CBM 94-4 Optimal Calcium Intake January 1990 through April 1994 plus selected earlier citations 775 Citations Prepared by Loretta D. Ulincy, M.L.S., National Library of Medicine Joan A. McGowan, PhD., National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases Lawrence E. Shulman, M.D., Director, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES Public Health Service National Institutes of Health National Library of Medicine Reference Section 8600 Rockville Pike Bethesda, Maryland 20894 1994 SERIES NOTE Current Bibliographies in Medicine (CBM) is a continuation in part of the National Library of Medicine's Literature Search Series, which ceased in 1987 with No. 87-15. In 1989 it also subsumed the Specialized Bibliography Series. Each bibliography in the new series covers a distinct subject area of biomedicine and is intended to fulfill a current awareness function. Citations are usually derived from searching a variety of online databases. NLM databases utilized include MEDLINE, AVLINE, BIOETHICSLINE, CANCERLIT, CATLINE, HEALTH, POPLINE and TOXLINE. The only criterion for the inclusion of a particular published work is its relevance to the topic being presented; the format, ownership, or location of the material is not considered. Comments and suggestions on this series may be addressed to: Karen Patrias, Editor Current Bibliographies in Medicine Reference Section National Library of Medicine Bethesda, MD 20894 Phone: 301-496-6097 Fax: 301-402-1384 Internet: patrias@nlm.nih.gov Ordering Information: Current Bibliographies in Medicine is sold by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, P.O. 371954, Pittsburgh, PA 15250-7954. To order the entire CBM series for calendar year 1994 (approximately 10 bibliographies), send $60.00 ($75.00 foreign) to the Superintendent of Documents citing GPO List ID: CBM94. For your convenience an order blank is given inside the back cover. Orders for individual bibliographies in the series ($8.50, $10.63 foreign) should be sent to the Superintendent of Documents citing the title, CBM number, and the GPO List ID given above. Internet Access: The Current Bibliographies in Medicine series is also available at no cost to anyone with Internet access through FTP (File Transfer Protocol). FTP to nlmpubs.nlm.nih.gov and login: as nlmpubs. The index file in the "bibs" directory provides information on the bibliographies available. Use of funds for printing this periodical has been approved by the Director of the Office of Management and Budget through September 30, 1994. OPTIMAL CALCIUM INTAKE Over the past decade, both the general public and scientists have been exposed to a great deal of literature about the value of ensuring an adequate calcium intake throughout life. A number of articles in the recent medical literature have addressed the role of calcium intake in the prevention of disorders including osteoporosis and other bone diseases, colon cancer, kidney stones, and high blood pressure. The results of this research indicate that the optimal level of calcium intake may be greater than the amount consumed by a majority of the American people. Optimal calcium intake may vary according to the disease being considered, and may also vary according to a person's age, sex, and ethnicity. Optimal calcium intake may be achieved by diet, calcium supplements, or calcium-fortified foods, or by