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$Title{History Of The Conquest Of Peru
Preface}
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$Author{Prescott, William H.}
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$Date{1864}
$Log{See Map Of Conquests*0069901.scf
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Title:       History Of The Conquest Of Peru
Book:        Preface
Author:      Prescott, William H.
Date:        1864

Preface

     The most brilliant passages in the history of Spanish adventure in the
New World are undoubtedly afforded by the conquests of Mexico and Peru, - the
two states which combined with the largest extent of empire a refined social
polity, and considerable progress in the arts of civilization.  Indeed, so
prominently do they stand out on the great canvas of history, that the name of
the one, notwithstanding the contrast they exhibit in their respective
institutions, most naturally suggests that of the other; and, when I sent to
Spain to collect materials for an account of the Conquest of Mexico, I
included in my researches those relating to the Conquest of Peru.

[See Map Of Conquests: South America in the 16th Century: Map of the Spanish
conquests and colonies]

     The larger part of the documents, in both cases, was obtained from the
same great repository, - the archives of the Royal Academy of History at
Madrid; a body specially intrusted with the preservation of whatever may serve
to illustrate the Spanish colonial annals.  The richest portion of its
collection is probably that furnished by the papers of Munoz.  This eminent
scholar, the historiographer of the Indies, employed nearly fifty years of his
life in amassing materials for a history of Spanish discovery and conquest in
America.  For this, as he acted under the authority of the government, every
facility was afforded him; and public offices and private depositories, in all
the principal cities of the empire, both at home and throughout the wide
extent of its colonial possessions, were freely opened to his inspection.  The
result was a magnificent collection of manuscripts, many of which he patiently
transcribed with his own hand.  But he did not live to reap the fruits of his
persevering industry.  The first volume, relative to the voyages of Columbus,
was scarcely finished when he died; and his manuscripts, at least that portion
of them which have reference to Mexico and Peru, were destined to serve the
uses of another, an inhabitant of that New World to which they related.

     Another scholar, to whose literary stores I am largely indebted, is Don
Martin Fernandez de Navarrete, late Director of the Royal Academy of History.
Through the greater part of his long life he was employed in assembling
original documents to illustrate the colonial annals.  Many of these have been
incorporated in his great work, "Coleccion de los Viages y Descubrimientos,"
which, although far from being completed after the original plan of its
author, is of inestimable service to the historian.  In following down the
track of discovery, Navarrete turned aside from the conquests of Mexico and
Peru, to exhibit the voyages of his countrymen in the Indian seas. His
manuscripts, relating to the two former countries, he courteously allowed to
be copied for me.  Some of them have since appeared in print, under the
auspices of his learned coadjutors, Salva and Baranda, associated with him in
the Academy; but the documents placed in my hands form a most important
contribution to my materials for the present history.

     The death of this illustrious man, which occurred some time after the
present work was begun, has left a void in his country not easy to be filled;
for he was zealously devoted to letters, and few have done more to extend the
knowledge of her colonial history.  Far from an exclusive solicitude for his
own literary projects, he was ever ready to extend his sympathy and assistance
to those of others.  His reputation as a scholar was enhanced by the higher
qualities which he possessed as a man, - by his benevolence, his simplicity of
manners, and unsullied moral worth.  My own obligations to him are large; for
from the publication of my first historical work, down to the last week of his
life, I have constantly received proofs from him of his hearty and most
efficient interest in the prosecution of my historical labors; and I now the
more willingly pay this well-merited tribute to his deserts, that it must be
exempt from all suspicion of flattery.

     In the list of those to whom I have been indebted for materials, I must,
also, include the name of M. Ternaux-Compans, so well known by his faithful
and elegant French versions of the Munoz manuscripts; and that of my friend
Don Pascual de Gayangos, who, under the modest dress of translation, has
furnished a most acute and learned commentary on Spanish-Arabian history, -
securing for himself the foremost rank in that difficult department of
letters, which has been illumined by the labors of a Masdeu, a Casiri, and a
Conde.

