A
- abduction (Igor Douven)
- Abelard [Abailard], Peter (Peter King)
- Abhidharma (Noa Ronkin)
- Abner of Burgos (Charles Manekin)
- abortion (Margaret Little)
- Abrabanel, Judah (Aaron Hughes)
- abstract objects (Gideon Rosen)
- Academy, Plato's (Wolfgang Mann)
- accidental properties — see essential vs. accidental
properties
- action (George Wilson)
- joint — see agency, shared
- logic of — see logic: action
- action at a distance — see quantum mechanics:
action at a distance in
- actualism (Christopher Menzel)
- adaptation and adaptationism (Steven Orzack)
- Addams, Jane (Maurice Hamington)
- Adorno, Theodor W. (Lambert Zuidervaart)
- advance directives (Agnieszka Jaworska)
- Aegidius Romanus — see Giles of Rome
- Aenesidemus — see skepticism: ancient
- aesthetic, concept of the (James Shelley)
- aesthetics
- aesthetic
judgment (Nick Zangwill)
- Beardsley — see Beardsley, Monroe C.: aesthetics
- British, in the 18th century (James Shelley)
- and cognitive science (Dustin Stokes and Amy Coplan)
- Collingwood — see Collingwood, Robin George: aesthetics
- Croce — see Croce, Benedetto: aesthetics
- Dewey — see Dewey, John: aesthetics
- environmental (Allen Carlson)
- existentialist (Jean-Philippe Deranty)
- feminist — see feminist (interventions): aesthetics
- French, in the 18th century (Jacques Morizot)
- Gadamer — see Gadamer, Hans-Georg: aesthetics
- German, in the 18th century (Paul Guyer)
- Goodman — see Goodman, Nelson: aesthetics
- Hegel — see Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich:
aesthetics
- Heidegger — see Heidegger, Martin: aesthetics
- Hume — see Hume, David: aesthetics
- Japanese — see Japanese Philosophy: aesthetics
- Nietzsche — see Nietzsche, Friedrich: aesthetics
- Plato — see Plato: aesthetics
- Schopenhauer — see Schopenhauer, Arthur: aesthetics
- Wittgenstein — see Wittgenstein, Ludwig: aesthetics
- affirmative action (Robert Fullinwider)
- Africana Philosophy (Lucius Outlaw)
- African Philosophy
- communal basis of African art (Ifeanyi Menkiti)
- philosophy of religion (Elias Bongmba)
- sage philosophy (Dismas Masolo)
- afterlife (William Hasker)
- agency, shared (Abraham Sesshu Roth)
- agent-relative vs. agent-neutral reasons — see reasons for action: agent-neutral vs. agent-relative
- agnosticism — see atheism and agnosticism
- Agrippa — see skepticism: ancient
- Agrippa von Nettesheim, Heinrich Cornelius (Charles Nauert)
- Akan Philosophy
- akrasia — see weakness of will
- Al-Farabi (Therese-Anne Druart)
- Al-Ghazali (Frank Griffel)
- Al-Kindi (Peter Adamson)
- Albert of Saxony (Joél Biard)
- Albert the Great [= Albertus magnus] (Markus Führer)
- Albo, Joseph (Dror Ehrlich)
- Alcmaeon (Carl Huffman)
- Alexander of
Aphrodisias (Dorothea Frede)
- algebra (Vaughan Pratt)
- algebraizations of logics with semantics — see logic: algebraizations of logics with semantics
- algebra of logic tradition (Stanley Burris)
- Althusser, Louis (William Lewis)
- altruism (Justin D'Arms)
- Alyngton, Robert (Alessandro Conti)
- Ammonius (David Blank)
- Ammonius Saccas — see Plotinus
- analogy
- analogy and analogical reasoning (Paul Bartha)
- analysis (Michael Beaney)
- analytic/synthetic
distinction (Georges Rey)
- anaphora (Jeffrey C. King)
- Anaxagoras (Patricia Curd)
- Anaxarchus — see Pyrrho
- Anderson, John (C.A.J. (Tony) Coady)
- Andronicus of Rhodes — see Aristotle, commentators on
- animal consciousness — see consciousness: animal
- animalism (Stephan Blatti)
- animals, moral status of (Lori
Gruen)
- anomalous monism (Steven
Yalowitz)
- Anscombe, Gertrude Elizabeth Margaret (Julia Driver)
- Anselm, Saint [Anselm of Bec, Anselm of Canterbury] (Thomas Williams)
- anti-realism, moral — see moral anti-realism
- Antiochus of Ascalon (James Allen)
- a posteriori knowledge — see a priori
justification and knowledge
- appearance vs. reality
- a priori justification
and knowledge (Bruce Russell)
- Aquinas, Saint Thomas (Ralph McInerny and John O'Callaghan)
- Arabic and Islamic Philosophy, disciplines in
- Arabic and Islamic Philosophy, historical and methodological topics in
- Arabic and Islamic Philosophy, special topics in
- essence and existence (Allan Bäck)
- eternity and time (Taneli Kukkonen)
- Ibn Kammuna — see Ibn Kammuna
- Ikhwan al-Safa (Carmela Baffioni)
- intentions and intentionality (Deborah Black)
- mysticism (Mehdi Aminrazavi)
- Arcesilaus (Charles Brittain)
- architecture, philosophy and (Michael Levine and Bill Taylor)
- Archytas (Carl Huffman)
- Arendt, Hannah (Maurizio Passerin d'Entreves)
- arete — see ethics: ancient
- Aristotelianism
- Aristotle (Christopher Shields)
- Aristotle, commentators
on (Andrea Falcon)
- Aristotle, General Topics
- Aristotle, Special Topics
- Arnauld, Antoine (Elmar Kremer)
- Arouet, François-Marie — see Voltaire
- art, conceptual (Elisabeth Schellekens)
- art, definition of (Thomas Adajian)
- artifact (Risto Hilpinen)
- artificial-intelligence
- ethical issues in (James Moor)
- artificial intelligence (Selmer Bringsjord)
- Asaṅga (Jonathan C. Gold)
- aspect — see tense and aspect
- assertion (Peter Pagin)
- Astell, Mary (Alice Sowaal)
- atheism and agnosticism
(J. J. C. Smart)
- atomism
- atonement (Thomas D. Senor)
- attention (Christopher Mole)
- attributes — see properties
- auditory perception — see perception: auditory
- Augustine, Saint (Michael Mendelson)
- relation to Greek philosophy (Charles Brittain)
- Auriol [Aureol, Aureoli], Peter (Russell L. Friedman)
- Austin, John (Brian Bix)
- Austin, John Langshaw (Mark Kaplan)
- authority (Tom Christiano)
- automated reasoning — see reasoning: automated
- autonomy
- Averroes — see Ibn Rushd
- Avicebron (Ibn Gabirol) (Sarah Pessin)
- Avicenna [Ibn Sina] (Robert Wisnovsky)
- Ayer, Alfred Jules (Graham Macdonald)
- Bacon, Francis (Juergen Klein)
- Bacon, Roger (Jeremiah Hackett)
- Bain, Alexander — see Scottish Philosophy: in the 19th
century
- basing relation,
epistemic (Keith Allen Korcz)
- Baudrillard, Jean (Douglas Kellner)
- Bauer, Bruno (Douglas Moggach)
- Bayes' Theorem (James Joyce)
- Bayle, Pierre (Thomas M. Lennon and Michael Hickson)
- Beardsley, Monroe C.