various combinations of these. In addition, various cofactors play a role in achieving optimal calcium intake. These include factors such as vitamin D, which is needed for optimal calcium absorption, hormones, and factors that can negatively influence calcium availability, such as certain medications or phytates in foods. This bibliography lists selected references in English on calcium intake and health status published as monographs, journal articles, audiovisuals, bibliographies, and pamphlets from January 1990 through April 1994, plus selected earlier journal citations included for their importance or unique coverage. Arrangement of the bibliography is by subject, with the first four major categories devoted to the scientific clinical and research coverage of calcium intake and bioavailability. The last category of citations was selected from a broader variety of sources and is directed at public health issues. Each citation appears in only one category. Within each category, arrangement is alphabetical by author. SEARCH STRATEGY A variety of online databases are usually searched in preparing bibliographies in the CBM series. To assist you in updating or otherwise manipulating the material in this search, the strategy used for the NLM's MEDLINE database is given below. Please note that the search strategies presented here differ from individual demand searches in that they are generally broadly formulated and irrelevant citations edited out prior to printing. SS 1 = *CALCIUM OR *CALCIUM CARBONATE OR *CALCIUM CHLORIDE OR *CALCIUM HYDROXIDE OR EXP *CALCIUM PHOSPHATES SS 2 = 1 AND NOT ANIMAL SS 3 = 2 AND BONE DENSITY OR 2 AND EXP OSTEOPOROSIS OR 2 AND BONE DISEASES OR 2 AND EXP FRACTURES OR 2 AND EXP COLONIC NEOPLASMS OR 2 AND EXP HYPERTENSION OR 2 AND EXP PRE-ECLAMPSIA OR 2 AND EXP TOOTH DEMINERALIZATION OR 2 AND TOOTH CALCIFICATION OR 2 AND TOOTH REMINERALIZATION OR 2 AND EXP TRACE ELEMENTS OR 2 AND EXP MINERALS OR 2 AND EXP VITAMIN D OR 2 AND EXP VITAMIN K OR 2 AND DIETARY FIBER OR 2 AND EXP DIETARY PROTEINS SS 4 = 2 AND EXP *HORMONES OR 2 AND PARATHYROID HORMONES OR 2 AND EXP LACTATION OR 2 AND EXP PREGNANCY OR 2 AND EXP PREGNANCY COMPLICATIONS OR 2 AND CAFFEINE OR 2 AND EXP THYROID HORMONES OR 2 AND EXERCISE OR 2 AND EXP EXERTION SS 5 = 2 AND PHYSICAL FITNESS OR 2 AND EXP MUSCLES OR 2 AND INACTIVITY (TW) OR 2 AND RISK FACTORS OR 2 AND RISK OR 2 AND KIDNEY CALCULI OR 2 AND CONSTIPATION OR 2 AND EXP CHOLELITHIASIS OR 2 AND EXP ARRHYTHMIA OR 2 AND EXP BRAIN/PH OR 2 AND EXP BRAIN/ME OR 2 AND EXP CALCINOSIS OR 2 AND EXP AORTIC DISEASES OR 2 AND EXP BONE A#D BONES OR 2 AND EXP DIET OR 2 AND EXP CEREALS OR 2 AND EXP VEGETABLES OR 2 AND EXP *FOOD OR 2 AND EXP BEVERAGES OR 2 AND CITRUS FRUITS SS 6 = CALCIUM OR CALCIUM CARBONATE OR CALCIUM CHLORIDE OR CALCIUM HYDROXIDE OR EXP CALCIUM PHOSPHATES SS 7 = 6 AND NOT ANIMAL SS 8 = 7 AND FOOD, FORTIFIED OR 7 AND FOOD LABELING OR 7 AND NUTRITION ASSESSMENT OR 7 AND EXP LIFE STYLE OR 7 AND LACTOSE INTOLERANCE OR 7 AND SOYBEANS SS 9 = EXP *HYPOCALCEMIA OR *HYPERCALCEMIA OR CALCIUM, DIETARY SS 10 = 9 AND NOT ANIMAL SS 11 = 3 OR 4 OR 5 OR 8 OR 10 SS 12 = 11 AND NOT FOR (LA) GRATEFUL MED To make online searching easier and more efficient, the Library offers GRATEFUL MED, microcomputer-based software that provides a user-friendly interface to most NLM databases. This software was specifically developed for