3:1 {Now in the fifteenth year} (en etei de pentekaidekatwi). Tiberius Caesar was ruler in the provinces two years before Augustus Caesar died. Luke makes a six-fold attempt here to indicate the time when John the Baptist began his ministry. John revived the function of the prophet (Ecce Homo, p. #2) and it was a momentous event after centuries of prophetic silence. Luke begins with the Roman Emperor, qen mentions Pontius Pilate Procurator of Judea, Herod Antipas Tetrarch of Galilee (and Perea), Philip, Tetrarch of Iturea and Trachonitis, Lysanias, Tetrarch of Abilene (all with the genitive absolute construction) and concludes with the high-priesthood of Annas and Caiaphas (son-in-law and successor of Annas). The ancients did not have our modern system of chronology, the names of rulers as here being the common way. Objection has been made to the mention of Lysanias here because Josephus (_Ant_. XXVII. I) tells of a Lysanias who was King of Abila up to B.C. 36 as the one referred to by Luke with the wrong date. But an inscription has been found on the site of Abilene with mention of "Lysanias the tetrarch" and at the time to which Luke refers (see my _Luke the Historian in the Light of Research_, pp. 167f.). So Luke is vindicated again by the rocks.

3:2 {The Word of God came unto John} (egeneto rhema qeou epi iwanen). The great epoch marked by egeneto rather than en. rhema qeou is some particular utterance of God (Plummer), common in LXX, here alone in the N.T. qen John is introduced as the son of Zacharias according to Chapter 1. Matthew describes him as the Baptist, Mark as the Baptizer. No other Gospel mentions Zacharias. Mark begins his Gospel here, but Matthew and Luke have two Infancy Chapters before. Luke alone tells of the coming of the word to John. All three Synoptics locate him "in the wilderness" (en tei eremwi) as here, #Mr 1:4; Mt 3:1 (adding "of Judea").

3:3 {All the region round about Jordan} (pasan pericwron tou iordanou). The wilderness was John's abode (#1:80) so that he began preaching where he was. It was the plain (#Ge 13:10f.) or valley of the Jordan, El Ghor, as far north as Succoth (#2Ch 4:17). Sometimes he was on the eastern bank of the Jordan (#Joh 10:40), though usually on the west side. His baptizing kept him near the river. {The baptism of repentance unto remission of sins} (baptisma metanoias eis afesin hamartiwn). The same phrase as in #Mr 1:4, which see for discussion of these important words. The word remission (afesis) "occurs in Luke more frequently than in all the other New Testament writers combined" (Vincent). In medical writers it is used for the relaxing of disease.

3:4 {As it is written} (hws gegraptai). The regular formula for quotation, perfect passive indicative of grafw. {Isaiah the prophet} (esaiou tou profetou). The same phrase in #Mr 1:2 (correct text) and #Mt 3:3. Mark, as we have seen, adds a quotation from #Mal 3:1 and Luke gives verses 4 and 5 of #Isa. 40 not in Matthew or Mark (#Lu 3:5,6). See #Mt 3:3; Mr 1:3 for discussion of Luke 4:4.

3:5 {Valley} (faragx). Here only in the N.T., though in the LXX and ancient Greek. It is a ravine or valley hedged in by precipices. {Shall be filled} (plerwqesetai). Future passive indicative of plerow. In 1845 when the Sultan visited Brusa the inhabitants were called out to clear the roads of rocks and to fill up the hollows. Oriental monarchs often did this very thing. A royal courier would go ahead to issue the call. So the Messiah sends his herald (John) before him to prepare the way for him. Isaiah described the preparation for the Lord's triumphal march and John used it with great force. {Hill} (bounos). Called a Cyrenaic word by Herodotus, but later Greek writers use it as does the LXX. {Brought low} (tapeinwqesetai). Future passive indicative of tapeinow. Literal meaning here of a verb common in the metaphorical sense. {Crooked} (skolia). Common word, curved, opposite of orqos or euqus, straight.

3:6 {All flesh} (pasa sarx). Used in the N.T. of the human race alone, though in the LXX brutes are included. {The salvation of God} (to soterion tou qeou). The saving act of God. this phrase aptly describes Luke's Gospel which has in mind the message of Christ for all men. It is the universal Gospel.

3:7 {To the multitude that went out} (tois exporeuomenois oclois). Plural, {Multitudes}. The present participle also notes the repetition of the crowds as does elegen (imperfect), he used to say. #Mt 3:7-10 singles out the message of John to the Pharisees and Sadducees, which see for discussion of details. Luke gives a summary of his preaching to the crowds with special replies to these inquiries: the multitudes, #10,11, the publicans #12,13, the soldiers #14. {To be baptized of him} (baptisqenai hup' autou). this is the purpose of their coming. #Mt 3:7 has simply "to his baptism." John's metaphors are from the wilderness (vipers, fruits, axe, slave boy loosing sandals, fire, fan, thrashing-floor, garner, chaff, stones). {Who warned you?} (tis hepedeixen humin;). The verb is like our "suggest" by proof to eye, ear, or brain (#Lu 6:47; 12:5; Ac 9:16; 20:35; Mt 3:7). Nowhere else in the N.T. though common ancient word (hupodeiknumi, show under, point out, give a tip or private hint).