- Beattie, James — see Scottish Philosophy: in the 18th
Century
- Beauvoir, Simone de (Debra
Bergoffen)
- behaviorism (George Graham)
- being — see existence
- being and becoming — see time
- belief (Eric Schwitzgebel)
- belief, ethics of (Andrew Chignell)
- belief, formal representations
of (Franz Huber)
- Bell's Theorem (Abner Shimony)
- beneficence, principle of (Tom Beauchamp)
- Benjamin, Walter (Peter Osborne)
- Bergson, Henri (Leonard Lawlor and Valentine Moulard)
- Berkeley, George (Lisa Downing)
- Berlin, Isaiah (Joshua Cherniss and Henry Hardy)
- Bessarion, Basil [Cardinal] (John Monfasani)
- binarium famosissimum
[= most famous pair] (Paul Vincent Spade)
- biodiversity — see ecology: biodiversity
- biological information — see information: biological
- biology
- biology, philosophy of
- feminist — see feminist (interventions): philosophy of biology
- Black identity and race — see race: and Black identity
- Blair, Hugh — see Scottish Philosophy: in the 18th
Century
- Bodin, Jean (Mario Turchetti)
- body — see substance
- Boethius, Anicius Manlius Severinus (John Marenbon)
- Bohr, Niels
- correspondence principle (Alisa Bokulich)
- Bolzano, Bernard (Edgar Morscher)
- Bonaventure, Saint (Tim Noone and R. E. Houser)
- Boole, George (Stanley Burris)
- Boolean algebra
- Bosanquet, Bernard (William Sweet)
- boundary (Achille Varzi)
- Boyle, Robert (J. J. MacIntosh and Peter Anstey)
- Bradley, Francis Herbert (Stewart Candlish)
- brain death — see death: definition of
- brains in a vat (Tony Brueckner)
- Brentano, Franz (Wolfgang Huemer)
- Broad, Charlie Dunbar (Kent Gustavsson)
- Brouwer, Luitzen Egbertus Jan (Mark van Atten)
- Brown, Thomas — see Scottish Philosophy: in the 19th
century
- Bruno, Giordano (Dilwyn Knox)
- Buber, Martin (Michael Zank)
- Buddha (Mark Siderits)
- Buddhism
- bundle theory — see substance
- Buridan, John [Jean] (Jack Zupko)
- Burke, Edmund (Ian Harris)
- Burley [Burleigh], Walter (Alessandro Conti)
- Burnet, James [Lord Monboddo] — see Scottish
Philosophy: in the 18th Century
- Byzantine philosophy (Katerina Ierodiakonou and Börje
Bydén)
- Caird, Edward — see Scottish Philosophy: in the 19th
century
- Callicles — see Plato: Callicles and Thrasymachus
- Cambridge Platonists
(Sarah Hutton)
- Campanella, Tommaso (Germana Ernst)
- Campbell, George — see Scottish Philosophy: in the 18th
Century
- Camus, Albert (Ron Aronson)
- capability approach (Ingrid Robeyns)
- Carnap, Rudolf (Hannes Leitgeb)
- Carneades (James Allen)
- Cassirer, Ernst (Michael Friedman)
- casuistry — see reasoning: moral
- categories (Amie Thomasson)
- category theory (Jean-Pierre Marquis)
- causation
- Cavendish, Margaret Lucas (David Cunning)
- censorship — see pornography: and censorship
- certainty (Baron Reed)
- chance
- versus randomness (Antony Eagle)
- change (Chris Mortensen)
- chaos (Robert Bishop)
- character, moral (Marcia Homiak)
- Châtalet, Émilie du (Karen Detlefsen)
- Chatton, Walter (Rondo Keele)
- chemistry, philosophy of (Michael Weisberg, Paul Needham, and Robin Hendry)
- childhood, the philosophy of (Gareth Matthews)
- children, philosophy for (Michael Pritchard)
- chimeras, human/non-human — see ethics, biomedical: chimeras, human/non-human
- Chinese ethics — see ethics: Chinese
- Chinese room argument (David Cole)
- Chisholm, Roderick (Richard Feldman and Fred Feldman)
- choice, axiom of (John L. Bell)
- choice, dynamic (Chrisoula Andreou)
- choice, social — see social choice theory
- Christian theology, philosophy and (Michael Murray
and Michael Rea)
- Church, Alonzo (Harry Deutsch)
- logic, contributions to (C. Anthony Anderson)
- Church-Turing Thesis (B. Jack
Copeland)
- Church's Thesis — see Church-Turing Thesis
- Cicero (Charles Brittain)
- citizenship (Dominique Leydet)
- Civic education (Jack Crittenden)
- civic humanism (Athanasios
Moulakis)
- civil disobedience (Kimberley Brownlee)
- civil rights (Andrew Altman)
- Clarke, Samuel (Ezio Vailati)
- Clement of Alexandria — see doxography of ancient
philosophy
- climatic justice — see justice: climatic
- clinical research, ethics of — see ethics, biomedical: clinical research
- cloning (Katrien Devolder)
- Cockburn, Catharine Trotter (Patricia Sheridan)
- coercion (Scott Anderson)
- cognition
- embodied (Robert A. Wilson)
- motor-based theories of — see motor-based theories of perception and cognition
- cognition, animal (Kristin Andrews)
- cognitive science (Paul Thagard)
- cognitivism vs.