health professionals and features multiple choice menus and "fill in the blank" screens for easy search preparation. GRATEFUL MED runs on an IBM PC (or IBM-compatible) with DOS 2.0 or a Macintosh, and requires a Hayes (or Hayes-compatible) modem. It may be purchased from the National Technical Information Service in Springfield, Virginia, for $29.95 (plus $3.00 per order for shipping). For your convenience, an order blank has been enclosed at the back of this bibliography. SAMPLE CITATIONS Citations in this bibliographic series are formatted according to the rules established for Index Medicus*. Sample journal and monograph citations appear below. For journal articles written in a foreign language, the English translation of the title is placed in brackets; for monographs, the title is given in the original language. In both cases the language of publication is shown by a three letter abbreviation appearing at the end of the citation. Note also that a colon (:) may appear within an author's name or article title. The NLM computer system automatically inserts this symbol in the place of a diacritical mark. Journal Article: Authors Article Title Havala S, Dwyer J. Position of the American DieteticAssociation: vegetarian diets. J Am Diet Assoc 1993 Nov;93(11):1317-9. Abbreviated Journal Date Volume Issue Pages Title Monograph: Authors/Editors Title Mundy GR, editor. Calcium homeostasis: hypercalcemia andhypocalcemia. London: M. Dunitz; 1989. 248 p. Place of Publisher Date Total No. Publication of Pages _________________________________ *For details of the formats used for references, see the following publication: Patrias, Karen. National Library of Medicine recommended formats for bibliographic citation. Bethesda (MD): The Library; 1991 Apr. Available from: NTIS, Springfield, VA; PB91-182030. TABLE OF CONTENTS DIETARY INTAKE OF CALCIUM United States International CALCIUM INTAKE: EFFECT ON SKELETAL HEALTH AND DISEASE Clinical Trials Observational Epidemiology Metabolic Studies and Nutrient Interactions CALCIUM INTAKE: EFFECT ON OTHER DISEASES Kidney Stones Hypertension / Atherosclerosis Colon Cancer Dental Conditions CALCIUM BIOAVAILABILITY PUBLIC HEALTH ISSUES AND EDUCATION DIETARY INTAKE OF CALCIUM United States Adolescent nutrition: current views. Dairy Counc Dig 1991 Nov-Dec;62(6):31-6. Ahmed FE. Effect of nutrition on the health of the elderly. J Am Diet Assoc 1992 Sep;92(9):1102-8. Anderson J. Calcium: a critical dietary nutrient. Br Food J 1993;95(4):22-4. Anderson J. Dietary calcium and bone mass through the lifecycle. Nutr Today 1990 Apr;25(2):9-14. Anderson RA, Bryden NA, Polansky MM. Dietary intake of calcium, chromium, copper, iron, magnesium, manganese, and zinc: duplicate plate values corrected using derived nutrient intake. J Am Diet Assoc 1993 Apr;93(4):462-4. Anderson RR. Variations in major minerals of human milk during the first 5 months of lactation. Nutr Res 1992 Jun;12(6):701-11. Batten S, Hirschman J, Thomas D. Impact of the Special Supplemental Food Program on infants.J Pediatr 1990 Aug;117(2 Pt 2):S101-9. Bock MA, Sheehan ET, Bendel R, Bhalla VS, Harrill I, Mitchell M, Read M, Schutz H, Standall B. Contribution of diet versus supplements to selected nutrient intake in the western region. Nutr Res 1993 Feb;13(2):189-96. Briefel RR. Assessment of the US diet in national nutrition surveys: national collaborative