RU0002 Russian Federation: Development of an Integrated Conservation Programme - Lower Volga and Delta



Project Summary:

View Map

This project involves the development of an integrated conservation programme for the Lower Volga region, which is increasingly threatened by agro-industrial development, promoting conservation and the need for sustainable use of the region's natural resources. Assistance is also provided for developing the Volga­Akhuba National Park concept and management plan.
Priority Biomes % Strategies %
Forests 20Consumption & Pollution 0
Freshwater Ecosystems 80 EE & Capacity Building 30
Oceans and Coasts 0 Protected Areas 30
Non-Priority Biomes 0 Species 0
Non-Biome Specific 0 Sustainable Resource Use 40
Treaties & Legislation 0
Non-Priority Strategies 0

Project Background:

Russia's Astrakhan State Biosphere Reserve was declared in 1991. Recognized early on as an important refuge for many plants and animals, the reserve's importance increased as economic activities elsewhere in the region were expanded. The declaration of Hunting Reserves and State Nature Monuments further enhanced conservation in the region. Management approaches included the establishment of buffer zones around the Biosphere Reserve. Some 62,400ha of the reserve lie in the Volga Delta, an extremely valuable conservation zone which has great international importance for migratory and breeding birds. It is also an important conservation area for many fish species. The delta, covering an area of 650,000ha, is listed as a Wetland of International Importance under the Convention on Wetlands (Ramsar). It has a high biodiversity, with over 400 vertebrate species, more than 260 bird species, 850 aquatic invertebrate species, and about 1,250 species of insects. The floodplain and delta also support 430 species of vascular plants.

The further development and extension of the protected areas (PAs) network within and around the delta is important for maintaining the region's biodiversity. With this in mind, the Astrakhan Regional Committee for Nature Conservation has proposed the creation of the Lower Volga National Park. This project seeks to develop an integrated conservation programme for the Lower Volga, which combines conservation work and sustainable use of the region's natural resources.

Project Objectives:

1. To promote integrated environmental management and conservation along the lower Volga River and in the Volga Delta.

2. To compile an overview report (in Russian and English) of the conservation status of the Volga Delta.

3. To identify and promote the Ramsar, World Heritage, and Biosphere values of the Volga Delta.

4. To set up the Lower Volga National Park.

5. To promote non­governmental organizations (NGOs) involved in regional conservation work.

RU0002.1: Development of an Integrated Conservation Prog. for the Lower Volga and Delta (Mar. 91 - Jun. 97)

Activity Background:

The territory of the proposed Lower Volga National Park lies in north-eastern Astrakhan Oblast and Akhtubinsk administrative region, and takes in part of Zakaznik territory, located in Narimanovsky and Ikryaninsky regions. The territory is of Eurasian steppe type and comprises extreme southern semi­desert (in the Volga district) and desert of the trans­Volga region of western Kazakhstan biogeographical province. The region has a rich wildlife, including 214 bird species, 23 of which are listed in the Russian "Red Data Book". Increasing anthropogenic impacts (e.g. overgrazing of natural pastures and uncontrolled hunting) are having a negative influence on the region's environmental components. Legal protection, through the creation of a National Park, is necessary to prevent the destructive influence of economic activities. Activities under this project aim to promote, and in the near future to ensure, the conservation of Volga­Akhtuba basin's most valuable natural sites, and to meet the need for sustainable use of the region's natural resources.

Activity Objectives:

1. To develop a National Park concept in negotiations/discussions with relevant research institutions, bodies, and governments.

2. To collect background information and mapping material and analyse the data gathered.

3. To prepare a report as the basis for ecological and economic substantiation of the National Park, including zoning of areas according to the management objectives.

Activity Biomes:

River Systems.

Activity Methods:

Community Conservation; Protected Area Establishment; Research and Monitoring.

Activity Species:

White­tailed fish­eagle (Haliaeetus albicilla).

RU0004 Russian Federation: Siberian Arctic Tundra Reserves

Project Summary:

View Map

In accord with WWF's circumpolar aim of completing an Arctic protected areas network, and WWF's Russian biodiversity protection programme, this project concentrates on helping to establish new nature reserves in key areas of the Siberian tundra and coastal habitats. Large protected areas on the northern (Great Arctic Reserve, 1993) and eastern coasts (extension of the Taimyrsky Reserve, 1994) have been set up successfully on Taimyr Peninsula. Further reserves, including a biosphere reserve and the involvement of indigenous peoples, are planned for Taimyr, as well as in the Laptev Sea region (an extension of the Lena Delta Reserve, to include the New Siberian Islands), on Severnaya Zemlya Archipelago, and on Yamal and Gydan Peninsulas.
Priority Biomes % Strategies %
Forests 0Consumption & Pollution 0
Freshwater Ecosystems 80 EE & Capacity Building 0
Oceans and Coasts 20 Protected Areas 50
Non-Priority Biomes 0 Species 50
Non-Biome Specific 0 Sustainable Resource Use 0
Treaties & Legislation 0
Non-Priority Strategies 0

Project Background:

In 1989 WWF­Germany undertook, with the Institute for Evolutionary Morphology and Ecology of Animals/Russia Academy of Sciences, a first joint expedition to Taimyr Peninsula to study the Arctic breeding conditions of coastal birds using the East Atlantic "Flyway". This first visit to the northernmost (and formerly closed) area on the Eurasian continent eventually led to the launch in 1992 of WWF project RU0004: Siberian Arctic Tundra Reserves; and in 1993 resulted in the establishment of the 4,169,222ha Great Arctic Reserve, which doubled the area of strict nature reserves in the Russian Arctic region. Taimyr Peninsula is the largest tundra area on the Eurasian continent and is one of the most important breeding areas for coastal birds. More than 150 bird species have been recorded, including the threatened red­breasted goose, which nests only in this region. Coastal mammals include polar bear, beluga whale, various seals, and 2,500 endangered Laptev walruses. A rich variety of fish occurs in local rivers, including several species not found elsewhere.

In 1993 the project was extended from Taimyr to the Lena Delta, the largest Eurasian Arctic delta and tundra region). In November 1993 a symposium was held in Stockholm at which WWF­Sweden launched its engagement for the Lena Delta and adjacent Laptev Sea region in Yakutia, and found a sponsor for a biological station. The Yakutian regional government, along with the federal fovernment, plans to extend the Lena Delta Reserve into the Laptev Sea, taking in the New Siberian Islands, in preparation for its possible designation as a Biosphere Reserve involving indigenous peoples. The project was extended further in 1994 by WWF­UK's involvement in supporting Russian plans to protect tundra habitats on the northern coast of Yamalsiy and Gaydanskiy peninsulas.

This project concentrates on helping to establish new nature reserves in high value, pristine areas of Siberian tundra and coastal habitats. Of particluar concern is the placement of delicate Arctic landscapes and species under protection and out of range of expanding oil and gas developments in the Russian Arctic. The project can be viewed in three different contexts: (a) WWF's circumpolar promotion of completing an Arctic protected areas network; (b) WWF's Russian biodiversity protection programme; and (c) WWF activities, including the Wadden Sea project, to protect key areas for coastal bird populations migrating along the East Atlantic "Flyway".

Project Objectives:

1. To promote Russia's engagement in the Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna (CAFF) programme of the eight Arctic countries.

2. To promote involvement of the local population in setting large Arctic Biosphere Reserves.

3. To establish an extended protected areas system in the Arctic.

4. To promote sustainable use of natural resources and to support traditional land use in the area.

RU0004.1: Protected Areas on Taimyr (Dec. 91 - Jun. 96)

Activity Background:

With the establishment of the Great Arctic Reserve (4,169,200ha) in 1993, and the extension of the Taimyrsky Reserve (433,200ha) in July 1994, the total area of strict protection on Taimyr rose to 7,813,646ha, an increase from 8% to 19.5% of the total area of the peninsula. However, although Russia doubled its Arctic reserves with these designations (from 2% to 4% of the country's Arctic habitats), it has not yet reached the target 15% of protected terrestrial habitats of all the circumpolar Arctic regions. With huge unpopulated areas on Taimyr, and with fairly untouched natural habitats, the Taimyr regional government sees high potential in designating further strict protected areas (PAs), whilst at the same time integrating indigenous cultures into the framework of a Biosphere Reserve.

In 1994 major private funds (DM22,000) were invested in the infrastructure and equipping of the directorate of the Great Arctic Reserve in Dudinka. Such funding cannot be continued in the long term and evaluations on how the reserve can be run independent of WWF funds (e.g. by using existing infrastructure, the Barents station, governmental funds, or through cooperative projects with scientific institutions) therefore have high priority. In following up further plans for designating new PAs on Taimyr and Severnaya Zemlya, schemes should be considered which require minimal work. In southern Taimyr, the practical involvement of indigenous people has high priority. According to the Russian government's decree (572­P, 23 April 1994), the overall planned area of the second stage of the Great Arctic Reserve will occupy about 1,000,000ha (Sevenaa Zemlya Archipelago). According to the Ministry of Environment, a biological station will be constructed on the eastern shore of Taimyr Peninsula.

Activity Objectives:

1. To establish new PAs in the Russian Arctic.

2. To establish a new biological station.

3. To conserve the species listed in the Russian "Red Data Book".

Activity Biomes:

Tundra.

Activity Methods:

Lobbying; Protected Area Establishment; Protected Area Management.

Activity Species:

Laptev walrus (Odobenus rosmarus laptevi); Polar bear (Ursus maritimus); Red­breasted goose (Branta ruficollis).

RU0004.2: Conservation of the Lena Delta (Dec. 91 - Jun. 96)

Activity Background:

The Lena Delta Nature Reserve was established in 1985. It is the third-largest nature reserve in Russia, covering an area of 1,433,000ha in the western part of the delta. The reserve's buffer zone is similar in size to the reserve. The delta as a whole (2,800,000ha) is unique in its variety of biodiversity, with 340 lower plant species, 523 high plants species, 36 fish species, 99 bird species, and 32 species of mammal. Many (47 high plant, 6 mammal, and 17 bird species) are included in the Russian "Red Data Book". The Lena River forms the zoogeographical boundary of Siberian, Asian, and North American fauna, and is an important breeding site for sturgeon and salmonid species.

WWF's assistance was requested by the Lena Delta Reserve's administration to increase conservation effectiveness and help set up a biological station. Assistance was also requested for extending the current nature reserve and its transformation into a Biosphere Reserve. WWF­Sweden raised SEK700,000 for this purpose, covering a two-year period. The Yakutian regional government decided to start the planning procedure for a new biosphere reserve and WWF are supporting this initiative. The biological station allows groups of up to 20 scientists/students to undertake field studies in a place which is logistically easy to reach from Tiksi and which is surrounded by diverse habitats (including mountains, flat polygon tundra, and freshwater systems). Western visitors to the station provide help in various ways, e.g. through involvement in monitoring and management tasks, exchanges of knowledge and experiences with Russian/Yakutian scientists, and providing fees which enable the reserve and station to continue functioning in economically difficult times. The establishment of an international steering committee (including western representatives from scientific institutions and WWF) to implement the functioning of the station has been discussed. Meetings with the Yakutian government and the Yakutian Academy of Sciences in April 1994 confirmed plans to extend the Lena Delta Reserve by summer 1995, to include the New Siberian Islands and parts of the coastal Laptev Sea.

Activity Objectives:

1. To establish the Lena Delta Biological Station, and to facilitate an intensive survey for the inclusion of part of the Laptev Sea and the New Siberian Islands archipelago into the newly proposed Lena Delta Biosphere Reserve.

2. To develop a draft management plan for the reserve.

3. To support the research and management activities of the Lena Delta Administration.

4. To ensure scientific/methodological guidance for developing the Lena Delta Biosphere Reserve management, in consultation with the Russian Ministry of Environmental Protection.

5. To coordinate and supervise activities such as: support to the existing Lena Delta Biosphere Reserve; development of a new Marine Reserve proposal for the Laptev Sea coast; development of a new PAs proposal covering the New Siberian Islands and surrounding coast; and setting up a biological station in the south-west delta.

6. To organize an ecological expedition to the Lena Delta (including inauguration of the Biological Station) aiming at increased scientific knowledge of its biodiversity and increased international recognition of the area.

8. To assist in the publication of a booklet on the Lena Delta.

9. To take diplomatic steps to integrate the Yakutian initiatives into the federal Russian PAs network system.

Activity Biomes:

River Systems.

Activity Methods:

Protected Area Management.

Activity Species:

Red­breasted goose (Branta ruficollis).

RU0004.3: Evaluation (Jul. 95 - Jun. 96)

Activity Background:

The Russia Country Team, at its meeting in January 1995, decided to carry out an evaluation of the Siberian Arctic Tundra Reserve project and its main Taimyr and Lena Delta activities. The purpose of the evaluation is to provide WWF with information on achievements and shortcomings and to produce recommendations for improved implementation and planning of the projects. In particular, WWF needs guidelines on the short­term performance of the project against which to set objectives and the probability of long­term success.

Activity Objectives:

1. To evaluate projects RU0004.01: Protected Areas on Taimyr, and RU0004.02: Conservation of the Lena Delta.

Activity Methods:

Programme / Project Evaluation.

RU0005 Russian Federation: Protection of Siberian Tiger and its Habitat

Project Summary:

Intense poaching and habitat loss are seriously threatening the survival of Siberian tigers in the wild. This project seeks to conserve tiger populations and regional biodiversity by channelling funds to appropriate agencies to control widespread poaching of tigers and other wildlife; collaborating with Russian scientists, conservationists, and local stakeholders in preparing and implementing habitat conservation plans and developing a framework for a comprehensive wildlife and resource management plan for the Amur region; and supporting educational programmes aimed at enhancing awareness of environmental and conservation issues in local communities.
Priority Biomes % Strategies %
Forests 100Consumption & Pollution 0
Freshwater Ecosystems 0 EE & Capacity Building 10
Oceans and Coasts 0 Protected Areas 20
Non-Priority Biomes 0 Species 70
Non-Biome Specific 0 Sustainable Resource Use 0
Treaties & Legislation 0
Non-Priority Strategies 0

Project Background:

View Map

The Amur region of the Russian Far East contains the most biologically diverse forests in Russia. They are among the most diverse non­tropical forests in the world. Because much of the region has escaped periods of glaciation, it became a climatic refuge for numerous species and communities now found nowhere else in Russia, or the world. This level of endemism, combined with the region's unique biogeographic location, has resulted in unusual assemblages of plants and animals. Siberian tigers, Amur leopards, and Himalayan black bears are found, together with reindeer, sable, wild boar, brown bears, lynx, and salmon. The forests contain numerous edible and medicinal plants, including wild berries, Siberian pine nuts, wild ginseng, other medicinal herbs, and mushrooms, providing natural resources for several indigenous populations.

Wildlife populations in the Amur region are declining rapidly in the face of intense poaching pressure and habitat loss. The threat posed to species such as the Siberian tiger and Amur leopard is of global significance. The Russian Far East region of Primorski Krai and Khabarovsk Krai represents the last remaining habitat of Siberian tigers. Current estimates of tiger numbers range from 200 to 300. Only strict protection measures for their population and habitat will allow recovery. The current fast pace of economic deregulation and absence of long­term resource management plans are imposing new threats on the whole region, in particular on Siberian tigers. The current political and economic situation has resulted in an accelerated exploitation of resources in the region, among which poaching currently represents the most immediate threat to wildlife. Increasing numbers of tigers are killed for their pelts and tiger parts, especially bones. Tiger pelts fetch over US$5,000, and bones up to US$3,000 per kg, making them attractive items in this economically stressed region. Unplanned industrial development, especially timber harvesting and mining, destroys or degrades the critical habitat of these animals. It is essential that a landscape­scale strategy for tiger conservation, incorporating a system of core reserves, habitat corridors, and buffer zones that allow varying degrees of resource exploitation, and indigenous reserves, be developed.

Project Objectives:

1. To increase the probability of maintaining viable Siberian tiger populations and to conserve their natural habitats.

RU0005.1: Protection of the Siberian Tiger and its Habitat (Dec. 93 - Jun. 99)

Activity Background:

Siberian tigers (Phanthera tigris altaica) represent the northernmost race of the eight recognized subspecies of tiger. The Russian Far East regions of Primorski Krai and Khaborovsk Krai contain the last remaining habitats for Siberian tigers. Siberian tiger populations have undergone serious declines in the past, reduced to as few as 30­40 individuals in the late 1930s. Then, strict protection measures, for the tigers, their habitat, and prey, allowed a dramatic recovery. The current political and economic situation has resulted in accelerated exploitation of resources in the region, among which poaching represents the most immediate threat to wildlife. An increasingly common sight in nature reserves and other forest areas are vehicles with well­armed poachers killing bears, wild boar, deer, tigers, and other wildlife. This project activity protects the tiger by establishing anti-poaching programmes and strengthening existing protection services, as well as through development of a regional tiger conservation strategy.

Activity Objectives:

1. To focus international attention on the poaching problem by supporting the establishment of special anti­poaching programmes and strengthening of existing protection services.

2. To develop a regional tiger conservation strategy that integrates conservation of critical wildlife habitats with different land­use practices.

Activity Methods:

Species Management.

Activity Species:

Siberian tiger (Panthera tigris altaica).

RU0005.3: Conducting a Tiger Census (Oct. 95 - Jun. 99)

Activity Background:

As human impacts on the natural resources of southern Far East Russia have increased, environmental legislation has lagged behind. Consequently more and more pressure is being exerted on rare and threatened species, including the Siberian (Amur) tiger and the far­eastern leopard. Whilst data on the Amur tiger at key sites, such as strict reserves, reveal population trends, they do not show the overall picture of the tiger population and habitat dynamics. Measure to conserve tiger populations can only be fully effective if the overall picture is known. However, the difficulty of conducting a full inventory prevents censusing more than once every five or more years. This project activity therefore seeks to collect and summarize all available information on the current state of Amur tiger habitat, and determine the total number of Amur tigers in Russia. Where the habitats of Amur tiger and far­eastern leopard overlap, an inventory of both species can be conducted simultaneously. The census method will be simultaneous registrations of tiger footprints in all main river basins within known habitat, i.e. in the Primorye and Khabarovsk region. This will allow the determination of the minimum number of individual tigers and will also reveal individual tiger data such as sex and age.

Activity Objectives:

Main objective:

1. To assess the total number and location of existing Siberian tigers and far­eastern leopards in Russia, so as to ensure the accuracy of other project components and safeguard the general conservation goals of the project.

Specific objectives:

2. To assess the distribution of the tiger population within the existing range, to reveal the centres of maximum population density, and to identify regions where there is a danger of splintering the tiger population into subpopulations due to habitat fragmentation.

3. To assess the total population of tigers within the Russian boundaries, based on an almost total inventory, rather than on a selective inventory with subsequent data extrapolation.

4. To assess the character of habitat changes in different sites, especially the state of the food base for the tiger and its prey.

5. To assess the general trends in the long­term changes of habitat and population of Amur leopards through comparisons with previous similar inventories.

6. To obtain data for developing territorial­differentiated protection measures, especially for improving the network of specially protected natural territories (tiger reserves).

7. To identify seven regions as monitoring areas in which censuses are to be conducted during the two subsequent winters.