non-cognitivism, moral (Mark van Roojen)
- Cohen, Hermann (Scott Edgar)
- Collingwood, Robin George (Giuseppina D'Oro)
- Collins, Anthony (William Uzgalis)
- colonialism (Margaret Kohn)
- color (Barry Maund)
- common knowledge (Peter Vanderschraaf and Giacomo Sillari)
- communitarianism (Daniel Bell)
- comparative philosophy
- compatibilism (Michael McKenna)
- competence, in biomedical decision-making — see decision-making
capacity
- composition, the vagueness of — see many, problem of
- compositionality (Zoltán Gendler Szabó)
- computability
- historical development of (Jean Mosconi and Jacques Dubucs)
- computability and complexity (Neil Immerman)
- computation
- in physical systems (Gualtiero Piccinini)
- computational linguistics — see linguistics: computational
- computational theory of mind — see mind: computational theory of
- computer and information
ethics (Terrell Bynum)
- computer science, philosophy of (Raymond Turner and Amnon Eden)
- computing
- Comte, Auguste (Michel Bourdeau)
- concepts (Eric Margolis and Stephen Laurence)
- condemnation of 1277 (Hans Thijssen)
- Condillac, Étienne Bonnot de (Lorne Falkenstein)
- conditionals (Dorothy Edgington)
- Condorcet, Marie-Jean-Antoine-Nicolas de Caritat, Marquis de
- in the history of feminism (Joan Landes)
- confirmation (Branden Fitelson)
- Confucius (Jeffrey Riegel)
- connectionism (James Garson)
- connectives
- sentence connectives in formal logic (Lloyd Humberstone)
- conscience
- consciousness (Robert Van Gulick)
- consent — see political obligation
- consequentialism
(Walter Sinnott-Armstrong)
- conservation biology
(Sahotra Sarkar)
- conservatism (Chandran Kukathas)
- constitutionalism (Wil Waluchow)
- constructive
empiricism (Bradley Monton and Chad Mohler)
- constructive type theory — see type theory: constructive
- constructivism
- in metaethics (Carla Bagnoli)
- in political philosophy (Andrew Williams)
- contextualism,
epistemic (Patrick Rysiew)
- Continental Rationalism (Thomas M. Lennon and Shannon
Dea)
- continuant — see change
- continuity and
infinitesimals (John L. Bell)
- Continuum Hypothesis, The (Peter Koellner)
- contractarianism (Ann Cudd)
- contracts, theories of (Michael G. Pratt)
- contractualism (Elizabeth Ashford and Tim Mulgan)
- contradiction (Laurence R. Horn)
- convention (Michael Rescorla)
- Conway, Lady Anne (Sarah Hutton)
- Copernicus, Nicolaus (Sheila Rabin)
- Cordemoy, Geraud de (Fred Ablondi)
- corruption (Seumas Miller)
- cosmological
argument (Bruce Reichenbach)
- cosmology
- cosmopolitanism (Pauline Kleingeld and Eric Brown)
- counterfactuals — see conditionals: counterfactual
- counterpart theory — see possible objects
- Crathorn, William (Aurélien Robert)
- creation and conservation (Jonathan Kvanvig)
- creationism (Michael Ruse)
- Crescas, Hasdai (James T. Robinson)
- criminal law, theories of (Antony Duff)
- critical theory (James Bohman)
- Croce, Benedetto
- Cudworth, Ralph — see Cambridge Platonists
- cultural evolution — see evolution: cultural
- culture
- and cognitive science (Jesse Prinz)
- Culverwell, Nathaniel — see Cambridge Platonists
- Curry's paradox (JC Beall)
- Cusanus, Nicolaus [Nicolas of Cusa] (Clyde Lee Miller)
- Damian, Peter (Toivo J. Holopainen)
- Dante Alighieri (Winthrop Wetherbee)
- Daoism — see Taoism
- Neo-Daoism — see Neo-Taoism
- Darwinism (James Lennox)
- Dasein — see Heidegger, Martin
- Daud, Abraham Ibn — see Ibn Daud, Abraham
- David (Christian Wildberg)
- Davidson, Donald (Jeff Malpas)
- death (Steven Luper)
- de Beauvoir, Simone — see Beauvoir, Simone de
- deception
- decision-making
capacity (Louis Charland)
- decision theory
- Dedekind, Richard
- defaults
in semantics and pragmatics (K. M. Jaszczolt)
- definitions (Anil Gupta)
- Deleuze, Gilles (Daniel Smith and John Protevi)
- Delmedigo, Elijah (Jacob Ross)
- delusion (Lisa Bortolotti)
- demarcation of science — see science and pseudo-science
- democracy (Tom Christiano)
- Democritus (Sylvia Berryman)
- demonstration
- demonstratives — see indexicals
- denotation — see reference
- deontological ethics — see ethics: deontological
- dependence,
ontological (E. Jonathan Lowe)
- Derrida, Jacques (Leonard Lawlor)
- Descartes, René (Gary Hatfield)
- descriptions (Peter Ludlow)
- desert (Owen McLeod)
- Desgabets, Robert (Patricia Easton)
- design, argument from — see teleology:
teleological arguments for God's existence
- desire (Tim Schroeder)
- determinates vs. determinables (David H. Sanford)
- determinism
- ancient theories of — see freedom: ancient theories of
- causal (Carl Hoefer)
- developmental biology (Lenny Moss and Paul Griffiths)
- Dewey, John
- Dharmakīrti — see Diṅāga and Dharmakīrti
- Diṅāga and Dharmakīrti (Tom Tillemans)
- diagrams (Sun-Joo Shin and Oliver Lemon)
- Dialectical School (Susanne
Bobzien)
- dialetheism [dialethism] (Graham Priest and Francesco Berto)
- Diderot, Denis (JB Shank)
- Dietrich of Freiberg (Markus Führer)
- Dilthey, Wilhelm (Rudolf Makkreel)
- Diodorus Cronus (David Sedley)
- Diogenes Laertius — see doxography of ancient philosophy
- Dionysius the Areopagite — see Pseudo-Dionysius the
Areopagite
- dirty hands (C.A.J. (Tony) Coady)
- disability (David Wasserman, Adrienne Asch, and Jeffrey Blustein)
- feminist perspectives on — see feminist (topics): perspectives on disability
- discourse representation theory (Bart Geurts and
David I. Beaver)
- discrimination (Andrew Altman)
- disease — see health
- disjunction (Ray Jennings and Andrew Hartline)
- dispositions (Michael Fara)
- distributive justice — see justice: distributive
- diversity
- divine, concepts of the — see God: concepts of
- divine command theory — see voluntarism, theological
- divine illumination (Robert Pasnau)
- doing vs. allowing
harm (Frances Howard-Snyder)
- donation and sale of human organs (Steve Wilkinson)
- double effect, doctrine of (Alison McIntyre)
- doxography of ancient
philosophy (Jaap Mansfeld)
- dualism (Howard Robinson)
- Duhem, Pierre (Roger Ariew)
- Dunbar, James — see Scottish Philosophy: in the 18th
Century
- Duns Scotus, John (Thomas Williams)
- Dutch book arguments (Susan Vineberg)
- dynamic epistemic logic — see logic: dynamic epistemic
- Early Modern India, analytic philosophy in (Jonardon Ganeri)
- Eckhart, Meister — see Meister Eckhart
- ecology (Sahotra Sarkar)
- economics, philosophy of (Daniel M. Hausman)
- economics and economic justice (Marc Fleurbaey)
- education, philosophy of (D.C. Phillips)
- Edwards, Jonathan (William Wainwright)
- egalitarianism (Richard Arneson)
- egoism (Robert Shaver)
- Ehrenfels, Christian von (Robin Rollinger)
- Einstein, Albert
- Elias (Christian Wildberg)
- emergent properties
(Timothy O'Connor and Hong Yu Wong)
- Emerson, Ralph Waldo (Russell Goodman)
- emotion (Ronald de Sousa)
- empathy (Karsten Stueber)
- Empedocles (Richard Parry)
- empiricism — see rationalism vs. empiricism
- end of life, medicine and (Margaret Battin)
- Enlightenment (William Bristow)
- entailment — see logical consequence
- entropy
- and information processing — see information processing: and thermodynamic entropy
- environmentalism (Alan Carter)
- envy (Justin D'Arms)
- Epictetus (Margaret Graver)
- Epicurus (David Konstan)
- epiphenomenalism (William Robinson)
- episteme and techne [=
scientific knowledge and expertise] (Richard Parry)
- epistemic basing relation — see basing relation, epistemic
- epistemic closure principle (Steven Luper)
- epistemic paradoxes (Roy
Sorensen)
- epistemology (Matthias Steup)
- epsilon calculus (Jeremy Avigad and Richard Zach)
- equality (Stefan Gosepath)
- equivalence of mass and
energy (Francisco Flores)
- Erasmus, Desiderius (Charles Nauert)
- ergodic hierarchy (Roman Frigg, Joseph Berkovitz, and Fred Kronz)
- Eriugena, John Scottus
(Dermot Moran)
- essentialism — see essential vs. accidental
properties
- essential vs.
