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1. Charles Taylor �Modes of Civil Society�, Public Culture, vol. 3, no. 1 (Fall 1990), pp. 95-118; Edward Shils �The Virtues of Civil Society�, Government and Opposition, vol. 26, no. 2. (Winter 1991), pp. 3-20; Edward Shils �Was ist eine Civil Society?� in K. Michelski (ed.) �Europe und die Civil Society� (Stuttgart: Kult-Cota, 1991), pp. 13-52; Michael Waltzer �The Idea of Civil Society�, Dissent. Spring 1991, pp. 293-304; Daniel Bell �American Exceptionalism Revisited: The Role of Civil Society�, The Public Interest, no. 95 (1989), pp. 38-56.

2. Bell �American Exceptionalism Revisited�, p. 56.

3. Vladimir Tismaneanu �Reinventing Politics: Eastern Europe After Communism�, New York: Free Press, 1992).

4. �� (John Keane) �� Democracy and Civil Society� (London: Verso, 1988).

5. Karl Marx �On the Jewish Question� in �Collected Works�, vol. 3. (Moscow: Progress Publishers, 1975), p. 154.

6. ��.: John Keane �Despotism and Democracy�, � �� Civil Society and the State� (London: Verso, 1988), pp. 35-72, � �� Norberto Bobbio �Gramsci and the Concept of Civil Society�, pp. 73-100 � �� . ��. �� Bell �American Exceptionalism Revisited�.

7. Marcel Mauss �A Category of the Human Mind: The Notion of Person, the Notion of �Self�, in Marcel Mauss �Sociology and Philosophy� (London: Routledge & Kegal Paul, 1979), pp. 85-89; Max Weber �Economy and Society�, vol. 2 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1978), p. 1209.

8. Richard Sennett �The Fall of Public Man� (New York: Knopf, 1977).

9. �� .: Proceedings of the 1991 Annual Convention of the Hungarian Sociological Association, June 24-28, �Magyarorszag A Vilagban� (Hungary in the World), �� 42 �� .

10. �� , �� Charles Maier (ed.) �Changing Boundaries of the Political� (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987).

11. Carole Pateman �The Fraternal Social Contract� in Keane �Civil Society�, pp. 101-28.

12. Peter Singer �Animal Liberation� (New York: Avon Books, 1975); T. Reagan �The Case for Animal Rights� (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1983). /221/

13. Max Weber �Social Psychology of World Religions� in H. H. Gerth and C. W. Mills (ed.) �From Max Weber: Essays in Sociology� (Oxford University Press. 1958), p. 281.

�� 1. �� 

1. �� : Hermann Klenner �Social Contract Theories in a Comparative Perspective� in �Law and Society� (Tokyo: Wasada University Press, 1988), pp. 49-68.

2. �� , �� . �� .: Eric Voeglin �The New Science of Politics� (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1952), esp. ch. 1.

3. �The Defensor Pacis of Marsilius of Padu�a, ed. C. W. Previte-Orton (Cambridge, 1928).

4. George Sabine �A History of Political Thought� (New York: Rinehart & Winston. 1950), pp. 141-51.

5. Sheldon Wohlin �Politics and Vision� (Boston: Little, Brown & Co., 1960), pp. 69-82.

6. P. Stein �Roman Law� in J. H. Burns (ed.) �The Cambridge History of Medieval Political Thought c. 350-1450� (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988), pp. 37-50; C. Mcllwain �The Growth of Political Thought in the West � (New York: Macmillan, 1932).

7. Cicero �The Republic�, W, 2, cited in Sabine �History of Political Thought�, p. 164.

8. R. Markus �The Latin Fathers�, pp. 92-122 in Burns (ed.) �Cambridge History�, esp. pp. 97. 99-100, 111.

9. R. Carlyle �A History of Medieval Political Theory in the West�. 6 vol. (Edinburgh: Blackwood, 1936), vol. 2, 102-13.

10. Ernst Troeltsch �The Social Teachings of the Christian Churches�, 2 vols. (New York: Macmillan, 1931), vol. 1, pp. 150-58.

11. �� : Jaroslav Pelikan �The Christian Tradition: A History of the Development of Dogma�, 4 vols. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1971), vol. 3, p. 74.

12. Troeltsch �Social Teachings�, vol. 1, p. 262.

13. �� , �. 260-61.

14. �� , �. 266.

15. Richard Tuck �Natural Rights Theories� (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1979), pp. 32-44.

16. Quentin Skinner �The Foundations of Modern Political Thought�, 2 vols. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1978), vol. 2, pp. 339-42. /222/

17. Tuck �Natural Rights�, p. 42.

18. ��.: Otto Gierke �Natural Law and the Theory of Society 5001800� (Cambridge, 1934).

19. Hugo Grotius �De Jui belli ai pacis�. Book I, ch. 1, section X, p.1 .

20. �� , �. 5.

21. Duncan Forber �Hume�s Philosophical Politics� (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1975), p. 17.

22. ��., ��, John Rawls �A Theory of Justice� (Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press, 1971), p. 11.

23. Tuck �Natural Rights�, pp. 3, 5, 79, 172-73; John Dunn �The Political Theory of John Locks� (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1969).

24. Book VII, set. 89 (�� VII, ��. 89). �� : John Locke �Two Treatises of Government�, ed. Peter Laslett (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1960). �� , �� Book� �� . �� , �� . � �� .

25. �� , Book, VIII, set. 101.

26. �� , Book VII, set. 87.

27. �� , Book II, set. 4.

28. �� , Book II, set. 6.

29. Dunn �Political Theory�, p. 106.

30. Locke �Two Treatises�. Book Vn, set. 87.

31. Dunn �Political Theory�, p. 127.

32. Locke �Two Treatises�, in Book XI, set. 135.

33. �� , Book XI, ��. 135.

34. Dunn �Political Theory�, p. 103.

35. �� , �. 260.

36. Charies Taylor �Sources of the Self: The Making of Modern Identity� (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1989)

37. Alasdair Maclntyre �Whose Justice, Which Rationality� (Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press, 1988), p. 268.

38. Adam Ferguson �An Essay on the History of Civil Society�, 5 ed. (London, 1782), p. 57.

39. Adam Smith �Theory of Moral Sentiments�(Indianapolis: Liberty Classics, 1982), p. 50.

40. Albert Hirschman �The Passions and the Interests� (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1979), p. 109. ��. �� Nicholas Phillipson �Adam Smith as Civil Moralist� in I. Hont and M. Ignatieff (ed.) �Wealth /223/ and Virtue: The Shaping of Political Economy in the Scottish Enlightenment� (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985), pp. 179-202.

