PE0033 Peru: Management of the Ampay Forest Sanctuary



Project Summary:

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The Ampay Forest Sanctuary (AFS) is a small protected area (3,635ha) located in the eastern slopes of the Peruvian southern Andes in the Apurimac department between Abancay and Cusco. Its montane forest contains Peru's endangered single native conifer, the "intimpa" (Podocarpus glomeratus) plus over 400 species of plants and 114 vertebrates. This project is within the framework of IDMA­Abancay Programme for the "Ecodevelopment of the Marino River sub­basin" which involves a multidisciplinary approach towards integrating the surrounding farming communities and the urban population of Abancay into the conservation of the forest and the management of the Marino watershed. The main components of the Programme are: agroecological production, irrigation infrastructure, agricultural research and conservation. The overall project is also funded by MISEREOR­Germany, TROCAIRE, IAF, and PNUMA. The project aims to contribute to the socio­economic development of such populations which in turn will become protectors of the Sanctuary.
Priority Biomes % Strategies %
Forests 100
Consumption & Pollution 0Freshwater Ecosystems 0 EE & Capacity Building 27
Oceans and Coasts 0 Protected Areas 44
Non-Priority Biomes 0 Species 0
Non-Biome Specific 0 Sustainable Resource Use 29
Treaties & Legislation 0
Non-Priority Strategies 0

Project Background:

Identified in 1985 as one of WWF's high priority areas in the Andean region, the Ampay Forest Sanctuary (AFS) comprises one of Peru's last three remaining forested patches of the endangered Podocarpus tree and its associated flora. Two hundred and sixty native forest species have been documented in this area, including a high percentage of endemic plants. The AFS extends from 2,900 to 5,200m in elevation along the eastern slope of the Andes and encompasses a broad altitudinal gradient ranging from thick, tall, moist montane and "paramo" pastures to the snow­capped Ampay peak. Among the fauna of Ampay are the "taruca" (huemul or mule deer), spectacled bear, and the Andean condor, all listed among Peru's endangered species. The forest was "discovered" in 1986 by the Institute for Development and the Environment (IDMA) and was declared a forest sanctuary in August 1987 by the National Park Authority after two years of lobbying with local inhabitants and organizations. Apurimac is considered to be one of Peru's three most impoverished regions, with the highest growth rate in the country, a high degree of malnutrition and levels of illiteracy and living conditions in keeping with the extreme poverty. Population has increased during the last 15 years from 15,000 to 49,000 in the capital Abancay alone as it has proved to be a receptive area for displaced persons (due to subversive action and economic problems elsewhere in the region, mainly in Ayacucho and Huancavelica). The sanctuary is under pressure from: the 43 families living inside, 20 of which are established on a permanent basis and the remaining 23 only go there periodically to exploit the land within the sanctuary; from the 8 neighbouring communities (around 1,000 families) who not only use the sanctuary for seasonal crops and grazing, but in moving towards market­oriented farming with inappropriate agricultural technology they have caused the loss of valuable germplasm as well as soil erosion and degradation; and lastly, from the increased demands from the city of Abancay for timber, fuelwood, Christmas trees, tourism and agricultural land. While the watershed deforestation, overgrazing and soil erosion are major problems, farmers are facing an increased incidence of pest and disease in crops and animals as well as conflicts over water resources. This project directly addresses the preservation of its biological diversity and the needs of its people. IDMA is a non­profit making organization created in March 1984. The IDMA­Abancay Programme of ecodevelopment commenced its activities in 1986 in the sub­basin of the Mollebamba river (province of Antabamba), focusing its activities on the rehabilitation of terraces, seed capital and promotion of the use of fruit and vegetable gardens. Subsequently, its efforts were transferred to the province of Abancay where, towards the middle of 1987, it started working on the conservation of the agroforestry systems as part of the strategy of the Programme of Ecodevelopment of the Marino river sub­basin. IDMA­Abancay is developing an intensive activity aimed at promoting inter­institutional relationships and achieving appropriate coordination at local and subregional level. To date, IDMA has carried out some activities within the AFS, with the support of other NGOs and GOs involved in the management and conservation of the sanctuary.

Project Objectives:

1. To conserve one of the last Peruvian native forests of the endangered Podocarpus glomeratus tree species for scientific research, public education, tourism and to regulate use of the Marino sub­basin.

2. To encourage sustainable development of the Marino sub­basin so that the quality of life of user groups within the buffer zone is improved and the damaging pressure on the forest is reduced.

3. To achieve maximum understanding by local populations and user groups of the problems encountered in natural resource conservation and to ensure adequate public and private response to address these problems.

PE0033.1: Protection and Management of Ampay Forest Sanctuary (Jul. 95 - Jun. 98)

Activity Background:

WWF started supporting the management of AFS in 1987 through infrastructure and personnel. The planning process constitutes a pillar of AFS management, for which a number of studies and data collection have been carried out. The available information includes: ecotourism issues (diagnosis, zoning proposal, projection of tourist demand, location of infrastructure, etc), flora inventory, legal situation on land tenure within the AFS, preliminary survey on biological diversity, socio­economic data, etc. IDMA has also played an important role setting up the AFS Local Support Committee consisting of eleven organizations, organizing the inhabitants of the Sanctuary and formation of the Committee of Ampay Residents, as well as organizing the inhabitants of the eight bordering communities and helping create the Ampay Development Committee. Given the experience of FPCN in the development of operational plans, IDMA and FPCN envisage the possibility of a technical exchange whereby IDMA would support FPCN in the projects involving rural development activities and FPCN would in return offer its support to the process of drafting the Operational Plan for the AFS.

Activity Objectives:

1. To regulate, plan and set priorities for the management of the AFS and sustainable development activities in its buffer zone.

2. To formulate a document which will regulate tourist activity within the Sanctuary.

3. To computerize the existing cartographical information (GIS).

4. To provide the AFS with the necessary personnel and equipment to carry out activities related to control, surveillance and interpretation of the area as well as support for the forestry activities of the project.

5. To reduce the number of intimpas extracted during the Christmas period.

6. To facilitate the orientation of visitors, eliminating the traffic of people along narrow secondary paths and offering them information about the Sanctuary by means of adequate signposting.

Activity Biomes:

Mixed Mountain Systems.

Activity Methods:

Education; Protected Area Management.

Activity Species:

Andean condor (Vultur gryphus); Spectacled bear (Tremarctos ornatus).

PE0033.2: Sustainable Use of Natural Resources (Jul. 95 - Jun. 98)

Activity Background:

Since IDMA started working in the area 7 years ago, there have been an increasingly high number of families adopting agroecological systems of production. This has been complemented with the establishment of infrastructure to improve sanitation and increase productivity: 8.6km of channels and 4 reservoirs with a total capacity of 1800 cubic metres, irrigation channels, drinking water, water filters, latrines and communal premises. The indiscriminate deforestation for firewood and wood (at a time approximately 60 cubic metres per month within the Sanctuary) for local use and for sale in the urban market constitutes one of the main threats to the Sanctuary's integrity as well as an important source of income for some families. In the same way, rural structures are often built at the expense of natural forests and only on rare occasions using cultivated trees. Fruit trees are quite scarce and there is an obvious need to improve people's daily diet. These problems led IDMA and WWF to put emphasis on reforestation with native and fruit trees to restore the natural cover, to provide firewood and other goods and services to the population.

Activity Objectives:

1. To provide incentives for forest activities in the communities bordering the Sanctuary in order to promote the gradual restoration of critical areas of the Sanctuary that have been deforested.

2. To install agroforestry systems offering various goods and services to the inhabitants by promoting the propagation of species which are a source of firewood and construction materials, as well as fruit trees and fodder.

3. To enhance the family income as well as diversify and improve the nutritional diet.

4. To promote technologies to optimise the use of firewood and reduce its extraction from natural forests.

PE0033.3: Environmental Education and Training Programme (Jul. 95 - Jun. 98)

Activity Background:

The activities carried out by the IDMA­Abancay Programme to date are: cultural gatherings and competitions related to AFS (songs, poetry, stories, drawings, etc) organized together with the National Institute of Culture (INC); ecological excursions, camping and social activities with schools and boy scout groups, daily radio broadcast, promotion of educational fruit and vegetable gardens and training on ecological agriculture and soil conservation techniques. IDMA has entered into an agreement with the Subregional Board of Education to promote the training of teaching staff in environmental topics. In order to incorporate environmental education aspects within the school curriculum, the nomination of one teacher per year from Abancay is being supported to participate in the "T'ikay Wasi Training Program" run by APECO. By this means, the sharing of complementary skills between these two WWF partners is enabling them to improve their performance in the projects.

