GUIDE TO HISTLINE KEYWORDS March 1996 3/7/96 Keywords (all in caps) are the controlled vocabularies used for Histline. "See also" refers to other related Keywords. MeSH is the acronym for NLM's Medical Subject Headings. "MeSH map" lists all the MeSH terms that are included in that Keyword MeSH term with "(+)" indicates that the terms listed under it in the MeSH Tree Structures have been mapped to the Keyword. ABORTION Includes historical studies of abortion as a therapeutic procedure, miscarriages, etc., as well as its elective use in limiting births. See also: BIRTH CONTROL, INFANTICIDE MeSH map: Abortion(+); Abortion Applicants; Abortion, Criminal; Abortion, Induced(+); Abortion, Septic ACADEMIES AND INSTITUTES Includes professional and honorary bodies, research centers, etc. See also: EDUCATION; EDUCATION, MEDICAL; FOUNDATIONS; SOCIETIES MeSH Map: Academies and Institutes ACUPUNCTURE Includes philosophical aspects, anesthetic uses, etc. See also: THERAPEUTICS MeSH map: Acupuncture(+); Acupuncture Analgesia; Acupuncture Anesthesia; Acupressure ADVERTISING Includes paid publicizing of medical-related practice, therapies, institutions, or products through various media. See also: COMMERCE; COMMUNICATIONS MEDIA; HEALTH EDUCATION; PERIODICALS; PUBLISHING AND PRINTING MeSH map: Advertising AEROSPACE MEDICINE Includes aviation medicine, space medicine, and similar topics. Pertains to civilian as well as military activities, during peacetime as well as wartime. MeSH map: Aviation(+); Aerospace Medicine ALCHEMY See also: CHEMISTRY; MAGIC; RELIGION AND MEDICINE MeSH map: Alchemy ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE Histories of "irregular" or unorganized medical practices, unorthodox therapies, holistic medicine, and the like, considered collectively. See also: BOTANICAL AND HERBAL MEDICINE; CHIROPRACTIC; ECLECTICISM; FAITH HEALING; FOLK AND POPULAR MEDICINE; HOMEOPATHY; HYDROTHERAPY; NATUROPATHY; OSTEOPATHIC MEDICINE; PARAPSYCHOLOGY; PHRENOLOGY; SELF CARE; SPIRITUALISM MeSH map: Alternative Medicine; Holistic Health AMERINDIANS MeSH map: Indians, Central American; Indians, North American; Indians, South American AMPUTATION MeSH map: Amputation; Amputation, Traumatic; Phantom Limb ANATOMY Historical studies of the structural makeup of the body. Includes scientific aspects, professional developments, dissection as part of anatomical instruction, grave-robbing, etc. For studies of individual body parts, see BODY PARTS or subject headings for various medical specialties, functions, or systems. For pathological anatomy, see PATHOLOGY. For comparative anatomy, see BIOLOGY. See also: CYTOLOGY; HISTOLOGY MeSH map: Anatomy; Anatomy, Artistic; Anatomy, Comparative; Anatomy, Regional; Anatomy, Veterinary; Models, Anatomy; Neuroanatomy ANESTHESIOLOGY Includes histories of the general uses of anesthetic agents as well as of professional developments. For various chemicals, see MeSH: Chloroform; Ethers; Nitrous Oxide; Procaine, etc. See also: PAIN; SURGERY MeSH map: Anesthesiology; Anesthesia and Analgesia (Non MeSH)(+) ANIMALS Includes works on animal behavior; relations of animals to man's health; use of animals in research. For treatment of animal illness, see VETERINARY MEDICINE. For comparative anatomy, etc., see BIOLOGY. For histories of the study of animalcules and other minute organisms, see MICROBIOLOGY; PARASITOLOGY. For various diseases, see MeSH: Anthrax; Bites and Stings; Foot-and-mouth Disease; Plague; Rabies; Trichinosis; Tuberculosis, etc. See also: INSECTS; VIVISECTION MeSH map: Animal Communication(+); Animal Feed; Animal Nutrition; Animal Terms(+); Animal Testing Alternatives; Animal Welfare; Animals, Laboratory; Behavior, Animal(+); Crustacea(+); Echinodermata(+); Ethology; Housing, Animal; Laboratory Animal Science; Mollusca(+); Physical Conditioning, Animal; Pregnancy, Animal; Vertebrates(+) ANTHROPOLOGY Includes health aspects of studies of human cultures; also professional and scientific developments. See also: CRANIOLOGY; PALEOPATHOLOGY; RACE MeSH map: Anthropology; Anthropology, Cultural; Anthropology, Physical; Culture ANTISEPSIS Includes asepsis and related modes of preventing infection. See also: COMMUNICABLE DISEASE CONTROL; MICROBIOLOGY MeSH map: Antisepsis ARABS See also: UNANI MEDICINE MeSH map: Arabs ARCHITECTURE Includes planning, layout, and construction of hospitals, medical schools, and other health-related facilities. MeSH map: Architecture ART Includes items dealing with the medical content or significance of paintings, caricatures, sculpture, and so on; medical histories of notable artists; physicians as artists. See also: EXHIBITS; MEDICAL ILLUSTRATION; PHOTOGRAPHY; PORTRAITS; SYMBOLISM MeSH map: Anatomy, Artistic; Art(+); Art Therapy ARTIFICIAL LIMBS See also: AMPUTATION MeSH map: Artificial Limbs ARTIFICIAL ORGANS See also: TRANSPLANTATION MeSH map: Artificial Organs(+) AWARDS AND PRIZES MeSH map: Awards and Prizes(+) AYURVEDIC MEDICINE MeSH map: Medicine, Ayurvedic BALNEOLOGY Includes histories of uses of medicinal baths, thermal cures, seawater treatment, and the like. See also: HEALTH RESORTS; HYDROTHERAPY MeSH map: Balneology(+); Thalassotherapy; Mineral Waters BARBER SURGEONS MeSH map: Barber Surgeons BIBLIOGRAPHY Studies of the development of medical-bibliographical methods and publications. For historical bibliographies of particular topics, see under appropriate keywords. See also: HISTORIOGRAPHY AND HISTORY OF MEDICINE; LIBRARIES MeSH map: Bibliography(+) BIOCHEMISTRY See also: BIOLOGY; CHEMISTRY MeSH map: Biochemistry(+);Biochemical Phenomena (Non MeSH)(+); Metabolism(+) BIOLOGY Historical consideration of general aspects of the life processes, animal and human. For specific processes or aspects, see ANATOMY; BOTANY; CYTOLOGY; ENVIRONMENT; EMBRYOLOGY; EVOLUTION; GENERATION AND REPRODUCTION; GENETICS AND HEREDITY; HISTOLOGY; IMMUNOLOGY; MICROBIOLOGY; MOLECULAR BIOLOGY; NEUROLOGY AND NERVOUS SYSTEM MeSH map: Biological Phenomena (Non MeSH)(+); Biology; Marine Biology; Neurobiology; Radiobiology; Zoology BIRTH CONTROL Includes contraception, family planning, sterilization, and similar subjects. See also: ABORTION; INFANTICIDE; DEMOGRAPHY; GENERATION AND REPRODUCTION; OBSTETRICS MeSH map: Contraception; Contraceptive Devices(+); Family Planning(+); Family Planning Policy; Sterilization, Sexual(+) BLACKS Includes roles of blacks in medicine and related topics; health conditions and therapies among blacks, etc. See also: RACE MeSH map: Blacks; Negroid Race BLOOD TRANSFUSION Includes the study of blood types, techniques of blood grouping; the operation of blood banks, etc. For general studies of blood and its diseases, see HEMATOLOGY. For the movement of blood in the body, see CARDIOLOGY AND CIRCULATORY SYSTEM. See also: BLOODLETTING MeSH map: Blood Transfusion BLOODLETTING Venesection as a therapeutic measure. MeSH map: Bloodletting BODY PARTS Includes special treatments of the face, hands, limbs, and other parts in their cultural and artistic contexts as well as the anatomic and physiological. See also: ANATOMY; HUMAN BODY MeSH map: Body Regions (Non MeSH)(+); Fluids and Secretions(+) BOTANICAL AND HERBAL MEDICINE Includes irregular botanical sects; herbals as historical literary forms; and so on. See also: ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE; BOTANY; FOLK AND POPULAR MEDICINE MeSH map: Medicine, Herbal BOTANY Includes works on physicians as botanists; the systematic collection and cultivation of medicinal plants; scientific as well as professional aspects. For individual medicinal plants, see specific MeSH terms. For the literary genre dealing with compilations of medicinal plants, and for Thomsonianism and other botanic sects, see BOTANICAL AND HERBAL MEDICINE. For the general scientific study of the effects of plant substances on living organisms, see PHARMACOLOGY. See also: BIOLOGY; DRUGS AND CHEMICALS MeSH map: Botany BREAST SURGERY MeSH map: Mammaplasty; Mastectomy(+) BUDDHISM MeSH map: Buddhism CARDIOLOGY AND CIRCULATORY SYSTEM Includes studies and theories of the heart and its function, together with arteries, veins, capillaries, lymphatics, etc.; surgical as well as medical aspects. For items on the blood see: BLOOD (CULTURAL); BLOODLETTING; BLOOD TRANSFUSION; HEMATOLOGY. For particular diseases and Injuries, see MeSH: Cerebrovascular Disorders; Heart Diseases; Vascular Diseases, etc. MeSH map: Cardiology; Cardiovascular System A7(+); Cardiovascular System Physiology (Non MeSH)(+); Diagnosis, Cardiovascular (Non MeSH)(+); Heart Surgery(+); Surgery, Cardiovascular (Non MeSH)(+); American Heart Association CHEMISTRY Includes medically related aspects of chemistry as a science and profession. Also includes iatrochemistry; clinical chemistry; etc. For specific substances, see DRUGS AND CHEMICALS. For chemotherapy, see DRUG THERAPY. For the chemical aspects of minute physical structures, see MOLECULAR BIOLOGY. See also: ALCHEMY; BIOCHEMISTRY; PHARMACY; TOXICOLOGY MeSH map: Chemistry, Analytical(+); Chemistry, Clinical(+); Chemistry CHILD HEALTH Includes both general and specific items pertaining to health and well-being of children after infancy; also child health as a special focus or discipline of public health; adolescent health or problems; etc.. For the medical specialty of treating individual children and their diseases, see PEDIATRICS. See also: FAMILY HEALTH; HUMAN DEVELOPMENT AND GROWTH; INFANT HEALTH; SCHOOL HEALTH MeSH map: Adolescent, Hospitalized; Adolescent, Institutionalized; Adolescent Nutrition; Child Advocacy; Child, Abandoned; Child, Exceptional(+); Child Hospitalized; Child, Institutionalized; Child of Impaired Parents; Child, Unwanted; Child Care; Child Health Services; Child Nutrition; Child Psychiatry; Child Psychology; Child Welfare(+); Maternal-Child Health Centers CHILDBIRTH Includes pregnancy; social and cultural aspects of parturition; etc. For medical management of birth processes, as well as professional aspects, see OBSTETRICS. MeSH map: Labor; Pregnancy CHIROPRACTIC MeSH map: Chiropractic CHRISTIANITY MeSH map: Christianity(+) CIVILIZATION Deals with concepts of the status and levels of social culture. See also: ANTHROPOLOGY MeSH map: Civilization CLIMATE Includes the health-related aspects of meteorological phenomena, weather, seasons, etc. For items on the medical relationships of human societies with their physical surroundings, see ENVIRONMENT. See also: COLD; PUBLIC HEALTH MeSH map: Meteorological Factors(+); Seasons; Temperature CLINICAL MEDICINE MeSH map: Clinical Medicine CLOTHING Includes uniforms and varied apparel in context of health and medicine. See also: HEALTH AND HYGIENE MeSH map: Clothing COLD Includes cryotherapy, the clinical or accidental freezing of organs or bodies, physiological function in cold climates, etc. For relationships of cold weather to health and disease, see CLIMATE. MeSH map: Cold; Cold Climate; Crotherapy COLONIALISM The aggregate of various economic, political, and social policies by which an imperial power maintains or extends its control over other areas or peoples. It includes the practice of or belief in acquiring and retaining colonies. The emphasis is less on its identity as an ideological political system than on its designation in a period of history. (Webster, 3rd ed) MeSH map: Colonialism COMMERCE Business aspects of medicine and health-related activities. See also: ECONOMICS; FEES AND CHARGES; INDUSTRY MeSH map: Commerce(+) COMMUNICABLE DISEASE CONTROL Includes general histories of disease