WX.txt 6.8c USING APRS IN WEATHER AND SKYWARN APPLICATIONS New in 68c: You may draw an OBJ-AREA WARNING box +/- x miles from a line New in 6.8a: Permits Ultimeter-II stations to report with 100ths rain gauges New in 6.4a+ NWSPARSE.bas will parse NWS bltns comming in on one port, and output APRS storm POSITS via a TNC on the other port. New in 6.2b: You can now enter Wind in KPH and temp in Celsius OVERVIEW: The Automatic Packet Reporting System (APRS) is an ideal tool for reporting weather conditions via packet. The system is compatible with both human entry as well as automatic weather station entry of weather conditions. With the optional $9 WX registration, APRS will accept serial data from the ULTIMETER-II home weather station. With this connection, your wind conditions, temperature and optionally rain information are all automatically inserted into your position/weather report packet. You can even mount an Ultimeter-II remotely with only a TNC and Radio, and have it periodically report the remote weather conditions. Using APRS, current conditions at any station and the station's position are broadcast to all stations on the net in a periodic fashion. There are several capabilities of APRS that are directly applicable to SKYWARN: MAP DISPLAY - Shows the location of all reporting stations, their wind speed and direction. Can also show the location of other objects, such as reports of TStorms, Hail, Tornados, etc. You can also mark large areas with either a rectangle, circle, triangle, or lines. Use the OBJECTS-AREA symbol. Typically, use blue for thunderstorms, and red for tornados. WEATHER ONLY - Using the J command, Just weather stations can be displayed on the map or P-List to eliminate the clutter of other packet stations. There is a WEATHER menu of commands, and the APRS N key will cycle through each APRS weather station in turn and display the weather conditions for each one in a box on top of the screen. The location of the displayed station is highlighted with a blue circle. Whenever a new report comes in from the selected station, the weather window is automatically updated. REPORT BROADCASTS - The individual station weather conditions can be manually entered with the WX-ENTER command or automatically using the optional APRS registration to enable the ULTIMETER-II serial interface. These reports are typically broadcast every 9 minutes. The report is also available at anytime if an APRS user sends the WX station an APRS Query, or the all-call WX query. STORM/HURRICANE TRACKING - Any station may place a storm or other object on his map, and the same symbol will be transmitted to all other stations in the net. This is ideal for tracking storms or Hurricanes. If the course and speed of advance of the storm is included in the report, then it will automatically be dead-reckoned on all screens until the next update. Any station can update the location as information becomes available. The updating station will overwrite all posits in the net and will become the new reporting station. This prevents duplicate reporting and eliminates dependency on single stations that might disappear and not be available to update an object that they originated. NOTE: APRS dead-reckons moving objects in time, so the symbol on the map is presented where it SHOULD be, but NOT where it was when first reported. To hook one of these objects on the map, you must hook the little gray circle which marks the position of the actual report, and not the symbol itself. NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE DISPLAY - Suggested by KD4UYR in FLorida, this feature parses NWS hourly bulletins (SA's) and plots the WX data on the map. NWS sites now have a different symbol from home WX sites. AUTO-HURICANE TRACKING - At the suggestion of KR4US i wrote NWSPARSE.bas which will parse incomming NWS bulletins on one COM port, and output APRS storm symbols and tracks via a TNC on the other COM port. Using a dedicated old XT PC, this system can automatically inject WX storms into APRS nets! OPERATOR MESSAGES - The Point-to-point message capability can be used for operator to operator messages and alerts. COMMENTS - Transmitted along with each position report, there is a short comment field which can be used to report weather conditions, station status, intentions or other broadcast type information. SKYWARN APPLICATION: APRS displays all Wx reporting stations in blue along with wind conditions. Note that APRS only recognizes 360 as North, and not 000, which means there is no wind direction available. The comment field can be used for a variety of free-format weather reports which can be tailored to the conditions at any time. APRS does not update the time field on manual reports but does transmit current time using the ULTIMETER-II interface. In addition to weather data included in position reports, the station Beacon Text is also available for broadcasting additional amplifying info. These beacons can be reviewed on the LATEST display. The APRS BULLETIN feature is very powerful as an alerting mechanism to all stations on the net. Even non-packet voice stations making a weather report can be placed on the map (like an object) by another APRS packet operator. His station will appear similar to any other APRS weather station, except that his report will include a marker