$Unique_ID{BAS01042} $Pretitle{} $Title{The Annual Record: 1942 } $Subtitle{} $Author{} $Subject{Annual Annuals Record Records} $Log{} Total Baseball: Registers, Leaders, and Rosters The Annual Record: 1942 1942 National League ============================================================================== ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ TEAM G W L PCT GB R OR AB H 2B 3B HR BB SO ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ STL 156 106 48 .688 755 482 5421 1454 282 69 60 551 507 BRO 155 104 50 .675 2 742 510 5285 1398 263 34 62 572 484 NY 154 85 67 .559 20 675 600 5210 1323 162 35 109 558 511 CIN 154 76 76 .500 29 527 545 5260 1216 198 39 66 483 549 PIT 151 66 81 .449 36.5 585 631 5104 1250 173 49 54 537 536 CHI 155 68 86 .442 38 591 665 5352 1360 224 41 75 509 607 BOS 150 59 89 .399 44 515 645 5077 1216 210 19 68 474 507 PHI 151 42 109 .278 62.5 394 706 5060 1174 168 37 44 392 488 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ TOT 613 4784 41769 10391 1680 323 538 4076 4189 ============================================================================== ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ TEAM AVG OBP SLG PRO PRO+ BR /A PF CHI RC SB CS SBA SBR ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ STL .268 .338 .379 .717 109 109 62 108 103 718 71 BRO .265 .338 .362 .700 110 80 70 102 107 671 81 NY .254 .330 .361 .691 108 59 56 101 102 627 39 CIN .231 .299 .321 .620 88 -81 -80 100 102 519 42 PIT .245 .320 .330 .650 95 -15 -30 103 102 556 41 CHI .254 .321 .353 .674 108 23 46 96 93 619 63 BOS .240 .307 .329 .636 94 -48 -36 98 97 520 49 PHI .232 .289 .306 .595 84 -125 -97 95 89 451 37 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ TOT .249 .318 .343 .661 423 ============================================================================== ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ TEAM CG SHO SV IP H H/G HR BB SO RAT ERA ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ STL 70 18 15 1410^1 1192 7.6 49 473 651 10.7 2.55 BRO 67 16 24 1398^2 1205 7.8 73 493 612 11.1 2.84 NY 70 12 13 1370 1299 8.5 94 493 497 11.9 3.31 CIN 80 12 8 1411^2 1213 7.7 47 526 616 11.2 2.82 PIT 64 13 11 1351^1 1376 9.2 62 435 426 12.1 3.58 CHI 71 10 14 1400^2 1447 9.3 70 525 507 12.8 3.60 BOS 68 9 8 1334 1326 8.9 82 518 414 12.6 3.76 PHI 51 2 6 1341 1328 8.9 61 605 472 13.1 4.12 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ TOT 541 92 99 11017^2 8.5 11.9 3.31 ============================================================================== ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ TEAM ERA+ OAV OOB PR /A PF CPI FA E DP FW PW ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ STL 134 .228 .294 120 137 103 102 .972 169 137 -.1 14.7 BRO 115 .231 .302 73 64 98 101 .977 138 150 1.7 6.9 NY 101 .250 .316 0 7 101 104 .977 138 128 1.6 .8 CIN 117 .230 .302 78 73 99 97 .971 177 158 -.7 7.8 PIT 94 .262 .320 -41 -30 102 97 .969 184 128 -1.3 -3.2 CHI 89 .267 .334 -44 -62 97 