$Unique_ID{BAS01023} $Pretitle{} $Title{The Annual Record: 1923 } $Subtitle{} $Author{} $Subject{Annual Annuals Record Records} $Log{} Total Baseball: Registers, Leaders, and Rosters The Annual Record: 1923 1923 National League ============================================================================== ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ TEAM G W L PCT GB R OR AB H 2B 3B HR BB SO ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ NY 153 95 58 .621 854 679 5452 1610 248 76 85 487 406 CIN 154 91 63 .591 4.5 708 629 5278 1506 237 95 45 439 367 PIT 154 87 67 .565 8.5 786 696 5405 1592 224 111 49 407 362 CHI 154 83 71 .539 12.5 756 704 5259 1516 243 52 90 455 485 STL 154 79 74 .516 16 746 732 5526 1582 274 76 63 438 446 BRO 155 76 78 .494 19.5 753 741 5476 1559 214 81 62 425 382 BOS 155 54 100 .351 41.5 636 798 5329 1455 213 58 32 429 404 PHI 155 50 104 .325 45.5 748 1008 5491 1528 259 39 112 414 556 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ TOT 617 5987 43216 12348 1912 588 538 3494 3408 ============================================================================== ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ TEAM AVG OBP SLG PRO PRO+ BR /A PF CHI RC SB CS SBA SBR ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ NY .295 .356 .415 .771 110 72 82 99 103 816 106 70 60 -10 CIN .285 .344 .392 .736 102 -1 14 98 96 707 96 105 48 -34 PIT .295 .347 .404 .751 102 26 10 102 103 766 154 75 67 1 CHI .288 .348 .406 .754 104 33 32 100 99 735 181 143 56 -32 STL .286 .343 .398 .741 103 5 21 98 97 761 89 61 59 -10 BRO .285 .340 .387 .727 100 -20 1 97 102 730 71 50 59 -9 BOS .273 .331 .353 .684 90 -99 -69 96 99 625 57 80 42 -31 PHI .278 .333 .401 .734 89 -15 -102 112 101 729 70 73 49 -23 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ TOT .286 .343 .395 .737 824 657 56 -147 ============================================================================== ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ TEAM CG SHO SV IP H H/G HR BB SO RAT ERA ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ NY 62 10 18 1378 1440 9.4 82 424 453 12.3 3.90 CIN 88 11 9 1391^1 1465 9.5 28 359 450 12.0 3.21 PIT 92 5 9 1376^1 1513 9.9 53 402 414 12.7 3.87 CHI 80 8 11 1366^2 1419 9.3 86 435 408 12.4 3.82 STL 77 9 7 1398^1 1539 9.9 70 456 398 13.1 3.87 BRO 94 8 5 1396^2 1503 9.7 55 476 548 13.0 3.74 BOS 54 13 7 1392^2 1662 10.7 64 394 351 13.5 4.21 PHI 68 3 8 1376^1 1801 11.8 100 549 384 15.6 5.34 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ TOT 615 67 74 11076^1 10.0 13.1 3.99 ============================================================================== ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ TEAM ERA+ OAV OOB PR /A PF CPI FA E DP FW PW ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ NY 98 .271 .328 15 -13 96 93 .972 176 141 2.4 -1.3 CIN 120 .273 .322 121 99 97 101 .969 202 144 .9 9.5 PIT 103 .284 .337 19 19 100 98 .971 179 157 2.3 1.8 CHI 105 .269 .329 27 25 100 