41. Smith �Moral Sentiments�, p. 50.

42. Ferguson �Civil Society�, p. 52.

43. �� , �. 53.

44. Emile Durkheim �The Dualism of Human Nature and Its Social Condition� in R. Bellah (ed.) �Emile Durkheim on Morality and Society� (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1973), pp. 149-68.

45. Maclntyre �Whose Justice�, pp. 241-80.

46. Ferguson �Civil Society�, p. 95.

47. I. Hont and M. Ignatieff �Needs and Justice in the Wealth of Nations: An Introductory Essay�, pp. 1-44 in Hont and Ignatieff �Wealth and Virtue�, p. 11.

48. Jacob Viner �The Role of Providence in the Social Order� (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1972), pp. 55-85.

49. Ferguson �Civil Society�, p. 365.

50. Anthony Third Earl of Shaftesbury �Caracteristics of Men, Manners, Opinions and Times� (New York: Bobbs-Merrill, 1964).

51. Ferguson �Civil Society�, p. 58.

52. �� , �. 45.

53. �� , �. 44.

54. Maclntyre �Whose Justice�, pp. 218-325.

55. David Hume �A Treatise of Human Nature�, ed. H. D. Aiken (New York: Macmillan, 1948), Book III, Pt. I, section 1, p. 185.

56. David Hume, An Enquiry Concerning the Principles of Morals�in A.MacIntyre (ed.) �Hume�s Ethical Writings� (Notre Dame, IN: Notre Dame University Press, 1965), appendix I, p. 131.

57. Hume �Treatise�, Book III, pt. I, section 2, pp. 69-82.

58. �� , �. 225.

59. �� , Book III, pt. II, section 3, p. 63.

60. �� , �. 65.

61. �� , �� 2, �. 63. � �� , � � ��, �� , ��  �� (�ought�) � �� (�is�). ��.: A. Maclntyre �Hume on �Is� and �Ought� � V. C. Chappell (ed.) �Hume� (New York: Anchor Books, 1959), pp. 245-64. �� , �� . ��, �� (� �� ), �� . �� , �� -/224/�� , �� , �� . �� (�� ) �� . �� . ��, ��, �� , ��, �� , �� . �� , � ��, � ��, �� , � ��, �� . �� , �� , �� . �� , �� (�� ) �� . � �� -�� (�� 璺�� ) �� .

62. Hume �Treatise�, Book III, Pt. II, section 2. p. 64.

63. �� .

64. Ferguson �Civil Society� (supra, n. 38), pp. 364-367.

65. Hume �Treatise�, Book ID, Pt. II, section 2, pp. 61-62.

66. �� , section 4. p. 86.

67. ��.: Immanuel Kant �The Metaphysical Elements of Justice�, Pt. I of �The Metaphysics of Morals� (1794), ��. J. Ladd (New York: Bobbs-Merrill, 1965).

68. Susan Meld Shell �The Rights of Reason� (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1980), p. 83.

69. Immanuel Kant �Critique of Practical Reason�, trans. L. W. Beck (New York: Macmillan, 1985), p. 90.

70. Immanuel Kant �Idea for a Universal History from a Cosmopolitan Point of View� (1784), ��. L.Beck, pp. 11-16 in L.Beck (ed.) �Immanuel Kant on History� (New York: Bobbs-Merrill, 1963).

71. Immanuel Kant �Anthropology From a Pragmatic Point of View�, (1797), ��. M.Gregor (The Hague: Nijoff, 1974), �� 325; �� Conjectural beginnings of Human History� (1786), ��. E.Fackenheim, pp. 53-68 in Beck �Kant�, �� 115-17; �� On the Old Saw: That What May Be Right in Theory Wont Work in Practice�, ��. E.B.Ashton (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press,1974).

72. John Laursen �The Subversive Kant: The Vocabulary of Public and Publicity�, Political Theory, vol. 14. no. 4 (November 1986), pp. 584-603

73. Hannah Arendt �Lectures on Kant�s Political Philosophy� (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1982), p. 60.

74. Immanuel Kant �What Is Enlightenment� (1784), ��. L. Beck, pp. 3-10 � Beck �Kant�, 1963. /225/

75. John Rundell �Origins of Modernity� (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1987), p. 28.

76. Kant �Metaphysical Elements of justice�, �� 230-32.

77. �� , �� 237-38.

78. Shell �Rights of Reason�, p. 123.

79. Kant �Metaphysical Elements of Justice�, �� 217-28.

80. Rundell �Origins�, p. 35-55.

81. �� .: Robert Shaver �Rousseau and Recognition�, Social Theory and Practice, vol. 15, no. 3 (Fall 1989), pp. 26-28.

82. G. W. F. Hegel �The Philosophy of Right�, (1821), ��. T.Knox (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1952), pp. 4-57.

83. �� , �. 105-55; G. W. F. Hegel �Hegel and the Human Spirit: A Translation of the Jena Lectures on Philosophy of Spirit� (1805-1806) � ��, ��. L. Rauch (Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1983), pp. 99-118.

84. Hegel �Human Spirit�, p. 118.

85. J. M. Bernstein �From Self-consciousness to Community: Act and Recognition in the Master-Slave Relationship�, pp. 14-39 � Z. A.Pelczynski (ed.) �The State and Civil Society: Studies in Hegel�s Political Philosopohy� (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984).

86. Hegel �Philosophy of Right�, �� 4, c. 20.

87. Joachim Ritter �Hegel and the French Revolution� (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1984), p. 158.

88. Hegel �Philosophy of Right�, �� 7, c. 23.

89. �� , �� 182, c. 122-23.

90. �� , �� 184, c. 123.

91. �� .

92. �� , �� 185, �. 123.

93. �� , �� 238, �. 148; �� 225, �. 154.

94. �� , �� 255, �. 154.

95. �� , �� 288, �. 189.