Activity Objectives:

1. To increase the inhabitants' knowledge in terms of production and topics related to conservation of biodiversity, and create an awareness of their dependency on natural resources in order to promote sustainable use.

2. To raise the awareness of GOs and NGOs who are working in development so that they incorporate gender issues in their proposals.

3. To reinforce the technical abilities of personnel on the project and maximise the experience acquired in other areas by other institutions.

4. To encourage the interest of teachers from the schools of Abancay in topics related to environmental education through disseminating positive experiences.

5. To make the population aware of the importance of the conservation of AFS and to the sustainable use of natural resources.

6. To prepare printed and audiovisual material to support the planned courses as well as the educational and informative activities.

PE0042 Peru: Integrated Conservation & Development Programme in the Noroeste Biosphere Reserve

Project Summary:

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The four protected areas involved in this project harbour the best conserved remnants of the Pacific Tropical Dry Forest which once stretched from central Ecuador to northern Peru, and the southernmost coastal mangroves in the Pacific Ocean. This project aims to conserve representative examples of equatorial dry forest for scientific research, public education, and tourism by reducing the destructive pressure on the forest and other ecosystems by means of a strategy for sustainable use of the natural resources developed and implemented by the local population and user groups located within the area of influence.
Priority Biomes % Strategies %
Forests 0Consumption & Pollution 0
Freshwater Ecosystems 0 EE & Capacity Building 0
Oceans and Coasts 0 Protected Areas 0
Non-Priority Biomes 0 Species 0
Non-Biome Specific 100 Sustainable Resource Use 0
Treaties & Legislation 0
Non-Priority Strategies 100

Project Background:

Located in northwest Peru, the Noroeste Biosphere Reserve (NBR) is made up of three contiguous protected areas: the Tumbes National Forest which is now called Tumbes Reserved Zone (TRZ) and was officially decreed in July 1957; the Cerros de Amotape National Park (CANP) and El Angolo Hunting Reserve (EAHR), both created in July 1975. The status of Biosphere Reserve was conferred by UNESCO over the 231,000 ha making up these areas in 1977, though this status is not legally recognized under Peruvian legislation. The FPCN Noroeste Programme also includes activities in the Tumbes Mangrove National Sanctuary, a fourth protected area created in 1988 which is not officially included within the Biosphere Reserve, but treated as such for purposes of the Programme. WWF support to the area was initiated in 1976 under a specific project focused on Cerros de Amotape National Park. In 1987, WWF began working with FPCN to promote management of Cerros de Amotape National Park and the Tumbes Mangrove Sanctuary. The Programme was initiated in 1987 when the Peruvian Park Service and the Fundacion Peruana para la Conservacion de la Naturaleza (FPCN) undertook an analysis of the threats and problems facing the NBR with support from WWF. Following that, activities commenced with the formulation of an Operational Plan for the Park, the core area of the NBR, which in turn led to a series of activities to equip the Park with infrastructure, including personnel and control posts. In 1989, WWF support led to an expansion of the Programme to include the provision of infrastructure to the Sanctuary, as well as funding for the mapping of land­use in the surrounding areas. Also in this year, the scope of the Programme was expanded from the strict provision of infrastructure to include a socio­economic component that works with buffer zone communities to develop resource­use practices that aim to conserve NBR natural resources over the long term. Along these lines, WWF and FPCN expanded the Programme in 1990 to include the TRZ, beginning with a socio­economic analysis of the user groups extracting and utilizing resources from this unit. The diagnostic was followed by a series of participatory workshops with neighbouring communities to present the results of the analysis and explore future management options. WWF participates with FPCN in the overall design of the Programme and its activities and works on at least a semi­annual basis with the on­site programme officials of FPCN. WWF is the principal funder of the NBR Programme and is assisting FPCN in the effort to build technical and financial support from other donors.

Project Objectives:

1. To strengthen the management capacity of two protected areas in the Biosphere Reserve: Cerros de Amotape National Park (CANP) and Tumbes Reserved Zone (TRZ).

2. To minimize the human impact on these units by promoting sustainable resource use among communities in the respective buffer zones.

3. To carry out research investigations aimed at demonstrating the feasibility of using the forest and other renewable resources in a sustainable manner.

4. To formulate guidelines for policies and standards to achieve conservation of the NBR.

5. To achieve maximum understanding of the problem facing natural resource conservation on the part of local populations and user groups and ensure an adequate public and private response to address these problems.

PE0042.1: Protected Areas Management (Jul. 95 - Jun. 00)

Activity Background:

WWF support to the area was initiated in 1976 under a specific project focused on Cerros de Amotape National Park. In 1987, WWF began working with FPCN to promote a participatory planning process for the management of CANP and LMTNS. Though all four units have officially given protected area status under national legislation, the Peruvian Park Service receives limited funding from the State for the management and protection of the areas. Until the Programme began in 1988, no conservation infrastructure of any kind existed. By FY94, the Park and LMTNS had been equipped with control posts and staff, though other areas were left unprotected as were the entire area of the TRZ and EAHR. Late in 1994, the Programme successfully obtained a large grant from the Dutch bilateral funding agency with which to initiate the project "Management and Integrated Use of the Mangroves on the Northwest Peruvian coast", for a period of five years commencing in 1995. This project includes activities to strengthen the management of the Sanctuary, land titling, fiscal and legal procedures for land tenancy, conservation awareness­raising at all levels, and research and sustainable use of resources.

Activity Objectives:

1. To strengthen the control and surveillance system of CANP and TRZ through providing personnel, building new infrastructure and improving that which already exists as well as covering operational costs.

Activity Biomes:

Tropical Dry Forest.

Activity Species:

American Crocodile; Columbia White­Tailed Deer; Cougar; Mantled Howler Monkey; Margay; Neotropical River Otter; Ocelot.

PE0042.2: Socio­Economic Development and Sustainable Resource Use (Jul. 95 - Jun. 00)

Activity Background:

Some of the residents in communities located in the buffer zones of the NBR protected areas depend on the extraction of resources from the areas for their livelihood, particularly timber for firewood and construction. Many families are engaged in the extraction of shellfish and shrimp larvae from LMTNS and its adjacent areas. Controlled grazing of goats is also an important activity, both in the gallery mesquite forests located adjacent to the protected areas, as well as within certain parts of the protected areas, especially the TRZ. Resource extraction within the NBR needs to be controlled such that extraction from some areas is reduced to more sustainable levels or eliminated altogether (as within the Park, for instance). At the same time, extraction from the gallery forests of the buffer zones can be managed to produce higher and more productive yields of a number of products including firewood, construction materials, and fooder for goats. To promote the development of such practices, a Programme for Socio­Economic Development and Sustainable Resource Use was developed for working with communities in the buffer zones to improve extractive practices and develop more efficient technologies for utilizing resources once extracted. This Programme currently operates through modules designed to demonstrate integrated and sustainable use of resources at the community level. Important progress have been made on improving nets for shrimp larvae extraction. Commencing in 1992, the Noroeste Programme initiated a process under which forest resources will be co­managed by neighbouring communities, user groups, and local and regional government agencies. This process began with a socio­economic survey of user groups to estimate the volumes of resources extracted by area. Activities centred on bringing the user groups together through a series of participatory workshops to plan for multiple­use of forest resources. The outcome was a Management Plan in which the forest is zoned for a variety of uses, with specific volumes and areas of extraction agreed upon and closely monitored. During the evaluation carried out in September 1994, it was stressed that TRZ had received very scarce funding despite of the increasingly high threat to its conservation. The project pays special attention to creating awareness on sustainable resource use amongst young people through environmental education linked to demonstration models with education purposes (bee­keeping, duck­raising modules, composting, earthworm culture, nurseries, etc).

Activity Objectives:

1. To minimise the human pressure on the protected areas by promoting sustainable resource use in their buffer zones.

2. To encourage participatory community planning to better identify the types of resource use practices to be improved and promoted, and to actively involve the neighbouring population in the planning/management of the protected areas.

3. To develop a potential set of more sustainable practices and resource­efficient technologies identified with buffer zone communities, including extraction of timber and marine resources.

4. To use the NBR as a model for the sustainable use of natural resources at the regional and national levels.

5. To create consciousness at all levels on the importance of NBR resources and their appropriate use through environmental education programmes.

