie-NY 47 Brazle-StL 46 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ [ Complete Games ] [ Shutouts ] [ Saves ] Bickford-Bos 27 Hearn-StL-NY 5 Konstanty-Phi 22 Spahn-Bos 25 Roberts-Phi 5 Werle-Pit 8 Sain-Bos 25 Maglie-NY 5 Hogue-Bos 7 Roberts-Phi 21 Jansen-NY 5 Branca-Bro 7 Jansen-NY 21 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ [ Innings Pitched ] [ Fewest Hits/Game ] [ Fewest BB/Game ] Bickford-Bos 311.2 Blackwell-Cin 7.00 Raffensberger-Cin 1.51 Roberts-Phi 304.1 Maglie-NY 7.38 Jansen-NY 1.80 Spahn-Bos 293.0 Simmons-Phi 7.46 Sain-Bos 2.26 Sain-Bos 278.1 Spahn-Bos 7.62 Roberts-Phi 2.28 Jansen-NY 275.0 Jansen-NY 7.79 Roe-Bro 2.37 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ [ Strikeouts ] [ Strikeouts/Game ] [ Ratio ] Spahn-Bos 191 Blackwell-Cin 6.48 Jansen-NY 9.62 Blackwell-Cin 188 Simmons-Phi 6.12 Roberts-Phi 10.68 Jansen-NY 161 Spahn-Bos 5.87 Brecheen-StL 10.97 Simmons-Phi 146 Palica-Bro 5.86 Spahn-Bos 11.06 Roberts-Phi 146 Jansen-NY 5.27 Simmons-Phi 11.24 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ [ Earned Run Average ] [ Adjusted ERA ] [Opponents' Batting Avg.] Maglie-NY 2.71 Maglie-NY 151 Blackwell-Cin .210 Blackwell-Cin 2.97 Blackwell-Cin 143 Simmons-Phi .223 Jansen-NY 3.01 Lanier-StL 137 Maglie-NY .226 Roberts-Phi 3.02 Jansen-NY 136 Spahn-Bos .227 Lanier-StL 3.13 Roberts-Phi 134 Jansen-NY .232 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ [Opponents' On Base Pct.] [ Starter Runs ] [ Adjusted Starter Runs] Jansen-NY .271 Roberts-Phi 38.0 Blackwell-Cin 36.7 Roberts-Phi .297 Jansen-NY 34.5 Roberts-Phi 34.8 Brecheen-StL .298 Blackwell-Cin 34.1 Jansen-NY 33.1 Spahn-Bos .299 Maglie-NY 32.8 Maglie-NY 31.7 Blackwell-Cin .301 Spahn-Bos 31.8 Pollet-StL 25.9 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ [Clutch Pitching Index ] [ Relief Runs ] [ Adjusted Relief Runs ] Brazle-StL 125 Konstanty-Phi 24.9 Konstanty-Phi 23.3 Roe-Bro 118 Kramer-NY 5.9 Kramer-NY 5.4 Maglie-NY 116 Leonard-Chi 3.1 Smith-Cin 3.6 Ramsdell-Bro-Cin 115 VanderMeer-Chi 2.9 Leonard-Chi 3.5 Minner-Chi 113 Smith-Cin 2.7 VanderMeer-Chi 3.4 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ [ Relief Ranking ] [ Total Pitcher Index ] [Total Baseball Ranking] Konstanty-Phi 39.4 Blackwell-Cin 4.3 Robinson-Bro 4.7 Kramer-NY 5.2 Jansen-NY 3.8 Blackwell-Cin 4.3 Smith-Cin 3.5 Konstanty-Phi 3.6 Stanky-NY 4.2 Leonard-Chi 3.2 Maglie-NY 3.3 Gordon-Bos 3.8 VanderMeer-Chi 3.0 Spahn-Bos 3.1 Jansen-NY 3.8 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 1950 American League ============================================================================== ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ TEAM G W L PCT GB R OR AB H 2B 3B HR BB SO ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ NY 155 98 56 .636 914 691 5361 1511 234 70 159 687 463 