96. � �� , �� , � �� . ³��, ��, �� : �� , �� (��, �� , �� ). �� , �� , �� , �� , �� , � �� -/226/pec. �� , �� ᒺ�� ; �� ... � �� , �� , �� . �� , �� , �� , �� ; ��, �� (�� , �� ) �� . �� , �� , �� , �� ... �� ... � �� .... ҳ, �� , �� , �� ᒺ�� , � �� , �� , �� , �� (�� , Zusatz 294, �. 191-92). �� (�� , �� , �� ), �� . � �� , � � �� . �� 䳿, �� . ��, � � �� , ��-��, �� , �� (� ��), �� . ֳ�� , �� (��, �� , �� aufhebung). �� , ��, �� , �� .

97. Karl Marx �Preface and Introduction to A Contribution to The Critique of Political Economy� (Peking: Foreign Languages Press, 1976), p. 10.

98. �� , �. 9. �� .

99. Friedrich Engels �Karl Marx: A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy� in Marx, Critique, p. 54.

100. Karl Marx �Contribution to the Critique of Hegel�s Philosophy of Law�, � K.Marx and F. Engels �Collected Works�, (New York: International Publishers, 1975), vol.3, p.8.

101. Jean Cohen �Class and Civil Society� (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1982), pp. 29-36.

102. Karl Marx �On the Jewish Question� in K.Marx and F.Engels �Collected Works� (Moscow: Progress Publishers, 1975), vol. 3, pg. 153. /227/

103. �� . �� .

104. �� , �. 162.

105. �� , �. 164.

106. �� , �. 165.

107. �� , �. 166.

108. �� .

109. �� .

110. �� .

111. �� , �. 168.

112. Lesek Kolakowski �The Myth of Human Self-Identity� in L.Kolakowski and Hampshire (ed.) �The Socialist Idea� (New York: Basic Books, 1975).

113. Times Literary Supplement (London), June 21, 1991, p. 22.

�� 2. �� : �� 

1. Giambattista Vico �The New Science of Politics�, trans. Bergin and Fisch (Ithaca, NY, 1948); I. Berlin �Vico and Herder� (London, 1946); A.R. Caponigri �Time and Idea�: �The Theory of History of Giambattista Vico� (London, 1953). �� .: J. C. A. Pocock �The Machiavellian Moment� (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1975); Felix Rabb �The English Face of Machiavelli� (London, 1964); Caroline Robbins �The Eighteenth Century Commonwealthmen� (Cambridge, 1959).

2. �� (Burke) ��.: �. Sabine �A History of Political Theory� (New York: Rinhart & Winston, 1961), pp. 607-19. �� .: J. G. A. Pocock �Burke and the Ancient Constitution: A Problem in the History of Ideas�, pp. 203-32 in J. G. A. Pocock �Politics, Language and Time� (New York, 1973). �� . �� . G. W. F. Hegel �The Philosophy of History� (New York, 1956). �� .: Istvan Meszaros �Marx�s Theory of Alienation�(London, 1970). �� .: C.A.Cohen �Karl Marx�s Theory of History: A Defense� (Oxford, 1978).

3. Knud Haakonssen �Hugo Grotius and the History of Political Thought�, Political Theory, vol. 13, no. 2 (May 1985), p. 248.

4. Otto Gierke �Political Theory of the Middle Ages� (Boston: Beacon, 1958), p. 75.

5. Wolfgang Schluchter �The Rise of Western Rationalism� (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1981), p. 104.

6. S.N.Eisenstadt �The Axial Age: The Emergence of Transcendental Visions and the Rise of the Clerics�, European Journal of Sociology, no. 23, 1982, pp. 294-314. /228/

7. Eric Voeglin �Order and History� (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1954).

8. Benjamin Schwartz (ed.) �Wisdom, Revelation and Doubt: Perspectives on the First Millennium BC�, Daedalus, Spring 1975.

9. Eisenstadt �Axial Age�, p. 300.

10. Robert Bellah �Religious Evolution�, American Sociological Review, vol. 29 (1964), pp. 358-74.

11. Max Weber �Social Psychology of World Religions� in H. Gerth and C. W. Mills (ed.) �From Max Weber: Essays in Sociology� (New York: Oxford University Press, 1958), pp. 44-45.

12. Wolfgang Schluchter �The Paradox of Rationalization� in W.Schluchter and G. Roth �Max Weber�s Vision of History� (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1979), p. 23.

13. S. N. Eisenstadt �Heterodoxy and the Dynamics of Civilizations�, Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, vol. 128 (1984), pp.1056; Schluchter �Rise of Western Rationalizm�, p. 43; R. Lovin and F.Reynolds (ed.) �Cosmogony and Ethical Order� (Chicago, 1985).

14. Schluchter �Rise of Western Rationalism�, pp. 44-48; D. A. Knight �Cosmogony and Order in the Hebrew Tradition�, pp. 133-57 in Lovin and Reynolds �Cosmogony�; Hans Betz �Cosmology and Ethics in in the Sermon on the Mount�, pp. 158-76 in Lovin and Reynolds �Cosmogony�.

15. S.N.Eisenstadt �This Worldly Transcendentalism and the Structuring of the World: Weber�s Religion of China and the Format of Chinese History and Civilization�. Journal of Development Studies, vol.1 (1985), pp. 168-86; Schluchter �Rise of Western Rationalism�, pp. 47.67; Benjamin Schwartz �Transcendence in Ancient China�, Daedalus, 1975, pp. 57-69; idem. �The World of Thought in Ancient China� (Cambridge, 1985), pp. 56-134; John Smith �The Individual in the Judeo-Christian Tradition�, pp. 251-67 in C. Moore (ed.) �The Status of the Individual in East and West� (Honolulu, 1968).

16. Marcel Mauss �A Category of the Human Mind: The Notion of Person, the Notion of �Self� in Marcel Mauss �Sociology and Philosophy �(London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1979), pp. 85-89.

17. Louis Dumont �A Modified View of Our Origins: The Christian Beginning of Modem Individualism�, Religion, vol. 12 (1982), pp. 1-27.

18. Ernst Troeltsch �The Social Teachings of the Christian Churches�, 2 vols. (New York: Macmillan, 1931), vol. 1 pp. 110-11; Adolf Harnack �History of Dogma�, (New York: Dover, 1961), vol. 1, pp. 203-22; Jaroslav Pelikan �The Christian Tradition: A History of the Development of Dogma�, 4 vols. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1971), vol. 1, pp. 278-331.

19. �� (Eucharist) �� .: Rudolf Bultman �Primitive Christianity� (Philadelphia, 1956), p. 187.

20. �� .: Francis Clark �Eucharist Sacrifice end the Reformation� (London, 1960), s. 127-76. /229/

21. ��. David Little �Religion. Order and Law� (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1984), p. 41.