efforts and NHANES. Am J Clin Nutr 1994 Jan;59(1 Suppl):164S-167S. Buttriss J. The role of calcium in a balanced diet. J Soc Dairy Technol 1990 Feb;43(1):1. Dagnelie PC, Vergote FJ, van Staveren WA, van den Berg H, Dingjan PG, Hautvast JG. High prevalence of rickets in infants on macrobiotic diets. Am J Clin Nutr 1990 Feb;51(2):202-8. Eck LH, Hackett Renner C. Calcium intake in youth: sex, age, and racial differences in NHANES II. Prev Med 1992 Jul;21(4):473-82. Ernst JA, Brady MS, Rickard KA. Food and nutrient intake of 6- to 12-month-old infants fed formula or cow milk: A summary of four national surveys. J Pediatr 1990 Aug;117(2 Pt 2):S86-100. Fogelholm GM, Himberg JJ, Alopaeus K, Gref CG, Laakso JT, Lehto JJ, Mussalo-Rauhamaa H. Dietary and biochemical indices of nutritional status in male athletes and controls. J Am Coll Nutr 1992 Apr;11(2):181-91. Frank GC, Webber LS, Nicklas TA, Berenson GS. Sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and phosphorus intakes of infants and children: Bogalusa Heart Study. J Am Diet Assoc 1988 Jul;88(7):801-7. Georgiou CC, Arquitt AB. Regional differences in food and nutrient intakes of college women from the United States: Oregon and Oklahoma. Ecol Food Nutr 1992;28(4):251-60. Gerber AM, James SA, Ammerman AS, Keenan NL, Garrett JM, Strogatz DS, Haines PS. Socioeconomic status and electrolyte intake in black adults: the Pitt County Study. Am J Public Health 1991 Dec;81(12):1608-12. Haines PS, Hungerford DW, Popkin BM, Guilkey DK. Eating patterns and energy and nutrient intakes of US women. J Am Diet Assoc 1992 Jun;92(6):698-704, 707. Harland BF, Smith SA, Ellis R, O'Brien R, Morris ER. Comparison of the nutrient intakes of blacks, Siouan Indians, and whites in Columbus County, North Carolina. J Am Diet Assoc 1992 Mar;92(3): 348-50. Harris EW, Lanzidelle DA, McKinney S. The nutritional value of food purchased from an a la carte lunch menu. Sch Food Serv Res Rev 1990 Fall;14(2):94-7. Hartz SC, Russell RM, Rosenberg IH, editors. Nutrition in the elderly - the Boston nutritional status survey: from the USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University. Herndon (VA): Books International; 1992. Havala S, Dwyer J. Position of the American Dietetic Association: vegetarian diets. J Am Diet Assoc 1993 Nov;93(11):1317-9. Published erratum appears in J Am Diet Assoc 1994 Jan;94(1):19. Hay P. Bone loss in patients with anorexia nervosa [letter]. Am J Psychiatry 1992 Mar;149(3):415-6. Comment on: Am J Psychiatry 1991 Jun;148(6):768-74. Heaney RP. Is a dissolution standard for calcium supplements necessary? [letter]. Calcif Tissue Int 1992 Feb;50(2):197. Comment on: Calcif Tissue Int 1991 Nov;49(5):308-12. Hillman LS. Mineral and vitamin D adequacy in infants fed human milk or formula between 6 and 12 months of age. J Pediatr 1990 Aug;117(2 Pt 2):S134-42. Holbrook TL, Barrett-Connor E. Calcium intake: covariates and confounders. Am J Clin Nutr 1991 Mar;53(3):741-4. Hollingsworth DS, Hart WD. Effects of gender, ethnicity and place of residence on nutrient intake among elderly residents of Southwestern Louisiana. J Nutr Elderly 1991;10(4):51-72. Kim KK, Yu ES, Liu WT, Kim J, Kohrs MB. Nutritional status of Chinese-, Korean-, and Japanese-American elderly. J Am Diet Assoc 1993 Dec;93(12):1416-22. King N, Fridlund KE, Askew EW. Nutrition issues of military women. J Am Coll Nutr 1993 