PE0033 Peru: Management of the Ampay Forest Sanctuary

Project Summary:
View Map
The Ampay Forest Sanctuary (AFS) is a small protected area (3,635ha)
located in the eastern slopes of the Peruvian southern Andes in
the Apurimac department between Abancay and Cusco. Its montane
forest contains Peru's endangered single native conifer, the "intimpa"
(Podocarpus glomeratus) plus over 400 species of plants and 114
vertebrates. This project is within the framework of IDMAAbancay
Programme for the "Ecodevelopment of the Marino River subbasin"
which involves a multidisciplinary approach towards integrating
the surrounding farming communities and the urban population of
Abancay into the conservation of the forest and the management
of the Marino watershed. The main components of the Programme
are: agroecological production, irrigation infrastructure, agricultural
research and conservation. The overall project is also funded
by MISEREORGermany, TROCAIRE, IAF, and PNUMA. The project
aims to contribute to the socioeconomic development of such
populations which in turn will become protectors of the Sanctuary.
Priority Biomes %
| | Strategies %
|
Forests 100 | |
|
Consumption & Pollution 0Freshwater Ecosystems 0
| | EE & Capacity Building 27
|
Oceans and Coasts 0 | |
Protected Areas 44 |
Non-Priority Biomes 0 | |
Species 0 |
Non-Biome Specific 0 | |
Sustainable Resource Use 29 |
| | Treaties & Legislation 0
|
| | Non-Priority Strategies 0
|
Project Background:
Identified in 1985 as one of WWF's high priority areas in the
Andean region, the Ampay Forest Sanctuary (AFS) comprises one
of Peru's last three remaining forested patches of the endangered
Podocarpus tree and its associated flora. Two hundred and sixty
native forest species have been documented in this area, including
a high percentage of endemic plants. The AFS extends from 2,900
to 5,200m in elevation along the eastern slope of the Andes and
encompasses a broad altitudinal gradient ranging from thick, tall,
moist montane and "paramo" pastures to the snowcapped
Ampay peak. Among the fauna of Ampay are the "taruca"
(huemul or mule deer), spectacled bear, and the Andean condor,
all listed among Peru's endangered species. The forest was "discovered"
in 1986 by the Institute for Development and the Environment (IDMA)
and was declared a forest sanctuary in August 1987 by the National
Park Authority after two years of lobbying with local inhabitants
and organizations. Apurimac is considered to be one of Peru's
three most impoverished regions, with the highest growth rate
in the country, a high degree of malnutrition and levels of illiteracy
and living conditions in keeping with the extreme poverty. Population
has increased during the last 15 years from 15,000 to 49,000 in
the capital Abancay alone as it has proved to be a receptive area
for displaced persons (due to subversive action and economic problems
elsewhere in the region, mainly in Ayacucho and Huancavelica).
The sanctuary is under pressure from: the 43 families living inside,
20 of which are established on a permanent basis and the remaining
23 only go there periodically to exploit the land within the sanctuary;
from the 8 neighbouring communities (around 1,000 families) who
not only use the sanctuary for seasonal crops and grazing, but
in moving towards marketoriented farming with inappropriate
agricultural technology they have caused the loss of valuable
germplasm as well as soil erosion and degradation; and lastly,
from the increased demands from the city of Abancay for timber,
fuelwood, Christmas trees, tourism and agricultural land. While
the watershed deforestation, overgrazing and soil erosion are
major problems, farmers are facing an increased incidence of pest
and disease in crops and animals as well as conflicts over water
resources. This project directly addresses the preservation of
its biological diversity and the needs of its people. IDMA is
a nonprofit making organization created in March 1984. The
IDMAAbancay Programme of ecodevelopment commenced its activities
in 1986 in the subbasin of the Mollebamba river (province
of Antabamba), focusing its activities on the rehabilitation of
terraces, seed capital and promotion of the use of fruit and vegetable
gardens. Subsequently, its efforts were transferred to the province
of Abancay where, towards the middle of 1987, it started working
on the conservation of the agroforestry systems as part of the
strategy of the Programme of Ecodevelopment of the Marino river
subbasin. IDMAAbancay is developing an intensive activity
aimed at promoting interinstitutional relationships and
achieving appropriate coordination at local and subregional level.