22. Troeltsch �Social Teachings�, vol. 2, pp. 590-92.

23. John Calvin �Institutes of the Christian Religion�, ed. John McNeill (Philadelphia, 1960), vol. 4, 1, p. 5.

24. E. Troeltsch �Social Teachings�, vol. 2, pp. 596-597. �� , ��, � �� , �� , �� , � �� . �� , �� , �� , �� , � ��, �� , �� .

25. Donald Kelly �The Beginning of Ideology� (London, 1981), p. 80.

26. Richard Rogers �Seven Treatises... Called the Practice of Christianitie�, 2d ed. (London, 1605), pp. 497-98.

27. �� , �� , � �� . �� 򳿻, �� . �, ��, �� Geneva Confession of Faith (1536), the Scottish National Covenant (1638), the English Solemn League and Covenant (1643), �� 볿 䳺�� .

28. Talcott Parsons �Christianity and Modern Industrial Society�, in E.Tiryakian (ed.) �Sociological Theory� (New York: Harper & Row, 1967), p. 51.

29. Max Weber �The Protestant Ethic and the Theory of Capitalism� (New York: Charles Scribner�s Sons, 1958). � �� .: M. MacKinnon �Calvinism and the Infallibility of Grace� and �Weber�s Explanation of Calvinism�, British Journal of Sociology, vol. XXXIX, no. 2 (June 1988), pp. 143-210.

30. Benjamin Nelson �The Idea of Usury: From Tribal Brotherhood to Universal Otherhood� (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1969), p.241.

31. Benjamin Nelson �Self-�images and Systems of Spiritual Direction in the History of European Civilization�, in S. Klausner (ed.) �The Quest for SelfControl: Classical Philosophies and Scientific Research� (New York: Free Press, 1965), p. 71.

32. �� .

33. Benjamin Nelson �Conscience and the Making of Early Modern Culture: The Protestant Ethic Beyond Max Weber�, Social Research, vol. 36 (1969), pp. 16-13. /230/

34. Pocock �Machiavellian Moment� (supra, n. 1), p. 396; W. Hunt �The Puritan Moment: The Coming of Revolution in an English County� (Cambridge: Cambildge University Press, 1985), pp. 90-91, 131-35; M.Watts �The Dissenters (Oxford: Clarendon Press. 1978), pp. 30, 31, 41, 42, 55, 56; J. McGee �The Godly Man in Stuart England� (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1976).

35. �� .: Little �Religion. Order and Law� (supra, n. 1), pp. 62-80; Michael Waltzer �The Revolution of the Saints� (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1965), pp. 30-57; Troeltsch �Social Teachings� (supra, no. 18), vol. 2, pp. 617-25.

36. Dumont �Modified View of Our Origins� (supra, no. 17).

37. John Winthrop �Winthrop Papers� (Boston: Massachusetts Historical Society, 1931), vol. 2, p. 283.

38. John Winthrop �A Reply to an Answer Made to a Declaration...� (1637) in Thomas Hutchinson (ed.) �A Collection of Original Pavers Relative to the History of the Colony of Massachusetts Bay� (Boston, 1764). pp. 100-101.

39. John Cotton �Copy of a Letter to Lord Say and Seale in the Year 1636� in Hutchinson �Original Papers�, pp. 414-415.

40. Quoted in Kenneth Lockridge �A New England Town: The First Hundred Years� (New York: Norton, 1970), pp. 4-5.

41. John Davenport �A Discourse About Civil Government in a New Plantation Whose Design is Religion� (Cambridge, 1663), pp. 14-15, 45.

42. Edward Johnson �Wonder Working Providence of Sions Saviour in Neew England� (1654) (New York: Delmar, 1974), p. 46.

43. �� 볿 ��.: George Haskins �Law and Authority in Early Massachusetts� (Hamden, CT: Archon Book, 1960), pp. 17-32.

44. �The Book of General Lauues and Libertyes Concerning the Inhabitants of Massachussets� (Boston, 1648), p. A2.

45. �� .

46. �� .

47. �� .

48. �� .: Haskins �Law and Authority�, pp. 158-162.

49. Thomas Sheppard and John Allin �A Defense of an Answer...� (London, 1648), p. 86.

50. �� , ��, �� Perry Miller �Errand into the Wilderness � (New York: Harper & Row 1964), �� 볿 �The New England Mind: The Seventeenth Century and The New England Mind: From Colony to Province�(Boston: Belknap Press, 1953).

51. J.Bossy �Christianity in the West 1400-1700� (Oxford: Oxford University Press. 1985), p. 108; E. Battis �Saints and Sectaries: Anne /231/ Hutchinson and the Antinomian Controversy� (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1963), pp. 330-44; D. Hall �The Antinomian Controversy: A Documentary History� (Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University Press, 1968), p. 95.

52. �� .: Bernard Bailyn �The New England Merchants in the Seventeenth Century� (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1955).

53. ��, �� , �� Half-Way Covenant (�� ), �� , �� Stoddard-Mather�, �� , �� (�� ), �� 볿. �� .: Adam Seligman �Inner Worldly Individualism and the Institutionalization of Puritanism in late 17 century New England�, British Journal of Sociology, vol.41, no. 1(1990), pp. 537-57.

54. �� 볿 ��.: �. �. Holifield �The Covenant Sealed: The Development of Puritan Sacramental Theology in Old and New England 1570-1720� (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1974) esp. ch. 8. ϳ�� Saybrook� 1705 ��, �� D.Hall �The Faithful Shepherd� (New York: Norton, 1972), p. 274; R. Bushman �From Puritan to Yankee� (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1967), p. 151.

55. �� .: Bushman �From Puritan to Yankee�.

56. �� , �� (Independents) � �� 볿, �� , �� Half Way Covenant (�� ), �� 䒺�� . �� : �� , �� . Max Weber �Economy and Society� (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1978), p. 208.

57. �� Paul Lucas �Valley of Discord: Church and Society Along the Connecticut River. 1636-1662� (Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University Press, 1968), pp. 126, 242, 244.

58. John Wise �Vindication of the Government of New England Churches� (Boston, 1717), pp. 32-47.

59. Carl Becker �The Declaration of Independence� (New York: Vintage Press, 1958), p. 78.

60. John Adams �The Papers of John Adams�, 4 vols, ed. R.Taylor, (Cambridge: Belknap Press, 1977), vol.4, pp. 291-93.

61. �� , �. 230.