     To the materials derived from these sources, I have added some
manuscripts of an important character from the library of the Escurial. These,
which chiefly relate to the ancient institutions of Peru, formed part of the
splendid collection of Lord Kingsborough, which has unfortunately shared the
lot of most literary collections, and been dispersed, since the death of its
noble author.  For these I am indebted to that industrious bibliographer, Mr.
O. Rich, now resident in London.  Lastly, I must not omit to mention my
obligations, in another way, to my friend Charles Folsom, Esq., the learned
librarian of the Boston Athenaeum; whose minute acquaintance with the
grammatical structure and the true idiom of our English tongue has enabled me
to correct many inaccuracies into which I had fallen in the composition both
of this and of my former works.

     From these different sources I have accumulated a large amount of
manuscripts, of the most various character, and from the most authentic
sources; royal grants and ordinances, instructions of the Court, letters of
the Emperor to the great colonial officers, municipal records, personal
diaries and memoranda, and a mass of private correspondence of the principal
actors in this turbulent drama.  Perhaps it was the turbulent state of the
country which led to a more frequent correspondence between the government at
home and the colonial officers.  But, whatever be the cause, the collection of
manuscript materials in reference to Peru is fuller and more complete than
that which relates to Mexico; so that there is scarcely a nook or corner so
obscure, in the path of the adventurer, that some light has not been thrown on
it by the written correspondence of the period.  The historian has rather had
occasion to complain of the embarras des richesses; for, in the multiplicity
of contradictory testimony, it is not always easy to detect the truth, as the
multiplicity of cross-lights is apt to dazzle and bewilder the eye of the
spectator.

     The present History has been conducted on the same general plan with that
of the Conquest of Mexico.  In an Introductory Book, I have endeavoured to
portray the institutions of the Incas, that the reader may be acquainted with
the character and condition of that extraordinary race, before he enters on
the story of their subjugation.  The remaining books are occupied with the
narrative of the Conquest.  And here, the subject, it must be allowed,
notwithstanding the opportunities it presents for the display of character,
strange, romantic incident, and picturesque scenery, does not afford so
obvious advantages to the historian as the Conquest of Mexico.  Indeed, few
subjects can present a parallel with that, for the purposes either of the
historian or the poet.  The natural development of the story, there, is
precisely what would be prescribed by the severest rules of art.  The conquest
of the country is the great end always in the view of the reader. From the
first landing of the Spaniards on the soil, their subsequent adventures, their
battles and negotiations, their ruinous retreat, their rally and final siege,
all tend to this grand result, till the long series is closed by the downfall
of the capital.  In the march of events, all moves steadily forward to this
consummation.  It is a magnificent epic, in which the unity of interest is
complete.

     In the "Conquest of Peru," the action, so far as it is founded on the
subversion of the Incas, terminates long before the close of the narrative.
The remaining portion is taken up with the fierce feuds of the Conquerors,
which would seem, from their very nature, to be incapable of being gathered
round a central point of interest.  To secure this, we must look beyond the
immediate overthrow of the Indian empire.  The conquest of the natives is but
the first step, to be followed by the conquest of the Spaniards, - the rebel
Spaniards, themselves, - till the supremacy of the Crown is permanently
established over the country.  It is not till this period, that the
acquisition of this Transatlantic empire can be said to be completed; and, by
fixing the eye on this remoter point, the successive steps of the narrative
will be found leading to one great result, and that unity of interest
preserved which is scarcely less essential to historic than dramatic
composition.  How far this has been effected, in the present work, must be
left to the judgment of the reader.