accidental properties (Teresa Robertson)
- eternity (Paul Helm)
- ethics
- ethics, applied
- ethics, biomedical
- abortion — see abortion
- advanced directives and substitute decision-making — see advance directives
- chimeras, human/non-human (Robert Streiffer)
- clinical research (David Wendler)
- cloning — see cloning
- decision-making capacity — see decision-making capacity
- disability — see disability
- disease and health, concepts of — see health
- donation and sale of human organs — see donation and sale of human organs
- human enhancement — see human enhancement
- informed consent — see informed consent
- international public health — see public health: international
- justice, inequality, and health (Gopal Sreenivasan)
- justice and access to health care (Norman Daniels)
- medicine and markets (Madison Powers)
- pregnancy, birth, and medicine — see pregnancy, birth, and medicine
- privacy and medicine (Anita Allen)
- public health ethics — see public health: ethics
- race and health (Patricia King)
- stem cell
research (Andrew Siegel)
- theory (John Arras)
- ethics, morality and practical reason — see morality and practical reason
- eudaimonia — see ethics: ancient
- Eudoxus (Henry Mendell)
- euthanasia
- events (Roberto Casati and Achille Varzi)
- evidence (Thomas Kelly)
- scientific — see confirmation
- evil, problem of (Michael Tooley)
- evolution (Phillip Sloan)
- evolutionary ethics — see morality: and evolutionary
biology
- evolutionary game theory — see game theory: evolutionary
- evolutionary psychology — see psychology: evolutionary
- existence (Barry Miller)
- existentialism (Steven Crowell)
- aesthetics — see aesthetics: existentialist
- experimental moral philosophy (Don Loeb)
- experimentation
- explanation
- exploitation (Alan Wertheimer)
- extrinsic — see intrinsic vs. extrinsic properties
- Ezra, Abraham Ibn — see Ibn Ezra, Abraham
- Fackenheim, Emil (Michael Morgan)
- facts (Kevin Mulligan and Fabrice Correia)
- faith (John Bishop)
- Falaquera, Shem Tov Ibn (Steve
Harvey)
- fallacies — see logic: informal
- fatalism (Hugh Rice)
- Fechner, Gustav Theodor (Michael Heidelberger)
- federalism (Andreas Føllesdal)
- Feigl, Herbert (Wade Savage)
- feminism, approaches to (Nancy Tuana)
- feminist (interventions)
- feminist (topics) (Sally Haslanger and Nancy Tuana)
- Ferguson, Adam — see Scottish Philosophy: in the 18th
Century
- Ferrier, James — see Scottish Philosophy: in the 19th
century
- Feuerbach, Ludwig Andreas (Van A. Harvey)
- Feyerabend, Paul (John Preston)
- Fichte, Johann Gottlieb (Dan Breazeale)
- Ficino, Marsilio (Christopher Celenza)
- fiction (Fred Kroon and Alberto Voltolini)
- fictionalism (Matti Eklund)
- fideism (Richard Amesbury)
- film, philosophy of (Thomas Wartenberg)
- finitism (Shaughan Lavine)
- Fitch's paradox of
knowability (Berit Brogaard and Joe Salerno)
- fitness (Alexander Rosenberg and Frederic Bouchard)
- fitting attitude theories of value (Daniel Jacobson)
- folk psychology
- foreknowledge, divine — see free will: divine
foreknowledge and
- forgiveness (Paul M. Hughes)
- formalism
- in the philosophy of mathematics — see mathematics, philosophy of: formalism
- formal representations of belief — see belief, formal
representations of
- Forms [Platonic] — see Plato: middle period
metaphysics and epistemology
- Foucault, Michel (Gary Gutting)
- four dimensionalism — see temporal parts
- frame problem (Murray Shanahan)
- Francis of Marchia (Christopher Schabel)
- freedom
- free rider problem (Russell Hardin)
- free will (Timothy O'Connor)
- Frege, Gottlob (Edward N. Zalta)
- friendship (Bennett Helm)
- function
- functionalism (Janet Levin)
- future contingents (Per Hasle and Peter Øhrstrøm)
- Gadamer, Hans-Georg (Jeff Malpas)
- Galileo Galilei (Peter Machamer)
- game theory (Don Ross)
- Gassendi, Pierre (Saul Fisher)
- gene (Hans-Jörg Rheinberger and Staffan Müller-Wille)
- generalized quantifiers (Dag Westerståhl)
- general relativity
- generic statements (Sarah-Jane Leslie)
- genetics
- geometry
- Gerard, Alexander — see Scottish Philosophy: in the
18th Century
- German Philosophy
- Gersonides (Tamar Rudavsky)
- Giles of Rome (Roberto Lambertini)
- given, the — see justification, epistemic:
foundationalist theories of
- globalization (William Scheuerman)
- God
- God, arguments for belief in
- God, arguments for the existence of
- Godfrey of Fontaines (John Wippel)
- Godwin, William (Mark Philp)
- Gödel, Kurt (Juliette Kennedy)
- incompleteness theorem (Panu Raatikainen)
- Goodman, Nelson (Daniel Cohnitz and Marcus Rossberg)
- goodness, perfect (Thomas D. Senor)
- grammar
- categorial — see grammar: type logical
- type logical (Michael Moortgat)
- Green, Thomas Hill (Colin Tyler)
- Gregory of Rimini (Christopher Schabel)
- Grice, Paul (Richard E. Grandy and Richard Warner)
- Grosseteste, Robert (Neil Lewis)
- Grotius, Hugo (Jon Miller)
- group rights — see rights: group
- Habermas, Jürgen (James Bohman and William Rehg)
- haecceity — see substance
- Halevi, Judah (Barry Kogan)
- Hamann, Johann Georg (Gwen Griffith-Dickson)
- Hamilton, William — see Scottish Philosophy: in the 19th
century
- happiness (Dan Haybron)
- Hartley, David (Richard Allen)
- Hartshorne, Charles (Dan Dombrowski)
- Hayek, Friedrich (Chandran Kukathas)
- health (Dominic Murphy)
- heaven and hell (Jonathan Kvanvig)
- hedonism (Andrew Moore)
- Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich (Paul Redding)
- Heidegger, Martin (Michael Wheeler)
- aesthetics (Iain Thomson)
- hell — see heaven and hell
- Helmholtz, Hermann von (Lydia Patton)
- Hempel, Carl (James Fetzer)
- Henry of Ghent (Pasquale Porro)
- Heraclitus (Daniel W. Graham)
- Herbart, Johann Friedrich (Alan Kim)
- Herder, Johann Gottfried von (Michael Forster)
- heredity and heritability (Stephen M. Downes)
- hermeneutics (Bjørn Ramberg and Kristin Gjesdal)
- Heytesbury, William (John Longeway)
- Hilbert, David
- history, philosophy of (Daniel Little)
- Hobbes, Thomas (Stewart Duncan)
- Holbach, Paul-Henri Thiry (Baron) d' (Michael LeBuffe)
- holes (Roberto Casati and Achille Varzi)
- Holkot [Holcot], Robert (Hester Gelber)
- Home, Henry [Lord Kames] — see Scottish Philosophy: in
the 18th Century
- homosexuality (Brent Pickett)
- Hook, Sidney (David Sidorsky)
- Horkheimer, Max (J.C. Berendzen)
- human enhancement (Eric Juengst)
- human genome project (Lisa Gannett)
- humanism
- human rights — see rights: human
- human test subjects — see ethics, biomedical: clinical research
- Humboldt, Wilhelm von (Kurt Mueller-Vollmer)
- Hume, David (William Edward Morris)
- Husserl, Edmund (Christian Beyer)
- Hutcheson, Francis — see Scottish Philosophy: in the
18th Century
- Hutton, James — see Scottish Philosophy: in the 18th
Century
- hybrid logic — see logic: hybrid
- Ibn Arabi (William Chittick)
- Ibn Bajja (Josep Puig Montada)
- Ibn Daud, Abraham (Resianne
Fontaine)
- Ibn Ezra, Abraham (Tzvi Langermann)
- Ibn Falaquera, Shem Tov — see Falaquera, Shem Tov Ibn
- Ibn Kammuna (Tzvi Langermann)
- Ibn Rushd (Richard Taylor)
- Ibn Sina — see Avicenna
- Ibn Tibbon, Samuel — see Tibbon, Samuel Ibn
- identity (Harold Noonan)
- identity politics (Cressida Heyes)
- identity theory of mind (J.