control concepts as well as of measures such as disinfection, pest houses, public vaccination campaigns, etc. For broader aspect of community medical action, see PUBLIC HEALTH. For the scientific study of communicable diseases generally speaking, see EPIDEMIOLOGY. For various ailments, see DISEASES AND INJURIES. See also: ANTISEPSIS; IMMUNOLOGY; INTERNATIONAL HEALTH; LABORATORIES; MICROBIOLOGY; PREVENTIVE MEDICINE; QUARANTINE; SANITATION MeSH map: Communicable Disease Control(+) COMMUNICATIONS MEDIA Newspapers, movies, radio, television, and other mass media; also audio-visual aids. For computer systems and related facilities, see INFORMATION SCIENCE. MeSH map: Audio-Visual Aids(+); Mass Media; Newspapers; Telecommunications(+) CONGRESSES See also: SOCIETIES MeSH map: Congresses CRANIOLOGY The scientific collection and study of skulls; also includes anthropometry. See also: ANTHROPOLOGY MeSH map: Craniology; Skull CRIME AND PRISONS Includes psychology, medical problems, and care of criminals; health conditions and facilities of prisons; and so on. May include matters pertaining to concentration camps and the like. See also: FORENSIC MEDICINE; SOCIAL CONDITIONS MeSH map: Criminology; Crime(+); Abortion, Criminal; Fraud; Sex Offenses(+); Theft; Violence(+); War Crimes(+); Criminal Law; Capital Punishment; Prisoners; Prisons(+) CYTOLOGY Includes the morphology and function of cells. For microscopic organisms generally, see MICROBIOLOGY. For blood cells, see HEMATOLOGY. See also: ANATOMY; BIOLOGY; HISTOLOGY; MOLECULAR BIOLOGY; PHYSIOLOGY MeSH map: Cell Cycle(+); Cell Physiology(+); Cells(+); Cytogenetics(+); Cytological Techniques(+) : Cytology(+) DEATH General aspects of death as an individual phenomenon; thanatopsis; medical and social attitudes toward dying persons. For death as a quantitative phenomenon, see DEMOGRAPHY; MORTALITY. See also: EUTHANASIA; GERONTOLOGY; HOMICIDE; INFANTICIDE; MORTUARY PRACTICE; SUICIDE MeSH map: Attitude to Death; Thanatology; Death Certificates; Death; Death, Sudden; Death, Sudden, Cardiac DEMOGRAPHY Studies of health-related aspects of populations and their movements, of marriage and families, etc. Professional and scientific considerations. For quantitative methodologies of demography, see STATISTICS AND MATHEMATICS. See also: EMIGRATION AND IMMIGRATION; FERTILITY; LIFE EXPECTANCY AND LONGEVITY; MORBIDITY; MORTALITY MeSH map: Age Factors; Catchment Area(Health); Demography; Ethnic Groups; Family Characteristics; Health Status; Population(+); Population Control; Population Density; Population Dynamics; Population Growth; Residence Characteristics Residential Mobility; Sex Factors; Sex Ratio; Vital Statistics; DENTAL EDUCATION MeSH map: Education, Dental(+); Education, Dental, Continuing; Education, Dental Graduate; Education, Predental; Faculty, Dental; Health Education, Dental; Schools, Dental; Students, Dental DENTAL INSTRUMENTS, MATERIALS AND EQUIPMENT MeSH map: Dental Equipment(+); Dental Instruments; Dental Materials DENTAL SOCIETIES MeSH map: Societies, Dental(+) DENTISTRY General historical aspects of dental-related institutions, specialties, and professions; also includes orthodontics, stomatology, and related topics. See also: DENTAL EDUCATION; DENTAL INSTRUMENTS, MATERIALS AND EQUIPMENT; DENTAL SOCIETIES MeSH map: Dentistry(+); Community Dentistry; Comprehensive Dental Care; Dental Auxiliaries(+); Dental Care for Children; Dental Facilities(+); Dental Health Services(+); Dental Health Surveys(+); Dental Research; Dental Staff(+); Dentists(+); Diagnosis, Oral(+); Economics, Dental; Ethics, Dental; Fluoridation; Forensic Dentistry; Formularies, Dental; History of Dentistry; Legislation, Dental; Mouth Physiology (Non MeSH)(+); Oral Health(+); Paleodontology; Practice Management, Dental; Public Health Dentistry; Radiography, Dental(+); State Dentistry; Stomatognathic System(+); Surgery, Oral(+); Technology, Dental; Tooth Calcification DERMATOLOGY Includes the science and processes of treating skin conditions, study of hair, etc.; also professional aspects; health-related aspects of tattooing. For the history of specific diseases, see MesH: Abscess; Burns; Erysipelas; Gonorrhea; Herpes Simplex; Leishmaniasis; Scabies; Skin Diseases; Syphilis, etc. See also: DISEASES AND INJURIES MeSH map: Dermatology ; Skin ; Skin Physiology (Non MeSH)(+) DIAGNOSIS Includes theories, methods and techniques for the identification or prognosis of disease; the study of symptoms; measurement of pulse rates; conduct of post-mortem examinations, and so on. See also: FORENSIC MEDICINE; INSTRUMENTS AND EQUIPMENT; PATHOLOGY; RADIOLOGY; NOMENCLATURE MeSH map: Diagnosis; Biopsy; Breath Tests; Cytodiagnosis; Cytopathogenic Effect, Viral; Diagnosis, Computer-Assisted(+); Diagnosis, Differential; Diagnosis, Laboratory; Diagnostic Errors(+); Diagnostic Imaging; Diagnostic Tests, Routine; Disability Evaluation(+); False Negative Reactions; False Positive Reactions; Gastric Acidity Determination; Insufflation; Kymography; Medical History Taking; Metabolic Clearance Rate; Monitoring, Physiologic; Physical Examination; Skin Tests(+); Speech Production Measurement DISASTERS Medical aspects of large-scale calamitous events, natural or other. See also: CLIMATE; DEMOGRAPHY; ENVIRONMENT; EPIDEMICS; EPIDEMIOLOGY; WAR MeSH map: Disasters(+) DISEASES AND INJURIES Includes historical studies of both general and specific human ailments. See also: EPIDEMIOLOGY; COMMUNICABLE DISEASE CONTROL MeSH map: Behavioral and Mental Disorders(+); All terms that appear in the MeSH Tree Structure C Category. DRUG THERAPY See also: DRUGS AND CHEMICALS; THERAPEUTICS MeSH map: Drug Therapy(+) DRUGS AND CHEMICALS Includes historical studies of drugs and chemicals that are used as medicine. See also: BOTANICAL AND HERBAL MEDICINE; PHARMACY; TOXICOLOGY MeSH map: Plants, Medicinal (+); All terms that appear in the MeSH Tree Structure D Category. ECLECTICISM Includes the organized medical sect of this name; also general philosophical attitudes toward the adoption or use of varied kinds of therapies. See also: ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE; PHILOSOPHY MeSH map: Eclecticism ECONOMICS Historical studies of economic forces, ideas, and trends in their relations to health and medicine; financing of medically related institutions or programs; labor problems and organizations, etc. Also, the costs of drugs or prescriptions, hospital expenses, income of health professionals, insurance costs, and the like. For professional bills and prices, see FEES AND CHARGES. For medicine as a business enterprise, see COMMERCE. For social security, Medicare, and the like, see INSURANCE; STATE MEDICINE. See also: LICENSURE AND REGULATION; PHILANTHROPY; SOCIAL WELFARE MeSH map: Economics; Costs and Cost Analysis(+); Economic Competition; Economic Value of Life; Economics, Dental; Economics, Hospital(+); Economics, Medical; Economics, Nursing; Economics, Pharmaceutical; Financial Management(+); Financing, Government; Financing, Organized; Financing, Personal; Health Planning Support; Income(+); Inflation, Economic; Investments; Medicaid; Medical Assistance; Medical Indigency; Old Age Assistance; Public Assistance; Socioeconomic Factors; Taxes(+); Veterans Disability Claims; Workers' Compensation EDUCATION Includes historical studies of all varieties and levels of general education in their relationships to health and medicine. MeSH map: Education; Computer User Training; Curriculum(+); Education, Continuing; Education, Graduate; Education, Professional, Retraining; Education, Special(+); Educational Measurement(+); Faculty; Inservice Training(+); Internship, Nonmedical; Library Schools; Mentors; Models, Educational; Programmed Instruction(+); Remedial Teaching; Schools(+); Students(+); Teaching; Teaching Materials(+); Training Support(+); Universities; Vocational Education; Vocational Guidance EDUCATION, MEDICAL Includes philosophies and trends of medical instruction, studies of curricula, clinical training, etc. Includes education in all forms of medicine and in all specialties except dentistry, nursing, and pharmacy. Includes teaching by preceptors; premedical courses; continuing education; etc., as well as education in medically-related sciences at non-medical institutions. For the health of school children and others up through university levels, see SCHOOL HEALTH. For the training of the handicapped, see HANDICAPPED; PHYSICAL MEDICINE AND REHABILITATION. For public instruction in health matters, see HEALTH EDUCATION. For physical education in schools, see HEALTH AND HYGIENE. See also: MEDICAL SCHOOLS AND STUDENTS MeSH map: Academic Medical Centers; Education, Medical, Continuing; Education, Medical, Graduate; Education, Medical(+); Education, Premedical; Patient Simulation; Preceptorship EMBRYOLOGY Deals with developmental biology, human as well as animal; includes scientific, professional, philosophical aspects. For the general processes of biological multiplication, see GENERATION AND REPRODUCTION. For prenatal care of the fetus, see OBSTETRICS. See also: BIOLOGY; EVOLUTION; GENETICS AND HEREDITY MeSH map: Embryology; Developmental Biology; Embryonic Structures (Non MeSH)(+) ; Fetal Development(+); Growth and Embryonic Development (Non MeSH)(+) EMERGENCY MEDICAL SERVICES Includes first aid, rescue services and facilities, etc. See also: RESUSCITATION; RED CROSS; TRANSPORTATION OF PATIENTS MeSH map: Emergency Medical Services(+); Emergency Medical Technicians; Emergency Medicine; Emergency Nursing; Emergency Service, Hospital(+); Emergency Treatment (Non MeSH)(+); Hotlines EMIGRATION AND IMMIGRATION Includes health problems of and medical services for groups or individuals moving from or to a given country or region. For moving populations within countries, see TRANSIENTS AND MIGRANTS. See also: DEMOGRAPHY; PUBLIC HEALTH; TRAVEL AND EXPEDITIONS MeSH map: Emigration and Immigration ENDOCRINOLOGY Includes hormones and other internal secretions related to metabolism. For individual diseases, see MeSH: Adrenal Gland Diseases; Endocrine Diseases; Thyroid Diseases, etc. See also: BIOLOGY; PHYSIOLOGY; MeSH map: Endocrinology(+); Diagnosis, Endocrine (Non MeSH)(+); Endocrine System(+); Neuroendocrinology; Surgery, Endocrine (Non MeSH)(+); Hormones ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY Includes applications of engineering and technology in biomedical and health-related activities and research. For particular implements or tools used in health care, see INSTRUMENTS, EQUIPMENT AND SUPPLIES. For public health engineering, see SANITATION. See also: INDUSTRY; INFORMATION SCIENCE MeSH map: Engineering(+); Biomedical Engineering; Biotechnology; Electronics(+); Food Technology; Genetic Engineering; Sanitary Engineering; Technology Assessment, Biomedical(+); Technology, Dental; Technology; Technology, Medical; Technology, Pharmaceutical; Technology, Radiologic ENVIRONMENT Covers general studies of the relations of human beings or disease organisms with the environment; philosophical concepts of environments as sources of disease; ecology and the like. See also: CLIMATE; ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION; GEOGRAPHY AND TOPOGRAPHY; SANITATION; VENTILATION MeSH map: Environment(+); Ecology(+); Environmental Exposure; Environmental Health; Environmental Health; Environmental Monitoring(+); Health Physics; Sanitary Engineering ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION See also: ENVIRONMENT; SANITATION MeSH map: Environmental Pollution(+) EPIDEMICS