96 .967 208 144 .5 2.4 STL 101 .284 .344 20 5 98 104 .963 232 141 -.9 .5 BRO 103 .277 .340 39 20 97 100 .955 293 137 -4.4 1.9 BOS 94 .302 .352 -34 -41 100 102 .964 230 157 -.7 -3.9 PHI 86 .322 .386 -205 -115 115 102 .966 217 172 .0 -11.1 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ TOT .286 .343 .966 1737 1193 ============================================================================== ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ TEAM BW SBW DIF ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ NY 7.9 .8 8.7 CIN 1.3 -1.5 3.7 PIT 1.0 1.9 3.1 CHI 3.1 -1.3 1.3 STL 2.0 .8 .0 BRO .0 .9 .5 BOS -6.6 -1.2 -10.5 PHI -9.8 -.4 -5.8 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ============================================================================== [ Runs ] [ Hits ] [ Doubles ] Youngs-NY 121 Frisch-NY 223 Roush-Cin 41 Carey-Pit 120 Statz-Chi 209 Tierney-Pit-Phi 36 Frisch-NY 116 Traynor-Pit 208 Grantham-Chi 36 Johnston-Bro 111 Johnston-Bro 203 Bottomley-StL 34 Statz-Chi 110 Youngs-NY 200 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ [ Triples ] [ Home Runs ] [ Total Bases ] Traynor-Pit 19 Williams-Phi 41 Frisch-NY 311 Carey-Pit 19 Fournier-Bro 22 Williams-Phi 308 Roush-Cin 18 Miller-Chi 20 Fournier-Bro 303 Southworth-Bos 16 Meusel-NY 19 Traynor-Pit 301 Hornsby-StL 17 Statz-Chi 288 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ [ Runs Batted In ] [ Runs Produced ] [ Bases On Balls ] Meusel-NY 125 Frisch-NY 215 Burns-Cin 101 Williams-Phi 114 Meusel-NY 208 Sand-Phi 82 Frisch-NY 111 Youngs-NY 205 Youngs-NY 73 Kelly-NY 103 Traynor-Pit 197 Carey-Pit 73 Fournier-Bro 102 Carey-Pit 177 Grantham-Chi 71 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ [ Batting Average ] [ On Base Percentage ] [ Slugging Average ] Hornsby-StL .384 Hornsby-StL .459 Hornsby-StL .627 Bottomley-StL .371 Bottomley-StL .425 Fournier-Bro .588 Fournier-Bro .351 Youngs-NY .412 Williams-Phi .576 Roush-Cin .351 Fournier-Bro .411 Bottomley-StL .535 Frisch-NY .348 O'Farrell-Chi .408 Roush-Cin .531 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ [ Production ] [ Adjusted Production ] [ Batter Runs ] Hornsby-StL 1.086 Hornsby-StL 188 Hornsby-StL 52.1 Fournier-Bro .999 Fournier-Bro 165 Fournier-Bro 43.7 Bottomley-StL .960 Bottomley-StL 155 Bottomley-StL 39.2 Williams-Phi .947 Roush-Cin 149 Roush-Cin 34.0 Roush-Cin .938 Frisch-NY 133 Williams-Phi 33.2 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ [ Adjusted Batter Runs ] [ Clutch Hitting Index ] [ Runs Created ] Hornsby-StL 53.3 Stock-StL 136 Fournier-Bro 125 Fournier-Bro 45.7 McInnis-Bos 124 Frisch-NY 123 Bottomley-StL 40.7 Frisch-NY 123 Hornsby-StL 120 Roush-Cin 35.5 Meusel-NY 117 Bottomley-StL 117 Frisch-NY 29.5 Bigbee-Pit 114 Carey-Pit 117 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ [ Total Average ] [ Stolen Bases ] [ Stolen Base Average ] Hornsby-StL 1.194 Carey-Pit 51 Carey-Pit 86.4 Fournier-Bro 1.071 Grantham-Chi 43 Smith-StL 