J. C. Smart)
- ideology, law and — see law: and ideology
- idiolects (Alex Barber)
- imagery, mental — see mental imagery
- imagination (Tamar Gendler)
- imitation game — see Turing test
- immigration (Kit Wellman)
- immortality — see afterlife
- immunology, philosophy of — see self: the biological notion of
- immutability (Brian Leftow)
- impartiality (Troy Jollimore)
- implicature (Wayne Davis)
- impossible worlds (Francesco Berto)
- incommensurability
- incomparable values — see value: incommensurable
- incompatibilism
- indexicals (David Braun)
- Indian Buddhist Philosophy
- ethics (Charles Goodman)
- mind (Christian Coseru)
- individual, biological notion of — see biology: notion of
individual
- individualism, methodological (Joseph Heath)
- induction
- inductive logic — see logic: inductive
- inequality — see equality
- inertial systems — see space and time: inertial frames
- inference to the best explanation — see abduction
- infinitesimals — see continuity and infinitesimals
- informal logic — see logic: informal
- information
- information processing
- and thermodynamic entropy (Owen Maroney)
- information technology
- informed consent (Nir Eyal)
- Ingarden, Roman (Amie Thomasson)
- inherence — see substance
- innate/acquired distinction (Paul Griffiths)
- innateness
- insolubles [= insolubilia] (Paul Vincent Spade)
- instrumental rationality — see rationality: instrumental
- integrity (Damian Cox, Marguerite La Caze, and Michael Levine)
- intelligent design, theory of — see creationism
- intensional transitive
verbs (Graeme Forbes)
- intention (Kieran Setiya)
- intentionality (Pierre Jacob)
- internal vs. external reasons for action — see reasons
for action: internal vs. external
- intrinsic vs.
extrinsic properties (Brian Weatherson)
- introspection (Eric Schwitzgebel)
- intuition (Joel Pust)
- intuitionism — see mathematics, philosophy of:
intuitionism
- intuitionistic logic — see logic: intuitionistic
- inverted qualia — see qualia: inverted
- Israeli, Isaac (Leonard Levin and R. David Walker)
- Lacan, Jacques (Charles Shepherdson)
- Lakatos, Imre (Alan Musgrave)
- lambda calculus, the (Henk Barendregt and Jan Willem Klop)
- Lange, Friedrich Albert (Nadeem J. Z. Hussain)
- language of thought hypothesis (Murat Aydede)
- Laozi (Alan Chan)
- large cardinals and determinacy — see set theory: large cardinals and determinacy
- Latin American and Iberian philosophy
- social and political philosophy (León Olivé)
- law
- laws of nature (John W. Carroll)
- learning theory, formal (Oliver Schulte)
- legal obligation and
authority (Leslie Green)
- legal philosophy (Leslie Green)
- legal positivism — see nature of law: legal positivism
- legal punishment — see punishment, legal
- legal reasoning
- legal rights (Kenneth Campbell)
- legitimacy (Fabienne Peter)
- Le Grand, Antoine (Patricia Easton)
- Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm (Brandon C. Look)
- Leibowitz, Yeshayahu (Daniel Rynhold)
- Leśniewski, Stanisław (Peter Simons)
- Leucippus (Sylvia Berryman)
- Levinas, Emmanuel (Bettina Bergo)
- Lewis, Clarence Irving (Bruce Hunter)
- Lewis, David (Brian Weatherson)
- liar paradox (JC Beall and Michael Glanzberg)
- liberal feminism — see feminist (interventions): liberal
feminism
- liberalism (Gerald Gaus and Shane D. Courtland)
- libertarianism (Peter Vallentyne)
- liberty
- life (Bruce Weber)
- lifeworld — see Husserl, Edmund
- limits of law (John Stanton-Ife)
- linear logic — see logic: linear
- linguistics
- computational (Lenhart Schubert)
- philosophy of (Francis Jeffry Pelletier, Geoff Pullum, and Barbara Scholz)
- Lipsius, Justus (Jan Papy)
- literature, philosophy and (R. Lanier Anderson and Joshua Landy)
- living wills — see advance directives
- Locke
- philosophy of science (Hylarie Kochiras)
- Locke, John (William Uzgalis)
- logic
- logic, history of
- logical atomism
- logical consequence (JC
Beall and Greg Restall)
- logical constants (John MacFarlane)
- logical constructions (Bernard Linsky)
- logical form (Paul Pietroski)
- logical truth (Mario
Gómez-Torrente)
- logic and ontology (Thomas Hofweber)
- Lotze, Hermann (David Sullivan)
- love (Bennett Helm)
- loyalty (John Kleinig)
- luck
- Lucretius (David Sedley)
- Lukács, Georg [Gyögy]
- aesthetics (Juergen Pelzer)
- Lvov-Warsaw School (Jan Woleński)
- lying and deception
- Mach, Ernst (Paul Pojman)
- Machiavelli, Niccolò (Cary Nederman)
- Maimon, Salomon (Peter Thielke and Yitzhak Melamed)
- Maimonides (Kenneth Seeskin)
- Malebranche, Nicolas (Tad Schmaltz)
- Mally, Ernst (Alexander Hieke and Gerhard Zecha)
- many, problem of (Brian
Weatherson)
- Marcel, Gabriel (-Honoré) (Brian Treanor)
- Marcus Aurelius (Rachana Kamtekar)
- Marcuse, Herbert (Morton Schoolman)
- Maritain, Jacques (William Sweet)
- Marsilius of Inghen (Maarten Hoenen)
- Marty, Anton (Robin Rollinger)
- Marx, Karl (Jonathan Wolff)
- Masham, Lady Damaris (Sarah Hutton)
- mass/energy equivalence — see equivalence of mass and energy
- mass expressions
- logic of (Greg Carlson)
- metaphysics of (Mark Steen)
- material constitution (Ryan Wasserman)
- materialism — see physicalism
- mathematical style — see style: in mathematics
- mathematics
- mathematics, foundations of
- mathematics, philosophy of (Leon Horsten)
- McTaggart, John M. E. (Kris McDaniel)
- Mead, George Herbert (Mitchell Aboulafia)
- meaning
- normativity of (Kathrin Glüer and Åsa Wikforss)
- meaning, theories of (Jeff Speaks)
- measurement
- medicine and markets — see ethics, biomedical: medicine and markets
- medieval philosophy (Paul Vincent Spade)
- medieval theories
- Meinong, Alexius (Johann Marek)
- Meister Eckhart (Burkhard
Mojsisch and Orrin F. Summerell)
- memory (John Sutton)
- Mencius (Kwong Loi Shun)
- Mendelssohn, Moses (Daniel Dahlstrom)
- mental causation (David Robb and
John Heil)
- mental content
- mental illness (Christian Perring)
- mental imagery (Nigel J.T. Thomas)
- mental representation (David Pitt)
- mereology (Achille Varzi)
- Merleau-Ponty, Maurice (Bernard Flynn)
- Mersenne, Marin (Brian Baigrie)
- metaethics (Geoff Sayre-McCord)
- metalogic
- conceptions of, from Frege to Gödel (Jamie Tappenden)
- metaphor (David Hills)
- metaphysics (Peter van Inwagen)
- metaphysics in the 16th century
- Francisco Suárez — see Suárez, Francisco
- Mill, Harriet Taylor (Dale E. Miller)
- Mill, James (Terence Ball)
- Mill, John Stuart (Fred Wilson)
- mind
- miracles (Michael Levine)
- modal epistemology — see modality: epistemology of
- modality