General histories of disease outbreaks; pandemics; etc. See also: DISEASES AND INJURIES; DEMOGRAPHY; EPIDEMIOLOGY; MORBIDITY MeSH map: Disease Outbreaks EPIDEMIOLOGY Includes scientific studies and theories of epidemics. For general, social, and governmental efforts to deal with epidemics and their consequences, see PUBLIC HEALTH. See also: COMMUNICABLE DISEASE CONTROL; EPIDEMICS MeSH map: Epidemiology(+); Epidemiologic Factors(+); Epidemiologic Measurements (Non MeSH)(+); Epidemiologic Methods ETHICS Includes oaths, deontology, and moral values in all aspects of medicine; may involve abstract positions as well as practical relationships. See also: DEATH; FORENSIC MEDICINE; LICENSURE AND REGULATION; MALPRACTICE; PHILOSOPHY; RELIGION AND MEDICINE MeSH map: Ethics (+); Ethics, Dental; Ethics, Medical; Ethics, Nursing; Living Wills EUGENICS The study and control of procreation as a means of improving the hereditary characteristics of a race; includes scientific, social, political, and philosophical aspects; selective sterilization; etc.. See also: BIRTH CONTROL; GENETICS AND HEREDITY; RACE MeSH map: Eugenics; Abortion, Eugenic EUTHANASIA Includes mercy killing; extermination of the aged, disabled, and others. See also: DEATH; DEMOGRAPHY; MORTALITY; POLITICS MeSH map: Euthanasia; Euthanasia, Passive EVOLUTION Includes natural selection of species; modifications of disease organisms, etc. See also: BIOLOGY; EMBRYOLOGY; GENETICS AND HEREDITY; HUMAN DEVELOPMENT AND GROWTH; RACE MeSH map: Evolution(+); Cultural Evolution; Biogenesis EXHIBITS Includes expositions, displays, and the like of artistic or other historical objects, as well as studies of past health-related exhibits from any period; may examine changing techniques or functions of exhibits. See also: LIBRARIES; MUSEUMS MeSH map: Exhibits; Health Fairs FAITH HEALING Mental or religious healing, whether organized or individual; includes Christian Science and other groups or systems. See also: PSYCHOLOGY; RELIGION AND MEDICINE; THERAPEUTICS MeSH map: Mental Healing FAMILY HEALTH Health care activities carried out in the home by family members or others. For the modern specialty of family practice, see GENERAL PRACTICE. See also: FOLK AND POPULAR MEDICINE; GENERAL PRACTICE; HEALTH AND HYGIENE MeSH map: Family Health; Home Nursing FAMINE Large scale deprivation of food; starvation and death from hunger. See also: DEMOGRAPHY; FOOD AND FOOD SUPPLY; NUTRITION AND DIET MeSH map: Starvation FAMOUS PERSONS Includes collective accounts of the relationships to medicine or the diseases of notable nonmedical persons(artists, presidents, writers, royalty, actors, etc.). For accounts of specific notables, search under individual personal names as subjects. See also: ART; LITERATURE; MUSIC; POLITICS MeSH map: Famous Persons FEES AND CHARGES Charges for services of health professionals; also includes standard fee bills set by medical societies, etc. See also: ECONOMICS MeSH map: Fee Schedules; Fees and Charges; Fees, Medical FERTILITY Quantitative aspects of childbirth, conception, etc. For social, clinical, and scientific aspects, see CHILDBIRTH; OBSTETRICS; and GENERATION AND REPRODUCTION, respectively. See also: BIRTH CONTROL; DEMOGRAPHY MeSH map: Fertility; Birth Rate; Birth Intervals; Birth Order FOLK AND POPULAR MEDICINE Traditional, non-scientific and non-organized medical practices among peoples. Includes lay attitudes toward medicine and health. For non-Western medical systems or traditions, see AYURVEDIC MEDICINE; MEDICINE; UNANI MEDICINE. For supernatural practices, see MAGIC; RELIGION AND MEDICINE; WITCHCRAFT. For shamanism, totemic medicine, and other practices among native Americans, see AMERINDIANS. For so-called "primitive" medicine generally, see ANTHROPOLOGY. See also: ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE; FAMILY HEALTH; HEALTH AND HYGIENE; QUACKERY; SELF CARE MeSH map: Folklore; Medicine, Traditional; Superstitions FOOD AND FOOD SUPPLY Includes hygienic aspects of the distribution, preparation, and preservation of foods and beverages; meat, dairy, or other food inspection; legislation for pure food and drink. Also includes medical and sanitary aspects of food production and health problems of food supply. For the scientific study of or provision for the nutritive values of food and drink, see NUTRITION AND DIET. For public health aspects of water supply, see SANITATION. For breast-feeding of infants, see CHILD HEALTH. For deprivation of food, or starvation, see FAMINE. For diseases, see also MeSH: Alcoholism; Botulism; Ergotism; Favism; Food Poisoning; Milk Sickness; Obesity; Salmonella Infections, etc. See also: PUBLIC HEALTH MeSH map: Beverages; Dietary Fats, Unsaturated(+); Dietary Services; Food Analysis; Food Contamination(+); Food Handling(+); Food(+); Food Labeling; Food Packaging; Food Services(+); Food Supply; Food Technology(+); Health Food; Legislation, Food; Plants, Edible(+) FORENSIC MEDICINE Includes physicians' testimony in court, coroners' examinations, and the like. See also: ETHICS; JURISPRUDENCE; MALPRACTICE MeSH map: Forensic Medicine(+); Forensic Dentistry; Forensic Psychiatry(+) FOUNDATIONS Health-related activities of endowed institutions, etc. See also: ECONOMICS; PHILANTHROPY; SOCIAL WELFARE; SOCIETIES MeSH map: Foundations GASTROENTEROLOGY AND DIGESTIVE SYSTEM Includes scientific and professional aspects; also abdominal or gastric surgery, proctology, and other specialties. For oral surgery, see DENTISTRY. For individual ailments, see MeSH: Appendicitis; Botulism; Cleft Palate; Cystic Fibrosis; Diabetes; Diarrhea; Digestive System Diseases; Dysentery; Food Poisoning; Jaundice; Liver Diseases; Metabolic Diseases; Mouth Diseases; Salmonella Infections; Tonsillitis. MeSH map: Diagnosis, Digestive System (Non MeSH)(+); Digestive System(+); Digestive System Physiology (Non MeSH)(+); Endoscopy, Digestive System(+); Gastroenterology ; Radiography, Abdominal (Non MeSH)(+); Surgery, Digestive System (Non MeSH)(+) GENERAL PRACTICE The broad, unspecialized practice of medicine; but also includes the modern specialty of family practice. MeSH map: Family Practice; Family Physicians GENERATION AND REPRODUCTION Histories of the theory, physiology, and other aspects of biological multiplication; also includes multiple births, twins, etc. For special studies of the ova, see EMBRYOLOGY. For prenatal care, see OBSTETRICS; MATERNAL HEALTH. For birth defects, congenital malformations, monsters, etc., see TERATOLOGY. For related diseases, see also MeSH: Abnormalities; Cleft Palate; Clubfoot; Cretinism; Dwarfism, etc. For surgery of female organs of reproduction, see GYNECOLOGY. For quantitative aspects of reproduction, see FERTILITY. See also: ABORTION; BIOLOGY; BIRTH CONTROL; GENETICS AND HEREDITY; HUMAN DEVELOPMENT AND GROWTH; SEX AND SEX BEHAVIOR; UROLOGY MeSH map: Reproduction(+); Insemination, Artificial,(+); Reproduction Techniques(+); Sperm Banks GENETICS AND HEREDITY Includes human and animal breeding; genealogy; genomes; social aspects and biology of transmission of traits; hereditarian concepts. For race betterment movements, see EUGENICS. For related diseases, see MeSH: Hemophilia; Metabolism, Inborn Errors, etc. See also: BIOLOGY; EVOLUTION; GENERATION AND REPRODUCTION MeSH map: Genetics(+); Genetic Engineering; Genetic Counseling; Genetic Techniques; Genetics, Medical(+) GEOGRAPHY AND TOPOGRAPHY Relations of natural physical surroundings and regions to health. See also: CLIMATE; ENVIRONMENT MeSH map: Geography(+); Geology; Maps GERONTOLOGY Scientific, professional, and clinical aspects of aging among individual humans; includes geriatrics. For humane care of the dying, see DEATH. For quantitative aspects, see LIFE EXPECTANCY AND LONGEVITY. See also: HUMAN DEVELOPMENT AND GROWTH MeSH map: Aging; Dental Care for Aged; Frail Elderly; Geriatric Assessment Geriatric Dentistry; Geriatric Nursing; Geriatric Psychiatry; Geriatrics; Health Services for the Aged; Homes for the Aged; Housing for the Elderly; Nursing Homes GOVERNMENT AGENCIES Individual health-related departments, commissions, and the like at all levels of government. For broader considerations, see GOVERNMENT AND LEGISLATION; STATE MEDICINE. MeSH map: Government Agencies(+); National Academy of Sciences(US)(+) GOVERNMENT AND LEGISLATION General aspects of the relationships of governments and legislative processes to health and medicine. See also: GOVERNMENT AGENCIES; HEALTH POLICY; PHARMACEUTICAL REGULATION; STATE MEDICINE MeSH map: Government(+); Legislation(+) GYNECOLOGY Includes scientific, clinical, and surgical aspects. For physiology and research of the reproductive organs, see GENERATION AND REPRODUCTION. For public health concerns for pregnant women and new mothers, see MATERNAL HEALTH. For related diseases, see MeSH: Genital Diseases, Female. See also: OBSTETRICS; WOMENS' HEALTH MeSH map: Gynecology; Diagnosis, Ob-Gyn (Non MeSH)(+); Surgery, Gynecologic (Non MeSH)(+); Genitalia, Female(+); Ovum(+) HANDICAPPED Problems of and provisions for care of the disabled. See also: DEMOGRAPHY; PATIENTS; SOCIAL WELFARE MeSH map: Dental Care for Disabled; Disabled; Professional Impairment(+) HEALTH AND HYGIENE Practical and philosophical aspects of physical well-being and salubrity; also systems for maintaining or preserving health. Specifically includes individual bathing, exercise, sleep habits, domestic arrangements, sex habits, tooth brushing, along with health reform movements, physical education, etc. For mental hygiene, see MENTAL HEALTH. For dietary regimens, see NUTRITION AND DIET. For community hygiene, see PREVENTIVE MEDICINE; PUBLIC HEALTH; SANITATION. See also: ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE; BALNEOLOGY; CLOTHING; HEALTH EDUCATION; HEALTH RESORTS; SEX AND SEX BEHAVIOR; SPORTS MEDICINE MeSH map: Exercise; Handwashing; Health; Health Status; Hygiene(+); Oral Hygiene; Oral Health; Physical Education and Training(+); Physical Fitness; Temperance HEALTH EDUCATION The popular dissemination of information about anatomy, hygiene, sex, diet, physiology and other medical matters. For the special hygienic instruction of school children, see SCHOOL HEALTH. See also: EXHIBITS; HEALTH AND HYGIENE; MUSEUMS; PREVENTIVE MEDICINE; PUBLIC HEALTH MeSH map: Health Education(+); Area Health Education Centers; Health Education, Dental HEALTH OCCUPATIONS General historical studies of paramedical personnel, allied health personnel, and the like as members of occupational groups; their relations to physicians or other health professionals; etc. For professional activities of physicians or other health professionals, see PROFESSIONAL PRACTICE. For professionalism in particular specialties, see the various subject headings, i.e.: DENTISTRY; NURSING; PATHOLOGY; SURGERY; and so on. MeSH map: Health Occupations; Allied Health Occupations; Allied Health Personnel(+); Health Manpower; Health Personnel; Laboratory Personnel; Schools, Health Occupations; Students, Health Occupations HEALTH POLICY Historical development of systematic planning agencies, processes, and agendas in medicine and health-related areas. See also: GOVERNMENT AND LEGISLATION; PUBLIC HEALTH MeSH map: Health Policy(+); Health Planning(+); Health Planning Organizations(+); Organizational Policy; Public Policy HEALTH RESORTS See also: BALNEOLOGY; HOSPITALS, SPECIAL MeSH map: Health Resorts HEMATOLOGY Scientific studies of the blood; also related professional matters. For blood grouping as therapy, see BLOOD TRANSFUSION. For