To date, IDMA has carried out some activities within the AFS,
with the support of other NGOs and GOs involved in the management
and conservation of the sanctuary.
Project Objectives:
1. To conserve one of the last Peruvian native forests of the
endangered Podocarpus glomeratus tree species for scientific research,
public education, tourism and to regulate use of the Marino subbasin.
2. To encourage sustainable development of the Marino subbasin
so that the quality of life of user groups within the buffer zone
is improved and the damaging pressure on the forest is reduced.
3. To achieve maximum understanding by local populations and
user groups of the problems encountered in natural resource conservation
and to ensure adequate public and private response to address
these problems.
PE0033.1: Protection and Management of Ampay Forest Sanctuary
(Jul. 95 - Jun. 98)
Activity Background:
WWF started supporting the management of AFS in 1987 through infrastructure
and personnel. The planning process constitutes a pillar of AFS
management, for which a number of studies and data collection
have been carried out. The available information includes: ecotourism
issues (diagnosis, zoning proposal, projection of tourist demand,
location of infrastructure, etc), flora inventory, legal situation
on land tenure within the AFS, preliminary survey on biological
diversity, socioeconomic data, etc. IDMA has also played
an important role setting up the AFS Local Support Committee consisting
of eleven organizations, organizing the inhabitants of the Sanctuary
and formation of the Committee of Ampay Residents, as well as
organizing the inhabitants of the eight bordering communities
and helping create the Ampay Development Committee. Given the
experience of FPCN in the development of operational plans, IDMA
and FPCN envisage the possibility of a technical exchange whereby
IDMA would support FPCN in the projects involving rural development
activities and FPCN would in return offer its support to the process
of drafting the Operational Plan for the AFS.
Activity Objectives:
1. To regulate, plan and set priorities for the management of
the AFS and sustainable development activities in its buffer zone.
2. To formulate a document which will regulate tourist activity
within the Sanctuary.
3. To computerize the existing cartographical information (GIS).
4. To provide the AFS with the necessary personnel and equipment
to carry out activities related to control, surveillance and interpretation
of the area as well as support for the forestry activities of
the project.
5. To reduce the number of intimpas extracted during the Christmas
period.
6. To facilitate the orientation of visitors, eliminating the
traffic of people along narrow secondary paths and offering them
information about the Sanctuary by means of adequate signposting.
Activity Biomes:
Mixed Mountain Systems.
Activity Methods:
Education; Protected Area Management.
Activity Species:
Andean condor (Vultur gryphus); Spectacled bear (Tremarctos ornatus).
PE0033.2: Sustainable Use of Natural Resources (Jul. 95
- Jun. 98)
Activity Background:
Since IDMA started working in the area 7 years ago, there have
been an increasingly high number of families adopting agroecological
systems of production. This has been complemented with the establishment
of infrastructure to improve sanitation and increase productivity:
8.6km of channels and 4 reservoirs with a total capacity of 1800
cubic metres, irrigation channels, drinking water, water filters,
latrines and communal premises. The indiscriminate deforestation
for firewood and wood (at a time approximately 60 cubic metres
per month within the Sanctuary) for local use and for sale in
the urban market constitutes one of the main threats to the Sanctuary's
integrity as well as an important source of income for some families.
In the same way, rural structures are often built at the expense
of natural forests and only on rare occasions using cultivated
trees. Fruit trees are quite scarce and there is an obvious need
to improve people's daily diet. These problems led IDMA and WWF
to put emphasis on reforestation with native and fruit trees to
restore the natural cover, to provide firewood and other goods
and services to the population.
Activity Objectives:
1. To provide incentives for forest activities in the communities
bordering the Sanctuary in order to promote the gradual restoration
of critical areas of the Sanctuary that have been deforested.
2. To install agroforestry systems offering various goods and
services to the inhabitants by promoting the propagation of species
which are a source of firewood and construction materials, as
well as fruit trees and fodder.
3. To enhance the family income as well as diversify and improve
the nutritional diet.
4. To promote technologies to optimise the use of firewood and
reduce its extraction from natural forests.