62. James Wilson �The Works of James Wilson�, ed. B. Wilson, (Philadelphia: Bronson & Channing, 1804), vol. 3, p. 205.

63. �� , �. 1, c. 124. /232/

64. E.L.Tuveson �Redeemer Nation: The Idea of America�s Millennial Role� Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1968).

65. Alan Heimart �Religion and the American Mind� (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1966), p. 61.

66. Tuveson �Redeemer Nation�, p. 23.

67. Heimart �American Mind�; N. O. Hatch �The Sacred Cause of Liberty: Republican Thought and the Millennium in Revolutionary New England�(New Haven: Yale University Press, 1977); Ruth Bloch �Visionary Republic: Millennial Themes in American Thought 1765-1800� (London: Cambridge University Press, 1985).

68. Pocock �Machiavellian Moment� (supra, no. 1).

69. John Adams �Dissertation on Cannon and Feudal Law� (Boston, 1765), p. 126.

70. David Lovejoy �Religious Enthusiasm in the New World� (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1985), p. 227.

71. Tuveson �Redeemer Nation�, p. 24.

72. Pocock �Machiavellian Moment�, p. 512.

73. Adams �Papers� (supra, n. 60), vol. 2.

74. �� , �. 230, 291-93, 311-12.

75. Robert Bellah �Civil Religion in America�, Daedalus, vol. 96 (Winter 1967), pp. 1-21.

76. Wilson �Papers� (supra, n. 62), vol. 1, p. 106.

77. Robert Bellah �The Broken Covenant� (New York: Seabury Press, 1975).

78. R.W.B. Lewis �The American Adam� (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1958).

79. F.McDonald �Novus Ordo Seclorum� (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1978). p. 58.

80. Bernard Bailyn �Pamphlets of the American Revolution 17401776�(Cambridge: Belknap Press, 1965). p. 27.

81. �� , �. 559.

82. �� , �. 426, 441.

83. Adams �Papers�, vol. 2, p. 140.

84. �� , vol. 1, pp. 333-53, 344.

85. �� : Adam Seligman �Charisma and the Transformation of Grace in the Early Modem Era�, Social Research, vol. 58, no. 3 (1991), pp. 591-620.

86. Yehoshua Arieli �Individualism and Nationalism in American Life� (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1964), p. 83.

87. �� .

88. Georg Jellinek �The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of Citizens: A Contribution to Modern Constitutional History�(Westport, CT: Hyperion Press, 1979), p. 48. /233/

89. �� , �. 53.

90. �� , �. 80

91. �� , �. 62

92. �� , �. 61.

93. �� , �. 92.

94. �� , �. 9.

95. Arieli �Individualism and Nationalism�.

96. �� 䳺� �� Ludwig Siep �Person and Law in Kant and Hegel� in R.Shurmann (ed.) �The Public Realm� (Albany: SUNY Press, 1989), pp. 82-104, �� (p. 84).

97. Emile Durkheim �Sociology ttnd Philosophy� (New York: Free Press, 1974), p. 54.

98. Benjamin Whichcote �The Uses of Reason in Matters of Religion�, pp. 42-61 in C. A. Patrides (ed.) �The Cambridge Platonists� (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1969), p. 46.

99. Mauss �Category of Human Mind� (supra, n. 16).

100. Otto Gierke �Natural Law and the Theory of Society 500-1800� (Cambridge, 1934).

101. I Corinthians 12: 12.13.

102. Sheldon Wohlin �Politics and Vision� (Boston: Little, Brown & Co.,1960), p. 101.

103. Gierke �Political Theories of Middle Ages� (supra, n. 4), p. 10.

104. ��, �� , �� , �� Գ�� , �� , �� . �� 209, �. 134.

105. Max Weber �Economy and Society�, vol. 2 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1978), p. 556.

106. Nelson �Idea of Usury� (supra, n. 30).

107. Jurgen Habermas �Theory and Practice� (Boston: Beacon Press, 1974), pp. 132-33.

108. �� .

109. Gierke �Natural Law�, p. 40. �� .

110. G. W. F.Hegel �The Philosophy of Right� (1821), ��. �. Knox (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1962), p. 134.

111. Albrecht Wellmer �Models of Freedom in the Modern World�, pp. 227-252 in M. Kelly (ed.) �Hermeneutics and Critical Theory in Ethics and Politics� (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1990), p. 238.

112. Jellinek �Declaration of Rights of Man� (supra, n. 88), pp. 74-75. /234/

�� 3. �� , �� 

1. Adam Przeworski �Capitalism and Social Democracy� (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985), p. 32.

2. S.M.Lipset �Radicalism or Reformism: The Sources of Working Class Politics�, The American Political Science Review, vol. 77 (1983), p. 6.

3. H.F.Moorhouse �The Political Incorporation of the British Working Class: An Interpretation�, Sociology, vol. 7, no. 3 (1973), p.345; J. M. Barbalet �Citizenship�(Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1988), pp. 83-84.

4. ֳ �� , �� , �� . �� , �� , ��.: Samuel Bowles and Herbert Gintis �Democracy and Capitalism: Property, Community and the Contradictions of Modern Social Thought� (New York: Basic Books, 1987), p. 43.

5. �� Werner Sombart �Why There is No Socialism in the USA� (London: Macmillan, 1975). �� ˳�� (Lipset). �� .: Seymour Martin Lipset �American Exceptionalism in the North American Perspective: Why the United States Has Withstood the World Socialist Movement� in G. Adams (ed.) �The Idea of America� (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1977); �� American Exception alism� in M.Novak (ed.) �Capitalism and Socialism: A Theological Inquiry� (Washington, DC: AE. 1.1979), pp. 34-60.Ha �� .: Aristide Zolberg �How Many Exceptionalisms�in I. Katznelson and A. Zolberg (ed.) �Working Class Formation: 19 Century Patterns in Western Europe and the United States� (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1986), pp. 397-455.

6. Lipset �Radicalism or Reformism�, p. 2.

7. Selig Perlman �A Theory of the Labor Movement� (New York: A. M. Kelly, 1928), p. 167.

8. Arnold Mayer �The Persistence of the Old Regimes: Europe to the Great War� (New York: Pantheon Books, 1981), p. 135.

9. Lipset �Radicalism or Reformism�, p. 2.

10. Paul Jacobs �What Can We Expect from the Unions?� in I. Howe (ed.) �The Radical Papers� (New York: Doubleday, 1966), pp. 262-64.