studies of the movement of the blood, see CARDIOLOGY AND CIRCULATORY SYSTEM. For related diseases, see MeSH: Anemia; Hematologic Diseases; Hemophilia; Hemorrhage; Infectious Mononucleosis; Jaundice; Leukemia; Porphyria; Thymus, etc. See also: BLOODLETTING; IMMUNOLOGY MeSH map: Hematology; Blood(+); Blood Banks; Blood Physiology (Non MeSH)(+); Cell Count(+); Hematologic Tests(+); Hematopoietic System(+) HINDUISM MeSH map: Hinduism HISTOLOGY For tissue banking, see TRANSPLANTATION. See also: ANATOMY; CYTOLOGY; MICROSCOPY; MOLECULAR BIOLOGY MeSH map: Histology(+); Histological Techniques(+); Tissue Banks; Tissue Types (Non MeSH)(+) HISTORIOGRAPHY AND HISTORY OF MEDICINE Includes studies of the writing and nature of the history of medicine and related fields as a professional pursuit or particular field of interest. May deal with current status as well as retrospective developments. See also: LIBRARIES; MUSEUMS MeSH map: Historiography; Genealogy and Heraldry; History; History of Medicine HOMEOPATHY See also: ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE; THERAPEUTICS MeSH map: Formularies, Homeopathic; Homeopathy; Pharmacopoeias, Homeopathic HOMICIDE See also: CRIME AND PRISONS; DEATH; MORTALITY; WAR MeSH map: Homicide HOSPITAL ADMINISTRATION MeSH map: Hospital Administration (+); Hospital Administrators HOSPITALS General treatments of the hospital as an institution. Includes medical centers. See also: HOSPITAL ADMINISTRATION; HOSPITALS, PRIVATE; HOSPITALS, PSYCHIATRIC; HOSPITALS, PUBLIC; HOSPITALS, RELIGIOUS; HOSPITALS, SPECIAL; HOSPITALS, TEACHING; NURSING; OUTPATIENT CLINICS; SURGERY MeSH map: Almhouses; Economics, Hospital(+); Equipment and Supplies, Hospital; Formularies, Hospital; Health Facilities; Hospital Design and Construction; Hospital Units(+); Hospitals, Community; Hospitals, General; Hospitals, Group Practice; Hospitals; Hospitals, Packaged; Hospitals, Rural; Hospitals, Satellite; Hospitals, Urban; Legislation, Hospital; Societies, Hospital(+) HOSPITALS, PRIVATE Includes proprietary, voluntary, and other institutions. MeSH map: Hospitals, Private; Hospitals, Proprietary; Hospitals, Voluntary HOSPITALS, PSYCHIATRIC Includes asylums for the mentally ill or mentally retarded and related special institutions. MeSH map: Hospitals, Psychiatric HOSPITALS, PUBLIC Includes institutions run by governments at all levels. MeSH map: Hospitals, Public(+) HOSPITALS, RELIGIOUS Institutions built or run by religious denominations or orders. MeSH map: Hospitals, Religious(+) HOSPITALS, SPECIAL Development of infirmaries, pesthouses, tuberculosis sanitariums, nursing homes, asylums for the physically handicapped, hospices, and other special institutions, both custodial and curative. MeSH map: Hospitals, Special(+) HOSPITALS, TEACHING MeSH map: Hospitals, Teaching(+) HOUSING Relationships of individual dwellings to health and disease; public health aspects of tenement conditions, etc. See also: ARCHITECTURE; SANITATION; PUBLIC HEALTH MeSH map: Homes for the Aged; Housing(+) HUMAN BODY The human being as a non-anatomical and non-zoological entity. The emphasis is on the philosophical or artistic treatment of the human being, and includes lay and social attitudes toward the body in history. MeSH map: Human Body HUMAN DEVELOPMENT AND GROWTH Historical studies of physiological and psychological change in humans; also weight, height, or behavior at various stages of the life span. See also: CHILD HEALTH; EMBRYOLOGY; EVOLUTION; GERONTOLOGY; PSYCHOLOGY MeSH map: Growth(+); Human Development(+); Fetal Development HYDROTHERAPY Water cure as an organized therapeutic approach or movement. See also: BALNEOLOGY MeSH map: Hydrotherapy HYPNOSIS Includes animal magnetism, mesmerism, and the like. MeSH map: Hypnosis(+); Hypnosis, Anesthetic(+); Hypnosis, Dental IMMUNOLOGY Histories of scientific studies of immune reactions and related phenomena. Also includes general aspects of vaccination, inoculation, and the like, and their use both in prevention and therapy of given diseases. For allergy, see MeSH: Hypersensitivity. See also: BLOOD TRANSFUSION; MICROBIOLOGY; PREVENTIVE MEDICINE; PUBLIC HEALTH; VACCINES MeSH map: Allergy and Immunology; Immune Systems(+); Immunity(+); Immunization(+); Immunologic Techniques(+); Immunologic Tests(+); Immunotherapy(+); Serology INDUSTRY Includes health effects of industrial, mining, commercial, agricultural, and comparable establishments and of their processes and products, both on employees and customers and on the broader populations. Includes occupational hazards. Also establishments for manufacture, distribution and sale of medically related equipment or products. See also: COMMERCE; ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY; ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION; INSTRUMENTS, EQUIPMENT AND SUPPLIES; OCCUPATIONAL MEDICINE; PUBLIC HEALTH; SANITATION; TRANSPORTATION MODES MeSH map: Agriculture; Industrial Oils; Industry(+); Materials (Non MeSH)(+) INFANT HEALTH Care, problems and welfare of the newborn and young children. See also: CHILD HEALTH; NUTRITION AND DIET MeSH map: Bottle Feeding; Infant Care(+); Infant Food; Infant(+); Infant Equipment; Infant Mortality; Infant Nutrition(+);Infant Welfare; Neonatal Nursing; Neonatal Screening; Neonatology; Nurseries(+) INFANTICIDE See also: BIRTH CONTROL; DEATH; INFANT HEALTH MeSH map: Infanticide INFORMATION SCIENCE Includes systematic studies of medical philology; also histories of documentation, computerization, and biomedical information systems such as MEDLARS. See also: LIBRARIES; MUSEUMS; PUBLISHING AND PRINTING MeSH map: Communication(+); Computer Security; Information Centers; Information Services; Information Systems(+); Management Information Systems (+) Medical Informatics Computing(+); Medical Informatics; Systems Analysis(+) INSECTS Histories of entomology, the impact of disease vectors, etc. See also: MICROBIOLOGY; PARASITOLOGY; PUBLIC HEALTH MeSH map: Arachnida(+); Arthropods(+); Disease Vectors(+); Entomology; Insect Control(+); Insects(+) INSTRUMENTS, EQUIPMENT AND SUPPLIES Includes the invention, manufacture, procurement, and supply of medical devices or materials, as well as their functioning and use. See also: DENTAL INSTRUMENTS, MATERIALS AND EQUIPMENT; ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY; MICROSCOPY; PHARMACY, EQUIPMENT; RADIOLOGY; SURGICAL INSTRUMENTS AND EQUIPMENT MeSH map: Amplifiers; Atmosphere Exposure Chambers; Bandages; Biological Dressings; Blood Pressure Monitors; Catheters, Indwelling; Disposable Equipment; Durable Medical Equipment; Emergency Medical Tags; Endoscopy(+); Equipment and Supplies, Hospital(+); Equipment and Supplies; Equipment Failure; Equipment Safety; Equipment Design; G Suits; Gamma Cameras; Gas Scavengers; Gastric Bubble; Heart-Assist Devices; Incontinence Pads; Incubators; Infant Equipment; Micropore Filters; Microspheres; Needles; Occlusive Dressings; Ophthalmoscopy; Oxygenators; Power Sources; Protective Devices; Self-Help Devices; Sensory Aids; Syringes; Thermometers; Tomography Scanners, X-Ray Computed; Tourniquets; Transducers; Ventilators, Mechanical; X-Ray Intensifying Screens; Stethoscopes INSURANCE Includes Medicaid, Medicare, and other forms of health insurance, private and public; also malpractice insurance, medical aspects of life insurance, etc. See also: ECONOMICS; ETHICS MeSH map: Insurance(+); Insurance, Disability; Insurance, Health Reimbursement(+); National Health Insurance, Unites States INTERNAL MEDICINE Chiefly includes the specialty of this name. MeSH map: Internal Medicine; Pulmonary Disease (Specialty); Medical Oncology; Nephrology; Rheumatology INTERNATIONAL HEALTH Studies of global or regional disease problems, health-related activities, etc. Also, development of programs of the World Health Organization, the Pan-American Health Organization, or other arrangements between three or more countries to prevent disease or promote health. For bilateral health relationships between two countries, medical influences of one country or region upon another, etc., see specific main subjects. See also: COLONIALISM; PUBLIC HEALTH; TRAVEL AND EXPEDITIONS MeSH map: International Agencies(+); International Cooperation(+); World Health; United Nations(+) ISLAM MeSH map: Islam JEWS Includes Jewish physicians, diseases among Jews, Jewish contributions to medical science, etc. See also: RACE; JUDAISM MeSH map: Jews JUDAISM See also: JEWS MeSH map: Judaism JURISPRUDENCE General involvement of health related personnel or institutions in legal proceedings; also studies of professional relationships of lawyers and health professionals. See also: FORENSIC MEDICINE; MALPRACTICE MeSH map: Jurisprudence(+) LABORATORIES For organizations sponsoring or conducting laboratory research, see ACADEMIES AND INSTITUTES See also: INSTRUMENTS, EQUIPMENT AND SUPPLIES; MICROSCOPY; RESEARCH; SCIENCE MeSH map: Laboratories; Laboratories, Dental; Laboratories, Hospital; Laboratory Personnel LIBRARIES Repositories or archives of medical books, periodicals, prints, or manuscript materials, as well as the historical development of medically related collections. For past or contemporaneous displays of material from health-related libraries, see EXHIBITS. See also: BIBLIOGRAPHY; INFORMATION SCIENCE; MANUSCRIPTS; MUSEUMS; PERIODICALS; PUBLICATION AND PRINTING MeSH map: Archives; Librarians; Libraries(+); Library School; Library Science(+); Library Services(+); Library Technical Services; Library Materials LICENSURE AND REGULATION Includes specialty boards, other mechanisms (governmental and private) for accreditation and certification, professional standards, and qualification. For legislation regulating quarantine, disease reporting, and related matters, see PUBLIC HEALTH. See also: ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE; ETHICS; FORENSIC MEDICINE; GOVERNMENT AND LEGISLATION; MALPRACTICE; PHARMACEUTICAL REGULATION; QUACKERY MeSH map: Accreditation; Certification(+); Credentialing; Licensure(+) LIFE EXPECTANCY AND LONGEVITY See also: DEMOGRAPHY; GERONTOLOGY MeSH map: Life Expectancy; Longevity; Life Tables LITERATURE Significant medical content in poetry, drama, novels, short stories, and other literary forms. Also includes physicians as authors of nonmedical literature; medical histories of notable authors of such literature; etc. For notable individual authors, see specific biographical names. For the literature of medicine or health, see the various subject headings. See also: LIBRARIES; MANUSCRIPTS; PUBLISHING AND PRINTING MeSH map: Literature(+) MAGIC Studies of health-related supernatural or occult concepts and practices, sorcery, hexes, astrology, the Hermetic tradition, etc. See also: ALCHEMY; FOLK AND POPULAR MEDICINE; QUACKERY; RELIGION AND MEDICINE; WITCHCRAFT MeSH map: Magic; Occultism(+); Taboo MALPRACTICE Examinations of misconduct by health professionals and the responses to it on the part of society and the professions. See also: ETHICS; FORENSIC MEDICINE; LICENSURE AND REGULATION; JURISPRUDENCE. MeSH map: Malpractice MANUSCRIPTS Includes guides to medically related manuscript holdings of libraries; descriptions and analyses of the collected papers of health professionals or scientists; preservation of old medical documents and records; studies or publication of particular manuscripts; etc. See also: LIBRARIES MeSH map: Manuscripts(+) MATERNAL HEALTH Public health or social aspects of the care of women, both during pregnancy and after childbirth. For individual and medical