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![]() ![]() Endotes for Part 2 1 Tibet: Proving Truth from Facts, Department of Information and International Relations, Tibetan Government in Exile (Dharamsala, 1993); His Holiness the Dalai Lama, The Collected Statements, Articles and Interview of His Holiness the Dalai Lama (Dharamsala, 1986). 2 See e.g. Tibet: The Position in International Law, Report of the Conference of International Lawyers on Issues relating to Self-Determination and Independence for Tibet , London 6 - 10, 1993 (London: Edition Hansjorg Mayer, 1994). 3 See Montevideo Convention on the Rights an Duties of States, Art. 1, which is commonly accepted as reflecting international customary law. See D.J. Harris, Sweet and Maxwell, Cases and Materials on International Law, (London, 1991) p. 102-104. 4 See Melvyn Goldstein, A History of Modern Tibet, 1913-1951 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1989). 5 See Robert Ford, Wind Between the Worlds (New York: David McKay, 1957). 6 See Warren Smith, Tibetan Nation (Boulder: Westview Press, 1996) p. 451, ft. 2. 7 The Dalai Lama, My Land, My People (New York: Potala Press, 1983): Goldstein, p. 769; M. van Walt van Praag, The Legal Status of Tibet (Boulder: Westview Press, 1987) p.147. 8 Seventeen Point Agreement, Article 1, quoted in in Michael van Walt van Praag, The Legal Status of Tibet, Westview Press, Boulder, 1987. 9 See The Dalai Lama, My Land, My People, (PotL Press, New York 1983) 10 Xinjiang, Inner Mongolia, Ningxia and Guanxi. 11 C.P. Fitzgerald, The Northern Marches of Yun-nan, in: the Geographical Journal, 1943. 12 Graham Clark, 'The Movement of Population to the West of China,: Tibet and Qinghai', in Judith M. Brown and Rosemary Foot, Migration: The Asian Experience, (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1991) p. 246. 13 See White Book Tibet, its Ownership and Human Rights Situation, (Beijing: Information Office of the State Council of the People's Republic of China), p.7. 14 The Seventeen Point Agreement was concluded with 'Tibet' without any references to its geographical delimitation. 15 I.e., Xinjiang, Inner Mongolia, Ninxia and Guanxi. 16 See The Dalai Lama, Freedom in Exile , Hodder and Stoughton, London 1990) p. 104, 106-7. 17 For the full text of Hu's recommendations, see Xinhua News Agency in Chinese, 30.5.80 18 The Panchen Lama, Address to the TAR Standing Committee Meeting of the National People's Congress, Beijing (28.3.87), published as Department of Info. and International Relations, Central Tibetan Administration of His Holiness the Dalai Lama, The Panchen Lama Speaks (1991), p. 5. 19 Speech given by Mr. Ragdi on September 5, 1994 at the Seventh Plenum of the 6th Standing Committee Session of the TAR Communist Party, also referred to as 'Document No 5': The focal point of the policy of opening the door wider in Tibet should be towards the inner part of the country [i.e. towards the PRC]. While depending on our region's own good aspects of policy and production resources, we should combine these with the good aspects of the inner part of the Country [i.e. PRC.], its intellectuals, technicians, management personnel and communications. Mutual economic support and exchange in every field should be broadened. We should encourage traders, investment, economic units and individuals to enter our region to run different sorts of enterprises. We should turn our good production resources into economic [advantages] and join our region's economy with the nation's vast market. 20 See Preamble, Seventeen Point Agreement, cited in Michiel van Walt van Praag, The Status of Tibet, Westview Press, Boulder, 1987, p. 337. 21 See Seventeen Point Agreement, par. 3. 22 See Seventeen Point Agreement, par. 4. 23 See Seventeen Point Agreement, par. 7. 24 See Seventeen Point Agreement, par. 11. 25 1984 Law on Regional Autonomy, Preface, cited in The Myth of Autonomy: a Legal Analysis of the Status of Tibet, International Campaign for Tibet and the Human Rights Law Group, (Washington, April 1994). 26 See 1984 Law on Regional Autonomy, article 20. 27 See 1984 Law on regional Autonomy, article 19. 28 A handful of Tibetans hold positions within the National People's Congress. E.g. Phuntsog Wangyal and Ngapo Ngawang Jigme are among the most high-profile Tibetans in the Central government, but their power is repor tedly nominal at best. According to unofficial sources, Ngapo Ngawang Jigme appears to have been sidelined and there is evidence that the Chinese authorities no longer trust him. 29 See Hungmao Tien, 'Sinocization on National Minorities in China', in Current Scene, vol. XII, no. 12; see also The Myth of Autonomy. 30 Speech given by Mr. Ragdi on 5.9.94, 'The 5th Document of the 7th Plenary of the 6th Standing Committee Session'. 31 I.e. Sichuan, Qinghai, Gansu and Yunnan, respectively. 32 See Donald R. DeGlopper, 'Chinese Nationality Policy and the Tibetan Question', in Problems of Communism, November/December, 1990. 33 Article 17, 1984 Law on Regional Autonomy, cited in The Myth of Autonomy, A Legal Analysis of the Status of Tibet, A report by the International Campaign for Tibet anbd the Human Rights Law Group, p.11. 