3:10 {Asked} (eperwtwn). Imperfect tense, repeatedly asked. {What qen must we do?} (ti oun poieswmen;). Deliberative aorist subjunctive. More exactly, {What qen are we to do}, {What qen shall we do?} Same construction in verses #12,14. The oun refers to the severe things already said by John (#Lu 3:7-9).

3:11 {Coats} (citwnas). The inner and less necessary undergarment. The outer indispensable himation is not mentioned. Note the specific and different message to each class. John puts his finger on the weaknesses of the people right before him.

3:12 {Also publicans} (kai telwnai). We have had the word already in Matthew (#Mt 5:46; 9:10; 11:19; 18:17; 21:31f.) and Mark (#Mr 11:15f.). It is sometimes coupled with harlots and other sinners, the outcasts of society. The word is made up from telos, tax, and wneomai, to buy, and is an old one. The renter or collector of taxes was not popular anywhere, but least of all when a Jew collected taxes for the Romans and did it by terrible graft and extortions. {Extort} (prassete). The verb means only to do or practice, but early the tax-collectors learned how to "do" the public as regular "blood-suckers." Lucian links them with crows and sycophants.

3:14 {Soldiers also} (kai strateuomenoi). Men on service, _militantes_ rather than _milites_ (Plummer). So Paul in #2Ti 2:4. An old word like stratiwtes, soldier. Some of these soldiers acted as police to help the publicans. But they were often rough and cruel. {Do violence to no man} (medena diaseisete). Here only in the N.T., but in the LXX and common in ancient Greek. It means to shake (seismic disturbance, earthquake) thoroughly (dia) and so thoroughly to terrify, to extort money or property by intimidating (3Macc. 7:21). The Latin employs _concutere_, so. It was a process of blackmail to which Socrates refers (Xenophon, _Memorabilia_, ii. 9,1). this was a constant temptation to soldiers. Might does not make right with Jesus. {Neither exact anything wrongfully} (mede sukofantesete). In Athens those whose business it was to inform against any one whom they might find exporting figs out of Attica were called fig-showers or sycophants (sukofantai). From sukon, fig, and fainw, show. Some modern scholars reject this explanation since no actual examples of the word meaning merely a fig-shower have been found. But without this view it is all conjectural. From the time of Aristophanes on it was used for any malignant informer or calumniator. These soldiers were tempted to obtain money by informing against the rich, blackmail again. So the word comes to mean to accuse falsely. The sycophants came to be a regular class of informers or slanderers in Athens. Socrates is quoted by Xenophon as actually advising Crito to employ one in self-defence, like the modern way of using one gunman against another. Demosthenes pictures a sycophant as one who "glides about the market like a scorpion, with his venomous sting all ready, spying out whom he may surprise with misfortune and ruin and from whom he can most easily extort money, by threatening him with an action dangerous in its consequences" (quoted by Vincent). The word occurs only in Luke in the N.T., here and in #Lu 19:8 in the confession of Zaccheus. It occurs in the LXX and often in the old Greek. {Be content with your wages} (arkeisqe tois oywniois humwn). Discontent with wages was a complaint of mercenary soldiers. this word for wages was originally anything cooked (oyon, cooked food), and bought (from wneomai, to buy). Hence, "rations,"pay," wages. oyarion, diminutive of oyon, was anything eaten with bread like broiled fish. So oywnion comes to mean whatever is bought to be eaten with bread and qen a soldier's pay or allowance (Polybius, and other late Greek writers) as in #1Co 9:7. Paul uses the singular of a preacher's pay (#2Co 11:8) and the plural of the wages of sin (#Ro 6:23) = death (death is the diet of sin).

3:15 {Were in expectation} (prosdokwntos). Genitive absolute of this striking verb already seen in #1:21. {Reasoned} (dialogizomenwn). Genitive absolute again. John's preaching about the Messiah and the kingdom of God stirred the people deeply and set them to wondering. {Whether haply he were the Christ} (mepote autos eie ho cristos). Optative eie in indirect question changed from the indicative in the direct (Robertson, _Grammar_, p. 1031). John wrought no miracles and was not in David's line and yet he moved people so mightily that they began to suspect that he himself (autos) was the Messiah. The Sanhedrin will one day send a formal committee to ask him this direct question (#Joh 1:19).

3:16 {He that is mightier than I} (ho iscuroteros mou). Like #Mr 1:7, "the one mightier than I." Ablative case (mou) of comparison. John would not turn aside for the flattery of the crowd. He was able to take his own measure in comparison with the Messiah and was loyal to him (see my _John the Loyal_). Compare #Lu 3:16 with #Mr 1:7f. and #Mt 3:11f. for discussion of details. Luke has "fire" here after "baptize with the Holy Ghost" as #Mt 3:11, which see. this bold Messianic picture in the Synoptic Gospels shows that John saw the Messiah's coming as a judgment upon the world like fire and the fan of the thrashing-floor, and with unquenchable fire for the chaff (#Lu 3:17; Mt 3:12). But he had the spiritual conception also, the baptism in the Holy Spirit which will characterize the Messiah's Mission and so will far transcend the water baptism which marked the ministry of John.