11. Rienhart Bendix �National-Building and Citizenship�(Berkeley: University of California Press, 1977), p. 96.

12. Leo Sampson �Americanism as Surrogate socialism� in J. Laslett and S.M.Lipset (ed.) �Failure of a Dream�, 1st ed.(New York: Anchor Books, 1974), p. 426.

13. �� Adam Seligman �The Failure of Socialism in the United States: A Reconsideration�; S. N. Eisenstadt � �� Center Formation: Protest Movements and Class Structure in Europe and the United States� (London: Pinter Press, 1987), pp. 90-117. /235/

14. ��., ��, F. Alexander �Moving Frontiers: An American Theme and Its Application to Australian History� (Melbourne: Melbourne University Press, 1947); P. A. Sharp �Three Frontiers: Some Comparative Studies of Canadian, American and Australian Settlement�, Pacific Historical Review, vol. 24 (1955); P.J. Coleman �The New Zealand Frontier and the Turner Thesis�, Pacific Historical Review, vol. 27 (1958), pp. 221 � 37.

15. Stephan Themstrom �Socialism and Social Mobility� in Laslett and Upset �Failure of a Dream�, p. 550.

16. Sampson �Americanism as Surrogate socialism�, p. 426.

17. Bendix �Nation-Building�, p. 115.

18. Lipset �American Exception alism in North American Perspective� (supra, n. 5).

19. Samuel Huntington �American Politics: The Promise of Disharmony� (Cambridge: MA Belknap Press 1981).

20. T.H.Marshall �Class, Citizenship and Social Development�(Westport, CT: Greenwood Press 1973), pp. 71-72.

21. ��.: Massimo �� Long Waves in the Development of Welfare Systems� in Charles Maier (ed.) �Changing Boundaries of the Political� (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987), pp. 179-99.

22. Michael Waltzer �Spheres of Justice� (New York: Basic Books, 1983), �� .

23. ��.: Paul Stair and Ellen Immergut �Health Care and the Boundaries of Politics� in Maier �Changing Boundaries�, pp. 221-254

24. ��, � �� (FIDESZ), �� (� �� ) � �� , �� (�� ).

25. �� Speenhamland �� -�� , �� . �� 1834 �� 񳺿 �� 볿 �� (Karl Polanyi) � �The Great Transformation: The Political and Economic Origins of Our Times� (Boston: Beacon Press, 1957), pp 77-110. �� , �� : � �� , �� , �� , �� . �� , � �� .

26. Marshall �Class, Citizenship�, p 80.

27. Emile Durkheim �The Dualism of Human Nature and Its Social Condition� � R. Bellah (ed.) �Emile Durkheim on Morality and Society� (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1973), pp. 161-62. /236/

28 Emile Durkheim �Individualism and the Intellectuals� in Bellah �Durkheim on Morality�, p. 44.

29. ��., ��, Emile Durkheim �The Division of Labor in Society� (New York: Free Press, 1964), pp. 200-229.

30. Steven Lukes �Emile Durkheim: His Life and Work� (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1985), pp. 320-360.

31. �� Talcott Parsons �The Structure of Social Action� (New York Free Press, 1968), pp. 315-316.

32. �� , �. 333.

33. Durkheim �Individualism and Intellectuals�, p 52.

34. Lukes �Emile Durkheim�, pp. 337-39.

35. Durkheim �Individualism and Intellectuals�, p. 45

36. Lukes �Emile Durkheim�, pp. 540-41

37. Emile Durkheim �Socialism� (New York: Collier Books, 1962), pp. 245-46

38. Emile Durkheim �Professional Ethics and Civic Morals�(Westport, CT: Green wood Press, 1958), p. 69.

39. �� , �. 65

40. �� .

41. �� .

42. Durkheim �Socialism�, pp. 34-35.

43. �� , �. 247.

44. �� .: Lukes �Emile Durkheim�, p. 246.

45. Durkheim �Socialism�, p. 48.

46. �� , �. 285.

47. Durkheim �Professional Ethics�, p 64.

48. �� , �. 64, 68.

49. �� , �. 68.

50. Emile Durkheim �Moral Education: A Study of the Theory and Application of the Sociology of Education� (New York: Free Press, 1961), p. 122.

51. Parsons �Structure� (supra, n. 31), p. 389.

52. Emile Durkheim �Sociology and Philosophy� (New York: Free Press, 1974), Talcott Parsons �Durkheim on Religion Revisited� � Talcott Parsons �Action Theory and the Human Condition� (New York: Free Press, 1978), pp. 213-32.

53. Durkheim �Individualism and Intellectuals� (supra, no. 28), p 46.

54. �� , �� . �� /237/ �� , �� .

55. Durkheim �Moral Education�, p. 19

56. �� , �� , �� , �� , �� sui-generis��. �� , �. 60.

57. Durkheim �Sociology and Philosophy�, p. 54.

58. Max Weber �Economy and Society� (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1978), 1209.

59. Max Weber �Science as a Vocation� � H. H. Gerth � �. W. Mills (ed.) �From Max Weber: Essays in Sociology� (New York: Oxford, 1958), p. 155.

60. Jean-Francois Lyotard �The Differend� (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1988), p. 37.

61. Michel Foucault �The Order of Things� (New York: Vintage Press, 1973), p. 387.

62. Weber �Economy and Society�, p. 1209.

63. Jurgen Habermas �The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere�, ��. Thomas Burger (Cambridge: MIT Press), ms. p. 72.

64. �� , �� , �� , � �� , �� Roger Chartier �The Cultural Origins of the French Revolution� (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1991), pp. 196, 334-37.

65. �� (�� ), �� , �� , �� . ³�� . � Richard Tuck �Natural Rights Theories� (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1979). � �� , ��, ��, Գ�� , � �� , �� . Manfred Reidel �Nature and Freedom in Hegel�s Philosophy of Right� in Z.A.Pelczynski (ed.) �Hegel�s Political Philosophy� (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1971), p. 146.

66. ��., ��, Keith Tester �Animals and Society: The Humanity of Animal Rights� (London: Routledge, 1991). �� .: James Sheehan and Morton Sosna (ed.) �The Boundaries of Humanity: Humans, Animals and Machines� (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1991), �� .: Michael Leahy �Against Liberation: Putting Animals in Perspective� (London: Routledge, 1991).