105 .973 170 136 -.2 -6.7 BOS 89 .260 .331 -66 -62 101 100 .976 142 138 1.1 -6.7 PHI 80 .260 .342 -120 -122 100 93 .968 194 147 -1.9 -13.1 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ TOT .249 .318 .973 1312 1122 ============================================================================== ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ TEAM BW SBW DIF ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ STL 6.7 7.8 BRO 7.5 10.9 NY 6.0 .6 CIN -8.6 1.5 PIT -3.2 .3 CHI 4.9 -7.1 BOS -3.9 -5.6 PHI -10.4 -8.1 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ============================================================================== [ Runs ] [ Hits ] [ Doubles ] Ott-NY 118 Slaughter-StL 188 Marion-StL 38 Slaughter-StL 100 Nicholson-Chi 173 Medwick-Bro 37 Mize-NY 97 Medwick-Bro 166 Hack-Chi 36 Hack-Chi 91 Hack-Chi 166 Herman-Bro 34 Elliott-Pit 166 Reiser-Bro 33 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ [ Triples ] [ Home Runs ] [ Total Bases ] Slaughter-StL 17 Ott-NY 30 Slaughter-StL 292 Nicholson-Chi 11 Mize-NY 26 Mize-NY 282 Musial-StL 10 Camilli-Bro 26 Nicholson-Chi 280 Litwhiler-Phi 9 Nicholson-Chi 21 Ott-NY 273 West-Bos 16 Camilli-Bro 247 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ [ Runs Batted In ] [ Runs Produced ] [ Bases On Balls ] Mize-NY 110 Slaughter-StL 185 Ott-NY 109 Camilli-Bro 109 Ott-NY 181 Fletcher-Pit 105 Slaughter-StL 98 Mize-NY 181 Camilli-Bro 97 Medwick-Bro 96 Camilli-Bro 172 Hack-Chi 94 Ott-NY 93 Medwick-Bro 161 Slaughter-StL 88 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ [ Batting Average ] [ On Base Percentage ] [ Slugging Average ] Slaughter-StL .318 Fletcher-Pit .417 Mize-NY .521 Musial-StL .315 Ott-NY .415 Ott-NY .497 Reiser-Bro .310 Slaughter-StL .412 Slaughter-StL .494 Mize-NY .305 Hack-Chi .402 Musial-StL .490 Novikoff-Chi .300 Musial-StL .397 Nicholson-Chi .476 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ [ Production ] [ Adjusted Production ] [ Batter Runs ] Ott-NY .912 Ott-NY 165 Slaughter-StL 49.8 Slaughter-StL .906 Mize-NY 161 Ott-NY 49.3 Mize-NY .901 Nicholson-Chi 156 Mize-NY 40.8 Musial-StL .888 Slaughter-StL 153 Nicholson-Chi 37.6 Nicholson-Chi .859 Musial-StL 148 Musial-StL 35.0 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ [ Adjusted Batter Runs ] [ Clutch Hitting Index ] [ Runs Created ] Ott-NY 49.0 Brown-StL 146 Slaughter-StL 128 Slaughter-StL 44.6 Medwick-Bro 143 Ott-NY 122 Mize-NY 40.4 Owen-Bro 120 Nicholson-Chi 112 Nicholson-Chi 40.2 Camilli-Bro 117 Mize-NY 110 Hack-Chi 32.4 F.McCormick-Cin 116 Hack-Chi 100 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ [ Total Average ] [ Stolen Bases ] [ Stolen Base Average ] Ott-NY .990 Reiser-Bro 20 Slaughter-StL .966 Reese-Bro 15 Musial-StL .926 Fernandez-Bos 15 Mize-NY .911 Merullo-Chi 14 Camilli-Bro .888 Hopp-StL 14 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ [ Stolen Base Runs ] [ Fielding Runs ] [ Total Player Rating ] DiMaggio-Pit 19.8 Nicholson-Chi 