8. To evaluate the census method used in the 1995-96 census and to improve it for subsequent tiger monitoring censuses in the Russian Far East.

9. To evaluate the ongoing anti­poaching projects in the region.

Activity Biomes:

Boreal Forests.

Activity Methods:

Research and Monitoring.

Activity Species:

Siberian tiger (Panthera tigris altaica).

RU0005.4: Environmental Education (Dec. 93 - Jun. 97)

Activity Background:

This activity seeks to initiate environmental education activities in order to support the overall project (RU0005). The overall aim is to increase public awareness and individual understanding about the role of Siberian tigers as indicators of an intact ecosystem, and about the three major threats to tigers: poaching and the use of tiger products in oriental medicine; the reduction of natural tiger prey; and habitat destruction.

Activity Objectives:

1. To provide education material for the formal education system and key persons from the NGO sector.

2. To contribute to the training of key persons and help the trainees to act as multipliers.

3. To build up awareness through the media.

4. To foster a strong conservation ethic among rural communities by operating a Mobile Education Unit.

Activity Biomes:

Boreal Forests.

Activity Methods:

Education.

Activity Species:

Siberian tiger (Panthera tigris altaica).

RU0007 Russian Federation: Pechora­Ilych - Forest Conservation

Project Summary:

View Map

This project seeks to secure the future of the Pechora­Ilych Strict Nature Reserve in western Russia - the largest remaining virgin forest area in Europe - and to develop practical models for sustainable forestry. With the collapse of the former Soviet system and current economic problems, the future of the reserve and its buffer zone is less secure. WWF is putting together a plan to safeguard the reserve and develop models of ecologically sound forestry practices.
Priority Biomes % Strategies %
Forests 100Consumption & Pollution 0
Freshwater Ecosystems 0 EE & Capacity Building 30
Oceans and Coasts 0 Protected Areas 30
Non-Priority Biomes 0 Species 0
Non-Biome Specific 0
Sustainable Resource Use 40 Treaties & Legislation 0
Non-Priority Strategies 0

Project Background:

The modern history of most northern forests is one of gradual loss of the natural ecosystem in the face of exploitation and gradual adaptation to new demands. Modern considerations range from sustaining the wood production and developing environmentally sound industries, to saving endangered species and assessing the role of the northern forests with regard to global climate change. There is much still to be learnt, however, from intact natural forest ecosystems. But these are now few in number. The most remote, and therefore the least altered, forests in Europe are found in the Troitsko­Pechorsk region in the Komi Republic in north-west Russia. This region still has a large area of natural forest, although it too is heavily exploited and is facing all kinds of problems related to the recent political changes.

Pechora­Ilych Strict Nature Reserve lies on the western slopes of the Ural Mountains and on the lowland of the Pechora River valley. Encompassing more that 700,000ha in the reserve itself and 500,000ha in the buffer zone, it is one of the world's largest reserves and contains all of the main northern forest landscape types, from fire­prone pine plains, to undulating hills with all stand types and wet mountain forests. The reserve and buffer zone, and the newly established Ural National Park, form the last naturally functioning dynamic forest system in Europe, covering an area almost the size of the Netherlands. As such, it has immense significance at the local, regional, national, and international levels.

Founded in 1930, the reserve has been used for conservation, research and education for over 50 years. Since 1990 it has gradually opened up for international cooperation, with research being undertaken on the structure and dynamics of the natural forest, as well as analyses of long­term data sets collected by reserve staff. In August 1994 a group of 15 forest management directors from the five largest forest companies in Sweden visited Pechora­Ilych and were convinced of the importance of the area for education. The forest provides the opportunity to create a positive example of forestry leading to a sustainable forest ecosystem and the economic stability of local communities, as an alternative to current exploitation processes. With the collapse of the former Soviet system and current economic problems, the future of the reserve and its buffer zone is less secure. A concession of 2 million ha granted in 1993 to a French company in neighbouring forests raised fears that the buffer zone could be logged. Under this project, WWF is putting together a plan to safeguard the reserve and develop models of ecologically sound forestry practices.

Project Objectives:

1. To secure the future protection of the pristine forest of the Pechora­Ilych Strict Nature Reserve.

2. To develop models for sustaining boreal forests in western Russia.

3. To support training and education in ecologically based forestry in the Komi Region, Russia.

RU0007.1: Securing the future of Pechora­Ilych Reserve (Dec. 93 - Jun. 99)

Activity Background:

See Project Background.

Activity Objectives:

1. To secure the future of Pechora­Ilych Strict Nature Reserve by assisting in setting up a more viable and financially self­sufficient management system.

2. To develop a base for a model forestry complex as a positive example of forestry leading to a sustainable forest ecosystem and economic stabilization of local societies, by providing assistance in landscape planning, education, developing linkages among different stakeholders, and facilitating development of value-added products.

3. To assist Pechora­Ilych Strict Nature Reserve in planned development of training programmes in boreal forest ecology, protection and management, as a first step towards creation of a formal education and training programme.

Activity Biomes:

Boreal Forests.

Activity Methods:

Forest Management; Protected Area Management; Research and Monitoring.

RU0007.4: Additional Support for the Devlopment of Infrastructure and Educational Facilities (Dec. 93 - Jun. 97)

Activity Background:

Russian nature conservation has made impressive achievements in the Komi Republic, where an area of approximately 25,000 sq km of pristine taiga is under protection in the Pechora­Ilych Strict Nature Reserve, together with the buffer zone and "Yougyd Va" National Park. However, these achievements are now under threat from changes wrought under recent political and economic transitions. This activity, together with Activity 1, will significantly increase the possibilities to secure the functions of the reserve through an improved infrastructure, in particular concerning communications and mobility. It will also make it possible to develop the full potential of the reserve as an educational facility and strengthen WWF's hand in securing long-term federal commitment to forest conservation.

Activity Objectives:

1. To ensure that the existing protection system is kept in place and functioning.

2. To adapt the management system of the reserve to long-term conservation, education and scientific needs, as well as economic viability.

3. To ensure that the reserve has the infrastructure to carry out education and study tours for international students, scientists, and foresters.

4. To strengthen WWF's ability to support forest conservation at a federal level.

Activity Biomes:

Boreal Forests.

Activity Methods:

Education; Institutional Support and Development; Lobbying; Protected Area Management.

RU0008 Russian Federation: Programme Development - Establishing WWF Presence in Moscow

Project Summary:

View Map

Under this project, the WWF Russia Programme Office works with federal, regional and non­governmental agencies to assess and determine the direction of a national conservation strategy. The office also develops, implements, and monitors a range of projects involving support for the creation of new protected areas, conservation of threatened species, and sustainable development, as well as initiatives in environmental education, public awareness, and environmental policy.
Priority Biomes % Strategies %
Forests 50Consumption & Pollution 0
Freshwater Ecosystems 20 EE & Capacity Building 10
Oceans and Coasts 10 Protected Areas 50
Non-Priority Biomes 20 Species 20
Non-Biome Specific 0 Sustainable Resource Use 20
Treaties & Legislation 0
Non-Priority Strategies 0

Project Background:

Since its establishment in 1994, and official recognition in 1995, the WWF Russia Programme Office in Moscow has completed about 40 projects aimed at wildlife protection in Russia. It is now implementing a range of conservation projects financed by WWF donors. The Programme Office is in process of (a) evaluating existing conservation strategies and identifying experts to help develop a comprehensive national plan, uniting the best ways of implementing these strategies; (b) developing a strategy to seek funding from international donors and national sponsors to support components of the Russian conservation strategy; (c) coordinating and promoting WWF Network activities; (d) developing an overall role for WWF in the Russian conservation strategy; and (e) providing the necessary infrastructure for carrying out and monitoring projects in various regions in Russia. The Moscow-based WWF team works with experts, provides assistance where necessary, and ensures coordination and communication with WWF National Organizations, the Central and Eastern European Subregional Team, the Arctic Subregional Team, the Russia Country Team, and WWF International.

Project Objectives:

1. To develop a Russian conservation strategy.

2. To develop a strategic plan for the WWF Network's role in Russian conservation.

3. To coordinate WWF Network activities in Russia, and to work with Russian WWF coordinators.

4. To oversee and manage implementation of funded projects.

5. To monitor and evaluate the success of project implementation.

6. To provide administrative assistance, financing and accounting for the WWF Network.

RU0008.1: Russia, Programme Development - Establishing WWF Presence in Moscow (Jul. 94 - Jun. 99)

Activity Background:

See Project Background.

Activity Objectives:

1. To coordinate WWF International/NO activities in implementing WWF Russia Country Team-approved priorities for Russia.

2. To oversee and participate in the identification, design, implementation, and evaluation of the WWF Russian programme and project activities.

3. To liaise with Russian governmental agencies, multilateral lending agencies, bilateral donor agencies, and the environmental, scientific, and NGO communities.

4. To determine policy directions (within the contexts set by WWF Advisory Groups) for the WWF Russia Programme.

5. To oversee and manage project implementation for funded proposals.

6. To oversee staff and office administration within the WWF Russia Programme Office.

Activity Biomes:

Boreal Forests; Tundra.

Activity Methods:

Institutional Support and Development.

Activity Species:

Polar bear (Ursus maritimus); Russian desman (Desmana moschata); Siberian tiger (Panthera tigris altaica).

RU0008.4: Management of Danish Funds Supporting the WWF Russia Programme Office (Jul. 94 - Jun. 98)

Activity Background:

This activity facilitates the management of funds which support the WWF Russia Programme Office. Money has been allocated to the Programme Office for management of projects RU0012, RU0014, and RU0015, which are funded by the Danish Environmental Protection Agency (via WWF­Denmark).

Activity Objectives:

1. To manage and administrate three projects (RU0012, RU0014, and RU0015) in Oksky and Bryansky protected areas, and in Nizhnesvirsky Nature Reserves, funded by the Danish Ministry of Environment (through WWF­Denmark).

Activity Biomes:

Boreal Forests.

Activity Methods:

Protected Area Management.

Activity Species:

European bison (Bison bonasus); Russian desman (Desmana moschata); Siberian crane (Grus leucogeranus).

RU0011 Russian Federation: Brown Bear - Establishment of New Protected Areas

Project Summary:

The aim of this project is to close gaps in the current protected areas network in Russia and to protect critical wildlife habitats against mining and uncontrolled logging activities.
Priority Biomes % Strategies %
Forests 40Consumption & Pollution 0
Freshwater Ecosystems 30 EE & Capacity Building 0
Oceans and Coasts 30 Protected Areas 70
Non-Priority Biomes 0 Species 30
Non-Biome Specific 0 Sustainable Resource Use 0
Treaties & Legislation 0
Non-Priority Strategies 0

Project Background:

The proposed Amursky Reserve is located on the upper stream of the Amur River in the Amursky­Sakhalinsky bioregion of Russia, close to the border with China. The region is in many respects unique and can be compared to the Caucasus in terms of the abundance and variety of biological resources. The 12 existing regional nature reserves do not include all the representative and crucial areas in terms of biodiversity. This project seeks to develop a new reserve of 1,000 sq km on the upper Amur River in the Skovorodinsky region. Long­term studies conducted by the Amursky Scientific Institute of Complex Studies and the Institute of Soil Biology of the Russian Academy of Science show that the Tchepelsky region is the most promising in terms of its natural habitats and biodiversity. Of the 445 plant species in the region, only 141 are considered common, and the area represents the limit of distribution for as many as 100 species. There are unique pine forests that have retained their virgin character, as well as almost pristine meadow and wetland areas in valleys along rivers that flow into the Amur river. In general, these ecosystems have to date almost entirely escaped anthropogenic impacts. Preliminary surveys show that the region is inhabited by 46 mammal species, including brown bear, moose, roe deer and a unique race of musk deer, and several rare birds, such as white­tailed sea eagle and spotted eagle. The rapid development of the region, especially logging activities and poaching of brown bear and musk deer, poses considerable threats to this rich biodiversity. Many joint ventures between Russia and China have already been formed in logging and mining, and many more are planned.

Plans to establish Koryaksky Reserve are based on the necessity of conserving two unique areas of the Koryaksky Autonomous region: the Parapolsky Dole and Goven Peninsula. Parapolsky Dole is a river valley with numerous lakes, streams and swamps which serve as an important nesting, resting, and moulting site for thousands of wetland birds. The Goven Peninsula, located on the north-east coast of Kamchatka, is a hilly area containing crucial habitats for the brown bear. The work to officially gazette the area stopped in 1991 owing to a lack of funds. At that time the governor of Koryakia had already signed a decree on setting up the 10,000 sq km reserve. The planning process and survey work now needs to be finalized in order to submit the necessary documentation to the relevant ministries. Due to the area's uniqueness, its significant wildlife habitats, and the threats to the region from mining and logging industries, the Russian government and the WWF Russia Programme Office are taking immediate action to establish this reserve.

View Map

The proposed Tungussky Reserve represents a large untouched tract of primary forest in central Siberia, where there are at present no protected areas (PAs). Hence, the creation of this reserve would fill an important gap in the PAs network. The huge area of the proposed reserve (10,000 sq km) would secure habitats where natural ecological processes driven by natural disturbance regimes, such as forest fires, can continue unchanged. Moreover, creation of this reserve would secure large areas of important habitats for brown bear, lynx, roe deer, musk deer, six species of owl, and four species of eagle, among others.

Project Objectives:

1. To establish new protected areas and fill critical gaps in the Russian system of protected areas.

2. To conserve critical habitats for the conservation of species.

3. To protect large tracts of pristine habitats such as primary forests and intact wetlands and allow continuation of ecological processes.

RU0011.2: Establishment of Two New PAs (Shantarskie Archipelago, Novaya Zemlya) (Jul. 95 - Jun. 96)

Activity Background:

View Map

This activity takes the necessary steps to create two new reserves: Novaya Zemlya and Shantarsky Islands. The legal establishment of these reserves would be an important step in safeguarding important habitats, mainly for nesting seabirds and breeding sea mammals.

Novaya Zemlya (New Land) is an archipelago in the far northern European part of the Russian Arctic, consisting of two large and numerous small islands. The area has long attracted the attention of Russian and foreign scientists and conservationists, largely because Novaya Zemlya holds the largest bird colonies in the northern hemisphere. The archipelago is also famous for its sea mammals and fish. Since the development of the archipelago, these wildlife resources have been intensively exploited, e.g. the collection of millions of birds and their eggs. Data from 1950 show that the population of murre was about two million in 1950, even allowing for the fact that their population was already severely reduced in many colonies due to egg collecting and hunting. However, several colonies were completely destroyed. In 1954 Novaya Zemlya became a military base for nuclear tests, resulting in limited access to the archipelago for civilian zoologists. The lack of information since about the wildlife populations on the archipelago has resulted in speculation about the condition of bird colonies, especially abroad.

View Map

The development of a protected area (PA) is planned for terrestrial and marine ecosystems on the Shantarsky Archipelago, situated in the Khabarovsk region and on part of the Okhotsk Sea. The PA will include Big Shantar, Feklistov, Ptich'y and Prokof'ev Islands, with a total area of more than 300,000ha. The PA will ensure: (a) conservation of unique island ecosystems of the Okhotsk Sea; (b) restoration of bird colonies; (c) protection of rare birds and plants listed in the Russian "Red Data Book" (e.g. Pacific sea eagle, osprey, black stork, hooded crane, and whooper swan); (d) protection of migratory routes of waterfowl; (e) restoration of unique island populations of sable, reindeer, and others; and (f) conservation of feeding habitats for sea mammals and breeding areas for salmon. Over 220 bird species nest on the archipelago and there are colonies of up to 7,000 birds on the small islands. Up to 50 pairs of Pacific sea eagle, some 10 pairs of osprey and 25­30 pairs of whooping swans nest here, and more than 300,000 waterfowl stop over during migration. Several thousand seals inhabit the waters around the archipelago, and up to 150 whales of different species regularly occur. The islands are also inhabited by at least 100 brown bears, more than 200 reindeer, several hundred sable, many otters, and fox. Rivers provide important breeding grounds for salmon and codfish.

Activity Objectives:

1. To establish two new protected areas and fill critical gaps in the Russian PAs system.

2. To conserve critical habitats for the conservation of species listed in the Russian "Red Data Book".

3. To protect large feeding, nesting, and resting habitats for waterfowl and seabirds.

Activity Biomes:

Boreal Forests; Tundra.

Activity Methods:

Protected Area Establishment.

Activity Species:

Black stork (Ciconia nigra); Hooded crane (Grus monacha); Polar bear (Ursus maritimus).

RU0011.3: Koryaksky Reserve: Technical Assistance for Reserve Protection (Jun. 96 - Jun. 99)

Activity Background:

This activity provides technical assistance with the protection of Koryaksky Reserve. The reserve extends over 327,156ha of the northern part of Kamchatka Peninsula, including 83,000ha of wetlands. State protection of this territory is the most important factor in the conservation of this unique forested Bering tundra - a combination of floodplains, cedar forests and numerous lakes and tundra swamps. The reserve has two main sites: Parapolsky Valley and Goven Peninsula. The former is formed by the Kuyul river and its associated lakes and swamps. It is a unique nesting and stop-over area for waterfowl, and is included in the List of Wetlands of International Importance under the Convention on Wetlands (Ramsar). The latter site includes the Lavrovaya (Laurel) bay region and the southern part of Goven peninsula, inhabited by 30 colonies of seabirds. Rare species such as peregrine falcon and gyrfalcon also breed here. Significant work needs to be undertaken following the December 1995 decree by the Russian Prime Minister establishing the reserve. This includes establishing and equipping the reserve's administrative office in the town of Tilichki, and enabling the work of the scientific department and protection service.

Activity Objectives:

1. To provide urgent technical assistance to Koryaksky Reserve in establishing a reserve office in the town of Tilichiki and for undertaking reserve protection activities.

2. To create a management plan for protection and sustainable use of the reserve.

3. To identify priority areas of investment for creation of infrastructure for the reserve, to ensure successful implementation of the management plan.

Activity Biomes:

River Systems; Tundra.

Activity Methods:

Institutional Support and Development; Protected Area Management.

RU0012 Russian Federation: Oksky Reserve (Ryazan Oblast)

Project Summary:

View Map

This two-year project incorporates urgent requirements for core support to continue important conservation activities in Oksky Nature Reserve, located in European Russia in the Ryazan Oblast. The reserve was established in 1935 to preserve one of the largest intact wetland areas in central European Russia.
Priority Biomes % Strategies %
Forests 30Consumption & Pollution 0
Freshwater Ecosystems 70 EE & Capacity Building 0
Oceans and Coasts 0 Protected Areas 60
Non-Priority Biomes 0 Species 40
Non-Biome Specific 0 Sustainable Resource Use 0
Treaties & Legislation 0
Non-Priority Strategies 0

Project Background:

Oksky Nature Reserve is located in the south­eastern part of the Meschora lowland and includes the floodplains of the Oka River. The reserve's territory of 557 sq km is covered with pine, birch, and deciduous forests, with occasional oak groves. There are many bogs and lakes in the reserve, home to dozens of fish and reptiles. Plant life in the protected area (PA) flourishes, with 800 vascular and flowering species and 150 different kinds of fungi, including 69 rare and five threatened species. Over 50 mammal species and 240 bird species inhabit the PA, including the rare aquatic insectivore, the desman, along with black stork and white­tailed eagle. Poaching and loss of habitat is threatening the long­term survival of the desman.