indicating that he was manually placed on the map by another operator. NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE HOURLY BULLETINS Based on work by KD4UYR in Clearwater FL, this feature first uses the GetNWS command to search the NWSposns.DAT file for all NWS stations within the boundaries of the current APRS map display (up to a maximum of 250 miles). The database is only accurate to the nearest minute (mile). All NWS sites are given a unique WX symbol (Blue dot with a circle) and added to the PList. The LOAD-WX-DATA command is used for loading the NWS data if available on your PC in a text file containing the downloaded NWS hourly reports. This file can be obtained from most of the commercial data servers or some BBS's. On the internet, use GOPHER to wx.atmos.uiuc.edu to obtain the data. APRS will then scan through the NWS bulletin file looking for each station that you have on your APRS P-LIST. If it finds a matching NWS bulletin, it will parse out the Wind speed/direction, the temperature and dew point and the barometric pressure and place these on the P-list. THen it will take the remainder of the report and place it in the L-list so that you can see the raw data which includes other notes about cloud cover and special conditions. In both cases, the time of the entry in the P and L-list will be the time of the NWS report (in local time). The date is assumed to be the current date. Unfortunately, these reports were designed for human reading and are also generated by hand at all the NWS sites. There are frequently errors or in- properly formatted reports. If APRS can not make sense out of the report, it indicates with "garbled report" on the P-list. Once you have the display you like, you can select stations on the P-list for uplink to the net as desired. Be considerate, though, and not overload the channel. Once everyone on the net sees the reports, the uplinking station should consider Quitting the uplink in order to reduce QRM, and then Killing them when they are no longer valid. See details on the KILL command in HELP.txt. DEMONSTRATION: To see how APRS works in a SKYWARN or other reporting net, load the backup file SKYWARN.BK using the FILES-LOAD command. Use the P command to pull up the position/weather reports and notice the format for W3ADO. That station is reporting the wind and temperature automatically using the optional ULTIMETER-II interface. To demonstrate the NWS capability, center your map on FLorida at the 128 mile range enter the WEATHER-GET_NWS_ SITES command. Once all the NWS stations appear on the map, then enter the WEATHER-LOAD_WX_FILE command to load the sample NWS data file provided by KD4UYR. Look at the P and L-lists to see what is going on... KPH and CELSIUS: You may select to display wind speed in KPH and temperature in degrees Celsius. You enable this by doing a manual WX report entry and answer with EITHER K for KPH or C for Celsius. From then on, the WX display at the top of the screen will display in those units. You can make this permanent, by saving a CONFIG file. The on-air APRS WX protocols, however, still will be in MPH and F. Also, the ALARMS will be compared to MPH and F values. WX ALARMS: If a WX report comes in that exceeds your preset values, the station is plotted in RED and an ALARM sounds. The alarms are WIND, TEMP, and RAIN. These settings can be used to warn of the passing of a warm or a cold front. Use APRS and these alarms to make an almost un-attended SKYWARN network! Install an APRS computer at the NWS site, and let the NWS operators set the alarm levels. Then without transmitting a single packet (there is rarely a licensed HAM on the premises) the APRS screen will show SKYWARN data and where the alarm conditions are! CLEARING ALARMS: When an alarm occurs, the station is drawn in RED and the map is re-drawn to center on that station. Also, the station is marked on the P-list with the ALARM marker. TO clear the alarm, simply hook the station on the map, and then UNhook it (hit the ENTER key twice), or use the WX-ALARMS- CLEAR command. To clear the A on the P-list, hook the station and hit the A key. Normally, the ALARM on the P-list will only sound if that station MOVES. Since a WX station should not move, there is really no problem in leaving the A on the Plist until convenient to remove it. WEATHER WARNINGS AND WATCH BOXES: New in version 6.8c, you can use the OBJ- AREA-LINE command to draw a box plus-or-minus X miles from a line between points A and B. The line and width are perfect for WATCH and WARNING boxes. If baseline lengths longer than 100 miles are needed you must combine two or more boxes. Use the normal OBJ-AREA-LINE command and indicate the +/- offset of the sidelines in a 3 digit number of Miles enclosed in braces {075} anywhere in the COMMENTS field. ULTIMETER-II INTERFACE: To permit automatic weather station reporting, APRS includes an optional serial interface to the ULTIMETER-II home weather station. (I offered to develop one for DAVIS instruments, but they call their data propriatary and will not share it with HAMS). The optional APRS U-II routine is activated by a separate validation number ($9). Once activated, APRS inserts the ULTIMETER-II conditions in your position report automatically for unattended weather reporting. The ultimeter comes in two configurations which