Aug;12(4):344-8. Kleiner SM, Bazzarre TL, Litchford MD. Metabolic profiles, diet, and health practices of championship male and female bodybuilders. J Am Diet Assoc 1990 Jul;90(7):962-7. La Vecchia C, Negri E, Franceschi S, Parazzini F, Decarli A. Differences in dietary intake with smoking, alcohol, and education. Nutr Cancer 1992;17(3):297-304. Lewis NM, Hollingsworth M. Food choices of young college women consuming low- or moderate-calcium diets. Nutr Res 1992 Aug;12(8):943-8. Looker AC, Loria CM, Carroll MD, McDowell MA, Johnson CL. Calcium intakes of Mexican Americans, Cubans, Puerto Ricans, non-Hispanic whites, and non-Hispanic blacks in the United States. J Am Diet Assoc 1993 Nov;93(11):1274-9. Marcus R. Calcium intake and skeletal integrity: is there a critical relationship? J Nutr 1987 Apr;117(4):631-5. Mares-Perlman JA, Klein BEK, Klein R, Ritter LL, Freudenheim JL, Luby MH. Nutrient supplements contribute to the dietary intake of middle- and older-aged adult residents of Beaver Dam, Wisconsin. J Nutr 1993 Feb;123(2):176-88. McGowan M, Gibney MJ. Calcium intakes in individuals on diets for the management of cows' milk allergy: a case control study. Eur J Clin Nutr 1993 Sep;47(9):609-16. McNeill G, Davidson L, Morrison DC, Crombie IK, Keighran J, Todman J. Nutrient intake in schoolchildren: some practical considerations. Proc Nutr Soc 1991 Mar;50(1):37-43. Merkel JM, Crockett SJ, Mullis R. Vitamin and mineral supplement use by women with school-age children. J Am Diet Assoc 1990 Mar;90(3):426-8. Michel I, Lavigne C, Desrosiers T. Soluble and lipid-bound calcium and zinc during processing of infant milk formulas. J Food Sci 1993 Jul-Aug;58(4):756-60. Miller JZ, Kimes T, Hui S, Andon MB, Johnston CC Jr. Nutrient intake variability in a pediatric population: implications for study design. J Nutr 1991 Feb;121(2):265-74. Nobmann ED, Byers T, Lanier AP, Hankin JH, Jackson MY. The diet of Alaska Native adults: 1987-1988. Am J Clin Nutr 1992 May;55(5):1024-32. Parent ME, Krondl M, Chow RK. Reconstruction of past calcium intake patterns during adulthood. J Am Diet Assoc 1993 Jun;93(6):649-52. Payette H, Gray Donald K. Dietary intake and biochemical indices of nutritional status in an elderly population, with estimates of the precision of the 7-d food record. Am J Clin Nutr 1991 Sep; 54(3):478-88. Pennington JA, Wilson DB. Daily intakes of nine nutritional elements: analyzed vs. calculated values. J Am Diet Assoc 1990 Mar;90(3):375-81. Pennington JA, Young BE. Total diet study nutritional elements, 1982-1989. J Am Diet Assoc 1991 Feb; 91(2):179-83. Quinn TJ, Jenkins RM. Nutritional profiles of selected college females in a 15-week exercise and weight-control class. Health Values 1991 May-Jun;15(3):34-41. Ryan VC, Bower ME. Relationship of socioeconomic status and living arrangements to nutritional intake of the older person. J Am Diet Assoc 1989 Dec; 89(12):1805-7. Schaeffer MJ, Love J. Relationships between soybean components and tofu texture. J Food Qual 1992 Feb;15(1):53-66. Schectman G, McKinney WP, Pleuss J, Hoffman RG. Dietary intake of Americans reporting adherence to a low cholesterol diet (NHANES II). Am J Public Health 1990 Jun;80(5):698-703. Simon S. A survey of the nutritional adequacy of meals served and eaten by patients. Nurs Pract 1991;4(2):7-11. Slattery ML, Jacobs DR Jr, Hilner JE, Caan BJ, Van Horn L, Bragg C, Manolio TA, Kushi