PE0033.3: Environmental Education and Training Programme
(Jul. 95 - Jun. 98)
Activity Background:
The activities carried out by the IDMAAbancay Programme
to date are: cultural gatherings and competitions related to AFS
(songs, poetry, stories, drawings, etc) organized together with
the National Institute of Culture (INC); ecological excursions,
camping and social activities with schools and boy scout groups,
daily radio broadcast, promotion of educational fruit and vegetable
gardens and training on ecological agriculture and soil conservation
techniques. IDMA has entered into an agreement with the Subregional
Board of Education to promote the training of teaching staff in
environmental topics. In order to incorporate environmental education
aspects within the school curriculum, the nomination of one teacher
per year from Abancay is being supported to participate in the
"T'ikay Wasi Training Program" run by APECO. By this
means, the sharing of complementary skills between these two WWF
partners is enabling them to improve their performance in the
projects.
Activity Objectives:
1. To increase the inhabitants' knowledge in terms of production
and topics related to conservation of biodiversity, and create
an awareness of their dependency on natural resources in order
to promote sustainable use.
2. To raise the awareness of GOs and NGOs who are working in
development so that they incorporate gender issues in their proposals.
3. To reinforce the technical abilities of personnel on the project
and maximise the experience acquired in other areas by other institutions.
4. To encourage the interest of teachers from the schools of
Abancay in topics related to environmental education through disseminating
positive experiences.
5. To make the population aware of the importance of the conservation
of AFS and to the sustainable use of natural resources.
6. To prepare printed and audiovisual material to support the
planned courses as well as the educational and informative activities.
PE0042 Peru: Integrated Conservation & Development Programme
in the Noroeste Biosphere Reserve
Project Summary:
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The four protected areas involved in this project harbour the
best conserved remnants of the Pacific Tropical Dry Forest which
once stretched from central Ecuador to northern Peru, and the
southernmost coastal mangroves in the Pacific Ocean. This project
aims to conserve representative examples of equatorial dry forest
for scientific research, public education, and tourism by reducing
the destructive pressure on the forest and other ecosystems by
means of a strategy for sustainable use of the natural resources
developed and implemented by the local population and user groups
located within the area of influence.
Priority Biomes %
| | Strategies %
|
Forests 0 | | Consumption & Pollution 0
|
Freshwater Ecosystems 0 | |
EE & Capacity Building 0 |
Oceans and Coasts 0 | |
Protected Areas 0 |
Non-Priority Biomes 0 | |
Species 0 |
Non-Biome Specific 100 | |
Sustainable Resource Use 0 |
| | Treaties & Legislation 0
|
| | Non-Priority Strategies 100
|
Project Background:
Located in northwest Peru, the Noroeste Biosphere Reserve (NBR)
is made up of three contiguous protected areas: the Tumbes National
Forest which is now called Tumbes Reserved Zone (TRZ) and was
officially decreed in July 1957; the Cerros de Amotape National
Park (CANP) and El Angolo Hunting Reserve (EAHR), both created
in July 1975. The status of Biosphere Reserve was conferred by
UNESCO over the 231,000 ha making up these areas in 1977, though
this status is not legally recognized under Peruvian legislation.
The FPCN Noroeste Programme also includes activities in the Tumbes
Mangrove National Sanctuary, a fourth protected area created in
1988 which is not officially included within the Biosphere Reserve,
but treated as such for purposes of the Programme. WWF support
to the area was initiated in 1976 under a specific project focused
on Cerros de Amotape National Park. In 1987, WWF began working
with FPCN to promote management of Cerros de Amotape National
Park and the Tumbes Mangrove Sanctuary. The Programme was initiated
in 1987 when the Peruvian Park Service and the Fundacion Peruana
para la Conservacion de la Naturaleza (FPCN) undertook an analysis
of the threats and problems facing the NBR with support from WWF.
Following that, activities commenced with the formulation of an
Operational Plan for the Park, the core area of the NBR, which
in turn led to a series of activities to equip the Park with infrastructure,
including personnel and control posts. In 1989, WWF support led
to an expansion of the Programme to include the provision of infrastructure
to the Sanctuary, as well as funding for the mapping of landuse
in the surrounding areas. Also in this year, the scope of the
Programme was expanded from the strict provision of infrastructure
to include a socioeconomic component that works with buffer
zone communities to develop resourceuse practices that aim
to conserve NBR natural resources over the long term. Along these
lines, WWF and FPCN expanded the Programme in 1990 to include
the TRZ, beginning with a socioeconomic analysis of the
user groups extracting and utilizing resources from this unit.