are not distinguishable by the user. One version ouputs wind in MPH and the other in KPH regardless of what is set for the U-II front panel display. APRS detects the difference by the beginning character of the report. A * means MPH and a # means KPH. APRS converts the # units to MPH by dividing by 1.6. RAIN VALUES: In the Ultimeter-II, two rain count accumulators are incremented every time the rain gage clicks (0.1 inch unless special ordered for 0.01). APRS asks you which gage you have and converts both to 0.1 inches on the air. Since the U-II rain values only have meaning if everyone knows when they were last reset, APRS only transmits the difference in rain for the last 60 minutes (R value) and the last 24 hours (P value). These rain rates are intended for severe storm watches and other interest in real-time conditions. A reading of /R12 means that 1.2 inches fell in the last hour. After 60 minutes, this value will return to zero. A reading of /P16 means that 1.6 inches have fallen since the same hour yesterday. See PROTOCOL.txt for exact definitions of the following weather format: .../LAT/LONG/CSE/SPD/Txxx/Dxxx/Rxxh/Pxx/Bxxx/free text comments...(auto) With the WX interface enabled, the normal APRS decaying of position/wx reports still holds as long as nothing changes (except the wind). This way, redundant WX reports do not cloud the channel. If any value, Position, temperature, rain, barometric pressure, or comments change, then the periodicity is reset to the value set in the alt-SETUP-POSrate command. Since the wind is the most changing parameter, the WX-WIND command can be used to set a Wind threshold. Whenever the wind is above that threshold, the reporting period is also reset to the POSrate value. Nominally, you might want to set the POSrate value to about 4 minutes or so. This way, during changing WX conditions, or wind above your threshold, the WX is reported every 4 minutes. Otherwise, the period rapidly decays back to the maximum APRS delay period (default is 20 minutes). For a weather station, you might want to change this MaxPeriod to about 10 minutes so that stations in the net get at least 3 wx reports per hour. To change this value, you must use a DOS editor to change it in your CFIGxxx.APR file. You will find it listed as 1200, Maximum time period between packets. (1200 seconds = 20 minutes). Of course, a WX/position report will be transmitted by the APRS station at anytime, in response to an APRS or WX query. SERIAL INTERFACE CABLE: Peet Bros sells a serial interface cable with a DB-25 connector to RJ-11. (Note, this is a DB-25, not a DB-9). Since the U-II has no negative supply, a 5 K pulldown resistor is added to the DB-25 connector between Pins 2 and 3. This uses the -5 or -12 volts on your TXD line to bias the RXD line. When I plugged in a standard phone line connector to the U-II serial data output (unmarked connector on their junction box, or side of the Display unit), I found the data output on the green and black wire of the RJ-11. Black was data ground, and green was RXD. I do not know if the wire colors are standard but they would be either 1 and 3, or 2 and 4 depending on which side is up, and the ground is the one at the edge. The Peet Bros cable includes transient protection and RF filtering to protect your computer as well as the bias resistor. Remember, the annemometer is like an antenna, high in the air. It can radiate RFI and take lightening charges... SAVE A COMM PORT! I can't believe the flack I get from people that want APRS to use COM3 and COM4 etc. Why tie up whole COMM ports when an 89 cent switch will allow other devices to share a single COMM port? Since the U-II cable only uses ONE pin and GROUND, simply add it to your MODEM cable with a simple SPDT switch as follows: ULTIMETER-II >---------*--------* sw1 | <----*--------------> RXD MODEM } >------------------* or } | other } *-----/\/\/\/\-------* serial } 5.6k | device } <------------------------------*-------< TXD } * * * -----------------------------* * * other pins } *--------------------------------------* GND Actually, you can wire this to any serial device that you do NOT use while running APRS. I chose my MODEM that is on COM2. Note the series resistor as mentioned in the text to provide the -V pull-down for the U-II output. REMOTE ULTIMETER-II OPERATION: There are two ways to combine a TNC and U-II for stand-alone remote operation. One uses the new features in the PACCOMM TNC to periodically transmit a WX report, and the other permits APRS stations to interrogate the WX conditions remotely. Here's how: GPS capable TNC: Simply program the TNC GPStext parameter to recognize the * or # character instead of the usual GPS formats. Then set LOC to every 600 and GPS ON and the TNC will load the WX report into the TNC LText and transmit it once every 10 minutes. Also SET ECHO off! This is because the U-II uses a 10k resistor on the TXD line to bias the RXD line. If the TNC is echoing the U-II data, then total garbage results! (Thanks to Jeff, KD4GOE in Mobile, ALA for figuring that one out!). Finally, you MUST put the unit's POSIT in the LText using the "_" WX symbol. APRS will NOT display WX data from this site until it HAS received a POSIT on the P-List. OTHER TNCs: 1) Install the U-II and a TNC at the remote site. Install a data switch so that U-II data is only input to the TNC when the TNC is connected by either wiring to the CONNECTED LED or to the DCD line if implemented 2) Place the TNC location in the BText using the usual APRS fixed format with the WX (_) symbol: !LLmm.xxN/LLLmm.xxW_Remote U-II WX station... 