LH, Liu K. Meat consumption and its associations with other diet and health factors in young adults: the CARDIA study. Am J Clin Nutr 1991 Nov;54(5):930-5. Specker BL, Tsang RC, Ho ML, Landi TM, Gratton TL. Low serum calcium and high parathyroid hormone levels in neonates fed 'humanized' cow's milk-based formula. Am J Dis Child 1991 Aug; 145(8):941-5. Stensland SH, Sobal J. Dietary practices of ballet, jazz, and modern dancers. J Am Diet Assoc 1992 Mar; 92(3):319-24. Stevens DA, Grivetti LE, McDonald RB. Nutrient intake of urban and rural elderly receiving home-delivered meals. J Am Diet Assoc 1992 Jun;92(6):714-8. Taylor ML, Koblinsky SA. Dietary intake and growth status of young homeless children. J Am Diet Assoc 1993 Apr;93(4):464-6. International Adamson A, Rugg Gunn A, Butler T, Appleton D, Hackett A. Nutritional intake, height and weight of 11-12-year-old Northumbrian children in 1990 compared with information obtained in 1980. Br J Nutr 1992 Nov;68(3):543-63. Becker W, Kumpulainen J. Contents of essential and toxic mineral elements in Swedish market-basket diets in 1987. Br J Nutr 1991 Sep;66(2):151-60. Bell R, Dunn P, Whitehead A, Xouris S. The contribution of meals on wheels to the nutrient intake of the elderly. Aust J Nutr Diet 1993 Jun;50(2):46-50. Bello CO, Keshinro OO. Contribution of mid-day meals to the daily nutrient requirement of school children in Nigeria. Food Chem 1990;39(3):273-80. Benny PS, Benny SC, Sin IL. Nutrition in pregnancy in the Wellington region. N Z Med J 1991 Feb 13;104(905):29-32. Bogan AD, DeWare KB. Calcium intake and knowledge of osteoporosis in university women. Can Home Econ J 1992 Spring;42(2):80-4. Bourn DM, Gibson RS, MacDonald AC. Selected nutrient intakes of a cohort of Canadian post-menopausal women estimated from three-day dietary records; sources of variance in nutrient intakes and probability estimates of their adequacy. Nutr Res 1990 Apr;10(4):391-401. Published erratum appears in Nutr Res 1992;12(1):89-91. Creed de Kanashiro H, Brown KH, Lopez de Romana G, Lopez T, Black RE. Consumption of food and nutrients by infants in Huascar (Lima) Peru. Am J Clin Nutr 1990 Dec;52(6):995-1004. Donald EA, Basu TK, Hargreaves JA, Thompson GW, Overton TR, Peterson RD, Chao E. Dietary intake and biochemical status of a selected group of older Albertans taking or not taking micronutrient supplements. J Can Diet Assoc 1992 Spring;53(1): 39-43. Donald EA, Basu TK, Hargeaves JA, Thompson GW, Overton TR, Peterson RD, Chao E. Dietary intake and biochemical status of a selected group of older persons in Alberta. J Can Diet Assoc 1991 Winter;52(4):220-6. Donald EA, Basu TK, Hargreaves JA, Thompson GW, Overton TR, Peterson RD, Chao E. Lack of seasonal variation in nutrient intake of a selected group of older persons in Alberta. J Can Diet Assoc 1992 Fall;53(3):214-6. George JH, Brinsdon SC, Paulin JM, Aitken EF. What do young adolescent New Zealanders eat? Nutrient intakes of a nationwide sample of form 1 children. N Z Med J 1993 Feb 24;106(950):47-51. Halliday A. Calcium. Nutr Bull 1991 Jan;16:11-24. Horwath CC. Dietary intake and nutritional status among university undergraduates. Nutr Res 1991 May;11(5):395-404. Horwath CC, Campbell AJ, Busby W. Dietary survey of an elderly New Zealand population. Nutr Res 1992 Apr-May;12(4-5):441-53. Jenner DA, Miller MR. Intakes of selected nutrients in year 7 Western