- modal logic — see logic: modal
- modern origins — see logic, history of: modal logic
- models in science (Roman Frigg and
Stephan Hartmann)
- model theory (Wilfrid Hodges)
- Mohism (Chris Fraser)
- Mohist Canons (Chris Fraser)
- molecular biology (Lindley
Darden and James Tabery)
- Molyneux's problem (Marjolein Degenaar and Gert-Jan Lokhorst)
- monism (Jonathan Schaffer)
- monotheism (William Wainwright)
- Montaigne, Michel de (Marc Foglia)
- Montesquieu, Charles-Louis de Secondat, Baron de (Hilary Bok)
- Moore, George Edward (Tom Baldwin)
- moral anti-realism (Richard
Joyce)
- moral character — see character, moral
- moral dilemmas (Terrance McConnell)
- moral epistemology
(Richmond Campbell)
- a priorism in (Michael DePaul)
- morality
- morality, definition of (Bernard Gert)
- morality and practical reason (Duncan MacIntosh)
- moral luck — see luck: moral
- moral naturalism — see naturalism: moral
- moral non-naturalism — see non-naturalism, moral
- moral particularism
(Jonathan Dancy)
- moral psychology
- moral realism (Geoff
Sayre-McCord)
- moral reasoning — see reasoning: moral
- moral relativism (Chris Gowans)
- moral responsibility (Andrew Eshleman)
- moral skepticism — see skepticism: moral
- moral status
- More, Henry (John Henry)
- More, Thomas (Dan Kinney)
- motivation (Mariam Thalos)
- motor-based theories of perception and cognition (Rick Grush)
- Mulla Sadra (Sajjad Rizvi)
- multiple realizability (John Bickle)
- Murdoch, Iris (Justin Broackes)
- music, philosophy of (Andrew Kania)
- mysticism (Jerome Gellman)
- myths, Plato's — see Plato: myths
- names (Sam Cumming)
- nationalism (Nenad Miscevic)
- Natorp, Paul (Alan Kim)
- naturalism (David Papineau)
- natural kinds (Alexander Bird and Emma Tobin)
- natural law
- natural selection (Robert Brandon)
- nature of law (Andrei Marmor)
- Navya-Nyāya — see Early Modern India, analytic philosophy in
- necessary and sufficient conditions (Andrew Brennan)
- necessary beings
- negation (Laurence R. Horn)
- Neo-Taoism (Alan Chan)
- neologicism (Kai F. Wehmeier)
- Neoplatonism (Christian Wildberg)
- Neurath, Otto (Jordi Cat)
- neuroscience, philosophy of (John Bickle, Peter Mandik, and Anthony
Landreth)
- neutral monism (Leopold Stubenberg)
- Newton, Isaac (George Smith)
- Nicholas of Autrecourt [de Altricuria, Autricuria, Ultricuria,
Autricort] (Hans Thijssen)
- Nicolas of Cusa — see Cusanus, Nicolaus
- Nietzsche, Friedrich (Robert Wicks)
- Nishida Kitarô (John Maraldo)
- noema — see Husserl, Edmund
- nominalism
- in metaphysics (Gonzalo Rodriguez-Pereyra)
- in the philosophy of mathematics — see mathematics, philosophy of: nominalism
- non-naturalism, moral
(Michael Ridge)
- nonconceptual content — see mental content: nonconceptual
- nonexistent objects (Maria Reicher)
- nonidentity problem (Melinda Roberts)
- norms of cooperation — see social norms
- Norris, John (June Yang)
- nothingness (Roy Sorensen)
- Novalis [Friedrich Leopold, Baron von Hardenberg] (Kristin Gjesdal)
- Numenius (George Karamanolis)
- pacifism (Andrew Fiala)
- pain (Murat Aydede)
- panentheism (John Culp)
- panpsychism (William Seager and Sean Allen-Hermanson)
- pantheism (Michael Levine)
- paradox
- parenthood and procreation
(Tim Bayne and Avery Kolers)
- Parmenides (John Palmer)
- part/whole — see mereology
- Pascal, Blaise (Desmond Clarke)
- Pascal's wager (Alan Hájek)
- paternalism (Gerald Dworkin)
- patriotism (Igor Primoratz)
- Patrizi, Francesco (Fred Purnell)
- Paul of Venice (Alessandro Conti)
- Peirce, Benjamin (Ivor Grattan-Guinness and Alison Walsh)
- Peirce, Charles Sanders (Robert Burch)
- Penbygull, William (Alessandro Conti)
- perception
- perfectionism, in moral and political philosophy (Steven
Wall)
- persistence — see temporal parts
- personal identity (Eric T.
Olson)
- animalist theory of — see animalism
- and ethics
(David Shoemaker)
- personalism (Thomas D. Williams and Jan Olof Bengtsson)
- persons — see personal identity
- Peter of Spain [= Petrus Hispanus] (Joke Spruyt)
- Petrizi, Joane (Tengiz Iremadze)
- phenomenology (David Woodruff Smith)
- Philip the Chancellor (Colleen McCluskey)
- Philodemus (David Blank)
- Philolaus (Carl Huffman)
- Philo of Larissa (Charles Brittain)
- Philoponus (Christian Wildberg)
- philosophy of law — see legal philosophy
- philosophy of mind
- feminist — see feminist (interventions): philosophy of mind
- Philo the Dialectician — see Dialectical School
- physicalism (Daniel Stoljar)
- physics
- Pico della Mirandola, Giovanni (Brian Copenhaver)
- pineal gland — see Descartes, René: and the pineal
gland
- Plato (Richard Kraut)
- Platonism
- in metaphysics (Mark Balaguer)
- in the philosophy of mathematics — see mathematics, philosophy of: Platonism
- pleasure (Leonard D. Katz)
- Plotinus (Lloyd Gerson)
- pluralism
- plurality of forms — see binarium
famosissimum
- plural quantification (Øystein Linnebo)
- Plutarch (George Karamanolis)
- Polgar, Isaac (Charles Manekin)
- political obligation
(Richard Dagger)
- political philosophy
- ancient (Melissa Lane)
- medieval (John Kilcullen)
- political realism (W. J. Korab-Karpowicz)
- political theory and religion — see religion and political
theory
- Pomponazzi, Pietro (Stefano Perfetti)
- Popper, Karl (Stephen Thornton)
- population genetics — see genetics: population
- pornography
- Porphyry (Eyjólfur Emilsson)
- possible objects (Takashi
Yagisawa)
- possible worlds (Christopher Menzel)
- postmodernism (Gary Aylesworth)
- poverty of the stimulus argument — see innateness: and language
- practical reason (R. Jay Wallace)
- pragmatic arguments
for belief in God (Jeff Jordan)
- pragmatics (Kepa Korta and John Perry)
- pragmatism (Christopher Hookway)
- prayer
- petitionary (Thomas D. Senor)
- predicate calculus — see logic: classical
- preferences (Sven Ove Hansson and Till Grüne-Yanoff)
- preformationism — see developmental
biology: epigenesis and preformationism
- pregnancy, birth, and medicine (Rebecca Kukla and Katherine Wayne)
- Presocratic Philosophy (Patricia Curd)
- presupposition (David I. Beaver and Bart Geurts)
- Prichard, Harold Arthur (Jonathan Dancy)
- primary and secondary qualities (Justin Broackes)
- Principia Mathematica (A. D. Irvine)
- principle of sufficient reason (Yitzhak Melamed and Martin Lin)
- Prior, Arthur (B. Jack Copeland)
- prisoner's dilemma (Steven Kuhn)
- privacy (Judith DeCew)
- and medicine — see ethics, biomedical: privacy and medicine
- private language (Stewart Candlish and George Wrisley)