     No history of the conquest of Peru, founded on original documents, and
aspiring to the credit of a classic composition, like the "Conquest of Mexico"
by Solis, has been attempted, as far as I am aware, by the Spaniards. The
English possess one of high value, from the pen of Robertson, whose masterly
sketch occupies its due space in his great work on America.  It has been my
object to exhibit this same story, in all its romantic details; not merely to
portray the characteristic features of the Conquest, but to fill up the
outline with the coloring of life, so as to present a minute and faithful
picture of the times.  For this purpose, have, in the composition of the work,
availed myself freely of my manuscript materials, allowed the actors to speak
as much as possible for themselves, and especially made frequent use of their
letters; for nowhere is the heart more likely to disclose itself, than in the
freedom of private correspondence.  I have made liberal extracts from these
authorities in the notes, both to sustain the text, and to put in a printed
form those productions of the eminent captains and statesmen of the time,
which are not very accessible to Spaniards themselves.

     M. Amedee Pichot, in the Preface to the French translation of the
"Conquest of Mexico," infers from the plan of the composition, that I must
have carefully studied the writings of his countryman, M. de Barante.  The
acute critic does me but justice in supposing me familiar with the principles
of that writer's historical theory, so ably developed in the Preface to his
"Ducs de Bourgogne." And I have had occasion to admire the skilful manner in
which he illustrates this theory himself, by constructing out of the rude
materials of a distant time a monument of genius that transports us at once
into the midst of the Feudal Ages, - and this without the incongruity which
usually attaches to a modern-antique.  In like manner I have attempted to
seize the characteristic expression of a distant age, and to exhibit it in the
freshness of life.  But in an essential particular, I have deviated from the
plan of the French historian.  I have suffered the scaffolding to remain after
the building has been completed.  In other words, I have shown to the reader
the steps of the process by which I have come to my conclusions. Instead of
requiring him to take my version of the story on trust, I have endeavoured to
give him a reason for my faith.  By copious citations from the original
authorities, and by such critical notices of them as would explain to him the
influences to which they were subjected, I have endeavoured to put him in a
position for judging for himself, and thus for revising, and, if need be
reversing, the judgments of the historian.  He will, at any rate, by this
means, be enabled to estimate the difficulty of arriving at truth amidst the
conflict of testimony; and he will learn to place little reliance on those
writers who pronounce on the mysterious past with what Fontenelle calls "a
frightful degree of certainty," - a spirit the most opposite to that of the
true philosophy of history.

     Yet it must be admitted, that the chronicler who records the events of an
earlier age has some obvious advantages in the store of manuscript materials
at his command, - the statements of friends, rivals, and enemies, furnishing a
wholesome counterpoise to each other; and also, in the general course of
events, as they actually occurred, affording the best commentary on the true
motives of the parties.  The actor, engaged in the heat of the strife, finds
his view bounded by the circle around him, and his vision blinded by the smoke
and dust of the conflict; while the spectator, whose eyes ranges over the
ground from a more distant and elevated point, though the individual objects
may lose somewhat of their vividness, takes in at a glance all the operations
of the field. Paradoxical as it may appear, truth founded on contemporary
testimony would seem, after all, as likely to be attained by the writer of a
later day, as by contemporaries themselves.

     Before closing these remarks, I may be permitted to add a few of a
personal nature.  In several foreign notices of my writings, the author has
been said to be blind; and more than once I have had the credit of having lost
my sight in the composition of my first history.  When I have met with such
erroneous accounts, I have hastened to correct them.  But the present occasion
affords me the best means of doing so; and I am the more desirous of this, as
I fear some of my own remarks, in the Prefaces to my former histories, have
led to the mistake.

     While at the University, I received an injury in one of my eyes, which
deprived me of the sight of it.  The other, soon after, was attacked by
inflammation so severely, that, for some time, I lost the sight of that also;
and though it was subsequently restored, the organ was so much disordered as
to remain permanently debilitated, while twice in my life, since, I have been
deprived of the use of it for all purposes of reading and writing, for several
years together.  It was during one of these periods that I received from
Madrid the materials for the "History of Ferdinand and Isabella," and in my
disabled condition, with my Transatlantic treasures ying around me, I was like
one pining from hunger in the midst of abundance.  In this state, I resolved
to make the ear, if possible, do the work of the eye.  I procured the services
of a secretary, who read to me the various authorities; and in time I became
so far familiar with the sounds of the different foreign languages (to some of
which indeed, I had been previously accustomed by a residence abroad), that I
could comprehend his reading without much difficulty.  As the reader
proceeded, I dictated copious notes; and, when these had swelled to a
considerable amount, they were read to me repeatedly, till I had mastered
their contents sufficiently for the purposes of composition.  The same notes
furnished an easy means of reference to sustain the text.