4.6 Reese-Bro 17.4 Slaughter-StL 4.3 May-Phi 17.2 Ott-NY 4.2 Holmes-Bos 14.8 Fletcher-Pit 3.3 Fletcher-Pit 11.5 Mize-NY 3.1 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ [ Wins ] [ Win Percentage ] [ Games ] M.Cooper-StL 22 French-Bro .789 Adams-NY 61 Beazley-StL 21 Beazley-StL .778 Casey-Bro 50 Wyatt-Bro 19 M.Cooper-StL .759 Podgajny-Phi 43 Passeau-Chi 19 Wyatt-Bro .731 Beazley-StL 43 VanderMeer-Cin 18 Davis-Bro .714 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ [ Complete Games ] [ Shutouts ] [ Saves ] Tobin-Bos 28 M.Cooper-StL 10 Casey-Bro 13 Passeau-Chi 24 Sewell-Pit 5 Adams-NY 11 M.Cooper-StL 22 Javery-Bos 5 Beggs-Cin 8 Walters-Cin 21 Davis-Bro 5 Sain-Bos 6 VanderMeer-Cin 21 Gumbert-StL 5 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ [ Innings Pitched ] [ Fewest Hits/Game ] [ Fewest BB/Game ] Tobin-Bos 287.2 M.Cooper-StL 6.69 Warneke-StL-Chi 1.79 M.Cooper-StL 278.2 VanderMeer-Cin 6.93 Lohrman-StL-NY 1.85 Passeau-Chi 278.1 Higbe-Bro 7.31 Hubbell-NY 1.94 Starr-Cin 276.2 Starr-Cin 7.42 Derringer-Cin 2.11 Javery-Bos 261.0 Beazley-StL 7.57 M.Cooper-StL 2.20 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ [ Strikeouts ] [ Strikeouts/Game ] [ Ratio ] VanderMeer-Cin 186 VanderMeer-Cin 6.86 M.Cooper-StL 9.04 M.Cooper-StL 152 Lanier-StL 5.20 Lohrman-StL-NY 10.07 Higbe-Bro 115 M.Cooper-StL 4.91 Davis-Bro 10.35 Walters-Cin 109 Higbe-Bro 4.67 Warneke-StL-Chi 10.39 Melton-Phi 107 Melton-Phi 4.60 Wyatt-Bro 10.56 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ [ Earned Run Average ] [ Adjusted ERA ] [Opponents' Batting Avg.] M.Cooper-StL 1.78 M.Cooper-StL 193 M.Cooper-StL .204 Beazley-StL 2.13 Beazley-StL 161 VanderMeer-Cin .208 Davis-Bro 2.36 Davis-Bro 138 Higbe-Bro .223 VanderMeer-Cin 2.43 Lohrman-StL-NY 136 Wyatt-Bro .225 Lohrman-StL-NY 2.48 VanderMeer-Cin 135 Starr-Cin .226 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ [Opponents' On Base Pct.] [ Starter Runs ] [ Adjusted Starter Runs] M.Cooper-StL .258 M.Cooper-StL 47.6 M.Cooper-StL 51.0 Lohrman-StL-NY .281 Beazley-StL 28.3 Beazley-StL 30.9 Wyatt-Bro .286 French-Bro 24.4 French-Bro 23.5 Warneke-StL-Chi .286 VanderMeer-Cin 23.8 VanderMeer-Cin 23.0 Davis-Bro .287 Davis-Bro 21.8 Davis-Bro 20.6 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ [Clutch Pitching Index ] [ Relief Runs ] [ Adjusted Relief Runs ] Bithorn-Chi 130 Adams-NY 14.4 Adams-NY 14.8 Passeau-Chi 121 Casey-Bro 13.2 Casey-Bro 12.6 Beazley-StL 114 Beggs-Cin 11.6 Beggs-Cin 11.3 Schumacher-NY 113 Shoun-StL-Cin 9.4 Shoun-StL-Cin 9.1 Carpenter-NY 112 Webber-Bro 2.0 Webber-Bro 1.7 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ [ Relief Ranking ] [ Total Pitcher Index ] [Total Baseball Ranking] Adams-NY 20.9 M.Cooper-StL 5.0 M.Cooper-StL 5.0 Beggs-Cin 15.0 Beazley-StL 4.0 Nicholson-Chi 4.6 Casey-Bro 12.4 French-Bro 3.4 Slaughter-StL 4.3 Shoun-StL-Cin 4.4 Walters-Cin 3.0 Ott-NY 4.2 Webber-Bro 1.6 VanderMeer-Cin 2.9 Beazley-StL 4.0 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 