- probability, interpretations of (Alan Hájek)
- process philosophy (Nicholas Rescher)
- process theism — see theism: process
- Proclus (Carlos Steel and Christoph Helmig)
- procreation — see parenthood and procreation
- progress (Glyn Morgan)
- promises (Allen Habib)
- proof theory (Wilfried Sieg and Sol Feferman)
- properties (Chris Swoyer)
- property (Jeremy Waldron)
- intellectual in information (Ken Himma and Adam Moore)
- prophecy (Scott Davison)
- propositional attitude reports (Thomas McKay and Michael
Nelson)
- propositional consequence relations in algebraic logic — see logical consequence:
propositional consequence relations and algebraic logic
- propositional function (Edwin Mares)
- propositions (Matthew McGrath)
- providence, divine (Hugh J. McCann)
- Pseudo-Dionysius
the Areopagite (Kevin Corrigan and Michael Harrington)
- pseudo-science, science and — see science and pseudo-science
- psyche — see soul, ancient theories of
- psychiatry, philosophy of (Dominic Murphy)
- psychologism (Martin Kusch)
- psychology
- psychopathology, philosophical (George Graham and G. Lynn Stephens)
- public health
- ethics (Ruth Faden)
- international (Dan Wikler)
- publicity (Axel Gosseries)
- public reason (Charles Larmore)
- punishment (Hugo Adam Bedau)
- punishment, legal (Antony Duff)
- Pyrrho (Richard Bett)
- Pyrrhonism — see skepticism: ancient
- Pythagoras (Carl Huffman)
- Pythagoreanism (Carl Huffman)
- qualia (Michael Tye)
- qualiton — see tropes
- quantifiers and quantification (Gabriel Uzquiano)
- quantum mechanics (Jenann Ismael)
- quantum theory
- Quine, Willard van Orman (Peter Hylton)
- quotation (Herman Cappelen and Ernest LePore)
- race (Michael James)
- and Black identity (Charles Mills)
- radical feminism — see feminist (interventions): radical feminism
- Ramsay, Allan — see Scottish Philosophy: in the 18th
Century
- Ramsey, Frank (Brad Armendt)
- Ramus, Petrus (Erland Sellberg)
- Rand, Ayn (Neera Badhwar and Roderick Long)
- randomness
- versus chance — see chance: versus randomness
- rationalism vs.
empiricism (Peter Markie)
- rationality
- Rawls, John (Leif Wenar)
- realism (Alexander Miller)
- reasoning
- automated (Frederic
Portoraro)
- by analogy — see analogy and analogical reasoning
- defeasible (Robert Koons)
- moral (Henry S. Richardson)
- reasons for action
- recursive function — see function: recursive
- redistribution (Christian Barry)
- reduction, scientific
- reference (Marga Reimer)
- reflective equilibrium (Norman Daniels)
- Regius, Henricus (Desmond Clarke)
- Rehberg, August Wilhelm (Fred Beiser)
- Reichenbach, Hans (Clark Glymour and Frederick Eberhardt)
- Reid, Thomas (Gideon Yaffe)
- ethics and aesthetics (Terence Cuneo)
- on memory and personal identity (Rebecca Copenhaver)
- Reinach, Adolf (James DuBois and Barry Smith)
- Reinhold, Karl Leonhard (Dan Breazeale)
- reism (Jan Woleński)
- relations — see properties
- relativism (Chris Swoyer)
- relaton — see tropes
- reliabilism (Alvin Goldman)
- religion
- religion, phenomenology of (Mark Wynn)
- religion and political
theory (Chris Eberle and Terence Cuneo)
- religious diversity
(David Basinger)
- reparations, Black (Bernard Boxill)
- replication (David Hull and John S. Wilkins)
- representation, political (Suzanne Dovi)
- republicanism (Frank Lovett)
- repugnant conclusion, the (Jesper Ryberg, Torbjörn
Tännsjö, and Gustaf Arrhenius)
- respect (Robin S. Dillon)
- responsibility
- rhetoric (Jesús Larrazabal and Kepa Korta)
- Richard the Sophister [Ricardus
Sophista, Magister abstractionum] (Paul Streveler)
- Rickert, Heinrich (R. Lanier Anderson)
- Ricoeur, Paul (Bernard Dauenhauer)
- rights (Leif Wenar)
- rigid designators (Joseph LaPorte)
- risk (Sven Ove Hansson)
- role obligations — see obligations: special
- Rorty, Richard (Bjørn Ramberg)
- Rosenstock-Huessy, Eugen (Wayne Cristaudo)
- Rosenzweig, Franz (Benjamin Pollock)
- Rosmini, Antonio (Denis Cleary)
- Ross, William David (Anthony Skelton)
- Rousseau, Jean Jacques (Christopher Bertram)
- Royce, Josiah (Kelly A. Parker)
- Rufus, Richard — see Richard
the Sophister
- rule consequentialism — see consequentialism: rule
- Russell, Bertrand (A. D. Irvine)
- Russell's paradox (A. D. Irvine)
- Ryle, Gilbert (Julia Tanney)
- Śāntarakṣita (James Blumenthal)
- Saadya [Saadiah] (Sarah Pessin)
- Santayana, George (Herman Saatkamp)
- Sartre, Jean-Paul (Thomas Flynn)
- scepticism — see skepticism
- Scheler, Max (Angelika Sander)
- Schelling, Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph von (Andrew Bowie)
- schema (John Corcoran)
- Schlegel, August Wilhelm von (Katia D. Hay)
- Schlegel, Friedrich (Allen Speight)
- Schleiermacher, Friedrich Daniel Ernst (Michael Forster)
- Scholem, Gershom (Shaul Magid)
- School of Names (Chris Fraser)
- Schopenhauer, Arthur (Robert Wicks)
- Schutz, Alfred (Michael Barber)
- science
- science, models in — see models in science
- science and
pseudo-science (Sven Ove Hansson)
- scientific discovery (Peter Achinstein)
- scientific
explanation (James Woodward)
- scientific knowledge
- scientific progress (Ilkka Niiniluoto)
- scientific realism (Richard
Boyd)
- scientific revolutions (Thomas Nickles)
- scientific theories
- incommensurability of — see incommensurability: of scientific theories
- underdetermination of — see underdetermination, of scientific theories
- scientific unity (Jordi Cat)
- Scottish Philosophy
- Scottus [Scotus] Eriugena [Erigena], John — see Eriugena, John Scottus
- Scotus, John Duns — see Duns Scotus, John
- Sebond, Raymond — see Montaigne, Michel de
- secession (Allen Buchanan)
- secondary qualities — see primary and secondary qualities
- self
- self-consciousness
- self-deception (Ian
Deweese-Boyd)
- self-knowledge (Brie Gertler)
- self-reference (Thomas Bolander)
- self-respect — see respect
- Sellars, Wilfrid (Jay Rosenberg)
- semantics
- semiotics
- Seneca (Katja Vogt)
- sense-data (Michael Huemer)
- sensibility theory — see fitting attitude theories of value
- set theory (Thomas Jech)
- alternative axiomatic theories (M. Randall Holmes)
- constructive and Intuitionistic ZF (Laura Crosilla)
- continuum hypothesis — see Continuum Hypothesis, The
- development of axiomatic (Michael Hallett)
- early
development (José Ferreirós)
- independence and large cardinals (Peter Koellner)
- large cardinals and determinacy (Peter Koellner)
- non-wellfounded (Lawrence S. Moss)
- Sextus Empiricus (Benjamin Morison)
- Shaftesbury, Lord [Anthony Ashley Cooper, 3rd Earl of] (Michael B.