Australian children: comparison between weekdays and weekend days and relationships with socio-economic status. Aust J Nutr Diet 1991 Jun;48(2):50-6. Kanis JA, Passmore R. Calcium supplementation of the diet--I. BMJ 1989 Jan 21;298(6667):137-40. Kanis JA, Passmore R. Calcium supplementation of the diet--II. BMJ 1989 Jan 28;298(6668):205-8. Comment in: BMJ 1990 Jul 14;301(6743):120 and BMJ 1991 Oct 26;303(6809):1060. Krause VM, Solomons NW, Tucker KL, Lopez Palacios CY, Ruz M, Kuhnlein HV. Rural-urban variation in the calcium, iron, zinc and copper content of tortillas and intake of these minerals from tortillas by women in Guatemala. Ecol Food Nutr 1992;28(4):289-97. Krause VM, Tucker KL, Kuhnlein HV, Lopez Palacios CY, Ruz M, Solomons NW. Rural-urban variation in limed maize use and tortilla consumption by women in Guatemala. Ecol Food Nutr 1992;28(4):279-88. Krogh V, Freudenheim JL, D'Amicis A, Scaccini C, Sette S, Ferro-Luzzi A, Trevisan M. Food sources of nutrients of the diet of elderly Italians: II. Micronutrients. Int J Epidemiol 1993 Oct;22(5):869-77. Magarey A, Seal J, Boulton J. Calcium, fat and p/s ratio in children's diets: a mixed public health message. Aust J Nutr Diet 1991 Jun;48(2):58-61. Mainguet P, Faille I, Destrebecq L, Devogelaer JP, Nagant de Deuxchaisnes C. Lactose intolerance, calcium intake, and osteopenia [letter]. Lancet 1991 Nov 2;338(8775):1156-7. Comment on: Lancet 1991 Aug 24;338(8765):495-6 and Lancet 1991 Sep 14;338(8768):663-4. Murphy SP, Beaton GH, Calloway DH. Estimated mineral intakes of toddlers: predicted prevalence of inadequacy in village populations in Egypt, Kenya, and Mexico. Am J Clin Nutr 1992 Sep;56(3):565-72. Oshaug A, Ostgard LI, Trygg KU. Diet among oil-workers on off-shore oil installations in the Norweigian sector of the North Sea. Br J Nutr 1992 Jul;68(1):11-9. Pardo B, Sygnowska E, Rywik S, Kulesza W, Waskiewicz A. Dietary habits of the middle-aged Warsaw population in 1984 relative to nutritional guidelines. Appetite 1991 Feb;16(1):1-15. Prentice A, Barclay DV. Breast-milk calcium and phosphorus concentrations of mothers in rural Zaire. Eur J Clin Nutr 1991 Dec;45(12):611-7. Prentice A, Laskey MA, Shaw J, Hudson GJ, Day KC, Jarjou LM, Dibba B, Paul AA. The calcium and phosphorus intakes of rural Gambian women during pregnancy and lactation. Br J Nutr 1993 May;69(3):885-96. Richmond J, Strehlow CD, Chalkley SR. Dietary intake of Al, Ca, Cu, Fe, Pb, and Zn in infants. Br J Biomed Sci 1993 Sep;50(3):178-86. Side X, Mingtang S, Shuquan Z, Zhaomei M, Yinzhi X, Yujun L, Jun W, Kui J. Anthropometric and dietary survey of elderly Chinese. Br J Nutr 1991 Nov;66(3):355-62. Sommerville J, O'Reagan M. The contribution of breakfast to micronutrient adequacy of the Irish diet. J Hum Nutr Dietetics 1993 Jun;6(3):223-8. Speek AJ, Speek Saichua S, Schreurs WHP. Determination of macronutrient and micronutrient levels in Thai foods: an evaluation of the Thai food composition table. Food Chem 1991;40(3):251-62. Srikumar TS. The mineral and trace element composition of vegetables, pulses and cereals of southern India. Food Chem 1993;46(2):163-7. Tiidus P, Shephard RJ, Montelpare W. Overall intake of energy and key nutrients: data for middle-aged and older middle-class adults. Can J Sport Sci 1989 Sep;14(3):173-7. CALCIUM INTAKE: EFFECT ON SKELETAL HEALTH AND DISEASE Clinical Trials Abraham GE, Grewal