67. �� , �� , �� ius naturale, ��-/238/ �� ᒺ�� . �� , ��, ��-�� .

68. �� . �. �� The Passions and the Interests� (�� ) � �� . �� , � �� . Ƴ�� , � � �� qua (��) �� . �� , �� 㳿 (IVF-GIFT, �� , �� ), �� . �� clitoridectomy � �� (Revue de MAUSS, no. 4, Deuxieme trimestre 1989) �� , �� . ��, ��  �� , �� , � �� . Josephine Donovan �Animal Rights and Feminist Theory�, Signs, vol. 15, no. 2(1990), pp. 350-75

69. Faye Ginsburg �Contested Lives: The Abortion Debate in an American Community� (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1989), p.9.

70. John Gray in Times Literary Supplement (London), February 1, 1991, p. 7.

71. Max Weber �The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism� (New York: Scribner�s, 1958), p. 182.

72. John Dunn �The Political Theory of John Locke� (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1969), p. 250.

73. ֳ�� , �� , � �� . �� , ��, �� , � �� . �� , �� г�, �� , �� . ³� ��: �³�� . ��-��, �� (� �� ) �� . �� , �� , �� , �� . �� , �� ; �, ��, � �� , �� /239/ �� . �� , ��, �� , �� , �� . �� . �� , �� -�� . �� , ��, ��, �� , �� (�, �� , �� ). �� г� �� , �� : �ͳ�� , ... �� , �� , �, ��, �� (John Reed �One South: An Ethnic Approach to Regional Culture�(Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1982), p. 173). �� , �� . ó�� (� �� , �� ), �� , �� . �� , �� , �� (�� ) �� , �� , �� , �� , �� .

74. Max Weber �Churches and Sects in North America�, trans, and introduced by C. Loader and J. Alexander, Sociological Theory, vol. 1, no. 3(1985), pp. 1-12.

75. Alexis de Tocqueville �Democracy in America.� 2 vols. (1860, rev.) (New York: Vintage, 1945), vol. 2, p. 338.

76. �� , �. 339.

77. �� , �. 350.

78. �� . �� , �� . �� , �� ̳�� (1859) �� . �� (� �� ) �� (Schmitt), �� . �� 򳿻 (Cambridge: MIT Press. 1988) � �� (1926). � �� (��), �� . �� . �� , � �� , �� -/240/�� (�� 򳺿 �Arcana rei publicie�, �� ). �� , �� . �� [� ��, ��] ��, �� , � �� . � ��, � �� , �� (�� ) �� , �� , �� . � �� , �� , �� . � �� , �� , �� The Origins of Totalitarianism� (�� ). ��, ��, �� , �� , �� , �� (�� ), �� , �� .

79. Katharine Bartlett and Jean O�Barr �The Chilly Climate on College Campuses: An Expansion of the Hate Speech Debate�, Duke Law journal, vol. 1990, no. 3, pp. 574-86. esp., pp. 580-81.

80. C. L. Ten �Mill on Self-Regarding Actions�, Philosophy, vol. 43 (1968), pp. 29-37.

81. I. Young �Impartiality and the Civil Public� in S. Benhabib and D. Cornell (ed.) �Feminism as Critique� (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1987), pp. 57-76; C. Kitzinger �The Regulation of Lesbian Identities: Liberal Humanism as an Ideology of Social Contol� in J. Shelter and K. Green (ed.) �Text of Identity� (London: Sage Publications, 1989), pp. 82-98.

82. M. Daly �Gyn/Ecology: The Metaethics of Radical Feminism� (Boston: Beacon Press, 1978); A. Dworkin �Intercourse� (New York: Free Press, 1987).

83. Patrick Devlin �Morals and the Criminal Law�, in D. Spitz (ed.). �� : John Stuart Mill �Annotated text. Sources and Background Criticism� (New York: Norton, 1975), p. 187.

84. �� , �. 183.

85. Hannah Arendt �The Public and the Private Realm� in Hannah Arendt �The Human Condition� (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1958), pp. 22-78.

86. Niklas Luhmann �The Representation of Society Within Society�, Current Sociology, vol. 35, no. 2 (1987), pp. 101-8.

87. Stanley Rosen �Nihilism� (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1978), pp. 206-13.

88. Arendt �Public and Private Realm�, p. 51. /241/

89. Niklas Luhmann �Tautology and Paradox in the Self-representation of Society�, Sociological Inquiry, vol. 6, no. 1 (1988), pp. 226-37). �� : Charles Taylor �Sources of the Self: The Making of Modern Identity� (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1989).

90. �� -�� Gunther Roth �Charisma and the Counterculture� in G. Roth and W. Schulchter �Max Weber�s Vision of History� (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1979), pp. 119-43, �� Luhmann �Tautology and Paradox� � �� .

�� 4. ��, ��, ��-��: � ��

1. �� Intifada� ��.: Ze�ev Schiff and Ehud Ya�ari �Intifada, the Palestinian Uprising: Israel�s Third Front� (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1989).

2. Miklos Szabo �Problems of Hungarian National Consciousness in the Second Half of the Twentieth Century�, Social Research, vol. 55, no. 4 (1988), p. 699.

3. Hannah Arendt �Origins of Totalitarianism�(New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. 1973), pp. 269-79.

4. �� .: �Ha-�Tehiya Platform: Israel Will Encourage the Emigation of Arabs from Judea, Samaria and Gaza�, HaAretz, August 31, 1988 (Hebrew); �Ha-�Tehiya and Tzomet: Find the Difference�, Ha-Aretz, September 2.1988 (Hebrew); Kach �A manifesto from the Kach Movement and Rabbi Meir Kahana�, Jerusalem (n. d.), 1988, (Hebrew); Moledet, �Information Sheet # 1�, Ramat HaSharon (n. d.), 1988, (Hebrew); Tzomet �Platform Principles� (n. d.), 1988 (n. p.) (Hebrew); E. Sprinzak �Kach and Kahana: The Emergence of Jewish QuasiFascism� in A. Arian and M. Shamir (ed.) �The Elections in Israel� (TelAviv: Ramot, 1984).

5. �� Erik Cohen �Ethnicity and Legitimation in Contemporary Israel�, Jerusalem Quarterly, no. 28 (1983), pp. 111-24.