aspects of pregnancy, see Obstetrics. See also: CHILD HEALTH; CHILDBIRTH; GYNECOLOGY; INFANT HEALTH; PUBLIC HEALTH; WOMEN'S HEALTH MeSH map: Maternal-Child Health Centers; Maternal Health Services(+); Maternal Mortality; Maternal Welfare; Women's Health Services(+); Mothers MEDICAL ILLUSTRATION Developments in the use of the various graphic arts as specific adjuncts to the presentation of medical or health related literature. See also: ART; EXHIBITS; PHOTOGRAPHY; PORTRAITS MeSH map: Medical Illustration MEDICAL RECORDS Histories of the design, handling, and preservation of patient records, hospital records, laboratory records, and other health-related routine documents. See also: INFORMATION SCIENCE; LIBRARIES; STATISTICS AND MATHEMATICS MeSH map: Medical Records(+) MEDICAL SCHOOLS AND STUDENTS Profiles of individual as well as multiple institutions; student problems, life; etc. See also: EDUCATION, MEDICAL MeSH map: Faculty, Medical; Schools, Medical; Students, Medical; Students, Premedical MEDICINE Includes items of a general nature that are not primarily devoted to one of the other subject headings, or that deal with several such subjects; Health Care, etc. MeSH map: Adolescent Medicine; Behavioral Medicine; Delivery of Health Care(+); Health Services; Medicine, African Traditional; Medicine; Medicine, Oriental Traditional(+); Quality of Health Care; Telemedicine; Venereology MEDICINE CHESTS Includes kits, bags, or other small collection of medications, instruments, etc. Used, for instance, by ship or emigrant personnel, including physicians but also rural or itinerant lay persons. MeSH map: Medicine Chests MENTAL HEALTH Individual aspects of mental hygiene or well being, as well as its preservation and maintenance. Also includes public efforts to promote collective mental hygiene. For general studies of the etiology and treatment of mental disease, see PSYCHIATRY. For institutional care of mental illness, see HOSPITALS, PSYCHIATRIC. See also: DISEASES AND INJURIES; PSYCHOANALYSIS; PSYCHOLOGY; PUBLIC HEALTH MeSH map: Community Mental Health Centers; Community Mental Health Services; Mental Health Associations; Mental Health(+); Mental Health Services(+) MICROBIOLOGY Professional as well as scientific aspects. Includes bacteriology, protozoology, virology, etc. Also includes cultivation, staining, and other processes of investigating minute organisms. For studies of parasitic animals and plants, see PARASITOLOGY. See also: BIOLOGY; IMMUNOLOGY; INSECTS; LABORATORIES; MICROSCOPY; PATHOLOGY; PUBLIC HEALTH; TROPICAL MEDICINE. MeSH map: Algae and Fungi (Non MeSH)(+); Bacteria(+); Environmental Microbiology(+); Microbiological Phenomena (Non MeSH)(+); Microbiological Techniques(+); Microbiology(+); Viruses(+) MICROSCOPY Includes social, industrial, and commercial aspects as well as technical and scientific. MeSH map: Microscopy(+) MIDWIFERY Social, traditional, and other non-medical aspects of home obstetrical nursing. See also: CHILDBIRTH; INFANT HEALTH; MATERNAL HEALTH; OBSTETRICS MeSH map: Midwifery; Nurse Midwives MILITARY MEDICINE Health problems, medical services, institutions, and personnel of armies and other military units, both during wartime and peacetime. For effects of military operations and conflicts on civilian populations, see WAR. For individual diseases and injuries, see MeSH: Wounds and Injuries; Wound Infection, etc. See also: AEROSPACE MEDICINE; NAVAL MEDICINE; RED CROSS; TRANSPORT OF PATIENTS. MeSH map: Military Dentistry; Military Hygiene; Military Medicine; Military Nursing; Military Personnel; Military Psychiatry; Military Science MISSIONS AND MISSIONARIES MeSH map: Missions and Missionaries; Missionaries MOLECULAR BIOLOGY See also: BIOCHEMISTRY; BIOLOGY; CHEMISTRY; CYTOLOGY; HISTOLOGY; MICROBIOLOGY; PHYSICS MeSH map: Molecular Biology MORBIDITY Includes quantitative aspects of disease and injury; causes of death. See also: DEMOGRAPHY; DISEASES AND INJURIES; PATHOLOGY MeSH map: Morbidity MORTALITY MeSH map: Mortality(+) MORTUARY PRACTICE Medical aspects of cremation, embalming, burial, and other rites or procedures of disposal of the dead. See also: DEATH; PALEOPATHOLOGY; PATHOLOGY; PUBLIC HEALTH MeSH map: Funeral Rites; Mortuary Practice(+); Mummies MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM Includes anatomical, physiological, or pathological studies of bones, skeleton, or muscles. For ailments affecting this system, see MeSH: Abnormalities; Arthritis; Bone Diseases; Gout; Marfan's Syndrome; Musculoskeletal Diseases. See also: ANATOMY; ORTHOPEDICS; PHYSIOLOGY; PODIATRY MeSH map: Musculoskeletal System(+); Musculoskeletal System Physiology (Non MeSH)(+) MUSEUMS The collection, storage and display of nonliterary materials of medical-historical interest. Includes the development of collections of scientific specimens for purposes of teaching and study. For special expositions or displays, see EXHIBITS. See also: HEALTH EDUCATION; LIBRARIES MeSH map: Museums MUSIC Music as therapy; physicians as composers; medical themes associated with musical compositions; medical histories of notable composers or musicians, etc. For particular composers and musicians, see individual biographical entries. MeSH map: Music; Music Therapy NATUROPATHY MeSH map: Naturopathy NAVAL MEDICINE In addition to governmental naval medical problems, institutions and services, both during war and in peace, includes health and medicine related to merchant marine shipping, inland waterways, and other maritime situations. For the former United States Marine Hospital Service, see GOVERNMENT AGENCIES; PUBLIC HEALTH; STATE MEDICINE. For scientific voyages, see TRAVEL AND EXPEDITIONS. See also: MILITARY MEDICINE; WAR MeSH map: Naval Medicine(+) NEUROLOGY AND NERVOUS SYSTEM Includes scientific, therapeutic, and professional aspects. For related ailments, see, MeSH: Encephalitis; Epilepsy; Headache; Mental Disorders; Mental Retardation; Nervous System Diseases; Speech Disorders; etc. See also: HOSPITALS, PSYCHIATRIC; PSYCHIATRY; PSYCHOLOGY MeSH map: Brain Chemistry; Diagnosis, Neurologic (Non MeSH)(+); Kindling (Neurology); Nervous System(+); Nervous System Physiology (Non MeSH)(+); Neurologic Examination; Neurology; Neurophysiological Tests; Neurosciences(+); Neurosurgery NOMENCLATURE Historical terminologies; definitions of medical terms; linguistic factors; etc. Also includes nosology and medically related classifications. MeSH map: Nomenclature(+) NUCLEAR MEDICINE Includes public health problems and precautions of nuclear installations and applications; but also medical uses of radioactive isotopes and other forms of nuclear therapy. MeSH map: Nuclear Medicine NUMISMATICS Medical historical aspects of coins; medals and medallions honoring medical personages or commemorating medical and scientific discoveries; also, collections of such items. MeSH map: Numismatics NURSING General historical aspects of the development of nursing. Includes practical nurses, male nurses, nurses' aides, and similar attendants of the sick. Includes nursing both in and out of hospitals; specialty as well as general nursing. For nursing homes, see HOSPITALS, SPECIAL See also: HOSPITALS; MIDWIFERY; NURSING EDUCATION; NURSING SOCIETIES; WOMEN IN MEDICINE MeSH map: Community Health Nursing; Economics, Nursing; Ethics, Nursing; History of Nursing; Holistic Nursing; Legislation, Nursing; Nurses(+); Nurses' Aides(+); Nursing Audit; Nursing Care(+); Nursing Diagnosis; Nursing(+); Nursing(+); Nursing, Practical; Nursing Process(+); Nursing Staff(+); Nursing, Team; Oncologic Nursing; Philosophy, Nursing(+) NURSING EDUCATION MeSH map: Education, Nursing(+); Education, Nursing, Continuing; Education, Nursing, Graduate; Faculty, Nursing; Schools, Nursing; Students, Nursing NURSING SOCIETIES MeSH map: Societies, Nursing(+) NUTRITION AND DIET Scientific, professional, and philosophical aspects; eating habits and their significance; diet as a therapeutic regimen, etc. For the supply, distribution, and sanitation of food and drink, see FOOD AND FOOD SUPPLY. For specific diet-deficiency ailments, see MeSH: Avitaminosis; Beriberi; Ergotism; Pellagra; Rickets; Scurvy. For other related diseases, see MeSH: Digestive System Diseases; Food Poisoning; Obesity; etc. See also: FAMINE; HEALTH AND HYGIENE; PHYSIOLOGY; PUBLIC HEALTH. MeSH map: Diet(+); Diet Fads; Diet Records; Diet Therapy(+); Dietary Fiber; Dietetics; Feeding Methods (Non MeSH)(+); Nutrition(+); Nutrition Assessment (+); Nutritional Status OBSTETRICS Professional and medical aspects of lying-in, parturition, pregnancy, etc. Includes miscarriage; perinatal care, etc. For social and other non-medical aspects, see CHILDBIRTH; MIDWIFERY. For the scientific study of the reproductive processes, see GENERATION AND REPRODUCTION. For nature and development of the foetus, see EMBRYOLOGY. For therapeutic and public health aspects of childbirth, see INFANT HEALTH; MATERNAL HEALTH. For therapeutic as well as other forms of abortion, see ABORTION. For quantitative aspects of childbirth, see FERTILITY. For illnesses associated with childbirth, see MeSH: Abnormalities; Genital Diseases, Female; Puerperal Infection. See also: GYNECOLOGY; PEDIATRICS MeSH map: Diagnosis, Ob-Gyn (Non MeSH)(+); Obstetrical Forceps; Obstetrical Nursing; Obstetrics; Surgery, Obstetrical (Non MESH)(+); Delivery(+) OCCUPATIONAL MEDICINE Health facilities and services supplied to employees and their families by industries or other employers. Includes accident prevention measures; occupational health insurance and pensions; private and governmental compensation and rehabilitation systems; employee training or education; studies of health risks and disease occurrence in given occupations or professions, etc. See also: INDUSTRY; PUBLIC HEALTH MeSH map: Accidents, Occupational; National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health; Noise, Occupational; Occupational Dentistry; Occupational Exposure; Occupational Health; Occupational Health Nursing; Occupational Health Services; Occupational Medicine OPHTHALMOLOGY Scientific, professional, and therapeutic aspects. Includes the study of vision; medical optics; manufacture and prescription of eye glasses. For related ailments, see MeSH: Cataract; Eye Diseases; Vision Disorders. See also: INSTRUMENTS, EQUIPMENT AND SUPPLIES; OPTOMETRY MeSH map: Diagnosis, Eye (Non MeSH)(+); Eye(+); Eye Banks; Ocular Physiology (Non MeSH)(+); Ophthalmology; Surgery, Eye (Non MeSH)(+) OPTOMETRY Measurement of vision; sale and fitting, etc. of optical aids. See also: OPHTHALMOLOGY MeSH map: Lenses(+); Optometry ORGANIZATION AND ADMINISTRATION General aspects of the structure and management of health-related institutions and facilities; development of bureaucracies; etc. For management of health care institutions, see HOSPITAL ADMINISTRATION See also: HEALTH POLICY MeSH map: Annual Reports; Appointments and Schedules(+); Community-Institutional Relations; Constitution and Bylaws; Decision Making, Organizational; Eligibility Determination; Governing Board(+);Institutional Management Teams; Interdepartmental Relations; Interinstitutional Relations; Management Audit; Medication Systems(+); Models, Organizational; Multi-Institutional Systems(+); Organization and Administration; Organizational Affiliation(+); Organizational Culture; Organizational Innovation(+); Organizational Objectives; Ownership(+); Patient Identification Systems; Personnel Management(+); Planning Techniques Program Development; Public Relations; Security Measures ORTHOPEDICS