The diagnostic was followed by a series of participatory workshops
with neighbouring communities to present the results of the analysis
and explore future management options. WWF participates with FPCN
in the overall design of the Programme and its activities and
works on at least a semiannual basis with the onsite
programme officials of FPCN. WWF is the principal funder of the
NBR Programme and is assisting FPCN in the effort to build technical
and financial support from other donors.
Project Objectives:
1. To strengthen the management capacity of two protected areas
in the Biosphere Reserve: Cerros de Amotape National Park (CANP)
and Tumbes Reserved Zone (TRZ).
2. To minimize the human impact on these units by promoting sustainable
resource use among communities in the respective buffer zones.
3. To carry out research investigations aimed at demonstrating
the feasibility of using the forest and other renewable resources
in a sustainable manner.
4. To formulate guidelines for policies and standards to achieve
conservation of the NBR.
5. To achieve maximum understanding of the problem facing natural
resource conservation on the part of local populations and user
groups and ensure an adequate public and private response to address
these problems.
PE0042.1: Protected Areas Management (Jul. 95 - Jun. 00)
Activity Background:
WWF support to the area was initiated in 1976 under a specific
project focused on Cerros de Amotape National Park. In 1987, WWF
began working with FPCN to promote a participatory planning process
for the management of CANP and LMTNS. Though all four units have
officially given protected area status under national legislation,
the Peruvian Park Service receives limited funding from the State
for the management and protection of the areas. Until the Programme
began in 1988, no conservation infrastructure of any kind existed.
By FY94, the Park and LMTNS had been equipped with control posts
and staff, though other areas were left unprotected as were the
entire area of the TRZ and EAHR. Late in 1994, the Programme successfully
obtained a large grant from the Dutch bilateral funding agency
with which to initiate the project "Management and Integrated
Use of the Mangroves on the Northwest Peruvian coast", for
a period of five years commencing in 1995. This project includes
activities to strengthen the management of the Sanctuary, land
titling, fiscal and legal procedures for land tenancy, conservation
awarenessraising at all levels, and research and sustainable
use of resources.
Activity Objectives:
1. To strengthen the control and surveillance system of CANP
and TRZ through providing personnel, building new infrastructure
and improving that which already exists as well as covering operational
costs.
Activity Biomes:
Tropical Dry Forest.
Activity Species:
American Crocodile; Columbia WhiteTailed Deer; Cougar; Mantled
Howler Monkey; Margay; Neotropical River Otter; Ocelot.
PE0042.2: SocioEconomic Development and Sustainable
Resource Use (Jul. 95 - Jun. 00)
Activity Background:
Some of the residents in communities located in the buffer zones
of the NBR protected areas depend on the extraction of resources
from the areas for their livelihood, particularly timber for firewood
and construction. Many families are engaged in the extraction
of shellfish and shrimp larvae from LMTNS and its adjacent areas.
Controlled grazing of goats is also an important activity, both
in the gallery mesquite forests located adjacent to the protected
areas, as well as within certain parts of the protected areas,
especially the TRZ. Resource extraction within the NBR needs to
be controlled such that extraction from some areas is reduced
to more sustainable levels or eliminated altogether (as within
the Park, for instance). At the same time, extraction from the
gallery forests of the buffer zones can be managed to produce
higher and more productive yields of a number of products including
firewood, construction materials, and fooder for goats. To promote
the development of such practices, a Programme for SocioEconomic
Development and Sustainable Resource Use was developed for working
with communities in the buffer zones to improve extractive practices
and develop more efficient technologies for utilizing resources
once extracted. This Programme currently operates through modules
designed to demonstrate integrated and sustainable use of resources
at the community level. Important progress have been made on improving
nets for shrimp larvae extraction. Commencing in 1992, the Noroeste
Programme initiated a process under which forest resources will
be comanaged by neighbouring communities, user groups, and
local and regional government agencies. This process began with
a socioeconomic survey of user groups to estimate the volumes
of resources extracted by area. Activities centred on bringing
the user groups together through a series of participatory workshops
to plan for multipleuse of forest resources. The outcome
was a Management Plan in which the forest is zoned for a variety
of uses, with specific volumes and areas of extraction agreed
upon and closely monitored. During the evaluation carried out
in September 1994, it was stressed that TRZ had received very
scarce funding despite of the increasingly high threat to its
conservation. The project pays special attention to creating awareness
on sustainable resource use amongst young people through environmental
education linked to demonstration models with education purposes
(beekeeping, duckraising modules, composting, earthworm
culture, nurseries, etc).