Activity Biomes:

Tropical Dry Forest.

PE0042.3: FPCN Noroeste Programme Management (Jul. 95 - Jun. 00)

Activity Background:

With the growth and extension of the Programme, administration of the NBR­ICDP is an increasingly complex and important activity. This activity includes the contracting of Programme staff and its oversight, as well as the provision of supplies, equipment, and other resources necessary to the smooth and ongoing implementation of all aspects of the Programme. Despite the changes in the government administrative structure, the staff has been extremely successful in obtaining regional government support and endorsement for the Programme, including securing fiscal allocations for both the Sanctuary and the Park. These and other in­kind contributions from the regional government, the Army, and the Navy had great significance in the midst of Peru's financial and social difficulties. The Programme has been active in defining forest use policy in the northern dry forest of Peru. Through a process of lobbying the authorities and through the results of the PRA workshops, some very positive laws have been set in motion (i.e. Ley de Veda no 26258).

Activity Objectives:

1. To strengthen existing organizational systems for managing and implementing Programme activities and the consolidation of the central management function at the Programme field office in Piura.

2. To promote sound conservation policy and practices at local and regional government levels.

3. To raise conservation awareness among government officials, journalists, school teachers, and other key stakeholders.

4. To obtain regional government support and endorsement for FPCN's Noroeste Programme, including securing fiscal allocations for the protected areas involved.

5. To ensure coherence between the different projects managed by FPCN as a whole Programme within the framework of an Integrated Conservation and Development Project.

Activity Biomes:

Tropical Dry Forest.

PE0042.5: Applied research (Jul. 95 - Jun. 00)

Activity Background:

The Programme places high priority on applied research clearly focused on activities closely linked to the resolution of problems encountered in the buffer zone such as the control of the shrub "borrachera". This is a fast­growing woody weed which has become extremely abundant both as a result of man­made deforestation and of an increase in seed dispersal and survival during extreme rainy years in the 1970s and early 1980s. This plant has a high toxic content, which can have a lethal effect on cattle and goats. More importantly, as borrachera spreads and becomes established, its abundance and resistance virtually eliminate the prospect for regenerating forest cover. In accordance with the last evaluation recommendations a complete review of information was carried out and a workshop was held in Piura in order to bring together the academic and research institutions and design a participatory project. In 1994 Bioconservation International awarded some funds to the organization Earthwatch to instigate research to define the ecological requirements of carnivores. These studies were carried out in the TRZ using capturing and range­finding techniques to monitor the movements of Felis pardalis and Felis weidii, the latter being reported for the first time in the Tumbes forest. Carrying on with these studies is crucial to set the basis for the management of these endangered species. There are still baseline data missing on the amount of firewood, hardwood and pasture usage by area within TRZ and CANP, which must be quantified and reconciled with the regenerative capacity of resources and used to establish zones for use and protection.

Activity Objectives:

1. To develop ecological studies on Ipomoea carnea (borrachera) in order to better tackle its large spreading at the expense of the forest and to avoid its noxious effect upon cattle and goat breeding.

2. To develop research to define the ecological requirements of carnivores (Felis pardalis and Felis weidii) in order to gather information which will enable the formulation of a strategy for the management of endangered species.

3. To promote and offer opportunities for basic and applied scientific research on the resources of NBR which will led to their sustainable use.

Activity Species:

Margay (Felis wiedii); Ocelot (Felis pardalis).

PE0601 Peru: Conservation and Ecologically Sustainable Development in the Manu BR

Project Summary:

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A growing population in the buffer zone of the Manu Biosphere Reserve (MBR), without appropriate land­use practices, threatens their own subsistence resource base and the integrity of the Manu National Park (MNP). This problem is being addressed through the implementation of an Integrated Conservation and Development project which consolidates former on­going activities while directing greater efforts to the buffer zone as part of the implementation of the Biosphere Reserve concept. The development and application of more appropriate (ecologically sound, economically­feasible and culturally acceptable) resource­use practices and systems together with various other activities in support to local people and their organizations, the Park Administration and regional authorities, should all contribute to the long­term conservation of the natural resources and biological diversity of the Manu Biosphere Reserve. With this project, FPCN, APECO and WWF are not providing a recipe for the area, but rather proposing to the inhabitants a long­term joint venture to search together, through successes and failures, for an integrated system of rural sustainable development as well as a range of formal and non­formal environmental education activities which are adequate to the realities of the area. At its best, the project aims to demonstrate how this and other "buffer zones" of Biosphere Reserves could be used in a timely manner, before destructive practices remove any chance of long­term management of their natural resources.
Priority Biomes % Strategies %
Forests 100Consumption & Pollution 0
Freshwater Ecosystems 0 EE & Capacity Building 30
Oceans and Coasts 0 Protected Areas 20
Non-Priority Biomes 0 Species 0
Non-Biome Specific 0 Sustainable Resource Use 50
Treaties & Legislation 0
Non-Priority Strategies 0

Project Background:

Manu is one of the foremost conservation areas in Latin America. Its great ecosystem and biological diversity has given it worldwide recognition including its declaration as a UNESCO "World Heritage Site" and, along with an adjacent buffer area, its designation as Biosphere Reserve. Manu National Park is the core area of the Reserve and has been set aside for full protection. Covering an area of 1.5 million ha in the Inka Region of southeast Peru, the Park houses mainly a large portion of the species­rich lowland Amazon rainforests of Madre de Dios Department at 200m above sea level, but also a whole range of 12 other ecosystem types ("life zones") extending from cloud and dwarf forests on the eastern slopes of the Andes to the high Andean "puna" or paramo in the Cusco Department at 4,000m. The park also safeguards the upper and middle watershed of the Manu river system, with its 37 tributaries, as well as that of most tributaries to the torrential Alto Madre de Dios river which originates in the Paucartambo mountain chain in the Andes. The species­rich forests of Madre de Dios contain world­record numbers of species of mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, freshwater fishes and plants. In an area of less than 5 sq km of Manu Park lowlands alone, approximately 10 percent of the world's bird species and over 1,000 species of vascular plants have been recorded so far. Viable populations of at least 17 species of endangered fauna as well as valuable timber such as mahogany and cedar and other plant species under human pressure elsewhere are protected at Manu. Moreover, traditional knowledge of the use of natural resources is held by several native groups living within and around the Park area. Manu is one of the few areas in the world that shelter uncontacted tribes. Immigration from the Andes to the lowlands has been the most important source of population growth in the area, accounting for over half of the current settled population (about 13,000 in total). In addition, about 10,000 migrant workers make use of the area. The main economic activities in the area are timber extraction, subsistence farming and cattle raising, none of which seem sustainable in ecological or economical terms. Continued extraction without reforestation is rapidly depleting timber resources in the buffer area which in turn increases dependence on subsistence farming. Moreover, current agricultural and grazing practices result in extensive land use patterns associated with soil degradation and low levels of productivity. All this eventually leads to continued direct use of and increasing dependency on natural resources from the Manu Park itself. Within the park, current problems faced by the park authorities include illegal grazing, logging and gold­mining as well as wildlife poaching and uncontrolled tourism. Other potential threats are proposed road building and oil exploitation. WWF has supported conservation efforts in Manu since 1969, before it was declared a national park in 1973. Later, in 1985, FPCN was established and has since become a major partner in activities supported by WWF in Manu. Initially, support was exclusively provided in the form of financial assistance to the Park Administration to make it functional: implementation of protection, patrolling, and maintenance of park guard staff and stations were viewed as primary concerns, for which training, equipment and infrastructure were provided. However, as the western and southeastern borders were not marked on the ground, conflict arose between Park authorities and local people who then perceived the protection of lands and natural resources in the Park as a hindrance to individual and community progress. Since that time, increasing human pressure on the Park and within the buffer zone has led to a widening of FPCN/WWF's scope to incorporate human needs in the protected area management. By intensifying management and utilization of agricultural, forest and wildlife resources in the buffer zone of the Manu Biosphere Reserve, people's subsistence base is strengthened whilst human pressure on the natural resources of the National Park should be alleviated. Environmentally­sound intensification of land management in the buffer zone is now necessary in order to anticipate further increase in population and utilization of the area in the long term. Socio­economic and natural resource use information were subsequently gathered as baseline for the elaboration of an Operational Plan. It also became apparent that community participation in all phases of planning and management together with the public perception of the Park as a (non­consumptive) resource base for socio­economic development of neighbouring communities, and as a repository of renewable natural resources and genetic diversity, were also essential for local (and public in general) support and the successful protection of conservation areas. Since 1987 a series of process­oriented participatory planning workshops, involving major stakeholders with an interest in the area, were organized as a forum for input about perceived problems and possible practical solutions. Residents were vocal about their needs and their desire for technical help to find alternatives to the expansion of use of Park lands. As a result of this series of workshops, a local support committee for the Biosphere Reserve was established with 48 representatives for the local population within and around the Park. In addition, an Operational Plan for the Park Administration was drafted in 1991 which in spite of not being officially approved has been an important tool for the park management.