34 Gyaltsen Norbu. 35 Constitution of the Chinese Communist Party, art. 35. 36 Speech given at the meeting for party members of the Fourth Plenary Session of the Sixth TAR Regional Congress and the Youth Plenary Session of the Sixth Political Consultative Conference, by Chen Kuiyuan, 4.94. 37 The Tibet Daily (22.5.96) reported that a Tibetan member of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference and vice chairman of the Tibet branch of the People's Political Consultative Conference was dismissed as 'he lost the basic principle and political stand of patriotism'. The paper added that 'the conference decided to dismiss him from is post to purify the PPCC organization, which demonstrates its 'solemn stance on patriotism'. 38 See Warren Smith, Tibetan Nation: A History of Tibetan Nationalism and Sino-Tibetan Relations (Boulder: Westview Press, 1996), chapter 16, 'Tibet's Legal Status'. 39 ILO International Labor Conventions and Recommendations 1919-1991, Vol.1, ' Convention no. 29, Convention Concerning Forced or Compulsory Labor' (Geneva International Labor Office, 1992), p.116. 40 Interview with a farmer from Khanze, Dharamsala, 1995. 41 Notably in Amdo and Kham, areas now incorporated in Qinghai and Sichuan Province. 42 Interview with a farmer from Khanze, Dharamsala 1995. 43 Apart from these Chinese operated tourist agencies, a number of successful Tibetan tourist agencies have sprung up over the past few years. These tend to be small scale enterprises, catering to low budget travellers, while Chinese operated tours tend to tailor to wealthy travellers. 44 This term is used in many Chinese propaganda documents/speeches. 45 Wang Furen and Suo Wenqing, Highlights of Tibetan History (Beijing, New World Press, 1984), p.43 and p.179. 46 Fazhi Ribao, February, 1995. 47 Report by LAWASIA/TIN, Defying the Dragon, China and Human Rights in Tibet, London, 1991, pp. 108-9, citing the Ganze Propaganda Guide. 48 Speech by Chen Kuiyuan at the 5th Regional Meeting on Education, 26.10.94. 49 See Wang Hao and Duo Qiong, Tibet Adopts Regional National Autonomy System, Xinhua, 30.5.90, translated by FBIS, 1.6.90. See also, Wu Naitao, Languages: Pedigree of Ethnic Equality, Beijing Review, May 4-10, 1992, pp. 25-29. 50 See TIN Update, 31.12.96, 'Student Unease at Language Policies in Schools', Tibet Information Network (London). 51 However, as in many French and British colonies, assimilation is a condition but certainly no guarantee of social advancement. 52 See TIN Update, 31.12.96, Tibet Information Network (London). 53 See TIN Update, 31.12.96, Tibet Information Network (London). 54 See Opening to Reform?: An Analysis of China's Revised Criminal Procedure Law, Lawyers Committee for Human Rights, New York, 1996. 55 See A Season to Purge: Religious Repression in Tibet. Washington, International Campaign for Tibet, 1996. 56 See Cutting off the Serpent's Head, Tibet Information Network /Human Rights Watch (London, 1996), p. 64. 57 See Ronald Schwartz, Circle of Protest (New York: Columbia University Press, 1994). 58 See official summary of the speech of CCP Secretary Jiang Zemin at the 1990 Work Conference on Religion, in Xinhua, 8.12.90. 59 Ibid. 60 Work Forums on Tibet are top-level Party and government meetings which determine long-term policies on Tibet. The first was in 1980, the second in 1984 and the third in 1994. The Third Work was attended by all seven members of the Standing Committee of the Party's Central Committee. At least two members, President Jiang Zemin and former Party Secretary of Tibet, Hu Jintao, gave substantive presentations. 61 Internal Party document entitled 'Seizing this Good Opportunity of Having the Third Work Forum [and] Achieve in an All Round way a New Aspect on Work in Tibet', given by Ragdi, 5.9.94, at the Seventh Plenum of the Sixth Standing Committee Session of the TAR Communist Party, cited in Cutting off the Serpent's Head, Tibet Information Network/Human Rights Watch, London, 1996, p. 32. 62 According to article 36 of the Constitution of the PRC, 'the State protects normal religious activities. No one may make use of religion to engage in activities that disrupt public order, impair the health of citizens or interfere with the educational system of the state.' This article implies that religious activities which are not deemed 'normal' are not protected by the state. It does not specify who is to determine whether a certain religious activity is normal or not. The Chinese authorities often legitimize religious repression in Tibet by claiming that the religious activities in question are not 'normal', that they 'disrupt the public order' and the integrity of the state. 63 Speech by Chen Kuiyuan (TAR Party Secretary), Sixth TAR Regional Congress and the Fourth Plenary Session of the Sixth Political Consultative Meeting, 14 May 1996. 64 Note that in July 1993 the Chinese authorities had allowed Chadrel Rinpoche, the head of the search party in charge of identifying the reincarnation of the 10th Panchen Lama, to meet the Dalai Lama's brother in Beijing and to send the Dalai Lama an official request for 'guidance' in the search. 