Conservation programmes in Oksky Nature Reserve reflect the need to protect areas of intact wetland and forest habitats located along expanding agricultural enterprises and population points. Critical programmes for restoring rare and disappearing species in Russia are also under way. The reserve hosts three famous breeding and reintroduction centres, one facility for the Caucasain­Byelovezh bison, one for rare crane species, such as Siberian, red­crowned, and hooded cranes, and one centre for birds of prey, including peregrine falcon, baloban, and golden eagle. Despite financial setbacks, the breeding and reintroduction programmes have enjoyed major successes. The crane reintroduction programme is especially important for the restoration of the rare Siberian crane, whose numbers have dwindled to less than 20 specimens in its western Siberian population. A expert on the desman monitors the species' population in the reserve and studies methods for its restoration. The reserve operates a modest ornithological station and participates in various international initiatives on studying rare birds of prey, and on the breeding and reintroduction of several crane species. The reserve's staff also conduct environmental education activities, and a nature museum is located at the headquarters which helps to increase overall environmental awareness.

The success of ongoing conservation programmes in the reserve depends on the ability to enforce reserve regulations, and on the capacity to sustain existing activities vital to the preservation of many rare species. This project is implemented by specialists at Oksky Nature Reserve, in close cooperation with the WWF Russia Programme Office, WWF International, and WWF­Denmark.

Project Objectives:

1. To provide urgent technical assistance to Oksky Nature Reserve to improve protection and monitoring capabilities.

2. To improve facilities at the crane breeding centre.

3. To support the efforts under way to restore the rare desman population.

RU0012.1: Technical Assistance for Reserve Protection Activities (Oksky Reserve) (Jan. 95 - Dec. 96)

Activity Background:

Several important programmes on saving rare and endangered species make Oksky Nature Reserve a high priority for immediate technical assistance, including breeding and reintroduction programmes for the European bison, Siberian crane, and many birds of prey, such as the peregrine falcon and golden eagle. The desman, a unique aquatic insectivore found only in the wetlands and lakes of the Volga River basin, is also being studied at the reserve and measures need to be taken to recreate the disappearing habitat for this endangered species. Owing to the current poor economic situation in Russia, the reserve is suffering from a lack of government funding, impeding measures to enforce protection in the reserve, and threatening the existence of the breeding centres and reintroduction programmes. This activity provides the urgent financial assistance needed to ensure adequate protection and monitoring of the reserve, and to guarantee continuation of the vital programmes on restoring rare and endangered species.

Activity Objectives:

1. To provide proper reserve patrols and management by purchasing ranger gear and uniforms.

2. To improve communications by installing a radio-telephone.

3. To purchase additional machinery to help fight forest fires which threaten the habitat of many birds and mammals.

4. To compensate reserve staff for the execution of the project.

5. To improve patrols by providing funds to cover increased fuel costs.

Activity Biomes:

Temperate Dry Deciduous Forest.

Activity Methods:

Protected Area Management.

Activity Species:

Black stork (Ciconia nigra); European bison (Bison bonasus); Russian desman (Desmana moschata); White­tailed sea eagle (Haliaetus albicilla).

RU0012.2: Technical Assistance for the Crane Breeding Centre (Oksky Reserve) (Jan. 95 - Dec. 96)

Activity Background:

Oksky Nature Reserve hosts the famous breeding and reintroduction centres for rare crane species, such as Siberian, red­crowned, and hooded cranes. The breeding and reintroduction programmes have enjoyed major successes, despite financial setbacks. Projects to reintroduce young cranes to the wild have been under way since 1992 and are especially important for the restoration of the Siberian crane population, whose numbers have dwindled to less than 20 individuals in its western Siberian population. The crane breeding centre requires assistance to ensure continuation and growth of these programmes. This activity provides this assistance, including the funding of three specialists who will stay at the release site for one month to release 10 Siberian cranes into the wild and study their acclimatization.

Activity Objectives:

1. To help repair and modernize dilapidated pens and expand the crane breeding centre facilities.

2. To purchase a vehicle to transport young chicks to and from the breeding centre for reintroduction and to bring special food.

3. To provide adequate veterinary and nutritional supplies for raising cranes.

4. To support the Siberian crane reintroduction project.

Activity Biomes:

Marshes/Swamps.

Activity Methods:

Protected Area Management; Species Management.

Activity Species:

Hooded crane (Grus monacha); Siberian crane (Grus leucogeranus).

RU0012.3: Desman Restoration Programme (Oksky Reserve) (Jan. 95 - Dec. 96)

Activity Background:

The desman is a unique aquatic insectivore found only in the wetlands and lakes of the Volga River basin. It is threatened by loss of habitat and poaching and is the focus of a restoration programme being run by Oksky Reserve. This activity supports this programme. Owing to the loss of desman pond habitat outside the reserve, the number of water bodies inside the reserve is insufficient to support the whole desman population. For restoration programmes to be successful, new ponds must be created in the reserve, in areas determined by desman specialists. An expert on the desman is monitoring the population in the reserve and studying methods for its restoration.

Activity Objectives:

1. To conserve the habitat of the desman population.

2. To purchase transportation and communications equipment necessary for the study of desman habits, and to develop methods for its restoration in the wild.

2. To support restoration programmes by creating new ponds in the reserve.

Activity Methods:

Protected Area Management; Species Management.

Activity Species:

Russian desman (Desmana moschata).

RU0014 Russian Federation: Bryansky Les Reserve Ecological Education Programme

Project Summary:

This project seeks funding to create an Environmental Education (EE) Centre in the Bryansky Les Nature Reserve. It complements efforts under way by the non­governmental organization, Socio­Ecological Union, to expand the territory and promote regional EE. Located in the western European part of Russia in the Bryansk Oblast, near the border with Belorus, this protected area is unique in that it is one of the last intact forested regions south of Moscow in which large predators such as bears and bobcats still live. However, the high density of population in the outlying areas (50 people per sq km) threatens the long­term existence of the reserve. Illegal poaching, wood cutting, and use of chemical fertilizers in and around the area are jeopardizing the serenity and preservation of the reserve.
Priority Biomes % Strategies %
Forests 100Consumption & Pollution 0
Freshwater Ecosystems 0 EE & Capacity Building 70
Oceans and Coasts 0 Protected Areas 30
Non-Priority Biomes 0 Species 0
Non-Biome Specific 0 Sustainable Resource Use 0
Treaties & Legislation 0
Non-Priority Strategies 0

Project Background:

Bryansk Forest Reserve contains a unique biodiversity. Dozens of animal and plant species listed in the IUCN and Russian "Red Data Books" occur in the reserve. The protected area is of international significance, located along a "flyway" for birds migrating across the European continent. The 117 sq km reserve was developed in 1987 with the goal of changing land­use practices in the area so as to reduce negative impacts on important forest habitat. The needs of local people, for instance mushroom and berry gathering, fishing, and hunting, are catered for and allowed in the reserve, to a limited degree. However, they have to be constantly monitored. Economic hardship has multiplied the requests by the local community that the land be turned over for agricultural and other uses; hundreds of letters are received each year by the local authorities, demanding the closure of the reserve. Efforts to expand the territory have been fruitless, due to these conflicts, and continual minor violations have become a big problem. In July 1993, over 60 people were reported gathering blackberries in the mating grounds of the wood grouse, disturbing the birds and destroying their food base. In addition to these violations, the reserve is threatened by excessive wood cutting, drainage for agricultural purposes, road construction, poaching, and other problems which are consequences of the low level of ecological awareness in the surrounding community.

New projects and proposals by the non­governmental organization, the Socio­Ecological Union, which is working to optimize the use of natural resources in the reserve, have met with great difficulty. Projects for two integrated refuges on territories meriting status as wetlands of international importance were blocked in the Trubchevsky region. The reason for this failure was inadequate environmental awareness of the local people and authorities. The Suzemsky region provides an example of successful environmental education efforts, where, as a result of public awareness projects, two landscape refuges were successfully created with the support of the local community. A targeted environmental education (EE) programme for the local community would greatly increase public awareness of the importance of conservation/preservation in the region, and encourage the local community to support conservation programmes. This project supports the creation of an educational centre which will provide information on the reserve's activities, and through which the surrounding community will be encouraged to become involved in protecting the area. The project covers the publication of educational materials, creation of a nature museum with exhibits and short films, and development of a small network of nature trails. The project is being implemented by staff of the Bryansky Les Nature Reserve, in close cooperation with the WWF Russia Programme Office and WWF­Denmark.

Project Objectives:

1. To create an Environmental Education Centre which will provide/distribute information on the Bryansky Les Nature Reserve's efforts to conserve regional biodiversity.

2. To create a favourable public opinion by inviting the local community to learn about the uniqueness and value of the reserve and to participate in protection activities.

3. To increase awareness in schools and local government and NGOs, thus reaching a broad audience on a local level.

4. To promote community involvement and education on a large scale by working with the Socio­Ecological Union.

RU0014.1: Bryansky Les Reserve Ecological Education Programme (Jan. 95 - Dec. 96)

Activity Background:

The aim of this activity is to create an Environmental Education (EE) Centre in the Bryansky Les Nature Reserve. This will complement efforts by the Socio­Ecological Union to expand the protected area and promote regional EE. A local and regional journal will be published and distributed, illustrating environmental issues in and around the reserve. Calendars, posters and brochures will promote the reserve and compliance with its protected regime. Publications and press releases for the national and local mass­media will be developed to increase awareness of protection activities. Film and photo exhibits will also be prepared to show in the EE Centre and will be reproduced for schools, museums, and local interest groups. Programmes will be developed for radio and television in order to convey the value of preserving Bryansky Les Reserve to a wide audience. A special exhibit will depict local wildlife and regulations for their protection. Acquisition of a minibus would help the reserve bring school groups to the EE Centre to study the local wildlife. School teachers and local educators will be invited to develop techniques for EE in the classroom.

A limited environmentally oriented tourism programme will be started, to allow local residents and visitors to see first­hand the beauty of the nature reserve and the importance of its preservation. To facilitate this, a small network of nature trails needs to be created, in accordance with regulations under from the federal Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources, with educational and interpretive signs. Educational programmes can provide a small source of income to the reserve to help further its activities. In order to ensure that the programme is successful, one full­time and one part­time educator will be hired to work in the centre and travel to schools to give lectures and distribute EE materials. The two educational staff members will be responsible for promoting EE programmes and for guided nature walks, providing information in the nature centre, and cultivating relations with the outside community. In addition, a six-month programme will be carried out to train local teachers on integrating EE programmes into their school curricula.

Activity Objectives:

1. To explain the significance of PAs through nature exhibits, information booklets and journals, and environmental education.

2. To prevent violations of the PAs regime by working with local organizations to determine acceptable sustainable use practices, and to enforce these.

3. To provide educational materials and lectures to institutions, social groups, and other organizations interested in conservation activities.

4. To help train local environmental educators and provide educational materials to schools and local organizations in cooperation with the Socio­Ecological Union.

5. To allow nature reserve visits by organizing EE tourism programmes and developing a small network of nature trails.

Activity Biomes:

Marshes/Swamps; Temperate Dry Deciduous Forest.

Activity Methods:

Ecotourism Development; Education.

Activity Species:

Common crane (Grus grus).

RU0015 Russian Federation: Development of an Ornithological Monitoring Station at Nizhnesvirsky Nature Reserve

Project Summary:

This project supports the creation of an integrated ornithological monitoring station in order to monitor ecosystem changes arising from anthropogenic influences in a reserve which contains critical habitats for many bird and animal species.
Priority Biomes % Strategies %
Forests 40Consumption & Pollution 0
Freshwater Ecosystems 60 EE & Capacity Building 25
Oceans and Coasts 0 Protected Areas 25
Non-Priority Biomes 0 Species 50
Non-Biome Specific 0 Sustainable Resource Use 0
Treaties & Legislation 0
Non-Priority Strategies 0

Project Background:

Nizhnesvirsky Nature Reserve is a unique area of natural diversity, preserved due to timely conservation measures taken under conditions of intensive economic and recreational development in the Leningrad oblast. The reserve is located on the south­eastern coast of Lake Ladoga and covers an area of 414 sq km. The protected area (PA) was created in 1980 in order to conserve and study the natural ecosystems of the south Ladoga basin. The reserves's unique landscape is shaped by land surface forms of glacial origin. The Segezh wetlands in the middle of the reserve are of significant value. Plant life in the reserve includes 470 species, dominated by boreal species typical of the central Taiga zone. The reserve's fauna includes 40 mammal species, five reptile species, and four amphibian species. The diversity and size of water reservoirs create a rich habitat for many fish species, including the spawning grounds of valuable commercial species such as salmon and trout.

Birds are the main subjects for protection and study, with over 250 species of forest, swamp, water, and meadow birds. Located between different biogeographic regions, and on the White Sea-Baltic Sea migration "flyway", the reserve plays a huge role in biodiversity conservation, research into seasonal processes, the dynamics of migrating and nesting bird populations, the protection of rare and disappearing species, and the restoration of populations.

Nizhnesvirsky Nature Reserve seeks to create an integrated ornithological station of international significance, equipped with modern scientific equipment that will enable the monitoring of avian populations to be carried out, in order to provide ornithological indicators of negative impacts on local and regional environments. Intensive economic activity in the region - e.g. agricultural development of coastal territories, industrial enterprises, etc. - is leading to accelerated eutrophication of lake basins and the transformation and degradation of landscapes, negatively influencing the populations and dynamics of water and shore bird species. Illegal fishing and reserve violations are further degrading the integrity of local ecosystems. Constant monitoring of these ecosystems is therefore necessary, allied to serious protection enforcement measures. Such monitoring is difficult without the proper equipment, and public relations are difficult to maintain without proper informational materials and guidelines. This project will help to alleviate many of these basic problems. In addition, international cooperation will be encouraged on bird migration issues, e.g. through the hosting of a workshop to develop joint projects for studying migrational patterns and conservation methods.

Project Objectives:

1. To strengthen the existing protection system by providing urgently needed equipment.

2. To create an ornithological monitoring station to research bird habits and determine environmental impacts in order to develop preservation measures in cooperation with international specialists.

3. To help conserve wetlands, areas where birds gather during seasonal migrations, by increasing the effectiveness of protection activities.

4. To improve public relations by providing information explaining local wildlife, and guidelines for protecting the reserve.

RU0015.1: Development of an Ornithological Monitoring Station at Nizhesvirsky Nature Reserve (Jul. 94 - Jun. 98)

Activity Background:

This activity will be implemented over a two-year period. During the first year of work, equipment will be procured and the ornithological monitoring station will be set up. In the second year, information brochures will be published and distributed to the public. The ornithological monitoring station will begin work on research and determining additional measures for protection. Also, during the second year, international specialists will be invited to a workshop to conduct joint studies and develop initiatives for further cooperative work. Recurrent costs such as fuel and the incentive fund for reserve staff will be dispersed as necessary throughout the two-year period.

Activity Objectives:

1. To purchase equipment and ranger gear for the guard staff, and to equip the station with modern monitoring devices.

2. To provide resources for hosting international guests and conducting joint work on bird monitoring.

3. To hold a workshop with international specialists to determine methods for preserving migratory routes and to conduct joint research on migratory bird habits.

4. To provide compensation to scientific and ranger staff.

5. To publish information brochures and reserve guidelines for visitors.

Activity Biomes:

Boreal Forests; Lake Systems.

Activity Methods:

Research and Monitoring.

Activity Species:

Great crested grebe (Podiceps cristatus).

RU0017 Russian Federation: Establishment of a New Reserve in Khabarovsk Region - Bolonsky Reserve

Project Summary:

The project seeks to create a new nature reserve for protecting important species and habitats in the Amur River valley and Udyl Lake basin. Once established, the new protected area will be only the second lake nature reserve in the Asian/Far East part of Russia (the first, Khankaisky, lies several thousand kilometres from Udyl Lake). Under the Russian government's proposal (572P, 23 April 1994), a planning team will work to establish a reserve with an overall area of about 300,000ha.
Priority Biomes % Strategies %
Forests 0Consumption & Pollution 0
Freshwater Ecosystems 100 EE & Capacity Building 0
Oceans and Coasts 0 Protected Areas 80
Non-Priority Biomes 0 Species 20
Non-Biome Specific 0 Sustainable Resource Use 0
Treaties & Legislation 0
Non-Priority Strategies 0

Project Background:

This project seeks to protect a unique lake and important habitats in Siberian Russia. Establishment of the Bolonsky Reserve, in the Udylsky region of Khabarovsky krai, will help fill a gap in Russia's system of protected areas (PAs). The proposed reserve will include Udyl Lake (excluding its north-eastern bank), the lower and middle streams of the Biga, Alochka, and Pilda Rivers, and part of the Amur River floodplain. The Udyl Lake region provides a variety of important habitats for many species of birds and animals in the Amur River valley. Annually, some 150,000­200,000 birds nest on Udyl Lake, several of them listed in the Russian "Red Data Book", including Steller's sea eagle, white­tailed eagle, osprey, black and far eastern storks, and black and Japanese cranes. Mammals are represented by sable, bear, moose, musk deer, wolf, and fox. One of the reasons for creating the nature reserve is to provide protection for the spawning grounds and habitats of Amur fish species, including the migration routes of summer and autumn salmon. The proposed reserve has a population of indigenous people (the "Ulichy") who will help in the protection of their sustainable traditional hunting and fishing activities.

Project Objectives:

1. To conserve species listed in the Russian "Red Data Book" in the Amur River valley, as well as breeding areas for waterbirds.

2. To conserve an area where indigenous people are represented.

3. To create a new protected area to help fill gaps in the Russian system of protected areas.

4. To prepare a planning report for the official establishment of the reserve.

5. To receive permission from landowners and regional and national authorities for establishing the protected area.

RU0017.1: Establishment of a New Reserve in Khabarovsk Region - Bolonsky Reserve (Jul. 95 - Jun. 97)

Activity Background:

See Project Background.

Activity Objectives:

1. To organize an expedition to the planned reserve site to obtain agreements with local and regional authorities.

2. To compile data for justifying the development of the protected area.

3. To provide documents to the Russian Federation Ministry of Environment for a federal level decision on development of the protected area.

4. To finalize the report on development of the new protected area.

5. To achieve the followng output: an official report published in Russian for review by government in order to establish the PA, showing the proposed boundaries of the reserve, the objects it will protect, and other information necessary for creation of the reserve.

Activity Biomes:

Lake Systems.

Activity Methods:

Protected Area Establishment.

Activity Species:

Black­necked crane (Grus nigricollis); Japanese crane (Grus japonensis); Steller's fish­eagle (Haliaeetus pelagicus).