Project Objectives:

1. To strengthen the management capacity of the official MNP administration and Manu Reserved Zone through the improvement of the existing infrastructure, equipment, etc.

2. To promote the sustainable use of natural resources in the buffer and transitional zones of the MBR in order to improve the quality of life of the user groups, which will also reduce the damaging pressure on MNP.

3. To influence regional/national policies regarding land use planning for the area and promote regulations and legal procedures, including regulation of land tenure and the establishment of other protected areas.

4. To have a better knowledge of the natural resources and socio­economic context of MBR.

5. To encourage the organization and participation of local people in activities related to planning and management of natural resources

6. To reinforce and enhance educational issues to promote the sustainable use of natural resources as well as a better knowledge, understanding and skills to participate in making decisions related to the well­being of their own environment.

PE0601.1: Support to Protected Areas (Jul. 96 - Jun. 00)

Activity Background:

This component of the project dates back to 1983, and basically involves support to on­going protection activities carried out by the Park Administration. Financial and technical assistance has been provided for boundary demarcation, patrolling, training of the park personnel, the purchase of equipment and construction of infrastructure needed for protection activities in the park, including boundary demarcation (southestern border), construction of control posts (4), purchase of equipment (vehicles, boats, radios, solar panels, horses, uniforms, etc.). As a result of the associated increased official presence in Manu settlers and poachers have been driven out of the Manu river, human encroachment has slowed down and awareness of the existence of the National Park has been raised in general. During the latter half of 1991, the official administration of MNP, with technical support from FPCN, elaborated a two year Operational Plan for MNP. This plan establishes the activities that should be carried out by the Park Administration during two years in the areas of protection, resource management, training, public use of the Park, and local use planning. This was the result of several months of process­oriented participatory planning workshops that involved local resource users, local, regional and national governments authorities, grass roots groups representative of the interests of the colonists, peasants and indigenous people, local schools, representatives of several conservation organizations, research scientists and tour operators.

Activity Objectives:

1. To strengthen the administrative capacity of MNP and MRZ through the improvement of the infrastructure, equipment and training. This will ensure the presence of the Peruvian State in the Park and its Transitional Zone.

2. To promote regulations and legal procedures which will contribute to the conservation of natural resources and the establishment of other protected areas in the region.

3. To encourage and promote the planning of the MNP, the MRZ and other protected areas that could be established in the Region.

Activity Biomes:

Tropical Moist Forest.

Activity Methods:

Community Conservation; Ecotourism Development; Institutional Support and Development; Protected Area Management.

Activity Species:

Andean cock of the rock (Rupicola peruviana); Andean condor (Vultur gryphus); Black caiman (Melanosuchus niger); Black spider monkey (Ateles paniscus); Brazilian tapir (Tapirus terrestris); Columbia white­tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus leucurus); Cougar (Felis concolor); Giant otter (Pteronura Braziliensis); Goeldi's marmoset (Callimico goeldii); Harpy eagle (Harpia harpyja); Jaguar (Panthera onca); Spectacled bear (Tremarctos ornatus); White­lipped peccary (Tayassu pecari); Yellow­spotted sideneck turtle (Podocnemis unifilis).

PE0601.2: Social and Economic Development (Jul. 96 - Jun. 00)

Activity Background:

This is the most recently created programme (1990). Even though FPCN staff has already been carrying out some pilot activities during the first years, the major development of this component happened in the previous phase of the project (1993­1995). It is mainly concerned with the implementation and promotion of appropriate and viable agriculture techniques, livestock management, forestry activities, agroforestry and wildlife utilization techniques among the population living in the buffer zone (support zone) of MNP in tandem with training and environmental and health education activities.

Activity Objectives:

1. To establish a set of sustainable development uses to demonstrate the feasibility of using forest and other natural resources in a sustainable way within the framework of integrated development in the transitional zones of protected areas.

2. To encourage the use of appropriate technology in the use and transformation of renewable natural resources.

3. To promote the regulation of land tenure and planning in the transitional zone of the MBR.

4. To support identification of key conservation species in the Park and their management in order to promote the biodiversity conservation.

Activity Biomes:

Mixed Mountain Systems; Tropical Moist Forest.

Activity Methods:

Community Conservation.

PE0601.3: Applied Research Programme (Jul. 96 - Jun. 00)

Activity Background:

The Manu Applied Research Programme was set up in 1989 to develop, identify and monitor new technologies for sustainable management of terrestrial and aquatic biological resources of potential benefit to the socio­economic development of the people settled in the buffer zone of MNP and beyond. To a large extent, this programme draws and builds on basic research that has taken place in the Manu area during the last decade mainly at the Cocha Cashu Biological Station and the Smithsonian BIOLAT site at Pakitza. Studies conducted at those sites provided a sound source of information on the general ecology of the MNP ecosystems, the natural history and ecology of particular species or communities as well as forest management. The PIA currently designs and carry out experimental research on farming, forestry, and wildlife resources with potential or actual use but will also identify and monitor potentially sound techniques that could be incorporated into the Manu Programme. The PIA will also supply scientific and technical information for use in the Social Development Programme's extension, training and education activities, and it is made available for feedback consulting research on new problems discerned by extension personnel in the field. It is important to note that although a few research activities took place within the park, the majority of this research has been conducted directly on land occupied by cooperating residents of the buffer area. In this way, positive results mainly accrue to local people. In addition, local people's involvement is sought to ease the transfer of research results into practice.

Activity Objectives:

1. To identify, develop, and monitor technologies for sustained management of biological resources with potential benefit to local inhabitants of the Biosphere Reserve to be implemented by the Social Development Programme.

Activity Biomes:

Mixed Mountain Systems; Tropical Moist Forest.

Activity Methods:

Research and Monitoring.

PE0601.4: Participatory Community Organization (Jul. 96 - Jun. 00)

Activity Background:

This component of the Manu Project is a programme under the direct responsibility of the project's Director. It entails essential networking, consultation, coordination and formalization of cooperation between stakeholders with an interest in the MBR, namely NGOs, GOs, indigenous and grass roots organizations, and other institutions involved in policy and land use planning activities impinging on the project area, as well as national, regional or local authorities involved in its management (e.g. Park authorities). It has been intensively developed since 1989 and includes a wide range of activities from monitoring needs at the community level and getting official government support for FPCN activities in the area to serving as a source of technical advice in government policy and planning activities. Overall, this programme aims at guaranteeing the success and long­term sustainability of the project and supporting the design and implementation of environmentally­sound policies at the regional level as well as promoting the ongoing planning process. It also includes the cost of some members of staff who provide technical support to the social and economic development of the zone of influence.

Activity Objectives:

1. To reinforce and enhance educational campaigns addressed to stakeholders in order to promote the sustainable use of natural renewable resources as well as a better understanding of the importance of the conservation of natural protected areas.

2. To encourage the participation of the local people in activities related to organization and planning in order to improve their quality of life. The project will emphasize the participation of women in these activities.

3. To have a better knowledge of MBR. For this reason, a diagnosis of the socio­economic condition will be carried out. Participatory Rural Appraisal workshops will be one of the tools to identify the needs of local communities.

Activity Biomes:

Tropical Moist Forest.

Activity Methods:

Ecotourism Development; Institutional Support and Development; Lobbying; Policy Development.

PE0601.6: Environmental Education Programme (Jul. 94 - Dec. 95)

Activity Background:

APECO has developed institutional capacity since its creation in 1982, publishing educational material and running officially recognized courses for teachers and promoters. A campaign for Manu National Park and an environmental education project were conducted from 1984 to 1990. The education system in the area reflects the national education system, based on rote learning, where the relation between teacher and pupil is very vertical. No adaptation of curriculum and educational materials to the local reality and the needs of the population is undertaken. Most teachers have not developed pedagogical skills and their training has not prepared them to teach practical things that are of some use in the rural areas. In Indian communities in the Amazon and the Andes, the pupils are introduced to reading and writing in Spanish and, as the teachers are not members of the community in most cases, the schools tend to become centres of acculturation.