DET 157 95 59 .617 3 837 713 5381 1518 285 50 114 722 480 BOS 154 94 60 .610 4 1027 804 5516 1665 287 61 161 719 582 CLE 155 92 62 .597 6 806 654 5263 1417 222 46 164 693 624 WAS 155 67 87 .435 31 690 813 5251 1365 190 53 76 671 606 CHI 156 60 94 .390 38 625 749 5260 1368 172 47 93 551 566 STL 154 58 96 .377 40 684 916 5163 1269 235 43 106 690 744 PHI 154 52 102 .338 46 670 913 5212 1361 204 53 100 685 493 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ TOT 620 6253 42407 11474 1829 423 973 5418 4558 ============================================================================== ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ TEAM AVG OBP SLG PRO PRO+ BR /A PF CHI RC SB CS SBA SBR ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ NY .282 .367 .441 .808 116 92 115 97 104 902 41 28 59 -5 DET .282 .369 .417 .786 104 60 34 103 97 846 23 40 37 -17 BOS .302 .385 .464 .849 112 185 106 110 103 1014 32 17 65 -1 CLE .269 .358 .422 .780 109 39 65 97 98 820 40 34 54 -8 WAS .260 .347 .360 .707 91 -93 -56 95 101 690 42 25 63 -2 CHI .260 .333 .364 .697 86 -125 -104 97 98 648 19 22 46 -8 STL .246 .337 .370 .707 84 -102 -131 104 103 667 39 40 49 -12 PHI .261 .349 .378 .727 94 -56 -41 98 94 708 42 25 63 -2 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ TOT .271 .356 .402 .759 278 231 55 -55 ============================================================================== ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ TEAM CG SHO SV IP H H/G HR BB SO RAT ERA ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ NY 66 12 31 1372^2 1322 8.7 118 708 712 13.5 4.15 DET 72 9 20 1407^1 1444 9.2 141 553 576 13.0 4.12 BOS 66 6 28 1362^1 1413 9.3 121 748 630 14.4 4.88 CLE 69 11 16 1378^2 1289 8.4 120 647 674 12.8 3.75 WAS 59 7 18 1364^2 1479 9.8 99 648 486 14.2 4.66 CHI 62 7 9 1365^2 1370 9.0 107 734 566 14.0 4.41 STL 56 7 14 1365^1 1629 10.7 129 651 448 15.2 5.20 PHI 50 3 18 1346^1 1528 10.2 138 729 466 15.3 5.49 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ TOT 500 62 154 10963 9.4 14.0 4.58 ============================================================================== ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ TEAM ERA+ OAV OOB PR /A PF CPI FA E DP FW PW ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ NY 103 .255 .348 65 22 94 102 .980 119 188 1.3 2.1 DET 114 .267 .339 71 88 102 105 .981 120 194 1.3 8.2 BOS 100 .270 .364 -46 3 107 97 .981 111 181 1.7 .3 CLE 115 .248 .333 126 88 95 103 .978 129 160 .7 8.2 WAS 96 .278 .359 -12 -25 98 99 .972 167 181 -1.4 -2.3 CHI 102 .263 .356 26 12 98 100 .977 140 181 .2 1.1 STL 95 .295 .372 -94 -38 108 100 .967 196 155 -3.1 -3.6 PHI 83 .287 .376 -136 -140 99 96 .974 155 208 -.8 -13.1 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ TOT .271 .356 .976 1137 1448 ============================================================================== ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ TEAM BW SBW DIF ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ NY 10.8 .2 6.7 DET 3.2 -.9 6.2 BOS 9.9 .6 4.6 CLE 6.1 -.1 .0 WAS -5.2 .5 -1.5 CHI -9.7 -.1 -8.5 STL -12.3 -.5 .4 PHI -3.8 .5 -7.7 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ============================================================================== [ Runs ] [ Hits ] [ Doubles ] DiMaggio-Bos 131 Kell-Det 218 Kell-Det 56 Stephens-Bos 125 Rizzuto-NY 200 Wertz-Det 37 Rizzuto-NY 125 DiMaggio-Bos 193 Rizzuto-NY 36 Berra-NY 116 Berra-NY 192 Evers-Det 35 Stephens-Bos 185 Stephens-Bos 34 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ [ Triples ] [ Home Runs ] [ Total Bases ] Evers-Det 11 Rosen-Cle 37 Dropo-Bos 326 Doerr-Bos 11 Dropo-Bos 34 Stephens-Bos 321 DiMaggio-Bos 11 DiMaggio-NY 32 Berra-NY 318 Stephens-Bos 30 Kell-Det 310 Zernial-Chi 29 DiMaggio-NY 307 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ [ Runs Batted In ] [ Runs Produced ] [ Bases On Balls ] Stephens-Bos 144 Stephens-Bos 239 Yost-Was 141 Dropo-Bos 144 Berra-NY 212 Fain-Phi 133 Berra-NY 124 Dropo-Bos 211 Pesky-Bos 104 Wertz-Det 123 Kell-Det 207 Joost-Phi 103 DiMaggio-NY 122 DiMaggio-NY 204 Rosen-Cle 100 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ [ Batting Average ] [ On Base Percentage ] [ Slugging Average ] Goodman-Bos .354 Doby-Cle .442 DiMaggio-NY .585 Kell-Det .340 Yost-Was .440 Dropo-Bos .583 DiMaggio-Bos .328 Pesky-Bos .437 Evers-Det .551 Doby-Cle .326 Fain-Phi .430 Doby-Cle .545 Zarilla-Bos .325 Goodman-Bos .427 Rosen-Cle .543 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ [ Production ] [ Adjusted Production ] [ Batter Runs ] Doby-Cle .986 Doby-Cle 156 Doby-Cle 41.7 DiMaggio-NY .979 DiMaggio-NY 152 Williams-Bos 40.9 Dropo-Bos .961 Rosen-Cle 146 DiMaggio-NY 35.4 Evers-Det .959 Evers-Det 139 Rosen-Cle 34.3 Rosen-Cle .948 Berra-NY 136 Evers-Det 33.5 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ [ Adjusted Batter Runs ] [ Clutch Hitting Index ] [ Runs Created ] Doby-Cle 44.3 Vernon-Cle-Was 126 Doby-Cle 130 DiMaggio-NY 37.7 Mele-Was 125 Wertz-Det 128 Rosen-Cle 37.2 Noren-Was 116 DiMaggio-NY 125 Williams-Bos 35.7 Stephens-Bos 110 Berra-NY 125 Evers-Det 31.0 Fain-Phi 108 Rizzuto-NY 124 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ [ Total Average ] [ Stolen Bases ] [ Stolen Base Average ] Doby-Cle 1.073 DiMaggio-Bos 15 DiMaggio-NY 1.018 Valo-Phi 12 Wertz-Det .978 Rizzuto-NY 12 Zarilla-Bos .954 Coan-Was 10 Rosen-Cle .953 Lipon-Det 9 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ [ Stolen Base Runs ] [ Fielding Runs ] [ Total Player Rating ] DiMaggio-Bos 2.1 Priddy-Det 31.3 Rizzuto-NY 4.1 Vernon-Cle-Was 1.8 Hegan-Cle 24.2 Berra-NY 3.4 Collins-NY 1.5 Pesky-Bos 21.5 DiMaggio-NY 