RU0021 Russian Federation: Environmental Education and Public Awareness in Protected Areas

Project Summary:

The project aims to promote the future existence of the network of strict nature reserves ("zapovedniks") in Russia, by setting up training programmes for the development of environmental education in the reserves. Besides training of reserve staff, the project will organize seminars in curriculum development and assist in the production of educational material.
Priority Biomes % Strategies %
Forests 50Consumption & Pollution 0
Freshwater Ecosystems 15 EE & Capacity Building 75
Oceans and Coasts 15 Protected Areas 25
Non-Priority Biomes 20 Species 0
Non-Biome Specific 0 Sustainable Resource Use 0
Treaties & Legislation 0
Non-Priority Strategies 0

Project Background:

Until recently, a system of strict protection was considered the most effective means to conserve biodiversity in Russia, especially in the area of protected area/reserve management. Undoubtedly this approach has been effective in preserving natural areas. At the same time, this strict doctrine evoked hostility among local populations who were previously powerless to effect changes in management policies. Decentralization and democratization of the Russian society, and recent economic hardship, have forced abandonment of an effective but autocratic approach to resource management, and placed greater authority in the hands of regional and local governments. The strict nature reserve system must remain the foundation of Russia's strategy for conserving biodiversity. However, unless the Russian government, regional governments, and the Russian public understand that the protected areas (PAs) system is a national asset, and of global significance, no amount of foreign assistance will sustain the programme.

Federal officials are developing an effective conservation education programme that will sensitize regional agencies and the public to the biological and economic value of conserving Russia's biodiversity and, in particular, the significance of PAs/reserves. Conservation education is also an essential prerequisite to reduce poaching and overexploitation of resources, and to harmonizing traditional and non­traditional resource use with the maintenance of biodiversity. Protected areas are a logical focus for the conservation programme because their staff are well­trained professionals who already have some experience in conducting conservation education programmes.

This project seeks to establish an international centre for environmental education to train PA staff and increase their capacity as environmental educators. The centre would conduct training programmes for representatives of each PA/reserve, organize seminars with international participants, and publish up­to­date bulletins and textbooks to be used by local educators. The centre will, in the future, oversee the establishment of mini­centres for conservation education in nine PAs/reserves, to serve as pilot projects for launching a broader campaign. The objectives of the mini­centres would be to invite groups for lectures and visits to nature museums and reserves, to distribute educational materials, and to work with local residents and tourists to promote conservation education. The overall aim of the programme is to foster a strong conservation ethic in post­Soviet Russia that will globally benefit biodiversity conservation. The project will be carried out by the Reserves Department of the Ministry of Environment, in cooperation with participating reserves and WWF. The total cost of running the international centre for ecological education and training is CHF757,500 over three years.

Project Objectives:

1. To foster stronger support for the network of protected areas in Russia.

2. To assist in the development of educational materials for protected areas in Russia, emphasizing their ecological, and hence their economic, importance for society.

3. To provide training opportunities for protected area staff in the field of environmental education.

RU0021.1: Environmental Education and Public Awareness in PAs (Oct. 95 - Sep. 99)

Activity Background:

See Project Background.

Activity Objectives:

See Project Objectives.

Activity Biomes:

Boreal Forests; Temperate Dry Deciduous Forest.

Activity Methods:

Education.

Activity Species:

Black­necked crane (Grus nigricollis); Brown bear (Ursus arctos); Polar bear (Ursus maritimus); Siberian tiger (Panthera tigris altaica).

RU0022 Russian Federation: Improving Future Management of Nature Reserves through Training of PA Staff

Project Summary:

By assisting the Federal Ministry of Environment to organize training in capacity building of protected area staff, the project contributes to the long­term survival of the network of protected areas in Russia. The purpose of this project is to increase the professional qualifications of nature reserve managers for improving protected area operations and to introduce new methods of management planning and development in nature reserves. Initially, training courses will provide reserve managers with a basic professional level of competence, and introduce innovative ideas into the training process. Subsequently, the concept of preparing management plans will be introduced in order to improve long-term planning and sustainability of protected area activities.
Priority Biomes % Strategies %
Forests 50Consumption & Pollution 0
Freshwater Ecosystems 15 EE & Capacity Building 75
Oceans and Coasts 15
Protected Areas 25Non-Priority Biomes 20 Species 0
Non-Biome Specific 0 Sustainable Resource Use 0
Treaties & Legislation 0
Non-Priority Strategies 0

Project Background:

The present state of the protected area/reserve ranger service in Russia is inadequate to deal with increasing anthropogenic pressures on protected territories. The number of violations of the strict nature reserve regime is growing rapidly and violations remain non-penalized. Moreover, the number of illegal ventures, linked with commercial use of natural resources, is increasing in and around protected areas (PAs). Considerable damage is being done to natural ecosystems, as well as to rare and disappearing species of animals and plants. This project aims to improve protection in PAs/reserves by providing necessary training to ranger staff.

The Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources has held two successful courses, with participants from all over the Russian Federation, but the lack of funding for conservation in the country has severely limited training activities within the PAs system. It is urgent that a complete course be held in the near future to address critical protection issues in a new political and economic era in Russia. A one­year cycle of training includes two courses, each with 45 participants (one representative of the ranger service from each of the 90 reserves), and costs CHF130,000, including implementation and management. The courses address identification of regional funding sources, and it is hoped that within the next few years Russia will be able to finance the training courses out of the federal budget and use new methods of regional financing for conservation. The project will be coordinated by the Chief Reserve Department of the Ministry of Environment, in consultation with WWF.

Project Objectives:

1. To assist in developing a training programme for protected area staff in Russia, including techniques for wardens, financial management, and information and public awareness work to create more long­term self­sustaining management units.

RU0022.1: Training of Protected Areas Staff (Oct. 95 - Sep. 99)

Activity Background:

See Project Background.

Activity Objectives:

See Project Objectives.

Activity Biomes:

Boreal Forests; Lake Systems; Temperate Dry Deciduous Forest; Tundra.

Activity Methods:

Protected Area Management; Training.

Activity Species:

Amur leopard (Panthera pardus orientalis); Peregrine falcon (Falco peregrinus); Siberian tiger (Panthera tigris altaica).

RU0023 Russian Federation: Halting Illegal Wildlife Trade through Improving Enforcement of CITES

Project Summary:

The project, developed in cooperation with the Russian authorities and the CITES Secretariat in Switzerland, aims to build capacity to combat the increasing problems of wildlife trade in Russia. This will be done through a combination of training of customs personnel, publishing of identification manuals, and developing special holding areas for confiscated animals and plants at eight customs points.
Priority Biomes % Strategies %
Forests 50Consumption & Pollution 0
Freshwater Ecosystems 15 EE & Capacity Building 50
Oceans and Coasts 15 Protected Areas 0
Non-Priority Biomes 20 Species 30
Non-Biome Specific 0 Sustainable Resource Use 0
Treaties & Legislation 20
Non-Priority Strategies 0

Project Background:

The opening of Russia's borders and the institutional breakdown in protection of wildlife has resulted in the decimation of some of Russia's rarest species. Amur tigers are near extinction, and bears and some other wild felids are now seriously threatened. Saiga antelopes are being heavily exploited by poachers, and falcons are being smuggled. Amphibians and reptiles, which transport easily, are smuggled in large numbers. Until recently, Russia had only one international airport and a few checkpoints, so the export of animals was kept under relatively tight control. This situation has changed entirely, and current customs staff, equipment, and regulations are inadequate for controlling the export of animals.

Dealing with the illegal trade requires a comprehensive strategy. However, the lack of information on the volume of illegal wildlife trade is hindering effective action to stop it. Hence, in 1994 WWF commissioned a study on the illegal wildlife trade in Russia, which provides an overview of the problems. In order to address wildlife trade in Russia, WWF, together with IUCN, has decided to establish a TRAFFIC (Trade Records Analysis of Flora and Fauna in Commerce) office in Moscow. National and regional TRAFFIC organizations around the world have proved effective in bringing the issue of illegal wildlife trade to the attention of governments, public interest groups, and international organizations. Funding for TRAFFIC Russia will come directly from WWF.

To curb illegal wildlife trade in Russia, adequate measures by the authorities are needed. This project aims to improve the operation of customs organizations on Russia's borders by providing training of personnel, developing identification mechanisms, and creating special holding areas for confiscated animals and plants. The specific measures of the project are to publish guides and develop a training programme for Russian customs and veterinary services on regulations for transporting animals and plants; to develop a marking mechanism for identification of illegal wildlife parts; and to build holding facilities at eight customs points for live animals and confiscated goods. The expected results of the project are mitigation of illegal trade at border points, and reduction of threats to endangered species in Russia. The project will be coordinated by the Chief Department for Management of Biological Resources of the Ministry of Environment, in consultation with TRAFFIC Russia. Executants include experts from the Ministry of Environment, the State Customs Committee, the Ministry of Agriculture, the Institute of Nature Conservation, and Moscow State University.

Project Objectives:

1. To improve the capacity of the Russian Customs Authority to limit wildlife trade in the country through training of personnel, development of identification manuals, and by creating special holding facilities for confiscated animals and plants at eight customs points.

RU0023.1: Combating Illegal Trade of Wildlife Species in Russia (Oct. 95 - Sep. 98)

Activity Background:

See Project Background.

Activity Objectives:

See Project Objectives.

Activity Biomes:

Boreal Forests; Temperate Dry Deciduous Forest.

Activity Methods:

Wildlife Trade Monitoring.

Activity Species:

Amur leopard (Panthera pardus orientalis); Peregrine falcon (Falco peregrinus); Siberian tiger (Panthera tigris altaica).

RU0024 Russian Federation: Development of a Trust Fund for Protected Areas in Russia

Project Summary:

The project combines planning of a Trust Fund for protected areas in Russia with a revision of the current management system of reserves in the country.
Priority Biomes % Strategies %
Forests 70Consumption & Pollution 0
Freshwater Ecosystems 20 EE & Capacity Building 50
Oceans and Coasts 10 Protected Areas 50
Non-Priority Biomes 0 Species 0
Non-Biome Specific 0
Sustainable Resource Use 0 Treaties & Legislation 0
Non-Priority Strategies 0

Project Background:

At present, the federal budget for supporting the protected areas (PAs) system covers no more than 30% of the annual operating costs. Funds for national parks and other priority areas are also meagre. This funding scenario is unlikely to change in the near future, as other pressing economic needs limit the funds available for conservation activities. The recurrent maintenance costs for PAs alone is so great that, no matter how successful ecotourism efforts are, they will have little impact on financing the entire system.

These economic preconditions suggest the need for a long­term financial solution. WWF intends, under this project, to establish a conservation trust fund that would allow central Ministries to plan strategically over longer periods because budgets obtained from the interest on the principal of an endowment are predictable. Other benefits of a trust fund would be increased prominence of conservation agencies and programmes within Russia; greater confidence among federal and regional employees in opportunities for long­term employment, thus attracting better candidates; and greater flexibility in determining annual budgets. In parallel to the work on the trust fund, a need has been identified for reviewing the current management system of the reserves in terms of wardening, research and monitoring. Results from such an exercise should be used for establishing a revised management system of reserves in Russia. This will be of direct relevance for the future operation of the conservation trust fund.

The project seeks support for a team of Russian and expatriate experts to draft appropriate legislation and an organizational plan for a Russian conservation trust fund; and review the current management system of the reserves. The Ministry of Environment and WWF will oversee implementation of the project and select appropriate specialists.

Project Objectives:

1. To tailor an appropriate legal framework and develop an organizational plan for a Trust Fund for Russian protected areas.

2. To revise the management system for protected areas in Russia, for better adaptation to the new economic realities in the country.

RU0024.1: Development of a Trust Fund for Protected Areas in Russia (Oct. 95 - Jun. 98)

Activity Background:

See Project Background.

Activity Objectives:

See Project Background.

Activity Biomes:

Boreal Forests; Temperate Dry Deciduous Forest.

Activity Methods:

Institutional Support and Development.

Activity Species:

Amur leopard (Panthera pardus orientalis); Argali (Ovis ammon hodgsoni); Siberian tiger (Panthera tigris altaica); Snow leopard (Panthera uncia).

RU0025 Russian Federation: Development of a Conservation Management Plan, Bear Populations, Kamchatka

Project Summary:

View Map

This project seeks to increase the probability of maintaining a long-term, viable brown bear population on Kamchatka Peninsula, in Far East Russia. This will be achieved by providing urgently needed financial support for the development and implementation of an ongoing population monitoring programme, and by supporting Russian scientists, managers, conservationists and local stakeholders in developing and implementing a comprehensive conservation management plan for bear populations on Kamchatka.
Priority Biomes % Strategies %
Forests 100Consumption & Pollution 0
Freshwater Ecosystems 0 EE & Capacity Building 0
Oceans and Coasts 0 Protected Areas 30
Non-Priority Biomes 0
Species 70Non-Biome Specific 0 Sustainable Resource Use 0
Treaties & Legislation 0
Non-Priority Strategies 0

Project Background:

The peninsula of Kamchatka in Far East Russia comprises some 450,000,00 sq km. Surrounded by the Okhotsk Sea on its western coast and the Pacific Ocean on its eastern coast, the peninsula is characterized by marine climatic conditions, with very high precipitation and relatively mild temperatures compared to the adjacent continental shelf. These conditions restrict the permafrost line to the northern tip of the peninsula. Located in a region with one of the highest concentrations of active volcanoes in the world, as well as numerous dormant and extinct cones, Kamchatka's spectacular landscape has been shaped by volcanic eruptions, earthquakes and tidal waves, as well as by glacial activity during the last ice age. Prominent landscape features include high volcanic peaks amidst tall ranges, broad river valleys, rugged coastlines, and islands. Kamchatka is covered by a mosaic of tundra and taiga habitats, with stone birch, alder and cedar scrub formations. Impassable thickets of dwarf Siberian pine and cedar trees alternate with lawns overgrown with variegated grasses and dense bushes.

In many aspects, marine and terrestrial ecosystems are closely linked. Enormous colonies of seabirds and marine mammal populations thrive on the rich marine resources in the Okhotsk Sea and Pacific Ocean. Sea eagles and brown bears rely on abundant populations of salmon and other anadromous fish. The peninsula has 29 species of rare and endemic plants. Large populations of brown bear and other animals characteristic of taiga/tundra habitats, such as moose and caribou, occur. The only population of sea otter (Enhydra lutris) in the eastern Pacific is found off the Pacific coast of Kamchatka. Other species of particular concern include Kuril seal (Phoca vitulina kurilensis), Arctic fox (Alopex lagopus semenoui), Blakiston's fish owl (Ketupa blakistoni), Steller's sea eagle (Haleaeetus pelagics), and sable (Martes zebillina).

Kamchatka represents one of the last and most pristine natural areas in the world. Its natural habitats are relatively intact and undeveloped. It has a low population density in most areas, 350,000 (70%) of the total population living in or around Petropavlovsk. Pockets of industrial and commercial activities are emerging in scattered areas; mainly fishing, hunting, sightseeing and trekking tourism, and mining for gold and other minerals. With the opening of Russia's borders, foreign hunters and fishermen have discovered Kamchatka as a new and almost untapped reservoir for new and exceptional trophies. Besides moose and snow sheep, the main target of most foreign hunters is the Kamchatka brown bear, a distinct subspecies with remarkable features in its morphology that separates it from other bears. One feature that makes it a very attractive target for trophy hunters is its large size: adult males are reported to weigh up to 900kg. The influx of trophy hunters to Kamchatka and the rise in prices for bear bile in south-east Asia have increased the incentive for both legal and illegal harvesting of Kamchatka's brown bears. This, combined with the declining resources for enforcement of game laws, has led to an exploitation of brown bears estimated to exceed by far the legal annual harvest of 112 bears, set in 1994. It is said that in many cases more than one bear is killed on one official license. Foreign hunters interested in obtaining the highest quality trophies are reported to bribe official hunting guides and helicopter teams in order to shoot a second or third bear until the right trophy has been found.

Since there has never been a regular monitoring programme or a management plan for bears and other game species in Kamchatka, estimates for illegally harvested bears vary, depending on the source of information. While rumours speak of 6,000 bears killed between 1991 and 1995, more reliable estimates given by local bear biologists range between 800 and 1,000 animals per annum. Taking the last population estimate for brown bears as 9,000 (Chestin et al., 1992), current harvest rates on Kamchatka are two times higher than the sustainable annual harvest rates of 6% given for brown bears inhabiting similar areas in Alaska.

Rapidly declining state funding has left game management staff with insufficient funds to pay salaries and maintain mobile forces with the equipment necessary to enforce harvest regulations. As a result, most game management areas are in a desolate financial and moral state. Helicopter flying time has risen to about US$1,000 per hour, making it impossible to conduct the monitoring of bear populations essential for assessing annual harvest rates. While the government control system has broken down, privately owned sport-hunting enterprises are growing like mushrooms, leasing large tracts of land for exclusive hunting and fishing rights. The chaotic political and economic situation, the corruption and bribery of many government authorities, and the development of unregulated private enterprise may quickly lead to a situation where large tracts of land and natural resources are lost as a potential source of revenue and other benefits, both to the state and to local communities.

The 70­year old North American system of wildlife management (a proven conservation success and a model of sustainable ecological development) has demonstrated how a renewable resource, publicly owned and managed, can be exploited by the private sector to create a job­sensitive manufacturing and service industry with an annual turnover of more than US$70 billion in the United States and Canada. Studies of sport-hunting in Canada, Tanzania, and Zimbabwe have shown similar results, demonstrating that sport-hunting can significantly contribute to the conservation of wild species and their habitats, whilst providing direct economic benefits and opportunities for communities living closest to where hunting activities occur. Thus, from a conservation perspective, all sport-hunting activities should be developed as co­management systems involving citizens, commercial operators, and government.

A comprehensive management plan for brown bears on Kamchatka, incorporating the sustainable harvesting of bears and including measures to prevent their overexploitation, could significantly contribute to conservation on Kamchatka. A regulated harvest of bears and other potential game species on both private and public land could also provide a potential alternative to the impending large-scale exploitation of non­renewable resources, such as gold and diamonds, that threaten to ruin large wildlife areas. Regulated wildlife harvesting can also be crucial to gaining the understanding and support of local people for environmentally sound and sustainable development.

Project Objectives:

1. To provide urgently needed financial support for developing and implementing a population monitoring programme, in order to determine the general size, distribution and dynamics of target populations that are harvested.

2. To support the development and implementation of a comprehensive conservation plan for Kamchatka bear populations, outlining the minimum conditions that must be met to ensure that viable populations are protected and used sustainably, and assessing the potential benefits that sport-hunting may provide to conservation.

3. To promote habitat conservation, in particular for critical sites such as bear den and feeding areas.

RU0025.1: Emergency Needs for a Population Monitoring Programme (Jul. 96 - Jun. 98)

Activity Background:

The influx of trophy hunters to Kamchatka and the rise in prices for bear bile in south­east Asia have increased the incentive for both legal and illegal harvest of Kamchatka brown bears. Because of the increased market, and due to declining resources for enforcement of game laws, illegal exploitation is estimated to exceed by far the legal annual harvest of brown bears. This activity seeks to establish an accurate population monitoring programme for brown bears and other harvested species, that will help to estimate the impact of poaching and establish sustainable harvesting rates.

Activity Objectives:

Main objective:

1. To ensure the scientific basis for a sustainable annual harvest of brown bears on Kamchatka.

Specific objectives:

2. To provide financial support and technical assistance for the continuous development and improvement of a scientifically sound population monitoring programme

3. To assure financial support for the implementation of an annual population monitoring programme that determines the general size, distribution and dynamics of target populations that are harvested.