Activity Objectives:

1. To implement a range of activities involving the formal education system in the area surrounding MNP which will mobilize and build the capacity of the teachers and the curriculum to deliver EE related to the environmental problems of the area and the conservation of the Park.

2. To implement a process of non­formal education which will motivate the participation of local people in the area surrounding MNP to search for solutions to the environmental problems which specifically affect their particular community and culture.

3. To facilitate a network of a range of governmental and NGOs working in MNP and its surrounding area to integrate the EE programme with existing extension and education initiatives in the region and encourage alliances between communities and community groups.

Activity Methods:

Education.

PE0601.7: Student Research and Training Programme (Jul. 94 - Jun. 96)

Activity Background:

See Project Background.

Activity Objectives:

See Project Objectives.

Activity Methods:

Research and Monitoring; Training.

PE0601.8: Manu Trust Fund (Oct. 92 - Sep. 95)

Activity Background:

See Project Background.

Activity Objectives:

See Project Objectives.

PE0602 Peru: Institutional Development & Training Programme ­ Peru

Project Summary:

Peru was recognized by the Biodiversity Task Force set up by the World Bank, WWF, IUCN, and UNEP as one of the world's twelve mega biodiversity countries. ODA has also recognized Peru for special treatment under its Biodiversity Strategy. WWF has been working in Peru for 25 years and has helped to set up the system for protected areas and raise environmental awareness. Many of Peru's finest National Parks such as Manu have been established with help from WWF. WWF has an expanding programme in Peru which covers forests, wetland and marine ecosystems as well as communication and education programmes. WWF has won the confidence and respect of the Peruvian Government and NGO movement and it is in a position to provide the valuable technical support requested by both the NGO movement and the government agencies. WWF has decided to adopt four main strategies in Peru: work at the national level on policy and treaties, at the grass roots level on demonstration field projects, and to support these with effective education, communication/public awareness and institutional development programmes. All four strategies will have an impact both on the environment and the millions of poor people who depend upon it for their survival. In Peru there are a large number of projects with the potential to link conservation and development (ICDPs). There is a volume of experience and expertise among the people involved in those projects. This project will strengthen the capacity of NGOs and government agencies to manage ICDPs in Peru through training, capacity building and dissemination of information. This will be achieved by setting up a facility within Peru that will identify training needs and link up with regional trainers and training institutions; develop a core of trainers in ICDPs within existing regional organizations who can continue to provide necessary training and follow­up; and develop and disseminate information on ICDPs to policy makers and donors. This project provides a global view on environmental problems in Peru promoting a closer relationship between the different GOs, NGOs, and international institutions, and a better use of the funds allocated from international donors.
Priority Biomes % Strategies %
Forests 0Consumption & Pollution 0
Freshwater Ecosystems 0 EE & Capacity Building 100
Oceans and Coasts 0 Protected Areas 0
Non-Priority Biomes 50 Species 0
Non-Biome Specific 50 Sustainable Resource Use 0
Treaties & Legislation 0
Non-Priority Strategies 0

Project Background:

Peru has been identified by WWF, IUCN and the World Bank Biodiversity Task Force as one of the twelve most biologically diverse countries in the world (reference: IUCN publication). The overall diversity can be attributed to a variety of causes including the eco­climate created by a combination of the Amazon, Andes, and Humboldt's marine currents. Plants have developed a survival mechanism for altitudes from sea level to just below the snow line in the Andes. The coastal systems combine most of the species found on both sides of the Equator. Of the 104 life zones currently described on the planet, 83 are sited in Peru. It is also the origin of some of the most important crops used by man, such as potatoes, tomatoes and maize. Consequently, Peru has an enormous potential to contribute to the survival of the planet. Five of the 233 most critical plant biodiversity sites in the world identified by the WWF/ODA/EEC Centres of Plant Diversity Programme are sited in Peru. It is the second in the world in bird species, sixth in mammals, and eleventh in plant species. Peru's coastal and marine ecosystems are also amongst the most diverse in the world and some of the most threatened by pollution. The main threat to biodiversity comes from the rising population and unsustainable land use practices. Peru's last census in 1993 shows that it has an annual population increase of more than 2% and its population is about 22.5 million people. About 66% of the people now live in towns. The combination of the population increase combined with damage to the natural resource base and with terrorism (in the past) has caused mass migration to the cities, the Peruvian Amazon, Puma, and coastal zones. The impact of these migrants on the fragile Amazonian forests and coastal ecosystems has caused an enormous impact on biodiversity and the capacity for people to survive. Peru's forests are being destroyed at over 84 acres a minute and, far from increasing productivity, it is resulting in a growing amount of unproductive land in the Amazon region. In the Andes the water catchment forests on the eastern slopes of the Andes are being destroyed. In addition, many of the erosion control and soil retention measures created during Inca and pre­Inca times were not repaired or replaced and have already collapsed or are in the process of doing so. Whole mountain sides have already slid into the rivers and streams of the Amazon basin. Less than half of the population can now be effectively sustained on the same land with so­called modern systems largely because the top soil has disappeared and so have many of the soil enriching plants. Water resources are a critical issue in Peru. Freshwater ecosystems are among the most damaged and threatened in Peru. No value is placed on many of the water systems by government authorities, industries or local people. Consequently, they are being destroyed by government policies, commercial activities and in some cases the very people who depend upon them. Water ecosystems are being polluted by mining, agrochemicals, and city pollution activities. Many of the nationalised industries, particularly in the mining and fisheries sector have traditionally paid virtually no regard to the environmental or social impacts of their operations and they continue to cause massive pollution problems. Costs of environmental improvements have not been internalised in the cost of production. The overall impact of the denationalization programme combined with an improvement in the economic situation is resulting in rapid industrialisation in some areas with related pollution problems. Some environmental improvements have been called for from those bidding for nationalised industries. However, some members of the government are concerned that if Peru insists on applying good environmental laws this might adversely affect Peru's privatization programme. WWF will work with the 2021 Group of businessmen who are interested in sustainable development. They appear to have some influence at the highest level in Peru. WWF helped them to run a very successful conference on sustainability last year which was attended by 600 middle and senior businessmen. WWF will also work with a group of Peru's top economists to develop economic models that reflect the true economic values of the environmental damage caused by industry and the values of the services and functions of the intact forests and water systems of Peru. The Project Manager will provide technical support and coordinate with other NGOs and institutions to help implement the conventions and treaties.

Project Objectives:

Goal:

1. To achieve integration of conservation and development needs in Peru and as a result maintain and restore viable ecosystems which will benefit rural and urban poor in all lifezones in Peru.

Objectives:

1. To improve the capacity of WWF in­country programmes, local NGOs, government agencies and partner communities to design, implement, monitor and evaluate ICDPs, ICZMs, education and policy projects through a participatory process.

2. To develop a core of trainers and institutions in Peru who are capable of carrying out future ICDPs, education and conflict resolution training.

3. To help the Peruvian Government implement the international treaties it was committed to at Rio including Biodiversity, Ramsar, and sustainable development.

4. To impact on the most polluting industries including extractive activities such as mining, fisheries and oil by working in partnership with NGOs and industry.

5. To increase the flow of information on project design and management technology.

6. To develop an environmental education programme at the national and project level.

7. To promote public awareness in conservation and sustainable development.

8. To share experiences with other countries and regions.

PE0602.1: Institutional Development & Training Programme ­ Peru (Sep. 94 - Sep. 99)

Activity Background:

See Project Background.

Activity Objectives:

See Project Objectives.

Activity Methods:

Institutional Support and Development; Lobbying; Policy Development; Programme / Project Development.