6. �� .: Sami Samoocha �Minority Status and Ethnic Democracy�, Ethnic and Racial Studies. 1990, and S. Samoocha �Arabs and Jews in Israel�, vol. 1 (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1989). Vol. 2 is forthcoming, 1992.

7. �� Charles Liebman and Eliezer Dov-Yehiya �Israel�s Civil Religion�, Jerusalem Quarterly, no. 23 (1982), pp. 37-69.

8. �� R. Coleman and L. Rainwater �Social Standing in America: New Dimensions� (New York: Basic Books, 1978). /242/

9. Stein Rokkan �Dimensions of State-Formation and Nation-Building: A Possible Paradigm for Research on Variations Within Western Europe� in C. Tilly (ed.) �The Formation of Nation-Slates in Western Europe� (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press), 1975.

10. S. N. Eisenstad Center Formation: Protest Movements and Class Structure in Europe and the United States� (London: Pinter Press, 1987), p. 11.

11. �� , �. 15.

12. Otto Gierke Political Theory of the Middle Ages� (Boston: Beacon, 1958), p. 63.

13. Jeno Szucs �Three Historical Regions of Europe� in Keane ed., Civil Society and the State, p. 307.

14. Gierke �Political Theory�, p. 64.

15. Szucs �Three Historical Regions�, p. 319.

16. George Schopflin �The Political Traditions of Eastern Europe�, in Daedalus special issue. Eastern Europe, Central Europe, Europe, Winter, 1990, p. 68. ֳ� �� .

17. �� , �. 63.

18. �� , �. 66.

19. Andrew Janos �Tne Politics of Backwardness in Hungary 18251945� (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1982), pp. 65-66.

20. �� .

21. �� Perry Andersen �Lineages of the Absolutist State� (London: New Left Books, 1974).

22. �� .: L. Tivey (ed.) �The Nation-State� (Oxford: Robertson, 1980); B. Anderson �Imagined Communities�(London: Verso, 1983); J. Breuilly �Nationalism and the State� (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1982).

23. Daniel Lerner �The Passing of Traditional Societies� (New York: Free Press, 1985).

24. Anthony Smith �State Making and Nation Building� in J. Hall (ed.) �States in History� (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1986), pp. 228-63.

25. Rokkan �Dimensions of State�-Formation� (supra, n. 9), p. 572.

26. Janos �Politics of Backwardness�, p. 69.

27. Schpflin �Political Traditions�, p. 71.

28. Gyorgy Csepeli �Competing Patterns of National Identity in Post Communist Hungary�, Media, Culture and Society, vol. 13 (1991), p. 328.

29. Ivo Banac �Political Change and National Diversity�, Daedalus, Eastern Europe (supra, n. 16), pp. 141-60.

30. Colin Crouch �Sharing Public Space: States and Organized Interests in Western Europe� in Hall �States in History�, p. 180. /243/

31. Charles Taylor �Modes of Civil Society�, Public Culture, vol. 3, no. 1 (Fall 1990), pp. 95-118.

32. Vincent Wright �Fragmentation and Cohesion in the Nation-State, France 1870-1871�. �� The Construction and Reconstructing of Centre-Periphery Relation in Europe�, Jerusalem, June 1984. ��. �� The Government and Politics of France� (New York: Holmes & Meier, 1978).

33. Jose Casanova �Church, State, Nation and Civil Society in Spain and Poland� in S. Arjoumand (ed.) �The Political Dimensions of Religion� (Berkeley: University of California Press, forthcoming). ��. ��: �The Deprivatization of Catholicism: Church, Nation, Civil Society and the State in Poland� � ��, �� Religion and Marxism in Eastern Europe�, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, October 1988.

34. Crouch �Sharing Public Space�, p. 182.

35. � �� .: Charles Maier �Fictitious bonds... of Wealth and Law� on the Theory and Practice of Interest Representation� in S. Berger (ed.) �Organizing Interests in Western Europe� (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981).

36. George Schopflin �Obstacles to Liberalism in Post-Communist Polities�, Eastern Europe Politics and Society, vol. 5, no. 1 (1991), pp. 189-194.

37. Taylor �Modes of Civil Society�, p. 15.

38. Anthony Giddens �The Consequences of Modernity� (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1990), p. 97.

39. ��., ��: �. Deutch �Social Mobilization and Political Development�, American Political Science Review, vol. 55.1961; S. N. Eisenstadt �Modernization, Protest and Change� (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1966); S. Huntingon �Political Order and Changing Societies� (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1968); A. Inkeles and D. Smith �Becoming Modern: Individual Change in Six Developing Countries� (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1974); Talcott Parsons �Societies: Evolutionary and Comparative Perspectives� (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1966).

40. �� Consequences of Modernity� ��.: Anthony Giddens �Modernity and Self-Identity� (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1991).

41. Niklas Luhmann �Familiarity, Confidence, Trust: Problems and Alternatives�� in D. Gambetta (ed.) �Trust; Making and Breaking Cooperative Relations� (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1988), pp. 94-107.

42. S. N. Eisenstadt and L. Roniger �Patrons, Clients and Friends� (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984), esp. pp. 1-42.

43. Edward Shils �The Virtues of Civil Society�, � ��, �. 35.

44. � �� (Elemer Hankiss) �� , � �� TARKI �� .

45. �� , �� 1982 �� , �� , �� /244/ �� . �� 1990 �� , �� , �� , �� .

46. ֳ �� Elemer Hankiss �Between Two Worlds�, Research Review on Hungarian Social Sciences Granted by the Government: Changing Values of Hungarian Society (Budapest, 1989), p. 43.

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76. Benhabib �Critique�, p. 322.

77. ֳ��, �� , �� , �� , �� 3 (��. �� 78 �� 3).

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85. �� . ֳ �� , �� , �� -/247/�� ; �� , �� ; ... �� , �� . �� (�� ) �� . �� , ��, �� , �� , �� -��, �� , �� (� ��) ��. �� . �� , �� -�� (�� ), �� . �� -�� , ��, ��, �� , �� . �� , �� . �� .

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1. Robert Dahl �Polyarchy: Participation and Opposition�(New Haven: Yale University Press, 1971); Arendt Lijphart �Democracies: Patterns of Majoritarian and Consensual Government in Twenty-one Countries� (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1984).

2. Talcott Parsons �The Structure of Social Action�, vol. 2. (New York: Free Press, 1968), pp. 658-72.

3. William Morris �A Dream of John Ball� (London: Longmans, Green, 1938), pp. 39-40.

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