Gill)
- Sharpe, Johannes (Alessandro Conti)
- Sidgwick, Henry (Barton Schultz)
- Simon of Faversham (John Longeway)
- simplicity (Alan Baker)
- divine (William F. Vallicella)
- Simplicius (Christian Wildberg)
- Simpson's paradox (Gary Malinas
and John Bigelow)
- singular terms
- situations
- skepticism (Peter Klein)
- Skolem's paradox — see paradox: Skolem's
- Smith, Adam — see Scottish Philosophy: in the 18th
Century
- moral philosophy (Kate Abramson)
- Smith, John — see Cambridge Platonists
- social choice theory (Christian List)
- social construction
- social contract — see contractarianism
- social institutions (Seumas Miller)
- socialism (Andrew Chitty)
- social minimum [basic income] (Stuart White)
- social norms (Cristina Bicchieri)
- sociobiology (Harmon Holcomb and Jason Byron)
- Socrates (Debra Nails)
- sophismata [= sophisms] (Fabienne Pironet and Joke Spruyt)
- Sorites paradox (Dominic Hyde)
- sortals (Richard E. Grandy)
- soul, ancient theories of
(Hendrik Lorenz)
- sounds (Roberto Casati and Jerome Dokic)
- sovereignty (Dan Philpott)
- space and time
- species (Marc Ereshefsky)
- speech acts (Mitchell Green)
- Spencer, Herbert (David Weinstein)
- Speusippus (Russell Dancy)
- Spinoza, Baruch (Steven Nadler)
- square of opposition (Terence Parsons)
- St. Petersburg paradox
(Robert Martin)
- states of affairs (Thomas Wetzel)
- statistical physics
- stem cell research, ethics of — see ethics, biomedical:
stem cell research
- Sterry, Peter — see Cambridge Platonists
- Stevenson, Charles Leslie (Dan Boisvert)
- Stewart, Dugald — see Scottish Philosophy: in the 18th
Century
- Stirner, Max (David Leopold)
- Stoicism (Dirk Baltzly)
- Strauss, Leo (Leora Batnitzky)
- Strawson, Peter Frederick (Paul Snowdon)
- structuralism
- structural realism (James
Ladyman)
- Stumpf, Carl (Denis Fisette)
- style
- in mathematics (Paolo Mancosu)
- Suárez, Francisco (Martin Stone)
- substance (Howard Robinson)
- substructural logics — see logic: substructural
- Suhrawardi (Roxanne Marcotte)
- suicide (Michael Cholbi)
- supererogation (David Heyd)
- supervenience (Brian McLaughlin and Karen Bennett)
- surrogate decision-making for incompetent individuals — see advance directives
- suspense, paradox of (Aaron Smuts)
- syllogism
- symmetry and symmetry breaking — see physics: symmetry
and symmetry breaking
- synthetic — see analytic/synthetic distinction
- Syrianus (Christian Wildberg)
- Taoism (Chad Hansen)
- Neo-Taoism — see Neo-Taoism
- Tarski, Alfred (Mario Gómez-Torrente)
- techne — see episteme
and techne
- technology, philosophy of (Gert-Jan Lokhorst, Ibo van de Poel, and Maarten Franssen)
- teleology
- Telesio, Bernardino (Michaela Boenke)
- temporal consciousness — see consciousness: temporal
- temporal parts (Katherine Hawley)
- tense and aspect (Mark Steedman)
- terms, properties of
- terrorism (Igor Primoratz)
- testimony
- theism
- theology
- natural (Andrew Chignell)
- Theology of Aristotle (Peter Adamson)
- Thomas of Erfurt (Jack Zupko)
- Thoreau, Henry David (Rick Anthony Furtak)
- thought experiments (James Robert Brown)
- Thrasymachus — see Plato: Callicles and Thrasymachus
- Tibbon, Samuel Ibn (James T. Robinson)
- Tibetan epistemology and theory of Language (Pascale Hugon)
- time (Ned Markosian)
- time machines (John Earman and Christian Wüthrich)
- time travel (Peter Vranas)
- Timon of Phlius (Richard Bett)
- toleration (Rainer Forst)
- tort law, theories of (Jules Coleman)
- torture (Seumas Miller)
- transcendental arguments (Robert Stern)
- Kant — see Kant, Immanuel: transcendental arguments
- transcendentalism (Russell Goodman)
- trans issues, feminist perspectives on — see feminist (topics): perspectives on trans issues
- transworld identity — see identity: transworld
- trinity (Dale Tuggy)
- tropes (John Bacon)
- trust (Carolyn McLeod)
- truth (Michael Glanzberg)
- truthlikeness (Graham Oddie)
- truthmakers (Fraser MacBride)
- truth values (Yaroslav Shramko and Heinrich Wansing)
- Turing, Alan (Andrew Hodges)
- Turing machines (David Barker-Plummer)
- Turing test (Graham Oppy and David Dowe)
- Turnbull, George — see Scottish Philosophy: in the 18th
Century
- Twardowski, Kazimierz (Arianna Betti)
- two truths in India and Tibet, theory of (Sonam Thakchoe)
- types and tokens (Linda Wetzel)
- type theory (Thierry Coquand)
- war (Brian Orend)
- Ward, James (Pierfrancesco Basile)
- Watsuji Tetsurô (Robert
Carter)
- weakness of will (Sarah Stroud)
- Weber, Max (Sung Ho Kim)
- well-being (Roger Crisp)
- Weyl, Hermann (John L. Bell and Herbert Korté)
- Whewell, William (Laura J. Snyder)
- Whichcote, Benjamin — see Cambridge Platonists
- Whitehead, Alfred North (A. D. Irvine)
- William of Auvergne (Neil Lewis)
- William of Champeaux (Kevin Guilfoy)
- William of Ockham — see Ockham, William
- Williams, Bernard (Timothy Chappell)
- Wilson, John Cook (Mathieu Marion)
- Windelband, Wilhelm (R. Lanier Anderson)
- wisdom (Sharon Ryan)
- Wittgenstein, Ludwig (Anat Biletzki and Anat Matar)
- Wolff, Christian (Matt Hettche)
- Wollstonecraft, Mary (Sylvana Tomaselli)
- world government (Catherine Lu)
- worlds
- impossible — see impossible worlds
- possible — see possible worlds
- Wright, Chauncey (Jean De Groot)
- Wundt, Wilhelm Maximilian (Alan Kim)
- Wyclif, John (Alessandro Conti)