Activity Objectives:
1. To minimise the human pressure on the protected areas by promoting
sustainable resource use in their buffer zones.
2. To encourage participatory community planning to better identify
the types of resource use practices to be improved and promoted,
and to actively involve the neighbouring population in the planning/management
of the protected areas.
3. To develop a potential set of more sustainable practices and
resourceefficient technologies identified with buffer zone
communities, including extraction of timber and marine resources.
4. To use the NBR as a model for the sustainable use of natural
resources at the regional and national levels.
5. To create consciousness at all levels on the importance of
NBR resources and their appropriate use through environmental
education programmes.
Activity Biomes:
Tropical Dry Forest.
PE0042.3: FPCN Noroeste Programme Management (Jul. 95 -
Jun. 00)
Activity Background:
With the growth and extension of the Programme, administration
of the NBRICDP is an increasingly complex and important
activity. This activity includes the contracting of Programme
staff and its oversight, as well as the provision of supplies,
equipment, and other resources necessary to the smooth and ongoing
implementation of all aspects of the Programme. Despite the changes
in the government administrative structure, the staff has been
extremely successful in obtaining regional government support
and endorsement for the Programme, including securing fiscal allocations
for both the Sanctuary and the Park. These and other inkind
contributions from the regional government, the Army, and the
Navy had great significance in the midst of Peru's financial and
social difficulties. The Programme has been active in defining
forest use policy in the northern dry forest of Peru. Through
a process of lobbying the authorities and through the results
of the PRA workshops, some very positive laws have been set in
motion (i.e. Ley de Veda no 26258).
Activity Objectives:
1. To strengthen existing organizational systems for managing
and implementing Programme activities and the consolidation of
the central management function at the Programme field office
in Piura.
2. To promote sound conservation policy and practices at local
and regional government levels.
3. To raise conservation awareness among government officials,
journalists, school teachers, and other key stakeholders.
4. To obtain regional government support and endorsement for
FPCN's Noroeste Programme, including securing fiscal allocations
for the protected areas involved.
5. To ensure coherence between the different projects managed
by FPCN as a whole Programme within the framework of an Integrated
Conservation and Development Project.
Activity Biomes:
Tropical Dry Forest.
PE0042.5: Applied research (Jul. 95 - Jun. 00)
Activity Background:
The Programme places high priority on applied research clearly
focused on activities closely linked to the resolution of problems
encountered in the buffer zone such as the control of the shrub
"borrachera". This is a fastgrowing woody weed
which has become extremely abundant both as a result of manmade
deforestation and of an increase in seed dispersal and survival
during extreme rainy years in the 1970s and early 1980s. This
plant has a high toxic content, which can have a lethal effect
on cattle and goats. More importantly, as borrachera spreads and
becomes established, its abundance and resistance virtually eliminate
the prospect for regenerating forest cover. In accordance with
the last evaluation recommendations a complete review of information
was carried out and a workshop was held in Piura in order to bring
together the academic and research institutions and design a participatory
project. In 1994 Bioconservation International awarded some funds
to the organization Earthwatch to instigate research to define
the ecological requirements of carnivores. These studies were
carried out in the TRZ using capturing and rangefinding
techniques to monitor the movements of Felis pardalis and Felis
weidii, the latter being reported for the first time in the Tumbes
forest. Carrying on with these studies is crucial to set the basis
for the management of these endangered species. There are still
baseline data missing on the amount of firewood, hardwood and
pasture usage by area within TRZ and CANP, which must be quantified
and reconciled with the regenerative capacity of resources and
used to establish zones for use and protection.
Activity Objectives:
1. To develop ecological studies on Ipomoea carnea (borrachera)
in order to better tackle its large spreading at the expense of
the forest and to avoid its noxious effect upon cattle and goat
breeding.
2. To develop research to define the ecological requirements
of carnivores (Felis pardalis and Felis weidii) in order to gather
information which will enable the formulation of a strategy for
the management of endangered species.
3. To promote and offer opportunities for basic and applied scientific
research on the resources of NBR which will led to their sustainable
use.