74.4 Bottomley-StL .976 Smith-StL 32 Frisch-NY 70.7 Williams-Phi .966 Heathcote-Chi 32 Traynor-Pit 68.3 Carey-Pit .928 Heathcote-Chi 65.3 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ [ Stolen Base Runs ] [ Fielding Runs ] [ Total Player Rating ] Carey-Pit 10.5 Bancroft-NY 21.3 Fournier-Bro 4.1 Smith-StL 3.0 Carey-Pit 19.7 Traynor-Pit 4.1 Rawlings-Pit 2.7 Johnston-Bro 19.4 Carey-Pit 3.6 Statz-Chi 17.7 Bancroft-NY 3.6 Tierney-Pit-Phi 14.4 Johnston-Bro 3.5 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ [ Wins ] [ Win Percentage ] [ Games ] Luque-Cin 27 Luque-Cin .771 Ryan-NY 45 Morrison-Pit 25 Ryan-NY .762 Jonnard-NY 45 Alexander-Chi 22 Scott-NY .696 Oeschger-Bos 44 Grimes-Bro 21 Morrison-Pit .658 J.Barnes-NY-Bos 43 Donohue-Cin 21 Alexander-Chi .647 Genewich-Bos 43 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ [ Complete Games ] [ Shutouts ] [ Saves ] Grimes-Bro 33 Luque-Cin 6 Jonnard-NY 5 Luque-Cin 28 J.Barnes-NY-Bos 5 Ryan-NY 4 Morrison-Pit 27 McQuillan-NY 5 Cooper-Pit 26 Alexander-Chi 26 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ [ Innings Pitched ] [ Fewest Hits/Game ] [ Fewest BB/Game ] Grimes-Bro 327.0 Luque-Cin 7.80 Alexander-Chi .89 Luque-Cin 322.0 Vance-Bro 8.44 B.Adams-Pit 1.42 Rixey-Cin 309.0 Morrison-Pit 8.56 Genewich-Bos 1.82 Alexander-Chi 305.0 Keen-Chi 8.59 Rixey-Cin 1.89 Ring-Phi 304.1 Aldridge-Chi 8.67 Meadows-Phi-Pit 2.15 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ [ Strikeouts ] [ Strikeouts/Game ] [ Ratio ] Vance-Bro 197 Vance-Bro 6.32 Alexander-Chi 9.97 Luque-Cin 151 Luque-Cin 4.22 Luque-Cin 10.40 Grimes-Bro 119 Bentley-NY 3.93 Ryan-NY 11.31 Morrison-Pit 114 Osborne-Chi 3.46 Aldridge-Chi 11.49 Ring-Phi 112 Morrison-Pit 3.40 McQuillan-NY 11.56 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ [ Earned Run Average ] [ Adjusted ERA ] [Opponents' Batting Avg.] Luque-Cin 1.93 Luque-Cin 200 Luque-Cin .235 Rixey-Cin 2.80 Rixey-Cin 138 Vance-Bro .250 Keen-Chi 3.00 Keen-Chi 133 Aldridge-Chi .251 Kaufmann-Chi 3.10 Kaufmann-Chi 129 Morrison-Pit .253 Haines-StL 3.11 Alexander-Chi 125 Osborne-Chi .255 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ [Opponents' On Base PCT.] [ Starter Runs ] [ Adjusted Starter Runs] Alexander-Chi .277 Luque-Cin 73.9 Luque-Cin 69.1 Luque-Cin .291 Rixey-Cin 41.1 Rixey-Cin 36.5 Aldridge-Chi .307 Alexander-Chi 27.4 Alexander-Chi 27.4 Ryan-NY .308 Haines-StL 26.1 Ring-Phi 24.3 McQuillan-NY .315 Kaufmann-Chi 20.6 Haines-StL 23.2 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ [Clutch Pitching Index ] [ Relief Runs ] [ Adjusted Relief Runs ] Kaufmann-Chi 118 Decatur-Bro 15.3 Decatur-Bro 14.0 Rixey-Cin 116 Jonnard-NY 7.6 Jonnard-NY 5.7 Genewich-Bos 116 Keck-Cin 2.6 Keck-Cin 1.3 Doak-StL 116 V.Barnes-NY .5 Luque-Cin 115 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ [ Relief Ranking ] [ Total Pitcher Index ] [Total Baseball Ranking] Decatur-Bro 8.7 Luque-Cin 7.4 Luque-Cin 7.4 Jonnard-NY 4.4 Rixey-Cin 3.4 