PE0851 Peru: Protection & Management of Rio Abiseo National Park

Project Summary:

Rio Abiseo National Park (RANP) ICDP's primary objective is biodiversity conservation. This is to be achieved through reduction of anthropogenic pressure on natural resources by means of planning and promotion of sustainable development activities by populations located in the area of influence, and by raising awareness among local people about the environmental problems they are facing and the need to conserve natural resources in order to ensure an adequate response to address these problems.
Priority Biomes % Strategies %
Forests 80Consumption & Pollution 0
Freshwater Ecosystems 0 EE & Capacity Building 19
Oceans and Coasts 0 Protected Areas 39
Non-Priority Biomes 20 Species 0
Non-Biome Specific 0 Sustainable Resource Use 36
Treaties & Legislation 6
Non-Priority Strategies 0

Project Background:

The eastern slopes of the Andes have been identified as a priority for conservation in Peru due to its high biological diversity and endemism and the serious environmental degradation they are currently facing. The Rio Abiseo National Park (RANP) was created in 1983 over an area of 274,520 ha in order to protect a portion of these slopes in northeast Peru including important cloud forests and Andean paramo, and a major part of the Abiseo River watershed, which is part of the Huallaga basin and a Pleistocene refuge. Although baseline studies in the area are still very limited, we already know that the ecosystems of northeast Peru which are protected in Abiseo are quite distinct to other protected montane forests of Peru, thus being considered as a biogeographic province in itself. Over 50% of flowering plants are not protected elsewhere and the yellow­tailed woolly monkey (Lagothrix flavicauda), the Huallaga toucan (Aulacorhynchus huallagae) and the "rat­opposum" (Thomasomys sp.) are endemic to northeast Peru. This area remains almost unexplored and in the few scientific expeditions carried out by APECO there have been found 11 genera and 13 mammals new to science. There have also been recorded 132 bird species of which 9 are endemic to Peru, 5 have very limited distribution and several have very narrow altitudinal distribution (approx 300m), therefore a high specificity in terms of habitat. In addition to the yellow­tailed woolly monkey, the park is also home to other endangered species like the taruca (Hippocamelus antisensis), the spectacled bear (Tremarctus ornatus) and the condor (Vultur gryphus), among others. Thirty six archaeological sites, including the important "Gran Pajaten", extend over 1,500 sq km inside and outside the Park and give Rio Abiseo a unique cultural significance that enhances its natural value. UNESCO has declared the Park a World Heritage Site.

Conservation of biodiversity and ecological processes of the Park are threatened by a number of elements, however, including conflicting land uses such as extensive cattle raising, with associated burning and soil degradation; extreme poverty of neighbouring villages with associated health problems (malnutrition and infectious diseases); mining linked to serious pollution damage and deforestation to supply the mines with wood; uncontrolled "treasure" and hunting expeditions; and inadequate road planning. The size of the Park is also considered a limitation to the viability of large mammal populations. RANP has been one of the key ICDP projects in Peru. WWF financial support started in 1982 when the studies to propose its creation and the preliminary Master Plan started. In 1985, after the creation of the park (1983), WWF financed the evaluation of the western boundaries in order to identify threats and problems in the park, which was the basis to initate activities geared towards the management and control of this area. Through WWF's ecoregion priority setting exercise, this particular area was ranked as one of the highest priority for conservation in LA/C. In 1986 funding of field activities started through FPCN and APECO (both NGOs) in collaboration with the

National Park's authority. Since the end of 1993 the German Technical Cooperation agency (GTZ) has been supporting the Park, focusing on the promotion of sustainable development in the buffer area and the design of a public use programme as well as strengthening the Park's administration and the education components. GTZ's budget limitations make it essential for WWF to provide complementary support to the park at least until some new additional funding sources are identified.

Project Objectives:

1. To strengthen the management capacity of the park administration.

2. To start a process towards sustainable development of neighbouring communities and reduce human pressure on RANP's resources.

3. To increase local people's knowledge and awareness of environmental matters as well as their participation in conservation and sustainable development action in and around the Park.

4. To provide legal support to the communities affected by mining pollution and raise public awareness about the problem.

PE0851.1: Support to Park Management (Jul. 94 - Jun. 00)

Activity Background:

Since 1986 WWF has allowed the start of the administration of the Park, control and lobbying activities in the northwestern zone, where there is more pressure from human activities. Since then two guard posts have been built and equipped, signs panels established, vehicles (motorcycles and a 4WD) provided and personnel salaries have been covered as well as operational costs. Between 1992 and 1993, the Park went through a very serious economic crisis due to a reduction in WWF's financial support to only USD20,000. Consequently the project needed to be re­formulated with limited funding. In 1993 FPCN got funds from GTZ to cover staff salaries. Subsequently, WWF increased its level of support.

Activity Objectives:

1. To strengthen the Park Administration management capability by hiring and training personnel, and by the appropriate provision of infrastructure and equipment.

2. To promote and strengthen relationships and participation of authorities and the neighbouring population in order to get them involved in the conservation of the Park.

3. To ensure the State's presence in the Park and in the coordination of sustainable development activities.

Activity Biomes:

Tropical Moist Forest.

Activity Methods:

Information Systems; Lobbying; Protected Area Management.

Activity Species:

Andean cock of the rock (Rupicola peruviana); Andean condor (Vultur gryphus); North Andean huemul (Hippocamelus antisensis); Spectacled bear (Tremarctos ornatus); Yellow­browed toucanet (Aulacorhynchus huallagae); Yellow­tailed woolly monkey (Lagothrix flavicauda).

PE0851.2: Biodiversity Research (Jul. 98 - Jun. 99)

Activity Background:

See Project Background.

Activity Objectives:

See Project Objectives.

Activity Biomes:

Mixed Mountain Systems.

PE0851.3: Environmental Education (Oct. 97 - Jun. 00)

Activity Background:

In 1985 APECO started information campaigns and in 1986 formal environmental education (EE) activities began. In 1990 and 1991 two EE workshops for managers of protected areas were held which were attended by the Park Administrator. Other EE workshops were given for park guards, promoters and community leaders between 1990 and 1993. The Park Administrator coordinates with the Educational Services Unit of Pataz (USE­Pataz) with which he organizes annual school competitions about knowledge on natural renewable resources. Two teachers from the western and one from the eastern buffer zone have recently benefitted from training in the T'ikay Wasi Training the Trainers Programme.

Activity Objectives:

1. To enhance the multiplier effect expected from former participants of the T'ikay Wasi Training Programme.

2. To improve environmental education methodologies among local teachers.

3. To raise awareness about the importance of environmental problems and encourage responsiveness among the population.

4. To identify candidate teachers to attend the T'ikay Wasi course.

Activity Biomes:

Tropical Moist Forest.

Activity Methods:

Education.

PE0851.5: Sustainable Development in the Western Buffer Zone (Jul. 94 - Jun. 00)

Activity Background:

Activities such as reforestation, bee­keeping, demonstrative nurseries, promotion of home gardens, etc, have not been strongly promoted in a continuous manner as they should be due to the lack of human and financial resources. The productive base of the population in the Andean area of influence is agriculture, mainly for subsistence. The lack of potential agricultural soils given the prevailing steep slopes limit the development of agriculture and is the root cause of intense erosion processes.

Activity Objectives:

1. To reduce human pressure on natural resources through planning and promotion of sustainable development activities among settlements located in the area of influence.

2. To optimize land use by studying its potential and further planning.

3. To design and implement a range of productive activities that could be sustainable under the region conditions.

Activity Biomes:

Mixed Mountain Systems.

Activity Methods:

Agriculture Management; Community Conservation; Institutional Support and Development; Programme / Project Development; Research and Monitoring; Species Management; Training.

PE0851.6: Legal Defence of Peasant Communities (Jul. 94 - Jun. 00)

Activity Background:

A few gold mining companies have been operating in the western buffer zone and their tailings and waste have had a serious effect on the Parcoy river which flows into the Pias lagoon. On 30 March 1993 the tailing ponds of MARSA, located in the gorge of a tributary of the Parcoy river, collapsed and caused an avalanche of mud and tailings that killed eight peasants from the Llacuabamba community. It also destroyed hundreds of ha of crops and natural forest.

The second community to be supported is that from Pias where the lagoon has been totally polluted, becoming extremely dangerous for the practice of acquaculture and local water consumption.

Activity Objectives:

1. To promote compliance with conservation, environment and natural resources regulations by reference to the mining sector and to strengthen participatory means for conflict resolution.

2. To complement the control and to sanction activities of the Ministry of Energy and Mines in relation to actions which cause damage to the environment and/or to people's health.

3. To make public authorities, judges, and citizens in general, aware of the importance of the law and of public participation for the protection of the environment and for the defense of the rights of affected communities.

Activity Biomes:

Mixed Mountain Systems.

Activity Methods:

Communications; Lobbying; Policy Development.