     Still another difficulty occurred, in the mechanical labor of writing,
which I found a severe trial to the eye.  This was remedied by means of a
writing-case, such as is used by the blind, which enabled me to commit my
thoughts to paper without the aid of sight, serving me equally well in the
dark as in the light.  The characters thus formed made a near approach to
hieroglyphics; but my secretary became expert in the art of deciphering, and a
fair copy - with a liberal allowance for unavoidable blunders - was
transcribed for the use of the printer.  I have described the process with
more minuteness, as some curiosity has been repeatedly expressed in reference
to my modus operandi under my privations, and the knowledge of it may be of
some assistance to others in similar circumstances.

     Though I was encouraged by the sensible progress of my work, it was
necessarily slow.  But in time the tendency to inflammation diminished, and
the strength of the eye was confirmed more and more.  It was at length so far
restored, that I could read for several hours of the day, though my labors in
this way necessarily terminated with the daylight.  Nor could I ever dispense
with the services of a secretary, or with the writing-case, for, contrary to
the usual experience, I have found writing a severer trial to the eye than
reading, - a remark, however, which does not apply to the reading of
manuscript; and to enable myself, therefore, to revise my composition more
carefully, I caused a copy of the "History of Ferdinand and Isabella" to be
printed for of my own inspection, before it was sent to the press for the
publication.  Such as I have described the preparation of the "Conquest of
Mexico"; and, satisfied with being raised so nearly to a level with the rest
of my species, I scarcely envied the superior good fortune of those who could
prolong their studies into the evening, and the later hours of the night.

     But a change has again taken place during the last two years.  The sight
of my eye has become gradually dimmed, while the sensibility of the nerve has
been so far increased, that for several weeks of the last year I have not
opened a volume, and through the whole time I have not had the use of it, on
an average, for more than an hour a day.  Nor can I cheer myself with the
delusive expectation, that, impaired as the organ has become, from having been
tasked, probably, beyond its strength, it can ever renew its youth, or be of
much service to me hereafter in my literary researches.  Whether I shall have
the heart to enter, as I had proposed, on a new and more extensive field of
historical labor, with these impediments, I cannot say.  Perhaps long habit,
and a natural desire to follow up the career which I have so long pursued, may
make this, in a manner, necessary, as my past experience has already proved
that it is practicable.

     From this statement - too long, I fear, for his patience - the reader,
who feels any curiosity about the matter, will understand the real extent of
my embarrassments in my historical pursuits.  That they have not been very
light will be readily admitted, when it is considered that I have had but a
limited use of my eye, in its best state, and that much of the time I have
been debarred from the use of it altogether.  Yet the difficulties I have had
to contend with a very far inferior to those which fall to the lot of a blind
man.  I know of no historian, now alive, who can claim the glory of having
overcome such obstacles, but the author of "La Conquete de l'Angleterre par
les Normands" who, to use his own touching and beautiful language, "has made
himself the friend of darkness"; and who, to a profound philosophy that
requires no light but that from within, unites a capacity for extensive and
various research, that might well demand the severest application of the
student.

     The remarks into which I have been led at such length will, I trust, not
be set down by the reader to an unworthy egotism, but to their true source, a
desire to correct a misapprehension to which I may have unintentionally given
rise myself, and which has gained me the credit with some - far from grateful
to my feelings, since undeserved - of having surmounted the incalculable
obstacles which lie in the path of the blind man.

     Boston, April 2 1847