Scientific, professional, and therapeutic aspects. For considerations of bones, skeleton, or muscles, see MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM. For specific conditions, see MeSH: Abnormalities; Bone Diseases; Clubfoot; Dislocations; Fractures; Marfan's Syndrome; Musculoskeletal Diseases; Rickets. For study and treatment of the foot, see PODIATRY. See also: PHYSICAL MEDICINE AND REHABILITATION MeSH map: Orthopedic Equipment(+); Orthopedic Nursing; Orthopedics(+); Orthopedics OSTEOPATHIC MEDICINE See also: ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE; CHIROPRACTIC; ORTHOPEDICS; THERAPEUTICS MeSH map: Osteopathic Medicine OTOLARYNGOLOGY Scientific, professional, and therapeutic aspects of this specialty, but also includes broader ear, nose, and throat concerns. For relevant ailments, see MeSH: Asthma; Ear Diseases; Hay Fever; Hearing Disorders; Motion Sickness; Respiratory Tract Diseases; Sjogren's Syndrome; Tonsillitis; etc. See also: RESPIRATORY SYSTEM MeSH map: Diagnosis, Otorhinolaryngologic (Non MeSH)(+); Ear(+); Nose(+); Larynx; Pharynx; Otolaryngology; Surgery, Otorhinolaryngologic (Non MeSH)(+) OUTPATIENT CLINICS May include ambulatory care facilities, dispensaries, and the like. See also: HOSPITALS MeSH map: Ambulatory Care Facilities (+); Outpatient Clinics, Hospital PAIN Incorporates social and philosophical as well as clinical and therapeutic aspects. See Also: NEUROLOGY MeSH map: Pain PALEOPATHOLOGY See also: ANTHROPOLOGY; EVOLUTION; MORTUARY PRACTICE MeSH map: Fossils; Mummies; Paleodontology; Paleontology; Paleopathology PARAPSYCHOLOGY Includes presumed incidences or investigations of telepathy, clairvoyance, and other forms of extrasensory perception. See also: FAITH HEALING; MAGIC; PSYCHOLOGY; RELIGION AND MEDICINE; SPIRITUALISM MeSH map: Parapsychology(+) PARASITOLOGY Concerned with the various kinds of parasitic animals or organisms in the transmission and causation of diseases. For the study of minute organisms, see MICROBIOLOGY. For insect vectors of disease, see INSECTS. For particular ailments, see MeSH: Brucellosis; Dengue; Encephalitis; Filariasis; Helminthiasis; Hookworm Infection; Leishmaniasis; Leptospirosis; Malaria; Ornithosis; Parasitic Diseases; Plague; Relapsing Fever; Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever; Scabies; Schistosomiasis; Toxoplasmosis; Treponemal Infections; Trypanosomiasis; Tularemia; Yellow Fever, etc. See also: COMMUNICABLE DISEASE CONTROL; DISEASES AND INJURIES; EPIDEMIOLOGY; PUBLIC HEALTH; SANITATION; TROPICAL MEDICINE MeSH map: Food Parasitology; Helminths(+); Parasites; Parasitology(+); Protozoa(+) PATHOLOGY Scientific and professional aspects of the specialty, but also social, philosophical, and literary concerns with the nature and etiology of disease. Includes cellular pathology, clinical pathology, pathological anatomy, surgical pathology, etc. Also includes autopsies, dissections, and other scientific aspects of post-mortem examination. For particular entities, see MeSH specific disease terms. For the pathology of given areas of the body, see the respective organ systems (i.e., RESPIRATORY SYSTEM, etc.). See also: DIAGNOSIS; DISEASES AND INJURIES; FORENSIC MEDICINE; MICROBIOLOGY; PALEOPATHOLOGY MeSH map: Pathology(+); Pathology, Oral; Psychopathology; Telepathology PATIENTS Includes ill persons and their families; their attitudes toward their sickness; relations with their physicians and other health professionals; place in society; etc. See also: FAMILY HEALTH; SELF CARE MeSH map: General Patient Care (Non MeSH)(+); Hospital-Patient Relations; Patient Acceptance of Health Care(+); Patient Advocacy; Patient Care Characteristics (Non MeSH)(+); Patient Care Planning; Patient Care Team; Patient Education; Patient Isolation; Patient Participation; Patient Satisfaction; Patients(+); Patient Care Planing; Physician's Practice Patterns; Professional-Family Relations; Professional-Patient Relations(+); Refusal to Treat PEDIATRICS The medical specialty and profession of treating children and their diseases. For the social and public health aspects of child rearing or hygiene, infant care and feeding, etc., see INFANT HEALTH; CHILD HEALTH. For childhood ailments, see specific MeSH disease terms. See also: HUMAN DEVELOPMENT AND GROWTH; OBSTETRICS MeSH map: Pediatrics(+); Dental Care for Children; Pediatric Dentistry; Pediatric Nursing PERIODICALS Includes health-related periodicals or serials; biographies of editors; transactions of medical societies; and other aspects of medical journalism, including social and professional relations. See also: BIBLIOGRAPHY; INFORMATION SCIENCE; LIBRARIES; PUBLISHING AND PRINTING MeSH map: Periodicals PHARMACEUTICAL EDUCATION MeSH map: Education, Pharmacy(+); Education, Pharmacy, Continuing; Education, Pharmacy, Graduate; Schools, Pharmacy; Students, Pharmacy PHARMACEUTICAL EQUIPMENT Includes instruments; ceramic or other drug containers; etc. MeSH map: Technology, Pharmaceutical(+); Pharmacy/instrumentation PHARMACEUTICAL REGULATION Includes regulation by governmental bodies, professional bodies, etc. MeSH map: Legislation, Drug(+); Legislation, Pharmacy PHARMACEUTICAL SOCIETIES MeSH map: Societies, Pharmaceutical PHARMACIES Includes retail apothecary shops and the like. MeSH map: Drug Compounding; Pharmacies; Pharmacists PHARMACOLOGY The scientific study of the action of drugs, chemicals, and other substances on living organisms; pharmacognosy. For individual medications, see specific MeSH drug and chemical terms. For the manufacture, preparation, and distribution of drugs, see PHARMACY; INDUSTRY For standard descriptions of drugs, see PHARMACOPOEIAS AND FORMULARIES See also: BIOCHEMISTRY; BOTANY; CHEMISTRY; DRUG THERAPY; THERAPEUTICS; TOXICOLOGY MeSH map: Chemical, Pharmacologic Phenomena(+); Drug Resistance, Microbial(+); Pharmacogenetics; Pharmacology(+); Pharmacology(+); Psychopharmacology PHARMACOPOEIAS AND FORMULARIES MeSH map: Formularies; Pharmacopoeias PHARMACY General treatments of scientific, professional, economic, and other aspects. Includes materia medica; drug industry, etc. For scientific studies of drug action, see PHARMACOLOGY. For individual drugs and chemicals, see specific MeSH terms. For particular aspects, see: PHARMACEUTICAL EDUCATION; PHARMACEUTICAL EQUIPMENT; PHARMACEUTICAL REGULATION; PHARMACEUTICAL SOCIETIES; PHARMACIES; PHARMACOPOEIAS AND FORMULARIES. See also: ALCHEMY; BIOCHEMISTRY; BOTANICAL AND HERBAL MEDICINE; BOTANY; CHEMISTRY; DRUG THERAPY; DRUGS AND CHEMICALS; QUACKERY; THERAPEUTICS MeSH map: Catalogs, Drug; Drug Administration Routes(+); Drug Approval(+); Drug Industry(+); Drug Information Services(+); Drug Labeling; Economics, Pharmaceutical; Ethics, Pharmacy; Pharmaceutical Services(+); Pharmacy Administration(+); Pharmacy PHILANTHROPY Includes charitable institutions and projects. See also: SOCIAL WELFARE MeSH map: Charities PHILATELY Stamps honoring health-related personages or commemorating medical and scientific discoveries. Includes collectors and collections. MeSH map: Philately PHILOSOPHY Includes studies of physicians and other health professionals or scientists who were philosophers; rational medical systems or theories; medical aspects of philosophical thought; etc. For medical aspects of phenomenology, see PSYCHOLOGY. For mind-body relationships and problems, see PSYCHOSOMATIC MEDICINE. See also: ETHICS; THERAPEUTICS MeSH map: Esthetics(+); Existentialism; Holistic Health; Logic(+); Metaphysics; Philosophy, Dental; Philosophy; Philosophy, Medical; Philosophy, Nursing; Thanatology; Utopias; Vitalism; Yin-Yang PHOTOGRAPHY Includes uses of photography in medicine as well as photographs of medically related personages. For moving pictures and television, see COMMUNICATIONS MEDIA. See also: ART; EXHIBITS; MEDICAL ILLUSTRATION; PORTRAITS MeSH map: Photography PHRENOLOGY MeSH map: Phrenology PHYSICAL MEDICINE AND REHABILITATION Includes physiotherapy, exercise therapy, electrotherapy, occupational therapy, and related matters. For correction of deformities, see ORTHOPEDICS. For physical education in schools, see HEALTH AND HYGIENE. For related ailments, see MeSH: Burns; Fractures; Wounds and Injuries. See also: AMPUTATION; ARTIFICIAL LIMBS; BALNEOLOGY; CHIROPRACTIC; HYDROTHERAPY; OSTEOPATHIC MEDICINE; PLASTIC SURGERY; SPORTS MEDICINE. MeSH map: Physical Medicine(+); Physical Therapy(+); Rehabilitation(+); Rehabilitation Centers; Rehabilitation, Vocational PHYSICS Includes biophysics, etc. MeSH map: Physics(+); Biophysics(+); Psychophysics(+) PHYSIOGNOMY The study of temperament and character from outward appearances, especially facial features. See also: PHRENOLOGY; PSYCHOLOGY MeSH map: Physiognomy; Facial Expression PHYSIOLOGY Scientific, professional and other aspects. For histories of the functioning of particular organs, see the respective organ systems (e.g. NEUROLOGY AND NERVOUS SYSTEM) See also: HEALTH AND HYGIENE MeSH map: Adaptation, Physiological; Biological Clocks; Body Constitution; Body Temperature; Cell Count; Chronobiology; Electrophysiology; Neurophysiology; Physiology, Comparative; Physiology; Psychophysiology PLASTIC SURGERY MeSH map: Surgery, Plastic(+) PODIATRY For related ailments, see MeSH: Clubfoot; Fractures, etc. See also: MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM; ORTHOPEDICS; PHYSICAL MEDICINE AND REHABILITATION. MeSH map: Podiatry POLITICS Includes internal political activities of medical and other health related societies. Also includes the relationships of medicine and medical personnel to broader political systems, beliefs, or processes; physicians and other health professionals as party members or legislators; medical care as a political issue; the medical profession in periods of political revolution, etc. For political discussions or legislative acts governing given aspects of medicine or health, see particular subject headings. For international relationships in medical matters or health enterprises, see INTERNATIONAL HEALTH; WAR. See also: GOVERNMENT AND LEGISLATION; STATE MEDICINE MeSH map: Political Systems(+); Politics(+) PORTRAITS Caricatures, drawings, paintings and other representations of or by medical personages. See also: ART; EXHIBITS; MUSEUMS; PHOTOGRAPHY; PHYSIOGNOMY MeSH map: Portraits PREVENTIVE MEDICINE Includes philosophical as well as scientific and clinical considerations. See also: HEALTH AND HYGIENE; HEALTH EDUCATION; IMMUNOLOGY; PUBLIC HEALTH; SANITATION MeSH map: Preventive Dentistry; Preventive Health Services; Preventive Medicine(+); Preventive Psychiatry PROFESSIONAL PRACTICE The pursuit of professional activities by physicians and other health professionals. MeSH map: Professional Practice(+) PSYCHIATRY The medical theory and treatment of mental disorders in general; scientific as well as professional aspects. Includes moral treatment, electrotherapy, etc. For lobotomy, psychosurgery, and other modes of brain surgery, see NEUROLOGY AND NERVOUS SYSTEM. For normal behavior, psychohistory, etc., see PSYCHOLOGY. For institutional care of mental illness, see HOSPITALS, PSYCHIATRIC. For various mental illnesses, see specific MeSH terms. See also: DISEASES AND INJURIES; HYPNOSIS; MENTAL HEALTH; NEUROLOGY AND NERVOUS SYSTEM; PSYCHOANALYSIS; SEX AND SEX BEHAVIOR; WITCHCRAFT. MeSH map: Psychiatry(+); Psychotherapy(+); Emergency Services, Psychiatric; Forensic Psychiatry(+); Psychiatric Nursing; Psychiatric Status Rating scales(+); Psychiatry(+); Psychopathology; Psychopharmacology; Psychophysics(+); Psychophysiology; Social