1942 American League ============================================================================== ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ TEAM G W L PCT GB R OR AB H 2B 3B HR BB SO ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ NY 154 103 51 .669 801 507 5305 1429 223 57 108 591 556 BOS 152 93 59 .612 9 761 594 5248 1451 244 55 103 591 508 STL 151 82 69 .543 19.5 730 637 5229 1354 239 62 98 609 607 CLE 156 75 79 .487 28 590 659 5317 1344 223 58 50 500 544 DET 156 73 81 .474 30 589 587 5327 1313 217 37 76 509 476 CHI 148 66 82 .446 34 538 609 4949 1215 214 36 25 497 427 WAS 151 62 89 .411 39.5 653 817 5295 1364 224 49 40 581 536 PHI 154 55 99 .357 48 549 801 5285 1315 213 46 33 440 490 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ TOT 611 5211 41955 10785 1797 400 533 4318 4144 ============================================================================== ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ TEAM AVG OBP SLG PRO PRO+ BR /A PF CHI RC SB CS SBA SBR ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ NY .269 .346 .394 .740 118 104 118 98 104 759 69 33 68 1 BOS .276 .352 .403 .755 116 132 110 103 96 774 68 61 53 -16 STL .259 .338 .385 .723 109 68 58 102 101 703 37 38 49 -12 CLE .253 .320 .345 .665 100 -43 -4 94 96 596 69 74 48 -24 DET .246 .314 .344 .658 85 -57 -110 108 98 582 39 40 49 -12 CHI .246 .316 .318 .634 87 -87 -73 98 102 520 114 70 62 -8 WAS .258 .333 .341 .674 98 -14 -7 99 101 641 98 29 77 12 PHI .249 .309 .325 .634 86 -101 -97 99 101 536 44 45 49 -14 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ TOT .257 .329 .357 .686 538 390 58 -73 ============================================================================== ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ TEAM CG SHO SV IP H H/G HR BB SO RAT ERA ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ NY 88 18 17 1375 1259 8.2 71 431 558 11.2 2.91 BOS 84 11 17 1358^2 1260 8.3 65 553 500 12.1 3.44 STL 68 12 13 1363 1387 9.2 63 505 488 12.7 3.59 CLE 61 12 11 1402^2 1353 8.7 61 560 448 12.4 3.59 DET 65 12 14 1399^1 1321 8.5 60 598 671 12.5 3.13 CHI 86 8 8 1314^1 1304 8.9 74 473 432 12.3 3.58 WAS 68 12 11 1346^2 1496 10.0 50 558 496 13.8 4.58 PHI 67 5 9 1374^2 1404 9.2 89 639 546 13.5 4.45 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ TOT 587 90 100 10934^1 8.9 12.6 3.66 ============================================================================== ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ TEAM ERA+ OAV OOB PR /A PF CPI FA E DP FW PW ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ NY 118 .244 .304 115 82 94 108 .976 142 190 2.0 8.4 BOS 108 .247 .322 32 43 102 99 .974 157 156 1.0 4.4 STL 103 .262 .330 10 17 101 103 .972 167 143 .4 1.7 CLE 96 .254 .327 10 -23 94 99 .974 163 175 1.0 -2.4 DET 126 .248 .326 82 127 108 111 .969 194 142 -.8 13.0 CHI 100 .258 .325 11 3 98 102 .970 173 144 -.1 .3 WAS 80 .279 .349 -139 -139 100 91 .962 222 133 -2.7 -14.2 PHI 85 .263 .344 -120 -102 103 93 .969 188 124 -.6 -10.4 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ TOT .257 .329 .971 1406 1207 ============================================================================== ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ TEAM BW SBW DIF ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ NY 12.1 1.0 2.5 BOS 11.3 -.7 1.0 STL 5.9 -.3 -1.3 CLE -.4 -1.5 1.3 DET -11.3 -.3 -4.7 CHI -7.5 .1 -.8 WAS -.7 2.2 1.9 PHI -9.9 -.5 -.6 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ============================================================================== [ Runs ] [ Hits ] [ Doubles ] Williams-Bos 141 Pesky-Bos 205 Kolloway-Chi 40 DiMaggio-NY 123 Spence-Was 203 Clift-StL 39 DiMaggio-Bos 110 Williams-Bos 186 Heath-Cle 37 Clift-StL 108 DiMaggio-NY 186 DiMaggio-Bos 36 Keller-NY 106 Keltner-Cle 179 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ [ Triples ] [ Home Runs ] [ Total Bases ] Spence-Was 15 Williams-Bos 36 Williams-Bos 338 Heath-Cle 13 Laabs-StL 27 DiMaggio-NY 304 DiMaggio-NY 13 Keller-NY 26 Keller-NY 279 McQuillen-StL 12 York-Det 21 Spence-Was 272 DiMaggio-NY 21 DiMaggio-Bos 272 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ [ Runs Batted In ] [ Runs Produced ] [ Bases On Balls ] Williams-Bos 137 Williams-Bos 242 Williams-Bos 145 DiMaggio-NY 114 DiMaggio-NY 216 Keller-NY 114 Keller-NY 108 Keller-NY 188 Fleming-Cle 106 Gordon-NY 103 Gordon-NY 173 Clift-StL 106 Doerr-Bos 102 Spence-Was 169 Cullenbine-SL-W-NY 92 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ [ Batting Average ] [ On Base Percentage ] [ Slugging Average ] Williams-Bos .356 Williams-Bos .499 Williams-Bos .648 Pesky-Bos .331 Keller-NY .417 Keller-NY .513 Spence-Was .323 Judnich-StL .413 Judnich-StL .499 Gordon-NY .322 Fleming-Cle .412 DiMaggio-NY .498 Case-Was .320 Gordon-NY .409 Laabs-StL .498 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ [ Production ] [ Adjusted Production ] [ Batter Runs ] Williams-Bos 1.147 Williams-Bos 214 Williams-Bos 92.6 Keller-NY .930 Keller-NY 164 Keller-NY 46.9 Judnich-StL .912 Gordon-NY 156 Gordon-NY 38.6 Gordon-NY .900 Judnich-StL 153 Judnich-StL 35.4 Laabs-StL .878 DiMaggio-NY 148 DiMaggio-NY 34.5 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ [ Adjusted Batter Runs ] [ Clutch Hitting Index ] [ Runs Created ] Williams-Bos 90.1 Lupien-Bos 124 Williams-Bos 185 Keller-NY 48.4 Cullenbine-SL-W-NY 116 Keller-NY 131 Gordon-NY 40.0 Vernon-Was 113 DiMaggio-NY 120 Fleming-Cle 36.3 Siebert-Phi 113 Spence-Was 111 DiMaggio-NY 36.0 Tabor-Bos 112 Gordon-NY 108 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ [ Total Average ] [ Stolen Bases ] [ Stolen Base Average ] Williams-Bos 1.394 Case-Was 44 Case-Was 88.0 Keller-NY 1.038 Vernon-Was 25 Vernon-Was 80.6 Judnich-StL .950 Rizzuto-NY 22 Rizzuto-NY 78.6 Gordon-NY .891 Kuhel-Chi 22 Appling-Chi 77.3 Laabs-StL .878 Kuhel-Chi 71.0 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ [ Stolen Base Runs ] [ Fielding