PE0852 Peru: Pacaya­Samiria Integrated Programme for Development & Conservation

Project Summary:

The long­term goal of this project is to develop and implement a sustainable management system for the use of renewable natural resources by local communities in the context of a biodiversity conservation strategy for the Pacaya­Samiria National Reserve. With an area of 20,080 sq km, the Pacaya­Samiria National Reserve, mainly a tropical amazonian wetland, is Peru's largest conservation unit. The project is 100 per cent funded by Danida and managed by WWF­Denmark in Conjunction with the International forum of the Danish Labour Movement (AIF). For FY96, the project seeks to promote organization, land titling, natural resources management and community development in 20 Cocama native communities living in the Pacaya Samiria National Reserve in the Peruvian Amazonia. It will elaborate at least four sustainable development plans for four communities. Five activities are being implemented to reach the above objectives: 1­Organization and Territory; 2­Fishing and Conservation; 3­Agriculture and Conservation; 4­Amazonian Rural Education; 5­Promotion of Health and Nutrition.
Priority Biomes % Strategies %
Forests 40Consumption & Pollution 0
Freshwater Ecosystems 60 EE & Capacity Building 25
Oceans and Coasts 0 Protected Areas 10
Non-Priority Biomes 0 Species 0
Non-Biome Specific 0 Sustainable Resource Use 65
Treaties & Legislation 0
Non-Priority Strategies 0

Project Background:

WWF­US started supporting the Pacaya­Samiria National Reserve in 1984 through the Ministry of Agriculture of Peru. In 1985, a multi­institutional body named COREPASA, representing 14 regional institutions in Iquitos, capital city of the Peruvian Amazonia, was the recipient of WWF's grants. This continued until 1990, and resulted in a 5 years Master plan, research in aquatic turtles, building of control posts, hiring and training of park guards, and patrolling. In 1990, WWF­Denmark and the International Forum of the Danish Labour Movement (AIF, showed their interest to become involved in the area. In 1991, a number of consultants did studies in the area, including a thorough socio­economic assessment. At the same time and through 1992, priority actions in the area were financed by WWF­US, WWF­Denmark, and AIF. One consultant elaborated a project proposal initially focusing on around twenty of the nearly one hundred communities living in the area. The proposal was submitted to Danida by WWF­Denmark/AIF and subsequently approved for a two­year pilot phase beginning in May 1993. The project works closely with two Indian Federations, AIDECOS and AIDECOP, established in the area, and with a number of regional institutions. The projects has an agreement of cooperation with another conservation project in Pacaya­Samiria, implemented by FPCN with funding from USAID through TNC.

FY96 Update: WWF­US started support to the Pacaya Samiria National Reserve in 1984. In 1989 , WWF­Denmark and AIF from Denmark decide to cooperate in a project emphasizing local community development and conservation of natural resources. Since 1991, WWF­US, WWF­Denmark, and AIF have supported initial field studies which were the basis for a proposal to be submitted to DANIDA. From January until December 1992, the three institutions, and from January 1993 until April 1993 only the two Danish organizations provided financial support for a pre­project phase. In May 1993, DANIDA approved financing a Pilot Phase of the project called "Pacaya Samiria Integrated Programme for Development and Conservation" to be conducted by the consortium "Junglevagt for Amazonas" formed by AIF and WWF­Denmark. This pilot phase will end in June 30, 1995. The purpose is to promote the incorporation of local populations in the management of the Reserve and surrounding areas which are now being used by them under "unofficial" terms. Broad aims are to promote the organization of local communities, the titling of their territories and the management of the natural resources through sustainable development plans implemented by the communities themselves with support of local and regional official institutions. The approach is based in four principles: training­action, participatory methodology, gender perspective and community experiences interchange.

Project Objectives:

Long-term:

1. To develop and implement a sustainable management system for the use of renewable natural resources by local communities in the context of a biodiversity conservation strategy for the Pacaya­Samiria National Reserve.

Objectives:

1. To establish a plan for a viable resource management system in two selected project areas in the Pacaya­Samiria National Reserve. This includes:

a) promotion of Conservation and development in local communities through social organization and economically productive activities;

b) contribution to delimitation, conservation and use of community territories;

c) development of conservation and sustained use techniques for aquatic, plant and soil resources;

d) promotion of rural education and communities based on local natural resources and culture.

FY96 Objectives:

1. To establish a sustainable development and resource management system among the 20 target group communities in a way that can be continued by themselves.

2. To develop the skills of the local Indigenous Associations for Development and Conservation in order to take the responsibility of conducting actions related to organizational and territorial matters.

3. To improve the technical and organizational skills of local fishermen in order to increase production and income as well as learning the basis for sustainable management of aquatic resources.

4. To develop plans for the sustainable management of natural and cultivated plant biodiversity as well as increasing the quality and production of crops and small animals.

5. To contribute to the development of bilingual intercultural education incorporating environmental education issues within the official school curriculum.

6. To improve knowledge and skills among the communities in order to avoid and treat the most common diseases in the area through the use of natural resources and basic production measures

PE0852.5: Promotion of Rural Education (Jan. 92 - Dec. 99)

Activity Background:

See Project Background.

Activity Objectives:

See Project Objectives.

PE0852.6: Health Promotion (Jan. 92 - Dec. 99)

Activity Background:

See Project Background.

Activity Objectives:

See Project Objectives.

PE0852.9: Pilot Phase Evaluation (Jan. 92 - Jun. 95)

Activity Background:

See Project Background.

Activity Objectives:

See Project Objectives.

PE0852.10: New Activities (Jan. 95 - Dec. 99)

Activity Background:

See Project Background.

Activity Objectives:

See Project Objectives.

Activity Species:

Black falcon (Falco subniger); Black­capped capuchin (Cebus apella); Boto, amazon river dolphin (Inia geoffrensis); Brazilian tapir (Tapirus terrestris); Capybara (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris); Dusky titi (Callicebus moloch); Giant armadillo (Priodontes giganteus); Giant otter (Pteronura Braziliensis); Harpy eagle (Harpia harpyja); Jabiru (Jabiru mycteria); Jaguar (Panthera onca); Jaguarundi (Felis yagouaroundi); King vulture (Sarcorhamphus papa); Little spotted cat (Felis tigrina); Long­haired spider monkey (Ateles belzebuth); Margay (Felis wiedii); Red­throated caracara (Daptrius americanus); Small­eared dog (Atelocynus microtis); White­lipped peccary (Tayassu pecari); Woolly monkey (Lagothrix lagothrica).

PE0853 Peru: Implementation of Operational Plan ­ Paracas Marine Reserve

Project Summary:

View Map

This project comprises a set of components from the government's operational plan for the Paracas National Reserve which will begin to be implemented during 1994. The focus of WWF support will be on marine resource management with artisanal fishermen; industrial impact and control (including tourism); and various activities related to public use of the reserve. The long term objectives are to contribute to the conservation of marine resources while addressing the needs of the local population and industries.
Priority Biomes % Strategies %
Forests 0Consumption & Pollution 0
Freshwater Ecosystems 0 EE & Capacity Building 0
Oceans and Coasts 100 Protected Areas 0
Non-Priority Biomes 0 Species 0
Non-Biome Specific 0 Sustainable Resource Use 0
Treaties & Legislation 0
Non-Priority Strategies 100

Project Background:

Peru is known throughout the world as a fisheries nation. Its marine resources are considerable. The Reserva Nacional da Paracas, encompassing 335,000 ha of coastal lands and waters was established as Peru's only Coastal Marine Reserve in 1975. The area is not only important to the Marine resources of Peru, but also to Pacific Ocean, health and biological diversity. This recently declared Ramsar sight has been internationally known for decades as a major wintering area for migratory shore birds (at least half of them are migrant from North America, the Galapagos Islands, Patagonia and the Antarctic). It also provides habitat to the endangered Humboldt Penguin and the Andean Condor. This ecologically rich coastal marine system enriched by the upwellings off shore, supports an incredible diversity and productivity of fish, shellfish, mollusks, marine algae, marine mammals (fur seals, sea lions, the endangered sea otter, at least eight species of whales, 5 species of dolphins and porpoises) and sea turtles. 65% of the small cetaceans of Peru are found in Paracas. 50% of the shellfish catch in Peru, comes from Pisco, the closest fishing port to Paracas. Paracas also has a long history of public and private concern for its welfare, culminating in a successful joint Peruvian and International effort, in 1987, to protect the Paracas reserve from being reduced substantially in size, and thus, reduced in effectiveness in conserving a complete coastal marine ecological system. It's conservation past is filled with WWF involvement and support. For the past decade, Paracas has been in trouble. Overfishing of the artisanal fisherman who have no apparent access to technical assistance or financial credit, illegal dynamite fishing, the commercial harvesting of eggs from spawning fish (sold as caviar), the incidental and sometimes intentional gill netting of dolphins, potential problems with the removal of scallop larvae for mariculture schemes in Peru and elsewhere, pollution from fish processing plants, tourism and development along the coast are apparently causing adverse changes to the unique marine ecological system and severe reduction in fish and shellfish stocks. In early 1993, an overdue operational plant for Paracas was elaborated by INRENA (the natural institute for natural resources) with support from various other GOs and NGOs. The implementation of this two year plan will start soon with the support of USAID/TNC, who are supporting most of the protected area management component, including park staff salaries, infrastructure, equipment, as well as some operational costs, research and training. INRENA will contribute with additional professional staff and operations costs which will be covered with fresh funds available as part of a large IDB investment for the agricultural ministry. WWF support is needed for the rest of the components of the plan, listed under the activities list above. It is worth mentioning that with the financial support of Ramsar, a wider master plan for Paracas is also being developed which is expected to be a framework for future operational plans.