Activity Biomes:

Boreal Forests.

Activity Methods:

Species Management; Wildlife Trade Monitoring.

Activity Species:

Brown bear (Ursus arctos).

RU0025.2: Development of a Cons. Management Plan for Bear Populations on Kamchatka (Jul. 96 - Jun. 98)

Activity Background:

Uncontrolled trophy hunting and poaching for bear bile threaten the long­term viability of brown bear populations on Kamchatka. State wildlife protection and management bodies on Kamchatka are no longer able to control harvest regulations and poaching, due to rapidly declining state funding. Meanwhile, lucrative privately run trophy hunting operations and prices for bear bile have increased, providing huge incentives for sport-hunting and poaching. If no immediate measures are taken, this situation could quickly lead to the disappearance of a species and a potential source of various revenues and other benefits for Kamchatka. This activity supports the development of a conservation management plan for bear populations on Kamchatka, which will seek to ensure that the species is used sustainably and that potential revenues and benefits from harvesting the species flow back to people associated with the resources. Under such a plan, well-regulated sport-hunting could contribute significantly to conservation of species and habitats on Kamchatka.

Activity Objectives:

Main objective:

1. To increase the probability of maintaining viable brown bear populations on Kamchatka.

Specific objectives:

2. To facilitate the acceptance of the developed management plan at all administrative and private business levels on Kamchatka, through lobbying activities, presentations and stakeholder meetings.

3. To fully implement the management plan at all relevant levels.

Activity Biomes:

Boreal Forests; Mixed Mountain Systems.

Activity Methods:

Species Management; Wildlife Trade Monitoring.

Activity Species:

Brown bear (Ursus arctos).

RU0025.3: Pre­Feasibility Study for the Development of Ecotourism on Kamchatka (Jul. 96 - Dec. 96)

Activity Background:

Kamchatka represents one of the last and most pristine natural areas in the world. It offers spectacular landscapes characterized by the highest concentration of active volcanoes in the world, broad river valleys and rugged coastlines. It has spectacular wildlife, including one of the highest concentration of brown bears, herds of caribou, snow sheep, moose, Stellar's sea eagle, and enormous colonies of seabirds and marine mammal populations. This so far almost untapped potential for wildlife tourism could generate a significant source of income for the local population, and could be a crucial factor in gaining the understanding and support of local people for environmentally sound and sustainable development. Ecotourism understood as integrated regional development would also provide a viable alternative to the impending large-scale exploitation of Kamchatka's non­renewable resources, such as gold and diamonds, that will ruin large wildlife areas.

Activity Objectives:

Main objective:

1. To develop a concept for the development of tourism that is part of an integrated conservation development scheme.

Specific objectives:

2. To assess ongoing tourism activities and identify their shortcomings and potential and possible threats to nature conservation.

3. To evaluate existing concepts for the development of ecotourism designed by local experts and the regional ecology committee.

4. To develop a target-driven concept for the implementation of model projects, including a detailed financing scheme.

Activity Methods:

Ecotourism Development.

RU0026 Russian Federation: USAID ­ EPT Russian Far East - Sustainable Natural Resource Management Project

Project Summary:

Under this project, the WWF Russia Programme Office is carrying out a part of USAID's Russian Far East Sustainable Natural Resources Management Project, which forms part of the US government's assistance programme for Russia and the newly independent states of the former Soviet Union. The WWF Russia Programme Office's role is to implement Component 3 of the project, namely the Biodiversity Conservation Management Component.
Priority Biomes % Strategies %
Forests 100Consumption & Pollution 0
Freshwater Ecosystems 0 EE & Capacity Building 0
Oceans and Coasts 0 Protected Areas 0
Non-Priority Biomes 0 Species 0
Non-Biome Specific 0 Sustainable Resource Use 100
Treaties & Legislation 0
Non-Priority Strategies 0

Project Background:

The system of protected areas (PAs) in the Russian Far East forms the basis for biodiversity conservation in the region. However, the financial crisis in the region has meant that programmes for protection and monitoring of PAs have practically collapsed. As a result, the number of violations to PA regimes is rapidly increasing. Shortages of rangers, and inadequate equipment and means of communication preclude effective conservation. The lack of funding and equipment to carry out monitoring programmes has also resulted in gaps in data on the current state of species and ecosystems.

Under this project, the WWF Russia Programme Office is responsible for overall management of the Biodiversity Conservation Component (Component 3) of USAID's Russian Far East Sustainable Natural Resources Management Project. This forms part of the US government's assistance programme for Russia and the newly independent states of the former Soviet Union. WWF's work will come under the direction of the Environmental Policy and Technology Project Manager or his appointee. WWF will hire a Far East representative to coordinate with regional experts, PAs, authorities, and with coordinators of other components of the USAID project. A full­time Russian coordinator will work on biodiversity issues in Khabarovsk and will coordinate with other project components, such as development of land­use regional plans and a regional biodiversity strategy. A coordinator based at the WWF Russia Programme Office in Moscow, with the part­time assistance of two experts, will assist with coordination of project activities with both Russian federal agencies (for work on protected areas, sustainable development, and biodiversity conservation) and international project leaders.

Project Objectives:

1. To enhance the protection of endangered species and critical habitat in the Far East region, namely in Sikhote­Alin Mountain Ranges.

2. To strengthen conservation management in the Sikhote­Alin region through three main components: support to existing conservation activities in protected areas; ongoing assistance to anti­poaching programmes; creation of new protected areas and expansion of existing reserves.

3. To initiate work with rural communities and local NGOs to develop linkages between conservation and sustainable development activities and to increase public awareness of, and involvement in, conservation activities.

4. To create a conservation trust fund, managed by local NGOs and conservation authorities, to provide long­term funding resources for conservation activities in the entire region.

RU0026.1: USAID ­ EPT Russian Far East - Sustainable Natural Resources (Jul. 96 - Jun. 97)

Activity Background:

View Map

A number of activities under this project have either started or have been completed, for example: ongoing assistance to anti­poaching programmes; preparatory and evaluation activities towards the creation of new protected areas (PAs) or the expansion of existing reserves; and various analyses and reviews of existing materials and data. In-depth discussions have been held with decision-makers in governmental institutions and regional administrations in Primorsky and Khabarovsky kris regions, in order to evaluate and facilitate the future development of the network of PAs in the Far East. Attention was also given to initiation of more active nature conservation promotion, as well as to the provision of public information on project activities to the general public in Vladivostok and the surrounding region.

The second phase of "Development of justification for creation of one protected ethno­ecological territory in the basin of the Khor" has been accomplished by the Wildlife Foundation of Khabarovsk. This involved the gathering of information on populations of game animals and birds (including the nature of their utilization), local communities and their traditional land use. Meetings were organized at local and regional levels to ensure understanding of and support for the project. Local people have been involved in the implementation of the project at all stages. Information about the project has appeared in the media, mainly in the newspaper "Primorskie Vedomosti and on state television. The results of the project were presented at workshops in Vladivostok and Khabarovsk.

Activity Objectives:

See Project Objectives.

Activity Biomes:

Boreal Forests; Temperate Dry Deciduous Forest.

Activity Methods:

Programme / Project Development.

Activity Species:

Amur leopard (Panthera pardus orientalis); Siberian tiger (Panthera tigris altaica).

RU0030 Russian Federation: CITES Seminars - Russia Biodiversity Programme

Project Summary:

View Map

This project aims to improve the capacity of the governments of the Russian Federation, Ukraine and Belarus, and newly created countries in central Asia, to enforce the CITES (Convention on International Traffic of Endangered Species) Convention through the development and implementation of CITES­produced seminars.
Priority Biomes % Strategies %
Forests 0Consumption & Pollution 0
Freshwater Ecosystems 0 EE & Capacity Building 30
Oceans and Coasts 0 Protected Areas 0
Non-Priority Biomes 0 Species 70
Non-Biome Specific 100 Sustainable Resource Use 0
Treaties & Legislation 0
Non-Priority Strategies 0

Project Background:

This project aims to improve the capacity of the governments of the Russian Federation, Ukraine and Belarus, and newly created countries in central Asia, to enforce the CITES (Convention on International Traffic of Endangered Species) Convention through the development and implementation of CITES­produced seminars in these countries. In these seminars, key enforcement personnel will be trained in methods of controlling trade in fauna and flora, compliance, and management. The project is an important facet of WWF International's Russia Biodiversity Programme, funded by the government of Switzerland, Federal Department of Foreign Affairs (along with projects RU0021, RU0022, RU0023, and RU0024, and RU0007.01).

Project Objectives:

1. To improve implementation of the CITES Convention in the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) through the successful development, production and implementation of the CITES Seminar for the Management Authorities of the State Members of the CIS, to be held in May 1996, and two other similar seminars for the former republics of the Soviet Union in central Asia and Ukraine/Belarus regions (tentatively scheduled for late 1996 and 1997).

2. To train personnel in charge of controlling the trade in fauna and flora by acquainting them with CITES procedures, including the issuance of permits and certificates, and enforcement tactics.

3. To develop relationships and exchange of information and experiences among the personnel in charge of implementing CITES in the various republics of the CIS; and similarly for central Asia and Belarus/Ukraine regions.

RU0030.1: CITES Seminar I (Jan. 96 - Jun. 98)

Activity Background:

See Project Background.

Activity Objectives:

See Project Objectives.

Activity Methods:

Education; Species Management.

RU0032 Russian Federation: Okhotsk Sea - Status and Conservation of Endangered Species

Project Summary:

The opening of the Russian Far East for economic development, e.g. drilling for oil in the Okhosk Sea by more than 20 of the world's largest oil companies, poses problems for the region's marine and coastal fauna, such as large whales and Steller's sea eagle. This project aims to assess the status of and develop conservation measures for the most endangered species of fauna of the Okhotsk Sea region.
Priority Biomes % Strategies %
Forests 0Consumption & Pollution 50
Freshwater Ecosystems 20 EE & Capacity Building 0
Oceans and Coasts 80 Protected Areas 20
Non-Priority Biomes 0 Species 30
Non-Biome Specific 0 Sustainable Resource Use 0
Treaties & Legislation 0
Non-Priority Strategies 0

Project Background:

The opening of the Russian Far East for economic development, e.g. drilling for oil in the Okhosk Sea by more than 20 of the world's largest oil companies, poses problems for the region's marine and coastal fauna, such as large whales and Steller's sea eagle. The shelf oil fields form a continuous belt from Kamchatka to the Tatar Gulf, and include almost the whole breeding range of Steller's sea eagle, as well as the principal feeding grounds of populations of bowhead whales and gray whales, whose populations are estimated at 200-250 and 150-200 respectively. Intensive development of shelf oil and gas fields and planned construction of tidal power plants in the whales' feeding areas will inevitably destroy their habitats. Development of oil fields is planned first in the south-eastern part of the region, from Shantar Islands to Sakhalin, which supports at least 40% of the world population of Steller's sea eagle and the main concentration of whales. Twenty well have already been drilled. The potential consequences of these activities from an environmental point of view have never been sufficently analysed. Project proposals have lacked evaluations of the scale and characteristics of pollution and the possible consequences to marine ecosystems. For example, sea-ice and seismic features of the region accelerate the possibility of accidents in the oil mining process, which could lead to estimated oil spills of 40,000-100,000 tons.

The absence of basic information on the status of endangered species and their habitats permits neither quantification of the impact of economic developments on the environment, not truthworthy prognoses. Russian companies are undertaking intensive exploration and exploitation of oil fields in the Lower Amur and northern Sakhalin regions. These activities are resulting in significant transformations of natural landscapes, threatening species of shoreline habitats such as white­tailed eagle, osprey, peregrine falcon, Blakiston's fish­owl, swan­geese, Aleutian tern, and marbled murrelet. The region is inhabited by a number of indigenous tribes, e.g. the Ulchi, Nanain, Nivhi, and Evenky. Their traditional lifestyles are heavily dependent on the use of marine animals and those of the shoreline taiga. Proper analyses of the current status of rare and endangered species and subsequent conservation measures for their habitats will help to preserve the basis of local traditional economies. This project will first reassess the potential dangers to wildlife by liaising with relevant experts, and secondly will provide an assessment of the populations of endangered species, particularly Steller's sea eagle and whales.

Project Objectives:

1. To reassess the environmental impact of oilfields and draw public attention to them.

2. To assess the impact of shelf oil production activities on some endangered species.

3. To evaluate the population status (numbers, distribution, limiting and threatening factors) of Steller's sea eagles and whales in summer, by means of counts of individuals in control areas.

4. To evaluate the scale of illegal hunting of Steller's sea eagles on Kamchatka and develop ways to ameliorate this practice.

5. To create GIS on the basis of satellite imagery for reliable extrapolation of data on endangered species and further control of the state of their habitats.

6. To work out suggestions on the optimal system of protected areas.

7. To elaborate a system of control areas and criteria for the assessment of impacts on endangered species.

RU0032.1: Stellar's Sea Eagle (Conservation in Okhotsk Sea) (Mar. 96 - Jun. 97)

Activity Background:

Studies on the population status and ecological requirements of Steller's sea eagle have been conducted, in the past, at Kamchatka and Kronotzkiy reserves, and at Lower Amur and Sakhalin since 1986, including control monitoring on Udil Lake (Lower Amur) undertaken between 1986 and 1995. A one-third decrease in the number of nesting birds occurred at the coastal areas in Sakhalin affected by oil development. This indicates that eagles will quickly vacate areas where there is uncontrolled growth in oil-drilling/production. The main threat to the eagles wintering on Kamchatka appears to come from poachers.

In 1986, when the last overall census at wintering sites was conducted, extrapolation of data produced a population count of 7,000­7,500 specimens. However, the inevitable methodological problems with winter counts, e.g. obtaining coverage and the limitations of consequent extrapolation, make this evaluation unreliable. Summer counts during the four-month nesting season will allow determination of the density of eagles in different habitat types, and reveal the key factors influencing territory choice. Quantitative descriptions of habitats will incorporate modern GIS techniques, from which a valid estimate of the number and distribution of eagles can be made. This will enable the identification, and subsequent conservation and protection of, key areas. Information obtained from these studies will provide the basis for sound advocacy for meeting conservation requirements in the development of the Okhotsk Sea region, including shelf oil production.

Activity Objectives:

See Project Objectives.

Activity Biomes:

Open Oceans and Seas.

Activity Methods:

Research and Monitoring; Species Management.

Activity Species:

Steller's fish­eagle (Haliaeetus pelagicus).

RU0033 Russian Federation: Creating a Free Population of European Bison in European Russia

Project Summary:

This project seeks to create a free population of about 200 thoroughbred European lowland bison (Bison bonasus bonasus) in the centre of European Russia. Some 40 bison will be released in a forested area along the left bank of the Oka river over a two­year period. This initial population will serve as the basis for resettling bison to other plain regions of Russia. The project accords with IUCN's worldwide strategy for the conservation of bison.
Priority Biomes % Strategies %
Forests 100Consumption & Pollution 0
Freshwater Ecosystems 0 EE & Capacity Building 0
Oceans and Coasts 0 Protected Areas 0
Non-Priority Biomes 0 Species 100
Non-Biome Specific 0 Sustainable Resource Use 0
Treaties & Legislation 0
Non-Priority Strategies 0

Project Background:

The recent reduction in the number of European bison in Russia has come about as a result of the economic and socio­political unpheavals in Russia. The main centres of bison population are located in the Caucasus, in zones of armed conflict where efficient protection for the animals is unfeasible. In Chechen­Ingush region, two populations totalling 60 animals have been destroyed, and the largest European bison population in Northern Ossetia has fallen from 270 to 121 over the period 1992­1995. Captive breeding centres and zoos in Russia are currently in difficult financial circumstances, thus significantly reducing the pace of bison reproduction. With the reintroduction of European bison in the Caucasus unlikely in the next few years, conservation of the gene pool and creation of free­living populations in the centre of European Russia are the main priorities for bison conservation in Russia.

Under this project, which will be run by Russian specialists in bison breeding, 10­15 bisons will be purchased from breeding centres and zoos, while about 30 others will be raised by bison breeding centres in Oksky and Prioksko­Terrasny Reserves. Preliminary agreements, including financial arrangements, have been made with the managers of these breeding centres.

Project Objectives:

1. To draw up an inventory, and subsequent database, of genealogical record books and genetic passports of bisons in breeding centres and zoos, in order to select the optimal genetic composition of the herd.

2. To ensure selection of animals for reproduction and future release of their offspring to the free population.

3. To provide necessary materials and technical support to bison breeding centres.

4. To conduct a number of organizational and biotechnical activities in the areas of the proposed release sites (selection and preparation of release sites, additional forage supplies, etc.).

5. To purchase and release three groups of 10­15 animals in three different sites.

6. To organize regular monitoring and protection of the new populations.

7. To organize an international conference in Russia on the issue of conservation and restoration of the European bison population (1997).

RU0033.1: Creating a Free Population of European Bison in European Russia (Jul. 95 - Jun. 98)

Activity Background:

See Project Background.

Activity Objectives:

See Project Objectives.

Activity Biomes:

Boreal Forests.

Activity Methods:

Species Management.

Activity Species:

European bison (Bison bonasus).

RU0034 Russian Federation: Establishing a New Federal Protected Area - Kaninsky Reserve

Project Summary:

View Map

This project seeks the creation of a federal biological reserve covering between 200,000-400,000ha on Kanin Peninsula in the Russian autonomous district of Nenetsky. The proposed reserve will consist of clusters of protected sites, including: a 100,000ha site between the lower sections of the Shoina and Mesna rivers; and a coastal site covering up to 30,000ha on the northern part of Kanin Peninsula in the area of Kambalnitskiye Koshki. The eventual size of the protected area will be determined after additional research.
Priority Biomes % Strategies %
Forests 50Consumption & Pollution 0
Freshwater Ecosystems 50 EE & Capacity Building 0
Oceans and Coasts 0 Protected Areas 60
Non-Priority Biomes 0 Species 30
Non-Biome Specific 0 Sustainable Resource Use 10
Treaties & Legislation 0
Non-Priority Strategies 0

Project Background:

Kanin Peninsula is a unique site of European tundra containing high biological diversity. At present there are no protected areas on the peninsula, even though several coastal sites are wetlands of international significance as migration stop-overs for several million birds using the East Atlantic "flyway". The region is significant importance for the survival of many bird species listed in the IUCN "Red Data Book", including lesser white­fronted goose. Analysis of satellite data used in monitoring the Scandinavian population of lesser white­fronted geese (marked in Norway and Finland) has shown that the area to the north of the towns of Shoina and Mesna is a key migration stopping point for birds during a two to three week period in August­September. This is currently the only known stop-over site on the migratory route of this rare goose, which numbers only a few hundred birds. The area may also be used by other populations of lesser white­fronted geese. The world's second-largest colony of barnacle geese, numbering 1,000-2,000 pairs, inhabits an area between the Shoina and Mesna rivers. In recent years, local people have taken almost every egg laid by these birds, thus reducing reproduction to almost zero and threatening the existence of the entire colony.