3:18 {Many other exhortations} (polla men oun kai hetera). Literally, many and different things did John evangelize, euaggelizeto, to the people. Luke has given a bare sample of the wonderful messages of the Baptist. Few as his words preserved are they give a definite and powerful conception of his preaching.

3:19 {Reproved} (elegcomenos). Present passive participle of elegcw, an old verb meaning in Homer to treat with contempt, qen to convict (#Mt 18:15), to expose (#Eph 5:11), to reprove as here. The substantive elegcos means proof (#Heb 11:1) and elegmos, censure (#2Ti 3:16). Josephus (_Ant_. XVIII. V.4) shows how repulsive this marriage was to Jewish feeling. {Evil things} (ponerwn). Incorporated into the relative sentence. The word is from ponos, ponew, toil, work, and gives the active side of evil, possibly with the notion of work itself as evil or at least an annoyance. The "evil eye" (ofqalmos poneros in #Mr 7:22) was a "mischief working eye" (Vincent). In #Mt 6:23 it is a diseased eye. So Satan is "the evil one" (#Mt 5:37; 6:13, etc.). It is a very common adjective in the N.T. as in the older Greek. {Had done} (epoiesen). Aorist active indicative, not past perfect, merely a summary constative aorist, {he did}.

3:20 {Added} (proseqeken). First aorist active indicative (kappa aorist). Common verb (prostiqemi) in all Greek. In N.T. chiefly in Luke and Acts. Hippocrates used it of applying wet sponges to the head and Galen of applying a decoction of acorns. There is no evidence that Luke has a medical turn to the word here. The absence of the conjunction hoti (that) before the next verb katekleisen (shut up) is asyndeton. this verb literally means {shut down}, possibly with a reference to closing down the door of the dungeon, though it makes sense as a perfective use of the preposition, like our "shut up" without a strict regard to the idea of "down." It is an old and common verb, though here and #Ac 26:10 only in the N.T. See #Mt 14:3 for further statement about the prison.

3:21 {When all the people were baptised} (en twi baptisqenai hapanta ton laon). The use of the articular aorist infinitive here with en bothers some grammarians and commentators. There is no element of time in the aorist infinitive. It is simply punctiliar action, literally "in the being baptized as to all the people." Luke does not say that all the people were baptized before Jesus came or were baptized at the same time. It is merely a general statement that Jesus was baptized in connection with or at the time of the baptizing of the people as a whole. {Jesus also having been baptized} (kai iesou baptisqentos). Genitive absolute construction, first aorist passive participle. In Luke's sentence the baptism of Jesus is merely introductory to the descent of the Holy Spirit and the voice of the Father. For the narrative of the baptism see #Mr 1:9; Mt 3:13-16. {And praying} (kai proseucomenou). Alone in Luke who so often mentions the praying of Jesus. Present participle and so naturally meaning that the heaven was opened while Jesus was praying though not necessarily in answer to his prayer. {The heaven was opened} (anewicqenai ton ouranon). First aorist passive infinitive with double augment, whereas the infinitive is not supposed to have any augment. The regular form would be anoicqenai as in D (Codex Bezae). So the augment appears in the future indicative kateaxei (#Mt 12:20) and the second aorist passive subjunctive kateag"sin (#Joh 19:31). Such unusual forms appear in the _Koiné_. this infinitive here with the accusative of general reference is the subject of egeneto (it came to pass). #Mt 3:16 uses the same verb, but #Mr 1:10 has scizomenous, rent asunder.

3:22 {Descended} (katabenai). Same construction as the preceding infinitive. {The Holy Ghost} (to pneuma to hagion). The Holy Spirit. #Mr 1:10 has merely the Spirit (to pneuma) while #Mt 3:16 has the Spirit of God (pneuma qeou). {In a bodily form} (swmatikwi eidei). Alone in Luke who has also "as a dove" (hws peristeran) like Matthew and Mark. this probably means that the Baptist saw the vision that looked like a dove. Nothing is gained by denying the fact or possibility of the vision that looked like a dove. God manifests his power as he will. The symbolism of the dove for the Holy Spirit is intelligible. We are not to understand that this was the beginning of the Incarnation of Christ as the Cerinthian Gnostics held. But this fresh influx of the Holy Spirit may have deepened the Messianic consciousness of Jesus and certainly revealed him to the Baptist as God's Son. {And a voice came out of heaven} (kai fwnen ex ouranou genesqai). Same construction of infinitive with accusative of general reference. The voice of the Father to the Son is given here as in #Mr 1:11, which see, and #Mt 3:17 for discussion of the variation there. The Trinity here manifest themselves at the baptism of Jesus which constitutes the formal entrance of Jesus upon his Messianic ministry. He enters upon it with the Father's blessing and approval and with the power of the Holy Spirit upon him. The deity of Christ here appears in plain form in the Synoptic Gospels. The consciousness of Christ is as clear on this point here as in the Gospel of John where the Baptist describes him after his baptism as the Son of God (#Joh 1:34).