Fournier-Bro 4.1 Keck-Cin 1.3 Alexander-Chi 3.2 Traynor-Pit 4.1 Kaufmann-Chi 2.4 Carey-Pit 3.6 Haines-StL 2.4 Bancroft-NY 3.6 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 1923 American League ============================================================================== ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ TEAM G W L PCT GB R OR AB H 2B 3B HR BB SO ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ NY 152 98 54 .645 823 622 5347 1554 231 79 105 521 516 DET 155 83 71 .539 16 831 741 5266 1579 270 69 41 596 385 CLE 153 82 71 .536 16.5 888 746 5290 1594 301 75 59 633 384 WAS 155 75 78 .490 23.5 720 747 5244 1436 224 93 26 532 448 STL 154 74 78 .487 24 688 720 5298 1489 248 62 82 442 423 PHI 153 69 83 .454 29 661 761 5196 1407 229 64 53 445 517 CHI 156 69 85 .448 30 692 741 5246 1463 254 57 42 532 458 BOS 154 61 91 .401 37 584 809 5181 1354 253 54 34 391 480 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ TOT 616 5887 42068 11876 2010 553 442 4092 3611 ============================================================================== ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ TEAM AVG OBP SLG PRO PRO+ BR /A PF CHI RC SB CS SBA SBR ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ NY .291 .357 .422 .779 108 73 60 102 101 811 69 74 48 -24 DET .300 .377 .401 .778 113 91 106 98 98 827 87 62 58 -11 CLE .301 .381 .420 .801 117 135 137 100 100 869 79 77 51 -23 WAS .274 .346 .367 .713 98 -46 -8 95 104 693 102 67 60 -10 STL .281 .339 .398 .737 94 -15 -56 106 96 724 64 54 54 -13 PHI .271 .333 .370 .703 89 -74 -83 101 103 653 72 62 54 -16 CHI .279 .350 .373 .723 97 -26 -16 99 97 706 191 119 62 -14 BOS .261 .318 .351 .669 81 -143 -147 101 104 578 77 91 46 -32 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ TOT .282 .351 .388 .739 741 606 55 -141 ============================================================================== ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ TEAM CG SHO SV IP H H/G HR BB SO RAT ERA ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ NY 101 9 10 1380^2 1365 8.9 68 491 506 12.3 3.62 DET 61 9 12 1373^2 1502 9.8 58 449 447 13.1 4.09 CLE 77 10 11 1376 1517 9.9 36 465 407 13.2 3.91 WAS 71 8 16 1374^2 1527 10.0 56 563 474 14.0 3.98 STL 83 10 10 1373^1 1430 9.4 59 528 488 13.2 3.93 PHI 65 7 12 1364^2 1465 9.7 68 550 400 13.5 4.08 CHI 74 5 11 1397 1512 9.7 49 534 467 13.4 4.05 BOS 77 3 11 1372 1534 10.1 48 520 412 13.9 4.20 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ TOT 609 61 93 11012 9.7 13.3 3.98 ============================================================================== ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ TEAM ERA+ OAV OOB PR /A PF CPI FA E DP FW PW ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ NY 109 .263 .330 55 49 99 96 .977 144 131 3.3 4.7 DET 94 .283 .345 -16 -34 97 96 .968 200 103 .0 -3.3 CLE 101 .285 .346 11 4 100 97 .964 226 143 -1.7 .4 WAS 95 .291 .364 0 -30 95 109 .966 216 182 -.9 -2.9 STL 106 .275 .348 9 37 105 98 .971 177 145 1.4 3.6 PHI 101 .280 .352 -15 1 103 99 .965 221 127 -1.4 .0 CHI 98 .283 .353 -10 -13 99 99 .971 184 138 1.1 -1.3 BOS 98 .294 .366 -33 -15 103 104 .963 232 126 -2.0 -1.5 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ TOT .282 .351 .968 1600 1095 ============================================================================== ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ TEAM BW SBW DIF ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ NY 5.8 -.6 8.8 DET 10.3 .6 -1.7 CLE 13.2 -.5 -5.9 WAS -.8 .7 2.3 STL -5.4 .5 -2.0 PHI -8.0 .2 2.1 CHI -1.5 .4 -6.7 BOS -14.2 -1.4 4.0 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ============================================================================== [ Runs ] [ Hits ] [ Doubles ] Ruth-NY 151 Jamieson-Cle 222 Speaker-Cle 59 Speaker-Cle 133 Speaker-Cle 218 Burns-Bos 47 Jamieson-Cle 130 Heilmann-Det 211 Ruth-NY 45 Heilmann-Det 121 Ruth-NY 205 Heilmann-Det 44 Rice-Was 117 Tobin-StL 202 J.Sewell-Cle 41 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ [ Triples ] [ Home Runs ] [ Total Bases ] Rice-Was 18 Ruth-NY 41 Ruth-NY 399 Goslin-Was 18 Williams-StL 29 Speaker-Cle 350 Tobin-StL 15 Heilmann-Det 18 Williams-StL 346 Mostil-Chi 15 Speaker-Cle 17 Heilmann-Det 331 Hauser-Phi 17 Tobin-StL 303 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ [ Runs Batted In ] [ Runs Produced ] [ Bases On Balls ] Ruth-NY 131 Speaker-Cle 246 Ruth-NY 170 Speaker-Cle 130 Ruth-NY 241 J.Sewell-Cle 98 Heilmann-Det 115 Heilmann-Det 218 Blue-Det 96 J.Sewell-Cle 109 J.Sewell-Cle 204 Speaker-Cle 93 Pipp-NY 108 Rice-Was 189 Collins-Chi 84 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ [ Batting Average ] [ On Base Percentage ] [ Slugging Average ] Heilmann-Det .403 Ruth-NY .545 Ruth-NY .764 Ruth-NY .393 Heilmann-Det .481 Heilmann-Det .632 Speaker-Cle .380 Speaker-Cle .469 Williams-StL .623 Collins-Chi .360 J.Sewell-Cle .456 Speaker-Cle .610 Williams-StL .357 Collins-Chi .455 Harris-Bos .520 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ [ Production ] [ Adjusted Production ] [ Batter Runs ] Ruth-NY 1.309 Ruth-NY 238 Ruth-NY 119.1 Heilmann-Det 1.113 Heilmann-Det 195 Speaker-Cle 70.9 Speaker-Cle 1.079 Speaker-Cle 183 Heilmann-Det 70.7 Williams-StL 1.062 Williams-StL 168 Williams-StL 61.2 J.Sewell-Cle .935 J.Sewell-Cle 147 J.Sewell-Cle 42.8 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ [ Adjusted Batter Runs ] [ Clutch Hitting Index ] [ Runs Created ] Ruth-NY 117.7 Pipp-NY 137 Ruth-NY 223 Heilmann-Det 72.2 J.Sewell-Cle 123 Speaker-Cle 166 Speaker-Cle 71.1 Bassler-Det 122 Heilmann-Det 159 Williams-StL 56.8 Sheely-Chi 122 Williams-StL 148 J.Sewell-Cle 42.9 Meusel-NY 121 J.Sewell-Cle 128 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ [ Total Average ] [ Stolen Bases ] [ Stolen Base Average ] Ruth-NY 1.683 Collins-Chi 49 Rice-Was 71.4 Heilmann-Det 1.284 Mostil-Chi 41 Mostil-Chi 70.7 Speaker-Cle 1.227 Harris-Was 23 