CHAPTER VIII

David subdues the Philistines, 1; and the Moabites, 2; and the king of Zobah, 3, 4; and the Syrians in general, 5-8. Toi, king of Hamath, sends to congratulate him on his victories over the king of Zobah, and sends him rich presents, 9-10. David dedicates all the spoils to God, 11-13. He garrisons Edom, 14; and reigns over all Israel, 15. An account of his chief officers, 16-18.

NOTES ON CHAP. VIII

Verse 1. David took Metheg-ammah] This is variously translated. The Vulgate has, Tulit David fraenum tributi, David removed the bondage of the tribute, which the Israelities paid to the Philistines. Some think it means a fortress, city, or strong town; but no such place as Metheg- ammah is known. Probably the Vulgate is nearest the truth. The versions are all different. See the following comparison of the principal passages here collated with the parallel place in 1 Chr:- S. 8, 1-David took Methegammah 3. David C. 18, 1-David took Gath and her towns. 3. David S. smote Hadadezer 4. And David took from him C. smote Hadarezer 4. And David took from him S. 1000 and 700 horsemen, and 20, 000 foot.

C. 1000 chariots, and 7000 horsemen, and 20, 000 foot.

S. 6. Then David put garrisons in Syria 8. And C. 6. Then David put in Syria 8. And S. from Betah and Berothai cities of Hadadezer. 9.

C. from Tibhath and Chun cities of Hadarezer. 9.

S. When Toi heard that David had smitten C. When Tou heard that David had smitten S. Hadadezer 10. Then Toi sent Joram his son C. Hadarezer 10. He sent Hadoram his son S. 12-Syria and Moab 13-Syrians, in the valley C. 11-Edom and Moab 12- Edomites, in the valley S. of salt, 18, 000 17-Ahimelech-and Seraiah C. of salt, 18, 000 16-Abimelech-and Shausha S. was the scribe. 10, 16. Shobach the captain C. was scribe. 19, 16. Shophach the captain S. 17. David passed over Jordan, and came hmalh C. 17. David passed over Jordan and came ╡hla S. to Helam. 18. David slew 700 C. upon them 18. David slew of the Syrians 7000 S. chariots of the Syrians, and 40, 000 horsemen; C. chariots, and 40, 000 footmen; S. and smote Shobach, &c.

C. and killed Shophach, &c.

Verse 2. And measured them with a line-even with two lines] It has been generally conjectured that David, after he had conquered Moab, consigned two-thirds of the inhabitants to the sword; but I think the text will bear a meaning much more reputable to that king. The first clause of the verse seems to determine the sense; he measured them with a line, casting them down to the ground-to put to death, and with one line to keep alive. Death seems here to be referred to the cities by way of metaphor; and, from this view of the subject we may conclude that two-thirds of the cities, that is, the strong places of Moab, were erased; and not having strong places to trust to, the text adds, So the Moabites became David's servants, and brought gifts, i.e., were obliged to pay tribute. The word line may mean the same here as our rod, i.e., the instrument by which land is measured. There are various opinions on this verse, with which I shall not trouble the reader. Much may be seen in Calmet and Dodd.

Verse 3. David smote-Hadadezer] He is supposed to have been king of all Syria, except Phoenicia; and, wishing to extend his dominions to the Euphrates, invaded a part of David's dominions which lay contiguous to it; but being attacked by David, he was totally routed.

Verse 4. A thousand chariots] It is strange that there were a thousand chariots, and only seven hundred horsemen taken, and twenty thousand foot. But as the discomfiture appears complete, we may suppose that the chariots, being less manageable, might be more easily taken, while the horsemen might, in general, make their escape. The infantry also seem to have been surrounded, when twenty thousand of them were taken prisoners.

David houghed all the chariot horses] If he did so, it was both unreasonable and inhuman; for, as he had so complete a victory, there was no danger of these horses falling into the enemy's hands; and if he did not choose to keep them, which indeed the law would not permit, he should have killed them outright; and then the poor innocent creatures would have been put out of pain. But does the text speak of houghing horses at all? It does not. Let us hear; bkrh lk ta dwd rq[yw vayeakker David eth col harecheb, And David disjointed all the chariots, except a hundred chariots which he reserved for himself. Now, this destruction of the chariots, was a matter of sound policy, and strict piety. God had censured those who trusted in chariots; piety therefore forbade David the use of them: and lest they should fall into the enemy's hands, and be again used against him, policy induced him to destroy them. The Septuagint render the words nearly as I have done, kai pareluse dauid panta ta armata.

He kept however one hundred; probably as a sort of baggage or forage wagons.

Verse 6. Brought gifts] Paid tribute.

Verse 7. David took the shields of gold] We know not what these were.

Some translate arms, others quivers, others bracelets, others collars, and others shields. They were probably costly ornaments by which the Syrian soldiers were decked and distinguished. And those who are called servants here, were probably the choice troops or body-guard of Hadadezer, as the argyraspides were of Alexander the Great. See Quintus Curtius.

Verse 9. Toi king of Hamath] Hamath is supposed to be the famous city of Emesa, situated on the Orontes, in Syria. This was contiguous to Hadadezer; and led him to wage war with Toi, that he might get possession of his territories. For a comparison of the 10th verse, see 1 Chron. xviii. 9.

Verse 13. David gat him a name] Became a very celebrated and eminent man. The Targum has it, David collected troops; namely, to recruit his army when he returned from smiting the Syrians. His many battles had no doubt greatly thinned his army.

The valley of salt] Supposed to be a large plain abounding in this mineral, about a league from the city of Palmyra or Tadmor in the wilderness.

Verse 14. He put garrisons in Edom] He repaired the strong cities which he had taken, and put garrisons in them to keep the country in awe.

Verse 16. Joab-was over the host] General and commander-in- chief over all the army.

Ahilud-recorder] rykzm mazkir, remembrancer; one who kept a strict journal of all the proceedings of the king and operations of his army; a chronicler. See the margin.

Verse 17. Seraiah-the scribe] Most likely the king's private secretary. See the margin.

Verse 18. Benaiah] The chief of the second class of David's worthies. We shall meet with him again.