This project seeks the creation of a federal biological reserve covering between 200,000-400,000ha on Kanin Peninsula in the Russian autonomous district of Nenetsky. The proposed reserve will consist of clusters of protected sites, including: a 100,000ha site between the lower sections of the Shoina and Mesna rivers; and a coastal site covering up to 30,000ha on the northern part of Kanin Peninsula in the area of Kambalnitskiye Koshki (important for white­fronted, bean, barnacle, and brent geese, and herring and glaucous gulls). The eventual size of the protected area will be determined after additional research. Its administrative headquarters will be established in Shoina, the largest town on Kanin peninsula with direct air routes to Naryan­Mar (the district centre) and Archangelsk.

Project Objectives:

1. To ensure the conservation of a territory of national and international significance as a wetland habitat of nesting and migrating birds.

2. To create a new protected area to help fill in gaps in the Russian system of protected areas.

3. To prepare a planning report to use for official establishment of the reserve.

4. To obtain permission from landowners and regional and national authorities for creation of the protected area.

RU0034.1: Establishment of Kaninsky Reserve in Nenetsky Autonomous District, Russia (Jul. 96 - Jun. 97)

Activity Background:

See Project Background.

Activity Objectives:

See Project Objectives.

Activity Biomes:

Boreal Forests; River Systems.

Activity Methods:

Protected Area Establishment.

Activity Species:

White­fronted goose (Anser albifrons).

RU0049 Russian Federation: Baltic Fund for Nature - Organizational Strengthening, Capacity Building, Training, Information

Project Summary:

Under this project, WWF-Sweden uses funds received from the Swedish government to support the development of non­governmental organizations working on environmental protection and nature conservation in the Baltic regions of the Russian Federation.
Priority Biomes % Strategies %
Forests 0Consumption & Pollution 0
Freshwater Ecosystems 0 EE & Capacity Building 80
Oceans and Coasts 100 Protected Areas 0
Non-Priority Biomes 0 Species 0
Non-Biome Specific 0 Sustainable Resource Use 0
Treaties & Legislation 0
Non-Priority Strategies 20

Project Background:

View Map

This project, implemented by WWF­Sweden as part of an agreement signed with the Baltic Fund for Nature of the St Petersburg Naturalists' Society, concerns cooperation on issues and projects related to nature conservation and sustainable development in those regions of the Russian Federation that are included in the catchment area of the Baltic Sea.

Project Objectives:

1. To organize a seminar in 1996 with representatives from St Petersburg, Karelia, Pskov, Novgorod, Kaliningrad, and possibly Bearus.

2. To develop, based on the outcome of the seminar, an agreed workplan for organizational development and strengthening of an NGO network in the regions mentioned above, including also some priority information, education and field projects.

3. To establish a permanent secretariat for the Baltic Fund for Nature (BFN), including the hiring of full­time staff, offices, communication facilities, etc., in consultation between BFN and WWF-Sweden.

4. To establish cooperative structures (branches) of the BFN in Petrozavodsk, Pskov, Novgorod and Kaliningrad, including the hiring of part­time personnel and the provision of necessary equipment for the setting up of offices in these regions.

5. To arrange seminars and other training activities on organizational development, administration, fundraising, media contacts and other forms of NGO work.

RU0049.1: Baltic Fund for Nature - Organizational Strengthen. Cap. Building, Training, Info. (Jul. 95 - Jun. 97)

Activity Background:

See Project Background.

Activity Objectives:

See Project Objectives.

Activity Biomes:

Open Oceans and Seas.

Activity Methods:

Education; Institutional Support and Development.

(Concept) RU0035 Russian Federation: Developing an Environmental Education Programme for the Amur Region (Khingansky)

Project Summary:

This project will support environmental education in the Khingansky "zapovednik" (reserve), increasing the potential for working with children and their families in the community, building environmental awareness, and increasing public support. Funds will also be provided for a range of practical activities, for example the design of a nature museum, improving facilities for hosting children's camps, holding extra­curricular ecoclubs for students, developing a media promotion and advertising strategy to improve relations and public support, and the exchange of environmental education specialists to improve methods and international cooperation.
Priority Biomes % Strategies %
Forests 35Consumption & Pollution 0
Freshwater Ecosystems 65 EE & Capacity Building 80
Oceans and Coasts 0 Protected Areas 10
Non-Priority Biomes 0 Species 0
Non-Biome Specific 0 Sustainable Resource Use 10
Treaties & Legislation 0
Non-Priority Strategies 0

Project Background:

View Map

Created in 1963, Khingansky "zapovednik" (reserve) is located in the south-east Amur Region, preserving parts of the Amur River floodplain where it meets the Lower Khingan foothills. The reserve's fauna is diverse and includes brown bear, wolf, mink, roe deer, wild boar, and Manchurian hare - an endemic to the Far East. There are many species of exotic, rare and endemic birds in the reserve, including red­crowned and white­naped cranes, golden eagle, Mandarin duck, brown hawk­owl, and great cormorant. The reserve has an active programme on the breeding and reintroduction of the rare red-crowned and white-naped cranes, in an effort to create semi­wild populations which can breed in the reserve and surrounding region. Indeed, the crane is used as a symbol of the reserve, serving as a biological indicator of ecosystem health, and attracting the attention and affection of children and adults in the region.

Khingansky Reserve has successfully and independently launched an environmental education programme. An event called "Crane Day" is held annually, to which children in the region are invited to participate in a contest to create works of art using the crane as a symbol. In 1995 there were over 100 participants in the region, and the exhibit travelled to the regional centre and to the United States. The winners this year attended an ecological camp hosted by the reserve. Other educational activities conducted by reserve staff include lectures at local schools, children's ecological camps, publishing articles in local newspapers, small seminars for local teachers to exchange ideas, an extra­curricular ecological club for student groups, and controlled nature tourism for children and adults to promote interaction with nature.

This project will support environmental education activities in Khingansky Reserve, increasing the potential for working with children and their families in the community, building environmental awareness, and increasing public support. Funds will be provided for: design of a nature museum; publication of educational materials on the reserve and the flora and fauna of the region; improving facilities for hosting children's camps and nature tourists (nature trails, observation towers, signs, field equipment); holding extra­curricular ecoclubs for students in a large town bordering the reserve; developing a media promotion and advertising strategy to improve relations and public support; and exchange of education specialists to improve methods and international cooperation in the area of environmental education.

Project Objectives:

1. To create a favourable social climate for work with children and adults in the area of ecological education by organizing programmes with the mass media, local clubs and community organizations, and by working with other protected areas in the region.

2. To develop an integrated ecological education programme consisting of: work with local schools; assistance to local teachers; ecological summer camps; school trips to the reserve and crane breeding centre; year­round ecoclub activities for children; and regional, national, and international competitions.

3. To promote international cooperation in the area of environmental education and ecotourism by organizing regional, national, and international teacher and student exchanges to the reserve, trips for nature lovers, scientists, and other groups.

4. To create capacity in the reserve to conduct the above programmes: arrange exhibits for the reserve's museum using existing facilities; equip nature trails with information points and observation towers; procure necessary field equipment; and improve existing facilities for hosting guests.

5. To develop a promotional package for the reserve, in particular using the symbol of the crane: printing brochures and maps; preparing film and slide presentations; contracting local craftsmen and artists to make souvenirs; coordination with regional newspapers and television stations; approaching the local business community; design and implementation of an advertising strategy for reserve.

6. To increase qualifications of the reserve's education department in the areas of work with children and ecological interpretation, by organizing a professional exchange of two reserve specialists to nature reserves abroad.

RU0035.1: Developing an EE Programme for the Amur Region (Khingansky Zapovednik) (Jul. 96 - Jun. 98)

Activity Background:

See Project Background.

Activity Objectives:

See Project Objectives.

Activity Biomes:

Marshes/Swamps; Temperate Dry Deciduous Forest.

Activity Methods:

Education.

Activity Species:

Crowned crane (Balearica pavonina); Japanese crane (Grus japonensis); White­naped crane (Grus vipio).

(Concept) RU0036 Russian Federation: Management Plan for Development of the International "Dauria" Nature Reserve

Project Summary:

View Map

Daursky "zapovednik" (reserve) is located on the border between Russia, Mongolia, and China, where a Mongolian reserve "Mongol daguur" and the Chinese protected area "Dalai Lake" were founded in 1992. In March 1994 Russia, China, and Mongolia signed an agreement on the creation of a joint "Dauria" international reserve. Biologists from Daursky Reserve have conducted several expeditions on Mongolian territory, which have resulted in improved knowledge of the reserve's natural ecosystems. During a conference in Chita in October 1995, the unified Russian-Mongolian commission on the international reserve approved the development of a management plan for the reserve, and requested the financial assistance of WWF for this undertaking.
Priority Biomes % Strategies %
Forests 0Consumption & Pollution 0
Freshwater Ecosystems 70 EE & Capacity Building 70
Oceans and Coasts 0 Protected Areas 20
Non-Priority Biomes 30 Species 0
Non-Biome Specific 0 Sustainable Resource Use 10
Treaties & Legislation 0
Non-Priority Strategies 0

Project Background:

The project's main objective is to create a management plan for the joint development of Daursky "zapovednik" (reserve) in Russia and Mongol Daguur nature reserve in Mongolia, which together will form the international nature reserve known as "Dauria".

Daursky Reserve was designated in 1987 and is located in the south of Chita region. Its territory includes Tareisky lakes and steppe sites and, together with the buffer zone, covers some 164,700ha. The reserve is unique in its species diversity. Some 305 bird species occur, of which 37 species are listed in the Russian "Red Data Book" and 16 in the IUCN "Red Data Book". There are five crane species in the reserve, of which demoiselle, common, and white-naped cranes breed. Other rare bird species include black stork, relic gull, swan goose, northern eagle owl, Saker falcon, and steppe eagle. The reserve's territory is inhabited by 41 mammal species, four of which are listed in the Russian "Red Data Book". In 1994, by decree of the government of the Russian Federation, Tareisky lakes were listed as wetlands of international importance under the Convention on Wetlands (Ramsar). The reserve suffers from strong poaching pressure as a result of the population density of the south Chita region: over 100 violations of the protection regime have been filed by the reserve's rangers since the beginning of 1995. Despite this and significant economic difficulties, Daursky Reserve offers good opportunities for the development of ecological tourism and scientific studies.

Mongol daguur Nature Reserve, created in 1992, covers 105,000ha of the north Dornod region, abutting the Russian border and Daursky Reserve. The territory comprises steppe and wetland ecosystems and boasts 260 species of bird, 37 mammal species, two reptile species, two species of amphibian, seven species of fish, and more than 300 vascular plants. The reserve is an important habitat for rare species such as white­naped crane, hooded crane, Asiatic dowitcher, swan goose, and great bustard. It also contains a high density of steppe and golden eagles, Saker falcon, Mongolian gazelle, and Mongolian marmot.

These two Mongolian and Russian reserves share a common area, common objectives of research and species protection (for cranes, birds of prey, and Mongolian gazelle), and similar problems of human interference and anthropogenic impact (poaching, overgrazing, etc.). This project supports coordinated actions on protection and patrolling, research, dissemination of environmental knowledge, and education and awareness of the reserves and their adjacent areas.

Project Objectives:

1. To improve the capacity of specialists of Daursky Zapovednik and Mongol daguur Nature Reserve to identify priority directions for development of the international "Dauria" reserve, taking account of current and changing social and economic conditions.

2. To create a management plan to serve as the guiding document for reserve administrations and to help move the reserve in the desired direction of long-term conservation in co-existence with local communities.

3. To identify two types of priority actions within the management plan: (a) those that can move forward without additional resources; and (b) those that require additional investment in order to be carried out.

4. To increase potential for attracting new sources of funding to ensure implementation of the plan and long­term survival of the reserve through promotion of ecological education, international nature tourism, and scientific cooperation, building support from regional administrations and other means. And to create a fundraising and promotional strategy.

5. To elaborate and develop a management plan in coordination with other protected areas; to be designed by the WWF Russia Programme Office for use in reserves and National Parks in Russia and Mongolia.

RU0036.1: Management Plan for Development of the International "Dauria" Nature Prot. Area (Jul. 96 - Jun. 97)

Activity Background:

See Project Background.

Activity Objectives:

See Project Objectives.

Activity Biomes:

Lake Systems; Temperate Grasslands and Savannas.

Activity Methods:

Protected Area Management.

Activity Species:

Swan goose (Anser cynoides); White­naped crane (Grus vipio).

(Concept) RU0037 Russian Federation: Management Plan for Wrangel Island Reserve

Project Summary:

This 10-month project will assist Wrangel Island Reserve in developing a management plan for the reserve, in particular taking account of its special features and empowering and building the capacity of reserve staff to determine the future of the island. The plan will help to identify potential sources of funding, to allow the reserve to function semi­autonomously without relying completely on local and national authority support. Development of the plan will be coordinated closely with the Russian Federation's Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources.
Priority Biomes % Strategies %
Forests 0Consumption & Pollution 0
Freshwater Ecosystems 0 EE & Capacity Building 30
Oceans and Coasts 100 Protected Areas 30
Non-Priority Biomes 0 Species 20
Non-Biome Specific 0 Sustainable Resource Use 20
Treaties & Legislation 0
Non-Priority Strategies 0

Project Background:

View Map

Wrangel Island "Zapovednik" (reserve), created in 1976, covers an area of 7,956 sq km in the Chukotka Sea. It is unique among Arctic nature reserves in that it supports up to 250 breeding "lairs" of polar bear and protects the breeding grounds of Pacific walrus. Arctic foxes are also common. Twelve out of the 160 bird species recorded for the island are listed in the Russian "Red Data Book". In 1975, 18 musk oxen from Alaska were released on Wrangel Island and by 1990 their population had grown to 125. The entire island is a protected area, with the exception of one relatively large settlement - Ushakovskoye - populated by indigenous Chukchi and Eskimo peoples.

The current economic situation has resulted in the practical isolation of local people from the "mainland" centre, over 250km away. The reserve's administration is constantly in a crisis situation, repeatedly having to request the assistance of governmental and international organizations. To achieve concrete, long-term improvements, and to make the most of the funds which support Wrangel Island Reserve, the development of a clear management plan is essential. Such a plan should take into account the special features of the reserve, and empower and build the capacity of reserve staff to determine the future of the island. In so remote a place, dependent on outside assistance, it is critical that an assessment is made of the potential for the future development of Wrangel Island, which identifies priority actions and mechanisms for realizing that potential.

This 10-month project will assist the reserve in developing a plan of action, addressing conservation threats and taking into account new opportunities such as ecotourism. The plan will help to identify potential sources of funding, to allow the reserve to function semi­autonomously without relying completely on regional and national authority support. Development of the plan will be coordinated closely with the Russian Federation's Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources.

Project Objectives:

1. To improve the capacity of Wrangel Island Reserve staff to identify priority actions for development of the reserve, taking into account current and changing social and economic conditions.

2. To create a management plan to serve as a guiding document for Wrangel Island Reserve managers, and to help achieve the long­term conservation of the reserve and its co-existence with indigenous tribes.

3. To identify two types of priority actions in the management plan: those that can move forward without additional resources; and those that require additional funds/investment in order for them to be carried out.

4. To increase potential for attracting new sources of funding to ensure implementation of the plan and long­term survival of the reserve, through promotion of international ecotourism and scientific cooperation, building support from regional administrations, and other means.

RU0037.1: Management Plan for Wrangel Island Reserve (Jul. 96 - Jun. 97)

Activity Background:

See Project Background.

Activity Objectives:

See Project Objectives.

Activity Biomes:

Open Oceans and Seas; Tundra.

Activity Methods:

Protected Area Management.

Activity Species:

Laptev walrus (Odobenus rosmarus laptevi); Polar bear (Ursus maritimus).

(Concept) RU0038 Russian Federation: Management Planning for Yamalsky and Gydansky Reserves in the Russian Arctic

Project Summary:

View Map

This one-year project will provide supervisory and facilitative support to the preparation of a management plan for Yamalsky and Gydansky Reserves in the Russian Arctic. The plan will concentrate in particular on management of this large territory, wildlife monitoring programmes, and involving local indigenous people (Nentsy) in measures to protect the reserves and make sustainable use of their natural resources.
Priority Biomes % Strategies %
Forests 0Consumption & Pollution 0
Freshwater Ecosystems 0 EE & Capacity Building 0
Oceans and Coasts 100 Protected Areas 70
Non-Priority Biomes 0 Species 0
Non-Biome Specific 0 Sustainable Resource Use 30
Treaties & Legislation 0
Non-Priority Strategies 0

Project Background:

WWF recently completed a project funded by WWF-UK on the creation of two new nature reserves on the Yamal and Gydan Peninsulas in the Russian Arctic. It is hoped that the reserves will soon be granted official protected status, and therefore withdrawal from economic use, by the Russian government. In total, the two reserves cover 12,280 sq km, taking in several Arctic islands and areas of Yavay and Mamonta Peninsulas. A buffer zone has been formed on Mamonta Peninsula in an area inhabited by Nentsy indigenous people.

Several issues have arisen follwing the creation of the reserves; for example, how to manage this large territory; how to set up wildlife monitoring programmes; and how to involve local indigenous people (Nentsy) in measures to protect the reserves and make sustainable use of their natural resources. The current economic climate in Russia does not allow for a large staff and year­round protection of the reserves. Thus it is necessary to determine practical activities that can be undertaken over the course of the next three years, as well as drawing up a long­term programme over a 10-year period. The existing "blueprint" for National Park/reserve management plans designed by the WWF Russia Programme Office needs to be tailored to the specific requirements of the two reserves. The process of creating the management plan will involve the specialists who participated in the original design of the reserves, together with specialists from the Yamalo­Nenetsky District Committee for Ecology and the Department of Nature Reserves of the Ministry of Environment. This project, which is for a one-year period, will provide a supervisory and facilitative role for this process.

Project Objectives:

1. To determine the optimal size and profile of reserve staff.

2. To determine key directions in new social and economic conditions, particularly regards priorities in scientific monitoring, work with local people, sustainable use, and ecotourism.

3. To create a management plan to serve as a guiding document for the reserves' managers and as a model for other reserves, and to help move the reserves in the desired direction of conservation in co-existence with indigenous tribes.

4. To identify priority areas of investment for creation of infrastructure for the reserves and in order for the management plan to be carried out.

5. To increase potential for attracting new sources of funding to ensure implementation of the management plan and the long­term survival of the reserves, through exploring opportunities in international ecotourism and scientific cooperation, and building support from regional administrations.

6. To develop a conceptual plan with community leaders on sustainable use practices in the reserves.

RU0038.1: Management Planning for Yamalsky and Gysdanky Reserves in the Russian Arctic (Jul. 96 - Jun. 97)

Activity Background:

See Project Background.

Activity Objectives:

See Project Objectives.

Activity Biomes:

Tundra.

Activity Methods:

Institutional Support and Development; Protected Area Management.

Activity Species:

Polar bear (Ursus maritimus).