65 Xinhua News Agency, Summary of World Broadcast (SWB), 2 December 1995. 66 This is the term J. Nehru used when criticizing the British. 67 Interview with an ex-government official in Dharamsala, January 1994. 68 E.g. in 1996 the Tibetan mayors of Meldrogonkar and Toelung have reportedly been replaced by Chinese. 69 Marcus Brauchli, To Integrate Tibet, China's New Approach Tries Economic Lures, Wall Street Journal, 7.97. 70 Speech by Chen Kuiyuan on the meeting for Party members at the Fourth Plenary Session of the Sixth TAR Regional Congress and the Fourth Plenary Session of the Sixth Political Consultative Conference, 14 `may 1996 71 Speech by TAR Party Secretary Chen Kuiyuan on 5 December 1994, SWB 5/12/94 72 See 170,000 Troops Deployed Near Lhasa , Far Eastern Economic Review, 19.11.92, p. 8; Peking to Move Military Headquarters to Tibet , South China Morning Post, 8.3.89; Central News Agency, 5.12.92. 73 Policy Shift in Teaching in Tibet, Tibet Information Network, 6.5.97. 74 E.g. Dawa Dolma, a teacher at the Lhasa Cement Plant primary school, Kunchok Tenzin from Sog district and Sonam Tering from Qinghai Province. 75 Speech by Chen Kuiyuan, TAR Party Secretary, at the 5th Regional Meeting on Education, held on 26 October 76 See Pu Ning, Red in Tooth and Claw: Twenty-Six Years in Communist Chinese Prisons (New York: Grove Press, The author chronicles his life on the Tibetan plateau as a prison laborer sent from China. 77 See Chen Kuiyuan Exhorts Tibetans not to Fear Chinese Influx, Tibetan Environment & Development News, February 1995, No. 17, p. 8. 78 Quoted in TIN background briefing paper, no. 26, p.38, Tibet Information Network (London, 1995). 79 See Doc. 5, internal CCP speech given by Mr. Ragdi during the Third National Forum of work in Tibet, held in September 1994. 80 See H.S. Liao, 'Tibet's Economic Reform Since Deng Xiao Ping's South China Tour', in Issues and Studies, March 1994, Vol. 30, no. 8. 81 Chinese settlers have stated that they are allowed two children as a reward for being subjected to a very unpopular population transfer program. Some Chinese families in eastern Tibet can only have one child, or choose to have only one child, particularly if they are higher Party cadres who should set an example. Chinese who are sent to eastern Tibet for only one or two years are sometimes discouraged from having two children. One Chinese reported that the policy was that Chinese must remain in Tibet for 8 years before they could have a second child. Second generation Chinese who are born in eastern Tibet are reportedly always allowed to have 2 children, as if they have become de facto minorities by virtue of their length of stay. See The Long March: Chinese Policies in Eastern Tibet, International Campaign for Tibet (Washington, 1991), pp. 11-13. 82 Wang & Bai, Poverty of Plenty (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1991), p. 148. 83 See Graham Clarke, 'The Movement of Populaton to the West of China: Tibet and Qinghai', in Brown and Foot, Migration: The Asian Experience, St. Martin's Press, New York, 1991, p. 248. 84 The New Majority: Population Transfer into Tibet, Tibet Support Group UK (London, 1995), p. 56. 85 Several large farms such as the 1st August Farm belong to, and are administrated by, the PLA. 86 See Marcus Brauchli, To Integrate Tibet, China's New Approach Tries Economic Lures, Wall Street Journal, 7.97. 87 The Precious Democratic Constitution of Tibet, a political protest document written by a group of monks from Drepung Monastery in 1988 and subsequently smuggled out of the country. 88 Resolution 1353 (XIV) called for 'respect for the fundamental human rights of the Tibetan people and for their distinct cultural and religious life'. Resolution 1723 (XVI) stated that the General Assembly was 'gravely concerned about the suppression of the distinct cultural and religious life which [the Tibetans] traditionally enjoyed'. Resolution 2079 (XX) declared its 'conviction that the violation of human rights and fundamental freedoms in Tibet and the suppression of their distinct cultural and religious life of its people increase international tension and embitter relations between peoples.' 89 UN Subcommission on the Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities, Resolution 1991/10, UN Doc. E/CN.4/1992/37. 90 'The Chinese race totals 400 million people; of mingled races there are only a few million Mongolians, a million or so Manchus, a few million Tibetans, and over a million Mohammedan Turks. These alien races do not number altogether more than ten million, so that, for the most part, the Chinese people are of the Han or Chinese race with common blood, common language, common religions and common customs - a single, pure race.' Sun Yatsen, San Min Chu-i, 1927, p. 11 and p.12. 91 See Mao Zedong, On Contradiction Among the People, quoted in Cutting off the Serpent's Head, TIN/Human Rights Watch Asia, London 1996, p. 10-11. 92 See 1994 ork Report of the Government of the TARm quoted in Cutting off the Serpent's Head, TIN/ Human Rights Watch Asia, London 1996, p.11
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