3.0 Avila-Cle 1.5 Noren-Was 15.9 Rosen-Cle 3.0 Jensen-NY 1.2 Carrasquel-Chi 11.2 Priddy-Det 3.0 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ [ Wins ] [ Win Percentage ] [ Games ] B.Lemon-Cle 23 Raschi-NY .724 Harris-Was 53 Raschi-NY 21 Wynn-Cle .692 Kinder-Bos 48 Houtteman-Det 19 Lopat-NY .692 Ferrick-StL-NY 46 Hutchinson-Det .680 Judson-Chi 46 B.Lemon-Cle .676 Brissie-Phi 46 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ [ Complete Games ] [ Shutouts ] [ Saves ] B.Lemon-Cle 22 Houtteman-Det 4 Harris-Was 15 Garver-StL 22 Page-NY 13 Parnell-Bos 21 Ferrick-StL-NY 11 Houtteman-Det 21 Kinder-Bos 9 Brissie-Phi 8 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ [ Innings Pitched ] [ Fewest Hits/Game ] [ Fewest BB/Game ] B.Lemon-Cle 288.0 Wynn-Cle 6.99 Hutchinson-Det 1.86 Houtteman-Det 274.2 Pierce-Chi 7.76 Lopat-NY 2.48 Garver-StL 260.0 Cain-Chi 8.02 Overmire-StL 2.52 Raschi-NY 256.2 Reynolds-NY 8.04 Trout-Det 3.12 Parnell-Bos 249.0 Raschi-NY 8.14 Houtteman-Det 3.24 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ [ Strikeouts ] [ Strikeouts/Game ] [ Ratio ] B.Lemon-Cle 170 Wynn-Cle 6.02 Wynn-Cle 11.41 Reynolds-NY 160 Reynolds-NY 5.98 Lopat-NY 11.92 Raschi-NY 155 Raschi-NY 5.44 Houtteman-Det 11.93 Wynn-Cle 143 B.Lemon-Cle 5.31 Raschi-NY 12.31 Feller-Cle 119 Byrne-NY 5.22 Feller-Cle 12.32 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ [ Earned Run Average ] [ Adjusted ERA ] [Opponents' Batting Avg.] Wynn-Cle 3.20 Garver-StL 146 Wynn-Cle .212 Garver-StL 3.39 Parnell-Bos 136 Pierce-Chi .228 Feller-Cle 3.43 Wynn-Cle 135 Reynolds-NY .242 Lopat-NY 3.47 Houtteman-Det 132 Raschi-NY .243 Houtteman-Det 3.54 Feller-Cle 126 Cain-Chi .244 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ [Opponents' On Base Pct.] [ Starter Runs ] [ Adjusted Starter Runs] Wynn-Cle .305 Garver-StL 34.3 Garver-StL 45.0 Lopat-NY .317 Wynn-Cle 32.7 Parnell-Bos 35.5 Houtteman-Det .322 Houtteman-Det 31.7 Houtteman-Det 35.1 Feller-Cle .325 Feller-Cle 31.7 Wynn-Cle 26.8 Raschi-NY .327 Lopat-NY 29.2 Feller-Cle 24.9 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ [Clutch Pitching Index ] [ Relief Runs ] [ Adjusted Relief Runs ] Garver-StL 119 Judson-Chi 8.0 Judson-Chi 6.8 Hudson-Was 113 Aloma-Chi 7.6 Aloma-Chi 6.7 B.Lemon-Cle 111 Benton-Cle 7.0 Ferrick-StL-NY 6.2 Houtteman-Det 110 Ferrick-StL-NY 7.0 Benton-Cle 5.3 Parnell-Bos 110 Flores-Cle 5.0 Flores-Cle 3.5 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ [ Relief Ranking ] [ Total Pitcher Index ] [Total Baseball Ranking] Ferrick-StL-NY 13.0 Garver-StL 5.7 Garver-StL 5.7 Aloma-Chi 6.9 Parnell-Bos 3.9 Rizzuto-NY 4.1 Benton-Cle 5.3 B.Lemon-Cle 3.7 Parnell-Bos 3.9 Flores-Cle 4.2 Wynn-Cle 3.6 B.Lemon-Cle 3.7 Judson-Chi 2.7 Houtteman-Det 3.5 Wynn-Cle 3.6 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------