Work, Psychiatric; Somatic Therapies, Psychiatric (Non MeSH)(+); Diagnosis, Dual (Psychiatry); Imagery, Psychotherapy) PSYCHOANALYSIS Includes psychiatric, psychological, and philosophical considerations; social as well as scientific and professional aspects. MeSH map: Psychoanalysis; Psychoanalytic Theory; Psychoanalytic Therapy PSYCHOLOGY The science of mind, normal mental behavior, learning processes, etc.. Includes intelligence testing, counseling, study of the unconscious, etc. Also includes psychohistory, i.e. the psychoanalytic interpretation of the lives of famous individuals in the arts, music, literature, politics, etc. For the care and treatment of abnormal mental conditions, see PSYCHIATRY; HOSPITALS, PSYCHIATRIC. For the maintenance of good mental hygiene, see MENTAL HEALTH. For psychic phenomena, ESP, etc., see PARAPSYCHOLOGY. See also: HYPNOSIS; NEUROLOGY; PHRENOLOGY; PSYCHOSOMATIC MEDICINE; SEX BEHAVIOR MeSH map: Behavior and Behavior Mechanisms (Non MeSH)(+); Psychologic Processes and Principles(Non MeSH)(+); Behavioral Medicine; Ethology; Genetics, Behavioral; Personality Assessment(+); Psychophysiology(+); Psychoanalytic Interpretation(+); Psycholinguistics; Psychological Techniques (Non MeSH)(+); Psychological Tests(+); Psychology(+); Psychology, Medical; Psychophysics(+); Religion and Psychology PSYCHOSOMATIC MEDICINE The study of mind-body relationships; also the study and treatment of physical disorders induced by mental or emotional disturbances. See also: MENTAL HEALTH; NEUROLOGY AND NERVOUS SYSTEM; PSYCHIATRY; PSYCHOANALYSIS; PSYCHOLOGY. MeSH map: Psychosomatic Medicine PUBLIC HEALTH Includes the collective hygienic condition of societies or people generally; the governmental and private mechanisms for preserving or improving the collective health of society; the scientific study and care of collective health; also professional aspects. For specific aspects of community health activity, see COMMUNICABLE DISEASE CONTROL; FOOD AND FOOD SUPPLY; HEALTH EDUCATION; HOSPITALS, PUBLIC; IMMUNOLOGY; SANITATION. For the general scientific study of crowd diseases, see EPIDEMIOLOGY. For specific pestilences or other disease outbreaks, including social aspects, see EPIDEMICS. For collective health-related studies of populations and vital events, see DEMOGRAPHY; EMIGRATION AND IMMIGRATION; LIFE EXPECTANCY AND LONGEVITY; MORBIDITY; MORTALITY. For private or governmental medical assistance to the sick poor, see SOCIAL WELFARE. For health insurance, social security, Medicare, etc., see ECONOMICS; INSURANCE; STATE MEDICINE. See also: CHILD HEALTH; HEALTH AND HYGIENE; HEALTH POLICY; INFANT HEALTH; MATERNAL HEALTH; MENTAL HEALTH; MICROBIOLOGY; OCCUPATIONAL MEDICINE; PARASITOLOGY; PREVENTIVE MEDICINE; RURAL HEALTH; URBAN HEALTH; VOLUNTARY HEALTH AGENCIES MeSH map: Accidents(+); Community Health Aides; Community Health Centers; Community Health Nursing; Community Health Services; Community Mental Health Services; Community Mental Health Centers; Consumer Product Safety; Disease Reservoirs; Drug Contamination; Equipment Contamination; Public Health Administration; Public Health Dentistry(+); Public Health; Public Health Nursing; Public Health Practice (Non MeSH)(+); Schools, Public Health PUBLIC OPINION Attitudes toward physicians, other health professionals, health care institutions or policies, public health measures, and the like. See also: ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE; COMMUNICATIONS MEDIA; FOLK AND POPULAR MEDICINE; PATIENTS; PERIODICALS; SELF CARE MeSH map: Public Opinion PUBLISHING AND PRINTING The design, printing, distribution, editing, marketing, and other aspects of medical publications, but primarily books and monographs. Includes publication history of plague tractates, herbals, bills of mortality, and other special health-related publication forms. For medical journals, society transactions, etc., see PERIODICALS. See also: BIBLIOGRAPHY; EXHIBITS; LIBRARIES; MANUSCRIPTS; MEDICAL ILLUSTRATION MeSH map: Books(+); Catalogs(+); Dissertations, Academic; Government Publications; Publishing(+); Review Literature(+); Translations QUACKERY Includes pretenders to medical knowledge or skill; fraudulent medical cures, devices, etc. MeSH map: Quackery QUARANTINE Isolation or restricted movement of individuals or populations; maritime restrictions or inspections at ports; etc. See also: COMMUNICABLE DISEASE CONTROL; EMIGRATION AND IMMIGRATION; EPIDEMICS; PREVENTIVE MEDICINE; NAVAL MEDICINE; PUBLIC HEALTH MeSH map: Quarantine RACE Includes contributions to medicine by individuals of particular races or ethnic groups; anatomical, physiological, or mental traits of particular races or ethnic groups; disease experience of particular races or ethnic groups; racial attitudes, discrimination or restriction in health care policies, institutions, etc. For special groups, see AMERINDIANS; ARABS; BLACKS; JEWS. See also: ANTHROPOLOGY; DEMOGRAPHY; EUGENICS; GENETICS AND HEREDITY MeSH map: Racial Stocks(+) RADIOLOGY Development and use of X-rays and other radioactive substances in diagnosis and therapy; roentgenology. For relevant diseases, see MeSH: Radiation Injuries, etc. See also: NUCLEAR MEDICINE. MeSH map: Diagnosis, Radioisotope(+); Mass Chest X-Ray; Radiography(+); Radiologic Health (Non MeSH)(+); Radiology; Radiometry(+); Radionuclide Imaging(+); Radiotherapy(+); Subtraction Technique(+); Technology, Radiologic(+) RED CROSS See also: DISASTERS; EMERGENCY MEDICAL SERVICES; NURSING; SOCIAL WELFARE; VOLUNTARY HEALTH AGENCIES; WAR MeSH map: Red Cross RELIGION AND MEDICINE Religious beliefs of health professionals; health-related institutions of religious bodies; medical content of religious doctrines, etc. See also: ANTHROPOLOGY; BUDDHISM; CHRISTIANITY; DEATH; FOLK AND POPULAR MEDICINE; HINDUISM; ISLAM; JUDAISM; MAGIC; MISSIONS AND MISSIONARIES; PHILOSOPHY MeSH map: Bible; Religion; Religion and Medicine; Religion and Psychology; Religion and Science; Religion and Sex; Mysticism; Yoga; Chaplaincy Service, Hospital RESEARCH General concepts and procedures of medical and health-related inquiry; attitudes to investigation; means of support; etc. Includes animal experiment; scientific method; observational and quantitative modes as well as laboratory investigation; human experimentation, etc. For research on individual illnesses, see DISEASES AND INJURIES. For studies involving a particular organ system or a given specialty, see the appropriate subject heading (i.e., GASTROENTEROLOGY AND DIGESTIVE SYSTEM; UROLOGY; etc.). For research on drugs and their effects, see PHARMACOLOGY; DRUGS AND CHEMICALS. See also: ACADEMIES AND INSTITUTES; ANIMALS; INSTRUMENTS, EQUIPMENT AND SUPPLIES; LABORATORIES; MICROSCOPY; SCIENCE; STATISTICS AND MATHEMATICS; VIVISECTION MeSH map: Research (+); Dental Research; Research Personnel; Research Support; Systems Theory; Laboratory Animal Science RESPIRATORY SYSTEM The general study and care of lungs and air passages and their diseases. Includes thoracic surgery. For individual diseases and injuries, see MeSH: Asphyxia; Asthma; Cystic Fibrosis; Hay Fever; Pneumoconiosis; Pneumonia; Respiratory Tract Diseases; Tonsillitis; Tuberculosis, etc. See also: OTOLARYNGOLOGY; RESUSCITATION MeSH map: Diagnosis, Respiratory System (Non MeSH)(+); Respiratory System(+); Respiratory Therapy(+); Respiratory Tract Physiology (Non MeSH)(+); Surgery, Lung (Non MeSH)(+) RESUSCITATION Revival from apparent or near death of individuals in drowning or other accidents, or of patients undergoing surgery. See also: EMERGENCY MEDICAL SERVICES MeSH map: Resuscitation(+) RURAL HEALTH Disease incidence among farmers and non-urban residents; health conditions and services in rural areas; etc. See also: ANIMALS; FOOD AND FOOD SUPPLY; GENERAL PRACTICE; PUBLIC HEALTH; SANITATION; VETERINARY MEDICINE MeSH map: Rural Health; Rural Population; Rural Health Services SAINTS Persons officially recognized or acknowledged as pre-eminent for consecration, holiness, and piety, especially through canonization by a branch of the Christian church. (From Webster, 3rd ed.) MeSH map: Saints SANITATION Specific aspects of public or environmental hygiene, including water supply, sewage disposal and treatment, street cleaning, garbage and other waste collection and removal, ventilation, control of air pollution, etc. Includes sanitary engineering; also hygienic arrangements of individual residences and other structures. See also: ENVIRONMENT; ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION; HEALTH AND HYGIENE; HOUSING; PUBLIC HEALTH MeSH map: Sanitary Engineering; Sanitation(+) SCHOOL HEALTH Includes health care services for school children; also, attention to the sanitary aspects of school buildings. See also: CHILD HEALTH; HEALTH AND HYGIENE; HEALTH EDUCATION; PUBLIC HEALTH MeSH map: School Health Services(+); Student Health Services; School Dentistry SCIENCE General investigational aspects of medicine as a systematic body of knowledge. Also, aspects of the general history of science, particularly with reference to medicine, health, and related topics. For the methodology of science, see STATISTICS AND MATHEMATICS; RESEARCH. For particular research efforts and results, see specific biomedical sciences See also: ACADEMIES AND INSTITUTES; LABORATORIES; SOCIETIES, SCIENTIFIC MeSH map: Astronomy(+); Methods; Models, Theoretical(+); Religion and Science; Science; Time; Weights and Measures(+); Natural History SELF CARE See also: FAMILY HEALTH; FOLK AND POPULAR MEDICINE; HEALTH AND HYGIENE MeSH map: Activities of Daily Living; Self-care Units; Self Administration; Self Care(+); Self Medication SEX AND SEX BEHAVIOR Scientific as well as social aspects. Includes medical and health related aspects of human sexuality. MeSH map: Sex Behavior(+); Sex Characteristics; Sex (+); Sex Reversal, Gonadal SOCIAL CONDITIONS Includes general health aspects of poverty, class relationships, human rights, and other social problems. See also: CRIME AND PRISONS; PUBLIC HEALTH; SANITATION; SOCIAL WELFARE MeSH map: Career Mobility; Civil Disorders(+); Divorce; Human Rights(+); Juvenile Delinquency; Medical Indigency; Needle Sharing; Occupations(+); Poverty; Poverty(+); Prostitution; Race Relations; Social Changes; Social Class(+); Social Conditions(+); Social Control, Formal; Social Control, Informal(+); Social Environment(+); Social Isolation(+); Social Planning(+); Social Problems; Substance Abuse(+) SOCIAL MEDICINE Mainly includes the formal movement that has taken this name. See also: ECONOMICS; HEALTH POLICY; POLITICS; PREVENTIVE MEDICINE; PUBLIC HEALTH; STATE MEDICINE MeSH map: Social Medicine SOCIAL WELFARE Health-related aspects of general public and private provisions for the aged, orphans, the mentally and physically handicapped, the poor, and other socially deprived or neglected groups. Includes scientific, professional, and other considerations. For further financial provisions, social security arrangements, etc., see ECONOMICS; INSURANCE. For institutional care of the deprived or handicapped, see HOSPITALS. See also: CHILD HEALTH; CRIME AND PRISONS; MATERNAL HEALTH; PHILANTHROPY; PUBLIC HEALTH; SOCIAL CONDITIONS; SOCIAL MEDICINE; STATE MEDICINE. MeSH map: Social Welfare; Social Work(+); Social Work Department, Hospital SOCIETIES Histories of professional associations of health professionals; largely honorific or social bodies; fraternities; public health and social action groups, etc. For physicians' professional groups, see SOCIETIES, MEDICAL. For