Runs ] [ Total Player Rating ] Case-Was 9.6 Rizzuto-NY 25.0 Williams-Bos 8.4 Vernon-Was 3.9 Pesky-Bos 17.7 Gordon-NY 5.3 Rizzuto-NY 3.0 DiMaggio-Bos 16.9 Keller-NY 4.3 Keller-NY 3.0 Keltner-Cle 15.6 Pesky-Bos 4.1 Appling-Chi 2.1 York-Det 15.4 Rizzuto-NY 4.0 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ [ Wins ] [ Win Percentage ] [ Games ] Hughson-Bos 22 Bonham-NY .808 Haynes-Chi 40 Bonham-NY 21 Borowy-NY .789 Caster-StL 39 Marchildon-Phi 17 Hughson-Bos .786 Bagby-Cle 17 Chandler-NY .762 Chandler-NY 16 Bagby-Cle .654 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ [ Complete Games ] [ Shutouts ] [ Saves ] Hughson-Bos 22 Bonham-NY 6 Murphy-NY 11 Bonham-NY 22 Haynes-Chi 6 Lyons-Chi 20 Brown-Bos 6 Hudson-Was 19 Newhouser-Det 5 Caster-StL 5 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ [ Innings Pitched ] [ Fewest Hits/Game ] [ Fewest BB/Game ] Hughson-Bos 281.0 Newhouser-Det 6.71 Bonham-NY .96 Bagby-Cle 270.2 Niggeling-StL 7.55 Lyons-Chi 1.30 Auker-StL 249.0 Dobson-Bos 7.64 Ruffing-NY 1.91 Marchildon-Phi 244.0 Trucks-Det 7.89 Breuer-NY 2.03 Hudson-Was 239.1 Chandler-NY 7.89 Bagby-Cle 2.13 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ [ Strikeouts ] [ Strikeouts/Game ] [ Ratio ] Newsom-Was 113 Newhouser-Det 5.05 Bonham-NY 8.92 Hughson-Bos 113 Bridges-Det 5.02 Lyons-Chi 9.73 Marchildon-Phi 110 Trucks-Det 4.88 Ruffing-NY 10.55 Benton-Det 110 Newsom-Was 4.76 Breuer-NY 10.68 Niggeling-StL 107 Niggeling-StL 4.67 Hughson-Bos 10.70 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ [ Earned Run Average ] [ Adjusted ERA ] [Opponents' Batting Avg.] Lyons-Chi 2.10 Lyons-Chi 172 Newhouser-Det .207 Bonham-NY 2.27 Newhouser-Det 161 Niggeling-StL .226 Chandler-NY 2.38 Bonham-NY 152 Dobson-Bos .231 Newhouser-Det 2.45 Chandler-NY 145 Trucks-Det .231 Borowy-NY 2.52 Trucks-Det 144 Borowy-NY .233 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ [Opponents' On Base Pct.] [ Starter Runs ] [ Adjusted Starter Runs] Bonham-NY .259 Bonham-NY 34.8 Hughson-Bos 35.5 Lyons-Chi .275 Hughson-Bos 33.2 Newhouser-Det 30.6 Ruffing-NY .292 Lyons-Chi 31.3 Lyons-Chi 30.1 Breuer-NY .295 Chandler-NY 28.5 Bonham-NY 29.4 Hughson-Bos .296 Humphries-Chi 24.8 Benton-Det 26.5 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ [Clutch Pitching Index ] [ Relief Runs ] [ Adjusted Relief Runs ] Chandler-NY 136 Ferrick-Cle 15.0 Ferrick-Cle 13.2 Lyons-Chi 131 Haynes-Chi 11.9 Haynes-Chi 11.2 Hollingsworth-StL 123 Caster-StL 7.5 Caster-StL 7.9 Humphries-Chi 121 Murphy-NY 1.6 Brown-Bos 2.0 Niggeling-StL 119 Brown-Bos 1.5 Murphy-NY .2 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ [ Relief Ranking ] [ Total Pitcher Index ] [Total Baseball Ranking] Haynes-Chi 14.2 Lyons-Chi 4.0 Williams-Bos 8.4 Caster-StL 10.0 Newhouser-Det 4.0 Gordon-NY 5.3 Ferrick-Cle 8.4 Hughson-Bos 3.8 Keller-NY 4.3 Brown-Bos 4.0 Chandler-NY 3.2 Pesky-Bos 4.1 Murphy-NY .5 Humphries-Chi 2.7 Lyons-Chi 4.0 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------