(Concept) RU0039 Russian Federation: Management Plan for the Conservation and Rational Use of Wild Reindeer in Taimyr

Project Summary:

View Map

This project will support the creation of a management plan for the wild reindeer populations of Taimyr Peninsula, and the recreation of large reindeer populations as a sustainable use resource for local indigenous people.
Priority Biomes % Strategies %
Forests 40Consumption & Pollution 0
Freshwater Ecosystems 20 EE & Capacity Building 0
Oceans and Coasts 40 Protected Areas 10
Non-Priority Biomes 0 Species 60
Non-Biome Specific 0 Sustainable Resource Use 30
Treaties & Legislation 0
Non-Priority Strategies 0

Project Background:

During glacial periods, wild reindeer once inhabited Europe and Asia. Although they were instrumental in helping people to settle in taiga and tundra areas, today only small "islands" of reindeer populations remain. Where there are sizeable herds there is massive, unregulated commercial trade in reindeer; for example, the largest existing herd at Taimyr is considerably exploited, particularly by poachers who take the antlers of young reindeer, which are in considerable demand for use in traditional medicines abroad. Meanwhile native peoples of the north are not permitted to engage in reindeer trade, which lies in the hands of active entrepreneurs from Europe. Urgent measures are necessary to alter the present situation. The most important tasks are to give back the right to hunt wild reindeer to indigenous people and to conserve the remaining herds of reindeer.

This project supports the creation of a management plan for the wild reindeer populations of Taimyr Peninsula, and the recreation of large reindeer populations as a sustainable use resource for minority peoples of the North. This will involve: (a) determining the current status of wild reindeer in Taimyr; (b) developing a system of measures to conserve and restore these populations and their normal migration routes; (c) developing a system of rational use and protection of wild reindeer, taking into account natural, economic, social, and ethnic factors; and (d) developing practical recommendations on regulating the relationship between wild and domesticated reindeer.

Project Objectives:

1. To improve capacity of specialists of the Norilsk Institute of Far North Agriculture to identify priority directions for conservation and national use of the wild reindeer population at Taimyr, considering current and changing social and economic conditions.

2. To create a management plan for wild reindeer population to serve as a guiding document for Taimyr Administration in the desired direction of log­term conservation in coexistence with local communities.

3. To identify priorities actions of two types within the management plan: those that can move forward without additional resources; those that require additional investment in order to be carried out.

4. To increase potential for attracting new sources of funding to ensure implementation of the plan and long­term strategy of the conservation of wild reindeer through promotion of ecological education, international scientific cooperation, building support from regional administrations, and other means. Creation of a fundraising and promotional strategy.

RU0039.1: Management Plan for the Conservation/Rational Use of the Wild Reindeer in Taimyr (Jul. 97 - Jun. 99)

Activity Background:

See Project Background.

Activity Objectives:

See Project Objectives.

Activity Biomes:

Tundra.

Activity Methods:

Protected Area Management.

(Concept) RU0040 Russian Federation: Establishment of a Federal Nature Reserve - Nanaisky Reserve

Project Summary:

The aim of this project is to develop a proposal for the creation of a federal nature reserve - Nanaisky Reserve - with strict protection of its natural resources, in the floodplain of the Amur river, and to develop a suite of preparatory materials for its designation. The proposal will first seek approval from the Khabarovsk regional administration, and then be submitted to the Ministry of Environment for formal adoption.
Priority Biomes % Strategies %
Forests 10Consumption & Pollution 0
Freshwater Ecosystems 90 EE & Capacity Building 0
Oceans and Coasts 0 Protected Areas 60
Non-Priority Biomes 0 Species 30
Non-Biome Specific 0 Sustainable Resource Use 10
Treaties & Legislation 0
Non-Priority Strategies 0

Project Background:

View Map

The proposed Federal Nature Reserve - Nanaisky Reserve - extends over 70,000ha of the floodplain of the left bank of the Amur river, in the Nanaisky district of Khabarovsk region. The area is a combination of wetlands, valleys, and undulating lowland forest ecosystems. The landscape has undergone little significant change by human activities and is largely preserved in its natural state. The region's high biological diversity includes a high concentration of rare and endemic animal and plant species, as well as nationally and internationally significant wetlands which provide habitats for nesting and migratory birds. Highland areas (e.g. the Khalkhadyan mountain range) provide the wintering haunts of moose, wapiti, and wild boar. Brown bears occur in summer and autumn. Until recently the area was inhabited by Amur tiger. Currently, the region is threatened by poaching activities and by forest fires.

The importance of the Amur region's wetlands is often cited at regional, national, and international scientific conferences and meetings. The area has over 20 rare animal species and 12 plant species, most of them listed in the Russian and IUCN "Red Data Books". Many of the bird species present are listed under the Convention for the Protection of Migratory Birds and their Habitats (the Bonn Convention), to which Russia is a signatory.

Once the protected area has been designated, a resource use zone can be established within it, containing waterfowl and ungulate species such as roe deer and moose, as well as several other game species, which will be of considerable benefit to the traditional activities of the indigenous Nanay and Udege people of the Near Amur region. The reserve will also serve as an additional buffer zone between Bolonsky Reserve (in preparation) and an economic development zone, and as an area for national and international scientific research. Once designated, management actions can include the expansion of nesting habitat for rare and endangered bird species, including Japanese crane and oriental white stork. The reserve also has the potential to become an international site for ecotourism, especially for its ornithological interest.

The aim of this project is to develop a proposal for the creation of a federal nature reserve - Nanaisky Reserve - with strict protection of its natural resources, and to develop a suite of preparatory materials for its designation. The proposal will first seek approval from the Khabarovsk regional administration, and then go for formal adoption by the Ministry of Environment.

Project Objectives:

1. To conserve a territory of national and international significance as a wetland habitat of nesting and migrating birds.

2. To protect transboundary migrational routes for rare and endangered bird species, to ensure the conservation of an economically valuable resource zone, and to support traditional land-use patterns of indigenous people in the Amur river basin.

3. To create a new protected area to help fill gaps within the Russian system of protected areas.

4. To prepare a plan and draft a proposal for the designation of the reserve, including elaboration of the zoning of the territory in accordance with planned protection measures and activities, and the selection of sites for limited human and economic use, on the basis of ARC/INFO GIS.

5. To prepare a suite of legal documentation for the official establishment of the reserve, and its adoption by the target organizations.

6. To prepare informational materials for a mass media campaign in the Khabarovsk region, and in Nanaisky district in particular.

RU0040.1: Establishment of a Federal Nature Reserve - Nanaisky Reserve (Jul. 96 - Jun. 97)

Activity Background:

See Project Background.

Activity Objectives:

See Project Objectives.

Activity Biomes:

Marshes/Swamps; Temperate Dry Deciduous Forest.

Activity Methods:

Protected Area Management.

Activity Species:

Amur leopard (Panthera pardus orientalis); Japanese crane (Grus japonensis); Siberian tiger (Panthera tigris altaica); White stork (Ciconia ciconia).

(Concept) RU0041 Russian Federation: Establishment of New Nature Reserves in Amur Region - Upper Amur Reserve

Project Summary:

View Map

This project seeks the creation of new protected areas in the Upper Amur River. There are currently only two reserves in the Amur region, covering 197,000ha (0.5% of the region's territory), and WWF is supporting the establishment of a third, the 211,000ha Norsky Reserve. Together, these three reserves will represent all six ecological landscape zones found in the region. Designation of a further three reserves or National Parks in the Amur region will accord with the Decree (No. 572 issued on 23 April 1994) on protected areas adopted by the government of the Russian Federation. Prime among these additional sites is the Upper Amur Reserve, which will represent pine forest ecosystems at the eastern extent of their range.
Priority Biomes % Strategies %
Forests 80Consumption & Pollution 0
Freshwater Ecosystems 20 EE & Capacity Building 0
Oceans and Coasts 0 Protected Areas 70
Non-Priority Biomes 0 Species 30
Non-Biome Specific 0 Sustainable Resource Use 0
Treaties & Legislation 0
Non-Priority Strategies 0

Project Background:

Under the present situation of swift land reforms in Russia, it is important that a maximum possible amount of land is categorized as protected area. In the Amur region, in the Russian Far East, there are four new reserves at the planning stage, one of which (Norsky Reserve) is undergoing final preparation prior to its designation, with the assistance of WWF. Establishing the four proposed reserves in the Amur region will mean almost complete coverage is afforded to representative areas of all the natural ecosystems of this zone, and provide opportunities for the conservation of existing high levels of biodiversity. Research already carried out (between 1985 and 1995) revealed several pine forest sites in the Amur region which had suffered from selective logging at the beginning of the century, and which are now undergoing a process of natural restoration and succession. Untouched forest areas are still present on the steeper slopes.

At the present time, the work of establishing protected areas is not possible without WWF support because neither local administrations, nor federal bodies are able to provide the necessary financial resources. This project seeks to create a reserve in the trans-Baikal pine forests on the eastern border of the Amur region. Currently there are no such reserves in the Far East of Russia - and yet pine forests are being clear-cut and there are very few intact forests left. An "Upper Amur Reserve" would serve as a prime sample of this ecosystem and as a base for monitoring research, including the restoration of pine forests in region. The first stage of the project will be an analysis of maps and cartographic materials of forestry and land-use organizations, as well as satellite images, for selection of a large area of pine forest. During the course of a field season, an expedition to gather basic environmental data will be necessary. The information acquired will be used as the basis for establishing the Upper Amur Reserve. Since Skovorodinsky District Council supports the initiative for the establishment of the reserve in the upper reaches of the Urush river, this site will be given prime consideration. Preliminary approval has already been given by the Council and Urushinsky Forest Economy for the proposed Upper Amur Reserve, and it also has the support of district and regional committees on natural resources and environment. Other sites will also be investigated by the project as possible sites for pine forest protection.

As economic activity declines, forest economies become less resistant towards the organization of protected areas. Conversely, increasing activity in the gold mining industry is hindering the acquisition of land for non­commercial use. In addition, there are ongoing difficulties with the Regional Committee on Land Resources and Land Use, which does not support the reservation of land for the conservation of natural resources. It is hoped that the successful establishment of Norsky Reserve will help to overcome some of these difficulties and help to establish a mechanism of land allocation that has already been discussed with decision making bodies at various administrative levels.

Project Objectives:

1. To create a new protected area in the Amur region, and to further the development of a network of protected areas in the region with the aim of filling in gaps in the overall system of protected areas in Russia.

2. To ensure the conservation of trans-Baikal type pine forests at the eastern extent of their range.

3. To prepare a planning report to assist with the official establishment of the reserve.

4. To obtain permission from landowners and regional and national authorities for creation of the protected area.

RU0041.1: Establishment of New Nature Reserves in the Amur Region - Upper Amur Reserve (Jul. 96 - Jun. 97)

Activity Background:

See Project Background.

Activity Objectives:

1. To conserve the unique eastern trans­Baikal pine forests of the Amur region.

2. To develop the new protected area such that it will contribute to the expansion of the protected areas system in Arkhangelsky region.

3. To combine, within the new reserve, the goals of nature conservation and protection with the sustainable utilization of natural resources for the beneficial, social­economic development of the territory.

4. To establish the Upper Amur Reserve as a model for ecologically balanced utilization of natural resources by traditional methods.

Activity Biomes:

Boreal Forests.

Activity Methods:

Protected Area Management.

Activity Species:

Black stork (Ciconia nigra); White stork (Ciconia ciconia); White­tailed sea eagle (Haliaetus albicilla).

(Concept) RU0042 Russian Federation: Partnerships with UK Oil and Gas Companies to further Conservation Goals in Russia

Project Summary:

View Map

This project will initiate cooperation with large UK oil and gas companies active in Russia (e.g. BP, British Gas, Shell) to develop and implement environmental conservation programmes in regions of exploitation (Perm, Komi, Sakhalin, Dagestan). During the first year WWF will identify prospective companies, solicit funds, and develop joint conservation programmes for setting up protected areas, preservation of traditional use practices by indigenous peoples in regions of exploitation, and creation of an environmental emergency relief fund. If funding is successfully received, these programmes will be implemented beginning in year two of the project. Work will also be done to improve the Russian legislation on oil and gas exploitation, to ensure maximum possible environmental conservation in areas of exploration and development.
Priority Biomes % Strategies %
Forests 0Consumption & Pollution 20
Freshwater Ecosystems 0 EE & Capacity Building 0
Oceans and Coasts 0 Protected Areas 50
Non-Priority Biomes 0 Species 0
Non-Biome Specific 100 Sustainable Resource Use 30
Treaties & Legislation 0
Non-Priority Strategies 0

Project Background:

With the opening of Russia to the West, there has been an exponential increase in involvement of western companies in Russia. In particular, large oil and gas companies now have access to areas previously off limits for exploitation of natural resources. Although many such companies follow "best practice" guidelines in their activities worldwide, more needs to be done to ensure sound exploration and exploitation principles in remote areas of Russia, by both western firms and their Russian counterparts. Several UK companies are active, including British Petroleum (Perm region), British Gas (Komi Republic), Shell (Sakhalin), JKX (Dagestan), and John Brown Engineering (which sets up infrastructure for companies all over Russia). Some of these companies have large budgets for conservation activities which could be used to protect areas in the regions of oil and gas exploration, to ensure a minimal area of influence. In addition, many companies are working in regions with indigenous tribes whose survival is dependent on traditional use of natural resources. Measures need to be taken to ensure that areas of land in the region of exploration are set aside for strict protection, and that traditions of sustainable use of renewable resources by local people are preserved. Furthermore, to be ready in cases of accidents or disasters, an environmental emergency relief fund should be set up with funding from oil and gas developers.

This is a two-year project to be implemented by the WWF Russia Programme Office in cooperation with WWF-UK, the Russian government, British oil and gas companies, and the Commercial Section of the British Embassy. Funds for year one will be sought internally, while funds for year two will be solicited from companies during year one. During the first year WWF will identify prospective companies, solicit funds, and develop joint conservation programmes for setting up protected areas, preservation of traditional use practices by indigenous peoples in regions of exploitation, and creation of an environmental emergency relief fund. If funding is successfully received, these programmes will be implemented beginning in year two of the project. Work will also be done to improve the Russian legislation on oil and gas exploitation, to ensure maximum possible environmental conservation in areas of exploration and development.

Project Objectives:

1. To enter into dialogue with large UK oil and gas companies active in Russia in order to develop a conservation agenda for these companies in Russia.

2. To solicit funding from oil and gas companies to set aside protected areas in regions of exploitation, preserve sustainable use practices of indigenous peoples, and create an emergency relief fund in case of environmental disasters related to oil and gas development.

3. To lobby the Russian government to improve laws for increasing environmental conservation in regions of oil and gas exploration and development.

4. To implement projects beginning in year two, with funding from companies.

RU0042.1: Entering into Partnerships with UK Oil and Gas Companies (Jul. 96 - Jun. 98)

Activity Background:

See Project Background.

Activity Objectives:

See Project Objectives.

Activity Biomes:

Boreal Forests; Tundra.

Activity Methods:

Lobbying.

(Concept) RU0043 Russian Federation: Saving Argali Sheep and Snow Leopard Populations in Russia

Project Summary:

This project seeks to address biodiversity conservation issues in the vast mountainous area of Altai­Sayan, situated along the southern Russian border from Kazakhstan in the west and Baikal Lake in the east. Argali sheep and snow leopard will be the "flagship" species for this work. The project has two components, one intended to provide technical assistance to two existing reserves, and the second aimed at the assessment of the current ranges of Argali sheep and snow leopard. The latter will be combined with a general assessment of regional biodiversity, development prospects, threats, and the feasibility of further conservation actions. Such an assessment will allow the design of a comprehensive scheme of biodiversity conservation in the region, including proposals on extending the protected area system and species-oriented activities (e.g. reintroduction, management plans, etc.).
Priority Biomes % Strategies %
Forests 50Consumption & Pollution 0
Freshwater Ecosystems 0 EE & Capacity Building 0
Oceans and Coasts 0 Protected Areas 30
Non-Priority Biomes 50 Species 60
Non-Biome Specific 0
Sustainable Resource Use 10 Treaties & Legislation 0
Non-Priority Strategies 0

Project Background:

Altai­Sayan is one of the less developed and poorly populated regions of Russia. Its ecosystems are known to be amongst the richest in terms of biodiversity in Russia, its high biodiversity value originating from its geographic position between the steppes of western Siberia, the deserts of China and Mongolia, and the taiga forests of central and eastern Siberia. This mountainous region is split between four administrative units: the new republics of Altai and Tuva, and the regions of Krasnoyarsk and Altai. The break-up of the Soviet Union led to a dramatic increase in political independence of the various republics from the federal Russian authorities. This process has, as a rule, resulted in negative consequences for the conservation or the natural environment. For example, in Sayano­Shushenskiy Reserve three inspectors disappeared in 1994 in Tuva territory and the authorities did everything to prevent investigation. If immediate measures are not taken, the unique biodiversity of the Altai­Sayan region may be lost or irrevocably destroyed by development projects which the regions are desperately looking for in search of income.

This project proposes to assist the reserves as centres for biodiversity conservation, and also to demonstrate international concern about the regional biota, by addressing the problems facing flagship species, in particular Argali sheep and snow leopard. It will probably also be possible to demonstrate the advantages of sound wildlife management, both to the authorities and to the people living in the area.

Project Objectives:

1. To provide immediate assistance to two nature reserves, Altaiskiy and Sayano­Shushenskiy, in order to improve patrolling, anti­poaching activities, and communications.

2. To obtain a realistic view on the status of Argali sheep and snow leopard in the Russian Federation.

3. To assess the biodiversity value of, and threats to, the Altai­Sayan region.

4. To prepare proposals for the expansion of the system of protected areas.

5. To initiate a process of reconsideration of the importance of biodiversity conservation among local authorities and residents.

RU0043.1: Saving Argali Sheep and Snow Leopard Populations in Altai­Sayany Region (Jul. 96 - Jun. 97)

Activity Background:

See Project Background.

Activity Objectives:

See Project Objectives.

Activity Biomes:

Boreal Forests; Mixed Mountain Systems.

Activity Methods:

Protected Area Management; Wildlife Trade Monitoring.

Activity Species:

Argali (Ovis ammon hodgsoni); Snow leopard (Panthera uncia).

(Concept) RU0044 Russian Federation: Establishment of Onezhskoe Pomorie National Park

Project Summary:

This project seeks the creation of Onezhskoe Pomorie National Park in the northern part of European Russia (Arkhangelsky Region). The proposed park covers some 560,000ha on the northern part of Onezhsky peninsula and will include within its boundaries the indigenous Pomory people, thus preserving their customs, traditions, and knowledge of sustainable land use. At present there are only three protected areas, extending over a total of 490 sq km (0.83%), in the Arkhangelsky region. Creation of the new National Park (NP) will promote the development of the NP network in Russia, which now totals 29 parks.
Priority Biomes % Strategies %
Forests 75Consumption & Pollution 0
Freshwater Ecosystems 10 EE & Capacity Building 0
Oceans and Coasts 15 Protected Areas 90
Non-Priority Biomes 0 Species 0
Non-Biome Specific 0
Sustainable Resource Use 10 Treaties & Legislation 0
Non-Priority Strategies 0

Project Background:

Approximately 76% of proposed National Parks in Russia comprise forested land, most of which is climax northern taiga preserved in an almost unaffected state owing to its isolation from industrial centres. These landscapes form an entire complex of natural components and elements typical of the whole Onega Lake and White Sea region, namely spruce forests of moraine plains, pine forests of sand/marine terraces, and upland bogs. The region's isolation means that the northern part of the peninsula retains a complete natural network of rivers and lakes, many of which are the spawning grounds for salmonid fish. The territory is characterized by an exceptional faunistic diversity, with large populations of animals, birds and fish. For example, there are 35 species of taiga mammals and five of marine mammals, some 190 bird species, 25 species of freshwater fish, and over 30 species of marine fish. Exceptionally high numbers of brown bear and wood grouse occur. Of particular interest are species listed in the Russian "Red Data Book", e.g. white-tailed sea eagle, spotted eagle, and fish hawk.

