CHAPTER XXII

This section of prophecy, extending to the end of the eighth verse of the next chapter, is addressed to the king of Judah and his people. It enjoins on them the practice of justice and equity, as they would hope to prosper, 14; but threatens them, in case of disobedience, with utter destruction, 5-9. The captivity of Shallum, the son of Josiah, is declared to be irreversible, 10-12; and the miserable and unlamented end of Jeconiah, contemptuously called Coniah, is foretold, 13- 19. His family is threatened with the like captivity, and his seed declared to be for ever excluded from the throne, 20-30.

NOTES ON CHAP. XXII

Verse 1. Go down to the house of the king of Judah, and speak there this word] This is supposed by Dahler to have been published in the first year of the reign of Zedekiah.

Verse 2. O king of Judah-thou, and thy servants] His ministers are here addressed, as chiefly governing the nation; and who had counselled Zedekiah to rebel.

Verse 6. Thou art Gilead unto me, and the head of Lebanon] Perhaps in allusion, says Dahler, to the oaks of Gilead, and the cedars of Mount Lebanon, of which the palace was constructed. Lebanon was the highest mountain in Israel, and Gilead the richest and most fertile part of the country; and were, therefore, proper emblems of the reigning family.

Though thou art the richest and most powerful, I, who raised thee up, can bring thee down and make thee a wilderness.

Verse 7. They shall cut down thy choice cedars] The destruction of the country is espressed under the symbol of the destruction of a fine forest; a multitude of fellers come against it, each with his axe; and, there being no resistance, every tree is soon felled to the earth. "These destroyers," God says, "I have prepared, ytìdq kiddashti, I have sanctified-consecrated, to this work. They have their commission from me."

Verse 8. Many nations shall pass] These words seem borrowed from Deut. xxix. 22, &c.

Verse 10. Weep ye not for the dead] Josiah, dead in consequence of the wound he had received at Megiddo, in a battle with Pharaoh-necho, king of Egypt; but he died in peace with God.

But weep sore for him that goeth away] Namely, Jehoahaz, the son of Josiah, called below Shallum, whom Pharaoh-necho had carried captive into Egypt from which it was prophesied he should never return, 2 Kings xxiii. 30-34. He was called Shallum before he ascended the throne, and Jehoahaz afterwards; so his brother Eliakim changed his name to Jehoiakim, and Mattaniah to Zedekiah.

Verse 13. Wo unto him that buildeth his house] These evils, charged against Jehoiakim, are nowhere else circumstantially related. We learn from 2 Kings xxiii. 35-37, that he taxed his subjects heavily, to give to Pharaoh-necho, king of Egypt: "He exacted the silver and gold of the people of the land, and did that which was evil in the sight of the Lord." The mode of taxation is here intimated; he took the wages of the hirelings, and caused the people to work without wages in his own buildings, &c.

Verse 15. Shalt thou reign, &c.] Dost thou think thou art a great king, because thou dwellest in a splendid palace?

Verse 18. They shall not lament for him, saying, Ah my brother!] These words were no doubt the burden of some funeral dirge. Alas! a brother, who was our lord or governor, is gone. Alas, our sister! his QUEEN, who has lost her glory in losing her husband. hdh hodah is feminine, and must refer to the glory of the queen.

The mournings in the east, and lamentations for the dead, are loud, vehement, and distressing. For a child or a parent grief is expressed in a variety of impassioned sentences, each ending with a burden like that in the text, "Ah my child!"Ah my mother!" as the prophet in this place: yja ywh hoi achi, "Ah my brother!" twja ywh hoi achoth, "Ah sister!" wda ywh hoi adon, "Ah lord!" hdh ywh hoi hodah "Ah the glory." Mr. Ward, in his Manners and Customs of the Hindoos, gives two examples of lamentation; one of a mother for the death of her son, one of a daughter for her departed mother. "When a woman," says he, "is overwhelmed with grief for the death of her child, she utters her grief in some such language as the following:- Ah, my Hureedas, where is he gone?.- 'Ah my child, my child!' My golden image, Hureedas, who has taken? -'Ah my child, my child!' I nourished and reared him, where is he gone?.- 'Ah my child, my child!' Take me with thee.- 'Ah my child, my child!' He played round me like a golden top.

-'Ah my child, my child!' Like his face I never saw one.- 'Ah my child, my child!' The infant continually cried, Ma Ma! - 'Ah my child, my child!' Ah my child, crying, Ma! come into my lap. - 'Ah my child, my child!' Who shall now drink milk? -'Ah my child, my child!' Who shall now stay in my lap? -'Ah my child, my child!' Our support is gone! -'Ah my child, my child!' "The lamentations for a mother are in some such strains as these:- Mother! where is she gone? -'Ah my mother, my mother!' You are gone, but what have you left for me? - 'Ah my mother, my mother!' Whom shall I now call mother, mother? - 'Ah my mother, my mother!' Where shall I find such a mother? -'Ah my mother, my mother!'" From the above we may conclude that the funeral lamentations, to which the prophet refers, generally ended in this way, in each of the verses or interrogatories.

There is another intimation of this ancient and universal custom in 1 Kings xiii. 30, where the old prophet, who had deceived the man of God, and who was afterwards slain by a lion, is represented as mourning over him, and saying, yja ywh hoi achi, "Alas, my brother!" this being the burden of the lamentation which he had used on this occasion. Similar instances may be seen in other places, chap. xxx. 7; Ezek. vi. 11; Joel i. 15; and particularly Amos v. 16, 17, and Rev. xviii. 10-19.

Verse 19. Wtth the burial of an ass] Cast out, and left unburied, or buried without any funeral solemnities, and without such lamentations as the above.

Verse 20. Go up to Lebanon] Probably Anti-Libanus, which, together with Bashan and Abarim, which we here translate passages, were on the way by which the captives should be led out of their own country.

Verse 21. I spake unto thee in thy prosperity] In all states and circumstances I warned thee by my prophets; and thou wilt only be ashamed of thy conduct when thou shalt be stripped of all thy excellencies, and reduced to poverty and disgrace, ver. 22.

Verse 22. The wind shall eat up all thy pastors] A blast from God's mouth shall carry off thy kings, princes, prophets, and priests.

Verse 23. How gracious shalt thou be] A strong irony.

Verse 24. Though Coniah] Called Jeconiah, probably on ascending the throne. See on ver. 10.

The signet upon my right hand] The most precious seal, ring, or armlet.

Though dearer to me than the most splendid gem to its possessor.

Verse 26. I will cast thee out, and thy mother] See all this fulfilled, 2 Kings xxiv. 12, 13. All were carried by Nebuchadnezzar into captivity together.

Verse 28. Is this man Coniah a despised broken idol?] These are probably the exclamations of the people, when they heard those solemn denunciations against their king and their country.

Verse 29. O earth] These are the words of the prophet in reply: O land! unhappy land! desolated land! Hear the judgment of the Lord!