examining boards and the like, see LICENSURE AND REGULATION. See also: ACADEMIES AND INSTITUTES; DENTAL SOCIETIES; FOUNDATIONS; NURSING SOCIETIES; PHARMACEUTICAL SOCIETIES; SOCIETIES, SCIENTIFIC; VOLUNTARY HEALTH AGENCIES MeSH map: American Speech-Language-Hearing Assoc; Independent Practice Associations; Organizations; Organizations, Nonprofit; Societies, Hospital(+); Societies SOCIETIES, MEDICAL Professional organizations of physicians. For other health-related societies, see SOCIETIES; SOCIETIES, SCIENTIFIC. For organizations with general social, educational, honorific, and/or scientific agendas, see ACADEMIES AND INSTITUTES. MeSH map: Societies, Medical(+) SOCIETIES, SCIENTIFIC MeSH map: Societies, Scientific SOCIOLOGY Health-related studies of the organization and functioning of human societies. Scientific and professional aspects. See also: ANTHROPOLOGY; FAMILY HEALTH; PUBLIC HEALTH; SOCIAL CONDITIONS MeSH map: Civil Disorders(+); Divorce; Family(+); Social Change(+); Social Class(+); Social Problems; Social Sciences; Socialization; Socioeconomic Factors(+); Sociology(+); Sociology, Medical SPECIALIZATION General treatments of the division of medical practice and science into specialties. For development of individual health related professions and specialties, see the respective subject headings. MeSH map: Specialism; Specialities, Medical SPIRITUALISM Primarily concerned with health-related movements or organized bodies using this or related names. See also: FAITH HEALING; PARAPSYCHOLOGY; RELIGION AND MEDICINE MeSH map: Spiritualism SPORTS MEDICINE Includes medical treatment of athletes; disease conditions or hazards associated with sports activities; etc. Also, scientific and professional aspects. For physical training in schools, see HEALTH AND HYGIENE; SCHOOL HEALTH. For running, walking, swimming, etc. as preventive pastimes, see HEALTH AND HYGIENE. For exercise therapy and related topics, see PHYSICAL MEDICINE AND REHABILITATION. MeSH map: Doping in Sports; Sports(+); Sports Medicine STATE MEDICINE General aspects of governmental intervention in health matters, provisions for or systems of medical care, etc. For specific health-related institutions, agencies, and activities at all levels of government, see GOVERNMENT AGENCIES. See also: ECONOMICS; GOVERNMENT AND LEGISLATION; HEALTH POLICY; HOSPITALS, PUBLIC; INSURANCE; LICENSURE AND REGULATION; MILITARY MEDICINE; NAVAL MEDICINE; POLITICS; PUBLIC HEALTH; SOCIAL MEDICINE; SOCIAL WELFARE. MeSH map: State Medicine; State Dentistry; Medicaid STATISTICS AND MATHEMATICS Development of statistical concepts and methods in clinical and scientific medicine; histories of mathematics as a medical tool; biometrics; empirical social research, etc. Also includes quantification of medical institutions, professions, etc. For treatments of demographic statistics, see DEMOGRAPHY; EMIGRATION AND IMMIGRATION; FERTILITY; LIFE EXPECTANCY AND LONGEVITY; MORBIDITY; MORTALITY. MeSH map: Mathematics(+); Models, Statistical(+); Numerical Analysis, Computer-Assisted; Statistics(+); Vital Statistics SUICIDE See also: DEATH MeSH map: Suicide SURGERY General studies of operative surgery, including scientific and professional aspects. For most particular kinds and applications of surgery, see under the respective organ systems or specialties (i.e. CARDIOLOGY; GASTROENTEROLOGY; GYNECOLOGY; OPHTHALMOLOGY; UROLOGY; etc.) See also: AMPUTATION; BREAST SURGERY; PLASTIC SURGERY; TRANSPLANTATION; SURGICAL INSTRUMENTS AND EQUIPMENT MeSH map: Ambulatory Surgery; Anastomosis, Surgical; Assisted Circulation; Biopsy; Colon and Rectal Surgery (specialty); Cryosurgery; Curettage; Debridement; Diagnosis, Surgical; Dissection; Drainage; Electrosurgery; Extracorporeal Circulation; Hemostasis, Surgical; Intraoperative Care; Intraoperative Monitoring; Intraoperative Period; Laparotomy; Laser Surgery; Lymph Node Excision; Microsurgery; Ostomy; Prosthesis; Reoperation; Specialites, Surgical; Splenectomy; Surgery; Surgery, Operative; Suture Techniques; Symphysiotomy; Thoracic Surgery; Traumatology SURGICAL INSTRUMENTS AND EQUIPMENT Includes social as well as medical aspects. See also: ARTIFICIAL LIMBS; ORTHOPEDICS; PHYSICAL MEDICINE AND REHABILITATION MeSH map: Surgical Equipment(+) SYMBOLISM Includes emblems, metaphors, signs, coats of arms, book plates, badges, and other symbols. See also: ALCHEMY; ART; FOLK AND POPULAR MEDICINE; LITERATURE; MAGIC; WITCHCRAFT MeSH map: Emblems and Insignia; Symbolism TERATOLOGY The scientific study of monsters, abnormal growths, etc; also professional aspects. For particular conditions, see MeSH: Abnormalities, etc. MeSH map: Teratology THERAPEUTICS General historical studies of healing concepts and measures. For the therapeutic effects of drugs generally, chemotherapy, etc., see DRUG THERAPY; PHARMACOLOGY. For special therapeutic measures, concepts and systems, see ACUPUNCTURE; ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE; BLOODLETTING; CHIROPRACTIC; ECLECTICISM; FAITH HEALING; FOLK AND POPULAR MEDICINE; HOMEOPATHY; OSTEOPATHIC MEDICINE; SPIRITUALISM. For medicines, see DRUGS AND CHEMICALS; PHARMACY; or names of particular medications. For healing measures and techniques related to specific branches or specialties of medicine, see given subject headings. For non-Western therapeutic systems, see ACUPUNCTURE; AYURVEDIC MEDICINE; UNANI MEDICINE. MeSH map: Therapeutics; Art Therapy; Bed Rest; Blood Component Removal; Cardiac Pacing, Artificial; Catheterization; Cautery; Combined Modality Therapy(+); Dance Therapy; Day Care; Electric Countershock; Enema; Gene Therapy; Hemodialysis; Hemodilution; Hemostatic Techniques; Immunotherapy; Insufflation; Intervertebral Disk Chemolysis; Lithotripsy; Moxibustion; Meditation; Music Therapy; Occupational Therapy; Organotherapy; Orthoptics; Punctures; Rehabilitation, Speech and Language (Non MeSH)(+); Renal Replacement Therapy(+); Salvage Therapy; Sorption Detoxification; Therapy, Computer-Assisted; Tissue Therapy; Tocolysis TOXICOLOGY For specific poisons and antidotes, see names of particular drugs and chemicals in MeSH. For general studies of antidotes, see THERAPEUTICS. For general considerations of the action of harmful drugs, see PHARMACOLOGY. For specific toxic conditions, see MeSH: Alcoholism; Bites and Stings; Botulism; Ergotism; Favism; Food Poisoning; Milk Sickness; Plant Poisoning; Poisoning; Salmonella Infections; Substance Abuse; Substance Dependence. See also: DRUGS AND CHEMICALS; FORENSIC MEDICINE; PATHOLOGY MeSH map: Toxicology TRANSIENTS AND MIGRANTS Covers the health problems of and medical services for individuals or groups moving from place to place within a given country. See also: DEMOGRAPHY; EMIGRATION AND IMMIGRATION; PUBLIC HEALTH; SOCIAL WELFARE; TRAVEL AND EXPEDITIONS MeSH map: Transients and Migrants TRANSPLANTATION See also: ARTIFICIAL ORGANS; SURGERY MeSH map: Transplantion(+) TRANSPORTATION MODES Includes health effects of automobiles, trucks, railroads, airplanes, and other modes, not only on employees and customers but on broader populations. See also: AEROSPACE MEDICINE; INDUSTRY; NAVAL MEDICINE; OCCUPATIONAL MEDICINE; PUBLIC HEALTH; TRAVEL AND EXPEDITIONS MeSH map: Transportation(+) TRANSPORTATION OF PATIENTS Incorporates aircraft, ambulances, hospital ships and trains; modes of transport used by physicians, etc. See also: AEROSPACE MEDICINE; EMERGENCY MEDICAL SERVICES; MILITARY MEDICINE; NAVAL MEDICINE; RED CROSS MeSH map: Transportation of Patients(+) TRAVEL AND EXPEDITIONS Includes trips of physicians or scientists, especially their health-related observations; patient travel for health purposes; organized scientific expeditions or voyages, with their medical arrangements and results; epidemiological significance of religious pilgrimages, etc. For prolonged formal medical studies by foreign students, see EDUCATION, MEDICAL and the country where the study occurred. See also: AEROSPACE MEDICINE; EMIGRANTS AND IMMIGRANTS; EPIDEMIOLOGY; INTERNATIONAL HEALTH; MILITARY MEDICINE; NAVAL MEDICINE; THERAPEUTICS; TRANSIENTS AND MIGRANTS; TRANSPORTATION OF PATIENTS MeSH map: Travel(+) TROPICAL MEDICINE The medical conditions and treatments peculiar to tropical climates; also, the scientific study of tropical diseases. For specific tropical ailments, see various disease terms in MeSH. See also: COMMUNICABLE DISEASE CONTROL; ENVIRONMENT; EPIDEMIOLOGY; INSECTS; PARASITOLOGY; PUBLIC HEALTH MeSH map: Tropical Climate; Tropical Medicine UNANI MEDICINE MeSH map: Medicine, Arabic URBAN HEALTH May include suburban health problems or care. See also: PUBLIC HEALTH MeSH map: Urban Health; Urban Health Services; Urban Population; Suburban Health; Suburban Health Services; Suburban Population UROLOGY Therapeutic, scientific, and professional aspects. Includes medical and surgical treatment of diseases of kidneys, male genitalia, and related organs. For specifically female conditions and treatment, see GYNECOLOGY. For specific related illnesses, see MeSH: Genital Diseases, Female; Kidney Diseases; Laurence-Moon-biedl Syndrome; Puerperal Infection; Reiter's Disease; Sex Disorders; Urinary Tract Infections; Urologic Diseases and Genital Diseases, Male, etc. MeSH map: Castration(+); Diagnosis, Urologic (Non MeSH)(+); Surgery, Urologic (Non MeSH)(+); Urinary Tract Physiology (Non MeSH)(+); Urogenital System(+); Urology(+) VENTILATION The supply or quality of air in rooms, buildings, and urban environments. For pulmonary ventilation, see RESPIRATORY SYSTEM. See also: ENVIRONMENT; HOUSING; PUBLIC HEALTH; SANITATION; URBAN HEALTH MeSH map: Ventilation VETERINARY MEDICINE Includes professional, scientific, and social aspects. See also: ANIMALS; INSECTS; PARASITOLOGY; PUBLIC HEALTH; RURAL HEALTH MeSH map: Animal Husbandry; Education, Veterinary; Legislation, Veterinary; Schools, Veterinary; Veterinary Medicine(+) VIVISECTION Social as well as scientific aspects. Includes also antivivisection. See also: ANIMALS; ETHICS; RESEARCH MeSH map: Vivisection VOLUNTARY HEALTH AGENCIES See also: FOUNDATIONS; HEALTH EDUCATION; POLITICS; PUBLIC HEALTH; RED CROSS; SOCIAL WELFARE; SOCIETIES MeSH map: Voluntary Health Agencies(+) WAR Includes the general, especially civilian, effects of wars, revolutions, riots, and the like, on health and medicine. For health problems and medical services of military forces, see AEROSPACE MEDICINE; MILITARY MEDICINE; NAVAL MEDICINE. For genocide or other mass extermination of captive or subject populations, see CRIME AND PRISONS; DEMOGRAPHY; MORTALITY; POLITICS. See also: INTERNATIONAL HEALTH; RED CROSS MeSH map: War(+); War Crimes WITCHCRAFT An act of employing sorcery (the use of power gained from the assistance or control of spirits), especially with malevolent intent, and the exercise of supernatural powers and alleged intercourse with the devil or a familiar. See also: MAGIC; RELIGION AND MEDICINE MeSH map: Witchcraft WOMEN IN MEDICINE Includes women as practitioners of the various branches and specialties of medicine and related sciences; women's roles in medical education, societies, etc. For women as patients, diseases of women, etc. see WOMEN'S HEALTH; GYNECOLOGY See also: MATERNAL HEALTH; NURSING; OBSTETRICS MeSH map: Women(+); Women's Rights WOMEN'S HEALTH Includes women as patients; health services for women; women's roles in health politics, public health, education, etc. See also: CHILDBIRTH; GENERATION AND REPRODUCTION; GYNECOLOGY; MATERNAL HEALTH; OBSTETRICS MeSH map: Women's Health; Women's Health Services(+)