Project Objectives:

Information not received by the time of publication.

PE0853.1: Natural resource management (fisheries and pollution) (Jul. 94 - Jul. 96)

Activity Background:

See Project Background.

Activity Objectives:

See Project Objectives.

Activity Biomes:

Littoral Zones.

Activity Species:

Andean condor (Vultur gryphus); Chilean flamingo (Phoenicopterus chilensis); Green turtle (Chelonia mydas); Guanay cormorant (Phalacrocorax bougainvillii); Humboldt penguin (Spheniscus humboldti); Kelp gull (Larus dominicanus); Marine otter (Lutra felina); Oystercatcher (Haematopus ostralegus); Peregrine falcon (Falco peregrinus); South american fur seal (Arctocephalus australis); Waved albatross (Diomedea irrorata).

PE0853.2: Public Use (Education and Tourism) (Jul. 94 - Jul. 96)

Activity Background:

See Project Background.

Activity Objectives:

See Project Objectives.

PE0853.3: Protection (Infrastructure and Training) (Jul. 94 - Jul. 96)

Activity Background:

See Project Background.

Activity Objectives:

See Project Objectives.

PE0853.4: Interinstitutional Coordination (Jul. 94 - Jul. 96)

Activity Background:

See Project Background.

Activity Objectives:

See Project Objectives.

PE0853.6: New Initiatives (Jul. 96 - Jul. 98)

Activity Background:

See Project Background.

Activity Objectives:

See Project Objectives.

Activity Species:

Andean condor (Vultur gryphus); Chilean flamingo (Phoenicopterus chilensis); Green turtle (Chelonia mydas); Guanay cormorant (Phalacrocorax bougainvillii); Humboldt penguin (Spheniscus humboldti); Kelp gull (Larus dominicanus); Marine otter (Lutra felina); Oystercatcher (Haematopus ostralegus); Peregrine falcon (Falco peregrinus); South american fur seal (Arctocephalus australis); Waved albatross (Diomedea irrorata).

PE0857 Peru: Policy Initiatives

Project Summary:

In the spirit of regional market creation, privatization, and trade liberalization that is sweeping the region, Peru is enacting a series of laws affecting forests, land, and water (covered under umbrella legislation know as the Ley Marco de Recursos Naturales). The implications of these laws are poorly understood. Moreover, it is unclear if existing legislation and mechanisms to protect the environment really target root causes driving environmental degradation on various fronts. Building on lessons from previous policy analysis and actions in the region, the Peru programme will identify and commission several consultancies to explore the implications of legislation affecting the environment as well as the root causes of various types of environmental degradation (including shifting cultivation) currently posing the greatest threats to biodiversity. Due to limited funding for this initiative, the consultancies will provide gap analysis and need assessments of major opportunities where WWF, as the most prominent international environmental NGO working in Peru, can serve as a catalyst for the national policy debate. The consultancies should also result in a proposal that can be used to solicite further funding.
Priority Biomes % Strategies %
Forests 0Consumption & Pollution 0
Freshwater Ecosystems 0 EE & Capacity Building 0
Oceans and Coasts 0 Protected Areas 0
Non-Priority Biomes 0 Species 0
Non-Biome Specific 100 Sustainable Resource Use 0
Treaties & Legislation 100
Non-Priority Strategies 0

Project Background:

WWF's Hispanic South America subregional programme has, over several years, carried out a variety of policy level initiatives ranging from contributions to the formulation of a forestry law in Peru to the design of the Ecofund in Colombia. Many policy activities continue throughout the subregion, from analysis on oil exploration and environment in Ecuador to work on national accounts and forest exploitation in Chile. With the transition from a subregional focus to one of focal countries, the WWF Peru Programme intends to identify lessons relevant to Peru that can be transferred from other regions. This project will also involve the commissioning of new analysis of policy affecting forest, land, and water resources in Peru.

Project Objectives:

1. To identify gaps and needs in Peruvian policy where WWF could facilitate the national level debate

2. To examine current legislation affecting the environment, including mining, oil exploration, land conversion to agriculture (including large­scale coca cultivation), land based pollution of wetlands, and timber trade

3. To adapt and transfer lessons learned from other WWF supported policy analysis in the subregion

4. To identify funding sources and develop proposals to leverage more money for this type of policy analysis in Peru.

PE0857.2: Policy Analysis for Legislation (Jul. 96 - Dec. 06)

Activity Background:

See Project Background.

Activity Objectives:

See Project Objectives.

Activity Methods:

Policy Development.

PE0858 Peru: T'ikay Wasi Training Program: Training the Trainers Course

Project Summary:

The goal of this project is to incorporate environmental education (EE) into the national education system at all levels so that public education contributes to an integral education that favours the sustainable development of Peru's society and natural resources. The Training Course is offered to graduates under an agreement with the Ministry of Education, the National Institute for Natural Resources (INRENA), and the Faculty of Forestry Sciences of Universidad Nacional Agraria, La Molina (who awards the certificate). The Course is organized and implemented by the Peruvian non­governmental organization, Asociacion Peruana para la Conservacion de la Naturaleza (APECO), because of its expertise in EE and teachers' training, and because neither the Ministry of Education nor any university has adequate and trained personnel to undertake this endeavour.
Priority Biomes %
Strategies %Forests 0 Consumption & Pollution 0
Freshwater Ecosystems 0 EE & Capacity Building 100
Oceans and Coasts 0 Protected Areas 0
Non-Priority Biomes 0 Species 0
Non-Biome Specific 100 Sustainable Resource Use 0
Treaties & Legislation 0
Non-Priority Strategies 0

Project Background:

The Peruvian Government is responsible for the educational system, and should integrate educational policy with other social components such as health, food, population, environment, development and so on. At the same time, it should link ethical values and the responsibility that each person should have towards the nature­society relationship. The T'IKAY WASI Program is a response to the need for obtaining an in­depth understanding and knowledge of the environment, as well as of environmental education (EE) philosophy, principles, and methodology. All the formal EE activities implemented by APECO have been coordinated under an agreement with the Ministry of Education. The first agreement was signed in 1988 and then renewed in 1993. Many other non­formal and informal EE activities have also been implemented with success by APECO. The need for and importance of environmental education have been recognized by the national education authorities, even though EE has not been incorporated within the school curricula yet. Some environmental issues are being included within the curriculum, but just as a body of knowledge that students should memorize, without any relationship to their daily life. A National Conservation Campaign was conducted (1984­87) and as a result an 18­organization network called APECO­Red was created, which now continues working on EE. During the period of 1987­90 a Program for teachers was implemented, through 75 EE Workshops with which 2000 teachers, from 28 regions around the country, were trained. An important outcome was the inclusion of EE activities in the education system. In addition, a great demand for further training in EE was generated. It is estimated that, directly or indirectly, more than 500,000 people will benefit from this program.

Project Objectives:

1. To develop a cadre of teachers with professional training in environmental education who can promote sustainable development and the conservation of biodiversity within the national education system and among their peers, students and communities (as multiplier effect agents).

2. To deliver appropriate technical information and provide opportunities for exchange of experience (complementary activities) so that teachers remain well­informed about current environmental issues and are aware of effective classroom strategies.

3. To improve the quality of teacher training in Peru by developing, testing, and disseminating effective strategies and materials for training teachers in EE and sustainable development of concepts.

PE0858.2: Training the Trainers Course (Jan. 94 - Jun. 99)

Activity Background:

See Project Background.

Activity Objectives:

See Project Objectives.

Activity Methods:

Training.