Collins-Chi 62.8 Williams-StL 1.144 Rice-Was 20 Jamieson-Cle 61.3 J.Sewell-Cle 1.025 Jamieson-Cle 19 Harris-Was 59.0 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ [ Stolen Base Runs ] [ Fielding Runs ] [ Total Player Rating ] Mostil-Chi 2.1 Peckinpaugh-Was 22.8 Ruth-NY 10.8 Barrett-Chi 1.8 Mostil-Chi 22.0 Speaker-Cle 6.5 Veach-Det 1.2 Lutzke-Cle 20.4 Heilmann-Det 6.0 Rice-Was 1.2 Harris-Was 19.7 J.Sewell-Cle 5.9 Flagstead-Det-Bos 18.7 Williams-StL 5.0 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ [ Wins ] [ Win Percentage ] [ Games ] Uhle-Cle 26 Pennock-NY .760 Rommel-Phi 56 Jones-NY 21 Jones-NY .724 Uhle-Cle 54 Dauss-Det 21 Hoyt-NY .654 Russell-Was 52 Shocker-StL 20 Shocker-StL .625 Cole-Det 52 Ehmke-Bos 20 Uhle-Cle .619 Dauss-Det 50 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ [ Complete Games ] [ Shutouts ] [ Saves ] Uhle-Cle 29 Coveleski-Cle 5 Russell-Was 9 Ehmke-Bos 28 Vangilder-StL 4 Quinn-Bos 7 Shocker-StL 24 Dauss-Det 4 Harriss-Phi 6 Dauss-Det 22 Bush-NY 22 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ [ Innings Pitched ] [ Fewest Hits/Game ] [ Fewest BB/Game ] Uhle-Cle 357.2 Shawkey-NY 8.07 Shocker-StL 1.59 Ehmke-Bos 316.2 Hoyt-NY 8.56 Coveleski-Cle 1.66 Dauss-Det 316.0 Bush-NY 8.59 Thurston-StL-Chi 1.75 Rommel-Phi 297.2 Russell-Was 8.78 Quinn-Bos 1.96 Vangilder-StL 282.1 Danforth-StL 8.79 Dauss-Det 2.22 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ [ Strikeouts ] [ Strikeouts/Game ] [ Ratio ] Johnson-Was 130 Johnson-Det 4.75 Shocker-StL 11.16 Shawkey-NY 125 Johnson-Was 4.48 Hoyt-NY 11.20 Bush-NY 125 Shawkey-NY 4.35 Pennock-NY 11.52 Ehmke-Bos 121 Bush-NY 4.08 Jones-NY 11.63 Harriss-Phi 3.83 Coveleski-Cle 11.64 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ [ Earned Run Average ] [ Adjusted ERA ] [Opponents' Batting Avg.] Coveleski-Cle 2.76 Coveleski-Cle 143 Shawkey-NY .246 Hoyt-NY 3.02 Vangilder-StL 136 Hoyt-NY .253 Russell-Was 3.03 Hoyt-NY 131 Jones-NY .257 Vangilder-StL 3.06 Thurston-StL-Chi 127 Faber-Chi .259 Mogridge-Was 3.11 Rommel-Phi 126 Bush-NY .260 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ [Opponents' On Base PCT.] [ Starter Runs ] [ Adjusted Starter Runs] Shocker-StL .306 Coveleski-Cle 30.9 Vangilder-StL 34.8 Hoyt-NY .307 Vangilder-StL 28.9 Coveleski-Cle 30.4 Faber-Chi .311 Hoyt-NY 25.6 Rommel-Phi 27.8 Jones-NY .312 Rommel-Phi 23.7 Hoyt-NY 24.4 Pennock-NY .314 Pennock-NY 22.4 Shocker-StL 23.5 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ [Clutch Pitching Index ] [ Relief Runs ] [ Adjusted Relief Runs ] Thurston-StL-Chi 139 Russell-Was 128 Mogridge-Was 122 Vangilder-StL 121 Coveleski-Cle 121 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ [ Relief Ranking ] [ Total Pitcher Index ] [Total Baseball Ranking] Rommel-Phi 4.0 Ruth-NY 10.8 Vangilder-StL 3.3 Speaker-Cle 6.5 Coveleski-Cle 2.9 Heilmann-Det 6.0 Bush-NY 2.6 J.Sewell-Cle 5.9 Uhle-Cle 2.4 Williams-StL 5.0 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------