Approximately 19% of the total area of the planned Onezhskoe Pomorie National Park is a coastal zone of the White Sea. Many marine mammals inhabit the near coast waters of Onezhsky Peninsula. Sometimes this region is visited by dolphins and whales. Only 5% of the territory is occupied by cultural landscapes and economic land-use areas; these are the agricultural lands of the indigenous Pomory people. There is an urgent need for measures to protect the natural heritage of Onezhsky Peninsula, dictated by the commencement of industrial forestry and the general deterioration of the ecological state of the White Sea. Proposals for the creation of Onezhskoe Pomorie National Park, initiated by the local administration, were completed in 1995, and the park is currently included in the approved 1996-2000 Programme of Establishment of Protected Areas in the Arkhangelsky region.

Project Objectives:

1. To establish a unique autonomous protected area at the extreme northern part of the Onezhsky Peninsula, which will include representative boreal taiga landscapes typical of the region, and coastal complexes of the White Sea, as well as the social and cultural environment of the aboriginal Pomory people.

2. To establish a new National Park as a part of the broadening protected areas network in Russia, and in Arkhangelsk region in particular.

3. To create Onezhskoe Pomorie National Park as a model from the point of view of optimal nature conservation and traditional land use aimed at sustainable resource use.

4. To create a model for sustainable development, based on the ecologically balanced utilization of natural resources.

5. To provide protection for rare and endangered species listed in the Russian "Red Data Book".

6. To prepare a planning report for official approval of the proposed National Park.

7. To obtain permission from landowners and regional and federal authorities for creation of the protected area.

RU0044.1: Establishment of Onezhskoe Pomorie National Park (Jul. 96 - Jun. 97)

Activity Background:

See Project Background.

Activity Objectives:

See Project Objectives.

Activity Biomes:

Boreal Forests.

Activity Methods:

Protected Area Management.

Activity Species:

Brown bear (Ursus arctos).

(Concept) RU0045 Russian Federation: WWF Small Initiatives Support Fund

Project Summary:

The WWF Russia Programme Office proposes to set up a small annual reserve of unmarked funds to provide support for initiatives that help build conservation capacity in Russia. Opportunities often arise to promote WWF and its aims by providing modest assistance to organizations, initiatives, or key individuals. These can include, for example, attendance at a precedent­setting conservation conference, helping to publish an important book or other publication, or assisting professionals in their scientific fieldwork. The project will start with a modest fund of US$20,000, set up a mechanism within the Programme Office for selecting appropriate recipients, and fund a series of modest projects that have a significant impact throughout the year.
Priority Biomes % Strategies %
Forests 0Consumption & Pollution 0
Freshwater Ecosystems 0 EE & Capacity Building 90
Oceans and Coasts 0 Protected Areas 0
Non-Priority Biomes 0 Species 0
Non-Biome Specific 100 Sustainable Resource Use 10
Treaties & Legislation 0
Non-Priority Strategies 0

Project Background:

The WWF planning process for funding conservation initiatives usually takes a lot of time, effort, and thought. The tendency is, therefore, to fund relatively large environmental initiatives which have a big impact. However, small initiatives by conservation organizations and individuals can be just as important for promoting conservation objectives in Russia, as well as enviromental awareness and the WWF vision for Russia. Throughout the WWF fiscal year, unforseen opportunities often arise to fund small projects (e.g. for publishing conservation journals or ensuring that a key expert can attend an important conservation seminar) that serve to promote WWF as the leading conservation organization in Russia, and contribute to building capacity within other organizations and individuals. The WWF Russia Programme sees the need to create a small initiatives support fund which will allow flexibility in funding unplanned but important activities.

Project Objectives:

1. To create a flexible and continuous funding source within the WWF Russia Programme to support small outside initiatives.

2. To promote WWF aims which fall within the WWF Strategy for Russia through support of or participation in modest but significant conservation initiatives.

3. To build capacity within conservation organizations by providing small incentive­building grants for initiatives (e.g. seminars, publications, fieldwork) that will promote both conservation and WWF.

4. To ensure that WWF can react to priorities that come up during the year and take part in activities which shape the future of conservation in Russia.

5. To provide flexibility within the project cycle to allow for the participation of WWF and/or key specialists in important one­off activities.

RU0045.1: Establishment of a WWF Small Grants Fund in Russia (Jul. 96 - Jun. 97)

Activity Background:

See Project Background.

Activity Objectives:

See Project Objectives.

Activity Biomes:

Boreal Forests; Lake Systems; Mixed Mountain Systems; Temperate Dry Deciduous Forest; Tundra.

Activity Methods:

Institutional Support and Development; Programme / Project Development.

Activity Species:

Amur leopard (Panthera pardus orientalis); Brown bear (Ursus arctos); Japanese crane (Grus japonensis); Polar bear (Ursus maritimus); Siberian tiger (Panthera tigris altaica); Snow leopard (Panthera uncia); White­naped crane (Grus vipio).

(Concept) RU0046 Russian Federation: Develop Package and Informational/Promotional Materials on WWF Activities

Project Summary:

Since 1993 the WWF Russia Programme Office, with the strong support of the WWF Network, has been actively developing and implementing over 25 projects in Russia. For several reasons (e.g. lack of funding, time, and resources), informational and promotional material on the Russia Programme Office activity has not yet been produced. Such materials are required to create a positive image for WWF in the country. The current lack of information presents an obstacle to wider public participation in and awareness of WWF in Russia, which this project will help to overcome.
Priority Biomes % Strategies %
Forests 0Consumption & Pollution 0
Freshwater Ecosystems 0 EE & Capacity Building 90
Oceans and Coasts 0 Protected Areas 0
Non-Priority Biomes 0 Species 0
Non-Biome Specific 100 Sustainable Resource Use 10
Treaties & Legislation 0
Non-Priority Strategies 0

Project Background:

WWF's presence in Russia is relatively new as the Programme Office was officially established in July 1994. At present there are more than 25 ongoing projects, and there will be several more in the coming year. Most of the efforts of Russia Programme Office staff have been concentrated on project initiation, implementation, management, and reporting. Consequently, there has been no opportunity to prepare and produce any promotional or informational material on WWF and its activities in Russia. The visit to Russia by the WWF International President, HRH The Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, served as a trigger for this process, but there is urgent need to follow up this small beginning. The active involvement of the office in promoting WWF activity in the country will help to establish contacts, become more known on the Russian conservation scene and with the broader general public, and will provide specific information on WWF field projects for different target groups.

Project Objectives:

1. To prepare an information pack on the WWF Russia Programme Office and distribute it among different interest groups.

2. To prepare promotion material on the WWF Russia Programme Office.

RU0046.1: Develop Package and Informational/Promotional Materials on WWF Activities (Jul. 96 - Jun. 97)

Activity Background:

See Project Background.

Activity Objectives:

See Project Objectives.

Activity Biomes:

Boreal Forests; Lake Systems; Mixed Mountain Systems; Temperate Dry Deciduous Forest; Tundra.

Activity Methods:

Communications; Education; Programme / Project Development.

Activity Species:

Amur leopard (Panthera pardus orientalis); Brown bear (Ursus arctos); Japanese crane (Grus japonensis); Polar bear (Ursus maritimus); Siberian tiger (Panthera tigris altaica); Snow leopard (Panthera uncia); White­naped crane (Grus vipio).

(Concept) RU0047 Russian Federation: Kostomuksha Reserve - creating a climate for success

Project Summary:

Through a programme of educational outreach, this project seeks to demonstrate that the conservation of nature and sustainable use of natural resources has fundamental relevance to the daily lives of people. Key target groups include local communities, visitors/tourists, and young people. The project will provide support to three activities aimed at increasing public awareness of the importance of nature conservation: strengthening environmental education and the public outreach programme for residents of all ages; providing support and assistance to local teachers; and establishing an education centre in Kostomukshsky Reserve.
Priority Biomes % Strategies %
Forests 100Consumption & Pollution 0
Freshwater Ecosystems 0 EE & Capacity Building 100
Oceans and Coasts 0 Protected Areas 0
Non-Priority Biomes 0 Species 0
Non-Biome Specific 0 Sustainable Resource Use 0
Treaties & Legislation 0

Project Background:

View Map

Kostomukshsky "Zapovednik" (reserve) is located in north-west Russia in the republic of Karelia, adjacent to the Finnish border. In 1989 it gained status as an international reserve when it was twinned with a Finnish counterpart. The reserve plays an important conservation role by protecting a large, intact wetland­taiga ecosystem, providing habitats for bears, wild forest reindeer, and the "Red Data Book" listed white-tailed eagle. A quarter of the reserve's territory is occupied by Stone Lake, which provides drinking water to the 45,000 residents of Kostomuksha city. The city was build 20 ago to house employees in what is now one of Russia's largest mining complexes. The industrial centre has become the largest source of sulphur pollutants in Karelia, threatening air and water quality and the integrity of reserved ecosystems. Another growing threat is the pressure to exploit forests and export timber across the border to neighbouring Finland, which is rapidly depleting its own timber resources.

The educational and outreach programme proposed under this project at a crucial, transitional time for Kostomuksha. Many settlers in the city, who came as temporary workers, are now unable to pay the high prices asked to move back to their "real home". The Kostomuksha population has much to lose if preventive actions are not soon taken to control factory pollutants, forestry activities, and other excessive uses of the surrounding resources. The problems of the inter-relationship between humans and environment seems to be of great concern to the local people; an assumption that is supported by a sociological survey. Most respondents see Kostomukshsky Reserve as an institution which should and could help in finding solutions. The trans-border status of Kostomuksha Reserve could help in solving this challenging problem, offering opportunities for cooperation, particularly in joint monitoring programmes, and staff training and exchange. There are also increased opportunities for environmental interpretation and education, as well as for making border crossing points for tourism. This was one of the encouraging incentives for the creation, in December 1993, of the Department for Environmental Education and the beginning of the development of an outreach and education programme. The proposed programme has three components: creation of a classroom for environmental education; construction of an interpretive nature study trail; and ecological tourism.

Project Objectives:

1. To increase awareness and concern for nature conservation and the importance of protected areas by establishing a public education programme involving different target groups.

2. To provide local communities with an understanding of the social and economic benefits of protected areas and conservation by using nature reserve areas as outdoor classrooms (for lectures to local schools, nature study trails, limited ecotourism in the form of the guided hikes and non­motorized boating, providing adequate information material, and using a range of interpretative techniques).

3. To provide local teachers with information and education materials, and to improve skills and access to equipment; to build environmental education into the school curriculum, including issues of sustainable development in the formal education system, and providing quality information and facilities for visitors.

RU0047.1: Creating a Classroom for Environmental Education (Jul. 96 - Jun. 99)

Activity Background:

An environmental education classroom will be at the core of the Kostomuksha Reserve's efforts to provide information and technical support for the development of education and outreach programmes. To enable the reserve's education staff to carry out a range of diverse activities, the classroom will be fitted with audio-visual equipment, an already existing, but refurbished, botanical and taxidermy collection, natural history displays, and accompanying material.

Activity Objectives:

1. To create a classroom for environmental education.

2. To supply and interpret the environmental information targeted at local people of differing age groups, schools, and the mass media.

3. To provide assistance to local teachers in terms of information, presentation materials, and methodology (for schools and kindergartens, and the development of environmental campaigns).

Activity Biomes:

Boreal Forests.

Activity Methods:

Education.

RU0047.2: Construction of Interpretive Nature Study Trail and Wilderness Routes (Jul. 96 - Jun. 99)

Activity Background:

Construction of an interpretive nature study trail and wilderness routes accessible to the general public are an essential part of developing an interest in and sense of caring for nature. The trail will be targeted in particular at guided excursions. Several wilderness tours that took place in 1994-95 have already proved successful.

Activity Objectives:

1. To carry out education, creative, and informative excursions for children at school and kindergarten levels, and visitors.

2. To develop an environmental ethic, awareness, and understanding of low impact behaviour among the local community, visitors, and foreign tourists.

3. To provide opportunities for local people and visitors to learn about Karelian nature.

Activity Biomes:

Boreal Forests.

Activity Methods:

Education.

(Concept) RU0048 Russian Federation: Creation of a Management System to Preserve and Restore Kamchatka Steelhead Trout

Project Summary:

This project seeks to build a management system for the restoration and conservation of the Kamchatka steelhead trout. With due consideration of natural, economic, social, and ethnic factors, the project will conduct an inventory and evaluate the present state of the Kamchatka steelhead trout populations resident in Koryaksky district, and develop habitat and environmental protection strategies and fisheries management systems to preserve and restore the species.
Priority Biomes % Strategies %
Forests 10Consumption & Pollution 0
Freshwater Ecosystems 80 EE & Capacity Building 0
Oceans and Coasts 10 Protected Areas 10
Non-Priority Biomes 0 Species 60
Non-Biome Specific 0 Sustainable Resource Use 30
Treaties & Legislation 0
Non-Priority Strategies 0

Project Background:

The Kamchatka steelhead trout is the last of its kind where an entire population structure still exists in its natural range and habitat, and where stocks remain free of genetic interactions with aquacultural activities. In some parts of Kamchatka, especially in Koryaksky district , there are combinations of pure strains of steelhead trout in pristine habitats that provide an exceptional opportunity to conserve unique genotypes and to more fully understand the species throughout its range in Kamchatka and North America.

Unfortunately, however, the Kamchatka population has declined sharply in recent years as a result of poaching and commercial fishery. Since the species was listed in the Russian "Red Data Book" in 1983, the situation has become more critical as Kamchatka has seen the growth of local businesses and increased illegal harvesting of steelhead trout. Today it is facing even greater human pressure, which is threatening the local population with extinction. Their survival has not been helped either by the building of salmon hatcheries in the south and central parts of peninsula. There is an urgent need for an immediate inventory of the steelhead trout population, creation of a strictly protected area in Koryaksky district, and development of a management plan for the species. This project aims at the preservation and sustainable development of the last wild population of steelhead trout and the restoration of the traditional fishery activities of the native peoples.

Project Objectives:

1. To organize the widening of Utholock protected area by including the basins of steelhead trout rivers - the Utholock, Kvachina, and Snatolvayam - with the goal of conserving Kamchatka steelhead trout genotypes, their habitat, and lands of traditional nature use.

2. To create a management system for the Kamchatka steelhead trout, to serve as a model for the Koryaksky District Administration and the local department of the Russian Ministry of Environment.

3. To promote sustainable practices and conservation of traditional practices by Koryaksky native people through protection of habitat and the involvement of local leaders and specialists in the creation of a protected area.

4. To increase potential for attracting new sources of funding to ensure implementation of the management plan and the long­term strategy for the conservation of Kamchatka steelhead trout through education, international scientific cooperation, and building support from regional administrations and local residents.

RU0048.1: Management System to Preserve and Restore Kamchatka Steelhead Trout (Jul. 96 - Jun. 98)

Activity Background:

See Project Background.

Activity Objectives:

See Project Objectives.

Activity Biomes:

River Systems.

Activity Methods:

Species Management.

(Concept) RU0050 Russian Federation: Curonian Spit National Park, Kaliningrad

Project Summary:

This project aims to support the local administration and NGOs in protecting and sustainably managing Kurshkaja Kosa National Park and the Russian part of Nemunas delta. Public information and participation will be the first steps, to be followed by visitor guidance and management plans. Water pollution in the lagoon will have to be reduced by establishing a discharge register, followed by the establishment of pilot facilities to clean local waste-water through cheap, low­technology biotreatment. Development of a transboundary biosphere reserve in the region, to introduce international standards for nature conservation and sustainable development, is the project's medium-term goal.
Priority Biomes % Strategies %
Forests 0Consumption & Pollution 0
Freshwater Ecosystems 0 EE & Capacity Building 20
Oceans and Coasts 100 Protected Areas 40
Non-Priority Biomes 0 Species 0
Non-Biome Specific 0 Sustainable Resource Use 40
Treaties & Legislation 0
Non-Priority Strategies 0

Project Background:

The system of spits and lagoons around Kaliningrad and the delta of Nemunas is one of the most valuable ecosystems of the southern Baltic and therefore of international importance. However, uncontrolled human impacts are becoming a severe threat and both Russian and Lithuanian National Parks are under pressure from various human uses, especially agriculture, forestry, construction, and tourism. The lagoon itself is polluted by untreated local waste-water, nutrients, and harmful substances from the river Nemunas. While the responsible administration and scientific institutions lack the personnel, infrastructure, equipment, and training necessary to counter the adverse impacts, concerned and interested NGOs lack the necessary expertise and international contacts.

Since 1992 WWF-Germany's Baltic Sea Project has worked with Lithuanian NGOs, with additional contacts being established in 1993­94 with the National Park administrations in both Lithuania and Russia. Currently WWF­Germany is involved in the Kalinigrad region in a transboundary coastal lagoons project, for which a task team was established in 1995 to develop integrated coastal zone management plans.

This new project aims to support the local administration and NGOs in protecting and sustainably managing the Russian National Park, Kurshkaja Kosa, and the Russian part of the Nemunas delta. Public information and participation will be the first steps, to be followed by visitor guidance and management plans. Water pollution in the lagoon will have to be reduced by establishing a discharge register, followed by the establishment of pilot facilities to clean local waste-water through cheap, low­technology biotreatment. Development of a transboundary biosphere reserve in the region, to introduce international standards for nature conservation and sustainable development, is the project's medium-term goal.

Project Objectives:

1. To establish a discharge register to evaluate important point sources, as well as to aid in raising public awareness and lobbying.

2. To build two or three pilot biological waste-water treatment facilities and provide exemplary construction plans for communities discharging into the lagoon.

3. To introduce international standards for sustainably managing Kurshkaja Kosa National Park (Curonian Spit).

4. To strengthen public participation and information, introduce facilities for guiding visitors, and develop guidelines and solutions for sustainable forestry, coastal defence and infrastructure in the park.

4. To create the basis for future cooperation between Kurshkaja Kosa National Park, WWF, and a National Park around the German Baltic coast, as well as the Lithuanian Curonian Spit National Park.

5. To evaluate the natural state of Nemunas delta, develop a programme of protection and integrated coastal zone management, and implement measures for improving environmental conservation.

6. To identify and support local groups working for nature conservation with the aim of strengthening NGO capacity and public awareness.

RU0050.1: Sustainable Ecotourism for Curonian Spit National Park (Jul. 96 - Aug. 98)

Activity Background:

See Project Background.

Activity Objectives:

See Project Objectives.

Activity Biomes:

Open Oceans and Seas.

Activity Methods:

Ecotourism Development.