H. A total dietary program emphasizing magnesium instead of calcium. Effect on the mineral density of calcaneous bone in postmenopausal women on hormonal therapy. J Reprod Med 1990 May;35(5):503-7. Almustafa M, Doyle FH, Gutteridge DH, Hand DJ, Davis TM, Spinks TJ, Freemantle C, Joplin GF. Effects of treatments by calcium and sex hormones on vertebral fracturing in osteoporosis. Q J Med 1992 Apr;83(300):283-94. Aloia JF, Vaswani A, Yeh JK, McGowan DM, Ross P. Biochemical short-term changes produced by hormonal replacement therapy. J Endocrinol Invest 1991 Dec;14(11):927-34. Aloia JF, Vaswani A, Yeh JK, Ross PL, Flaster E, Dilmanian FA. Calcium supplementation with and without hormone replacement therapy to prevent postmenopausal bone loss. Ann Intern Med 1994 Jan 15;120(2):97-103. Basile JN, Liel Y, Shary J, Bell NH. Increased calcium intake does not suppress circulating 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D in normocalcemic patients with sarcoidosis. J Clin Invest 1993 Apr;91(4):1396-8. Bilezikian JP. Osteoporosis: on the verge of rational effective therapy? Mt Sinai J Med 1993 Mar;60(2):87-94. Calcium supplementation and bone loss in postmenopausal women. Nutr Rev 1991 Jun;49(6):184-7. Chapuy MC, Arlot ME, Duboeuf F, Brun J, Crouzet B, Arnaud S, Delmas PD, Meunier PJ. Vitamin D3 and calcium to prevent hip fractures in elderly women. N Engl J Med 1992 Dec 3;327(23): 1637-42. Chesnut CH 3d. Osteoporosis and its treatment. N Engl J Med 1992 Feb 6;326(6):406-8. Dawson-Hughes B. Calcium supplementation and bone loss: a review of controlled clinical trials. Am J Clin Nutr 1991 Jul;54(1 Suppl):274S-280S. Dawson-Hughes B, Dallal GE, Krall EA, Harris S, Sokoll LJ, Falconer G. Effect of vitamin D supplementation on wintertime and overall bone loss in healthy postmenopausal women. Ann Intern Med 1991 Oct 1;115(7):505-12. Comment in: Ann Intern Med 1992 May 1;116(9):775. Dawson-Hughes B, Dallal GE, Krall EA, Sadowski L, Sahyoun N, Tannenbaum S. A controlled trial of the effect of calcium supplementation on bone density in postmenopausal women. N Engl J Med 1990 Sep 27;323(13):878-83. Dawson-Hughes B, Harris S, Kramich C, Dallal G, Rasmussen HM. Calcium retention and hormone levels in black and white women on high- and low-calcium diets. J Bone Miner Res 1993 Jul;8(7): 779-87. Elders PJ, Netelenbos JC, Lips P, van Ginkel FC, Khoe E, Leeuwenkamp OR, Hackeng WH, van der Stelt PF. Calcium supplementation reduces vertebral bone loss in perimenopausal women: a controlled trial in 248 women between 46 and 55 years of age. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1991 Sep;73(3):533-40. Evans RA, Somers NM, Dunstan CR, Royle H, Kos S. The effect of low-dose cyclical etidronate and calcium on bone mass in early postmenopausal women. Osteoporos Int 1993 Mar;3(2):71-5. Flicker L. The use of bone mass screening to prevent fractures. Med J Aust 1991 Jan 21;154(2):135-40. Fujita T, Fukase M, Miyamoto H, Matsumoto T, Ohue T. Increase of bone mineral density by calcium supplement with oyster shell electrolysate. Bone Miner 1990 Oct;11(1):85-91. Hall RT, Wheeler RE, Rippetoe LE. Calcium and phosphorus supplementation after initial hospital discharge in breast-fed infants of less than 1800 grams birth weight. J Perinatol 1993 Jul-Aug;13(4):272-8. Harris S, Dallal GE, Dawson-Hughes B. 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