LD

Section: Jul 21 1994 (1)
Updated: Sozobon Programmer's Manual
Index Return to Main Contents

NAME

ld - The SozobonX Linker (loader)

SYNOPSIS

ld [options] [<file> ...]

ld [-Vvhtpmb][-v2] [--nofload][--nofram] [--nofmem]

[-B <n>] [-o <file>] [-u <symbol>] [-L <path>]

[-f <link file>] | [<file> ...]

DESCRIPTION

The ld command links object modules and libraries to form an executable program. Both object modules and libraries may be passed to ld for linking. It can handle DRI, SozobonX objects and DRI archives only.

By default the output is written to file 'a.out', and the Fastload, 'load to FastRAM' and the 'malloc from FastRAM' program header flags are set.

Several options may be specified to alter the operation of the linker:

OPTIONS

Print detailed Version information to stdout and exit

Print the synospsis information (usage) and exit

Generally show more information about what ld is doing and print short version information (to stderr).

If you put two 'v's or a '-v2' into commandline ld will be more verbose, printing the symbols looked for in the libraries, and the extern symbols of the newly added modules from the libraries.

Increase the limits for internal buffers by factor <n>. This option will be replaced by some automatic allocation routines some time.

Put a symbol table in the output file.

Make multiple passes over each library until no more references can be satisfied. If libraries are ordered appropriately, this option is not needed and linking will be faster.

This option is useful when many files are to be linked. The loader reads the file <file> specified for a list of object modules and libraries to be linked. Names in the file should be separated by white space or newlines. cc will always use this option.

By default, the name of the executable file is 'a.out'. This option allows a different name to be specified.

Forces ld to link the symbol <symbol> at once if it is found in any library module.
The given symbol is marked as undefined. This can be useful when linking from libraries. And a symbol (e.g. __printf) can be marked as undefined to force loading it from a library, before another module (e.g. from another library) asks for it.

This option can be used when linking large programs to reduce the amount of memory used by the loader. The loader makes more disk accesses when this option is used.

Print a load map. (I've read anywhere -M is standard?) A table of all linked objects with their sizes is printed to stdout.

Add path to the search list to find following (in commandline) libraries and object modules. The pathes specified with -L option are searched first, after cwd and before builtin or $LIB pathes, in the order specified in the commandline.

Do not set Fastload flag in program header of generated executable.

Do not set 'load to FastRAM' flag in program header of generated executable.

Do not set 'malloc from FastRAM' flag in program header of generated executable.

ENVIRONMENT

$LIBDIR This path replaces the builtin search pathes for libraries and object modules not to find in cwd.

$LIB A list of pathes where libraries and object modules are to search. If this variable is specified the builtin pathes and the $LIBDIR path are ignored for searches.

If $STDERR is present, stderr handle (2) is used for diagnostic output.

DIAGNOSTICS

Warnings:

message:
Double def of <sym>: in <module (archive)> type <char>,
                in <module (archive)> type <char>

Tells you that symbol <sym> is defined in the two named modules,
the second module name is the first definition. The type char
[Text|Data|Bss|Common|?] tells you the symbols' type in the module.

If a symbol is already defined, the first definition is used.

message:
Common sizes differ: <sym> in <module (archive)> <size>,
                        in <module (archive)> <size>

Tells you, that Common symbol <sym> is defined with different sizes
in different modules.
The larger size will be used for that symbol.

Error Messages:

message:
Undef <sym> from <module (archive)>

The symbol <sym>, used in <module> (maybe in others, too) isn't
defined in any specified module. (No output!)

message:
Undef Common <sym> from <module (archive)>

The Common symbol <sym> is never defined with a length value.
(No output is generated!);

LIMITS

The number of handled files, objects and symbols is still limited:
60 different files
1000 global symbols in resulting object (executable)
400 symbols in every object module
600 objects in a library (only used for rescanning - multiple passes)
300 objects currently used

BUGS

Without doubt, there are some bugs in this program. If you discover one, please report it to maintainer.

AUTHOR

eXtended Version by Holger Weets, Jerry G Geiger (1992-1995)

VERSION

ld V2.00x10 Apr 8 1995

This document was created by man2html, using the manual pages.
Time: 09:04:09 GMT, February 14, 2025

LD