3) If the TNC is also serving as a WIDE area APRS digi, place the word WIDE at the beginning of the comment field so that it shows up in green, and include a note that WX is available. Set MYA WIDE. Set your UNPROTO path to UNproto APRS via WIDE,WIDE... (assuming there are other WIDEs nearby) 4) Set LFIgnore ON. Set CHECK to 6 and AX25 off so that the WX connection will time out after 60 seconds. At this point, any station connecting to the TNC will get the short ULTIMETER 15 character weather strings as long as they are connected. The following changes were made to APRS so that the connected station and all OTHER monitoring stations could see the data. a) APRS looks for raw U-II data packets on the air, no matter what the TO callsign is. b) To let the station that connects to the U-II TNC also be able to see the data, he must first turn MCON ON so that he can monitor while connected, second, he must escape out of the APRS TALK mode so that APRS can process the data. Use the alt-X key instead of ESC to return to APRS from the blue COMM-TNC screen. Alt-X will leave your connection intact instead of forcing a Disconnect as it usually does. This feature is not documented anywhere else, since it only is useful here for WX. c) As long as you are connected to the remote TNC, the U-II data will be transmitted about once every 5 seconds. Since the remote site can also be a WIDE area digipeater, it should show the WX circle symbol, but it will be GREEN to indicate it is also running with the ALIAS of WIDE. Whenever U-II data is transmitted, APRS will overwrite the digipeater position with the Ultimeter-II WX/posit report. The last WX heard will remain in the P-list and on the screen until the next BText is transmitted by the DIGI TNC. Peet Bros is working on a version of the Ultimeter which can be connected to a remote TNC and which will only ouput WX data once every 6 minutes or so. If the TNC is placed in the UI CONVERSE mode, these short WX reports will be transmitted. The PACCOMM TNC already has a UI MODE which will power it up in UI CONVERSE for just such an application as this... DATA LOGGING: The POSITION FILTER normally causes APRS to NOT save duplicate position reports that are within 80 yards of a previous report. When this filter is toggled OFF, it reduces this filter range to 20 yards AND enables all WXstation logging. In this mode, all WEATHER station reports are saved in a track history file. All over-the-air reports are only received once every 10 minutes, but your own report will be saved at the rate set by the Set-Pos-Rate command. AUTOWX.EXE: This is a program written by Les, N5KOA to also interface the U-II to a TNC with a PC. It allows direct connections for WX info, it does WX beacons in APRS format, and allows continuous logging of WX data to a binary file just like the U-II ULTIITSR program. I have not used nor tried this program. Do not send disks, but about $5.00 to cover disk & postage. Les Blalock, N5KOA, 1711 Pagewood, Odessa, TX 79761 (915) 332-7112 day, 332-1942 fax, 367-0408 eve The program is also available on the ARRL BBS at (201) 666-0578. THERE IS NO LONGER ROOM TO PROVIDE THIS PROGRAM NOR DOCUMENTATION AS PART OF APRS DISTRIBUTION. AN OVERALL DESCRIPTION follows: AutoWX (Auto-Weather) is an IBM compatible packet program that accepts weather data from the Ultimeter II weather station and makes the data available on packet by direct connect requests and/or via automatic beacons (in APRS beacon format). The program assumes you are using two serial ports (COM1 and COM2) and that the U-II is connected to one, the TNC to the other. The program works fine on an XT with 256K RAM and a single floppy disk drive. Weather data can be tracked on the AutoWx screen in three different formats: The WX.DAT file is an ASCII file that tracks the high and low temperatures and high wind speed for the day. The U-II data is read continuously and logged to disk every 5 minutes. If another packet station connects and sends "//wx", AutoWx will update and send the current weather data and Hi's and Lo's for the day. The last ten stations that connected can be viewed by pressing the PgDn key. Comments and questions about AUTOWX can be directed to N5KOA at N5RKN.#WTX (Odessa, TX). Please drop him a line if you try the program. FINAL NOTES: Since the WXstation option is always updating your outgoing position report, this makes it impossible for a WX station to report a beam heading during a Direction Finding evolution. If you use the BEAMHEADING command to enter a beam heading on a Fox or Jammer, then your WX station is disabled. To restore your WX station, restart the program. $$$ The ULTIMETER-II is available from PEET Bros 1-800-USA-PEET (872-7338) for $179 plus $20 for their Serial interface cable and $60 for the optional rain guage (self emptying, reads in 0.1 inches) plus shipping of $8.25. (For APRS, you don't need their $40 software but it is a good package for doing the usual home WX logging and analysis) See adds in QST, CQ, Popular Mechanics, etc... (these were 1993 prices)