Activity Species:
Margay (Felis wiedii); Ocelot (Felis pardalis).
PE0601 Peru: Conservation and Ecologically Sustainable Development
in the Manu BR
Project Summary:
View Map
A growing population in the buffer zone of the Manu Biosphere
Reserve (MBR), without appropriate landuse practices, threatens
their own subsistence resource base and the integrity of the Manu
National Park (MNP). This problem is being addressed through the
implementation of an Integrated Conservation and Development project
which consolidates former ongoing activities while directing
greater efforts to the buffer zone as part of the implementation
of the Biosphere Reserve concept. The development and application
of more appropriate (ecologically sound, economicallyfeasible
and culturally acceptable) resourceuse practices and systems
together with various other activities in support to local people
and their organizations, the Park Administration and regional
authorities, should all contribute to the longterm conservation
of the natural resources and biological diversity of the Manu
Biosphere Reserve. With this project, FPCN, APECO and WWF are
not providing a recipe for the area, but rather proposing to the
inhabitants a longterm joint venture to search together,
through successes and failures, for an integrated system of rural
sustainable development as well as a range of formal and nonformal
environmental education activities which are adequate to the realities
of the area. At its best, the project aims to demonstrate how
this and other "buffer zones" of Biosphere Reserves
could be used in a timely manner, before destructive practices
remove any chance of longterm management of their natural
resources.
Priority Biomes %
| | Strategies %
|
Forests 100 | | Consumption & Pollution 0
|
Freshwater Ecosystems 0 | |
EE & Capacity Building 30 |
Oceans and Coasts 0 | |
Protected Areas 20 |
Non-Priority Biomes 0 | |
Species 0 |
Non-Biome Specific 0 | |
Sustainable Resource Use 50 |
| | Treaties & Legislation 0
|
| | Non-Priority Strategies 0
|
Project Background:
Manu is one of the foremost conservation areas in Latin America.
Its great ecosystem and biological diversity has given it worldwide
recognition including its declaration as a UNESCO "World
Heritage Site" and, along with an adjacent buffer area, its
designation as Biosphere Reserve. Manu National Park is the core
area of the Reserve and has been set aside for full protection.
Covering an area of 1.5 million ha in the Inka Region of southeast
Peru, the Park houses mainly a large portion of the speciesrich
lowland Amazon rainforests of Madre de Dios Department at 200m
above sea level, but also a whole range of 12 other ecosystem
types ("life zones") extending from cloud and dwarf
forests on the eastern slopes of the Andes to the high Andean
"puna" or paramo in the Cusco Department at 4,000m.
The park also safeguards the upper and middle watershed of the
Manu river system, with its 37 tributaries, as well as that of
most tributaries to the torrential Alto Madre de Dios river which
originates in the Paucartambo mountain chain in the Andes. The
speciesrich forests of Madre de Dios contain worldrecord
numbers of species of mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, freshwater
fishes and plants. In an area of less than 5 sq km of Manu Park
lowlands alone, approximately 10 percent of the world's bird species
and over 1,000 species of vascular plants have been recorded so
far. Viable populations of at least 17 species of endangered fauna
as well as valuable timber such as mahogany and cedar and other
plant species under human pressure elsewhere are protected at
Manu. Moreover, traditional knowledge of the use of natural resources
is held by several native groups living within and around the
Park area. Manu is one of the few areas in the world that shelter
uncontacted tribes. Immigration from the Andes to the lowlands
has been the most important source of population growth in the
area, accounting for over half of the current settled population
(about 13,000 in total). In addition, about 10,000 migrant workers
make use of the area. The main economic activities in the area
are timber extraction, subsistence farming and cattle raising,
none of which seem sustainable in ecological or economical terms.
Continued extraction without reforestation is rapidly depleting
timber resources in the buffer area which in turn increases dependence
on subsistence farming. Moreover, current agricultural and grazing
practices result in extensive land use patterns associated with
soil degradation and low levels of productivity. All this eventually
leads to continued direct use of and increasing dependency on
natural resources from the Manu Park itself. Within the park,
current problems faced by the park authorities include illegal
grazing, logging and goldmining as well as wildlife poaching
and uncontrolled tourism. Other potential threats are proposed
road building and oil exploitation. WWF has supported conservation
efforts in Manu since 1969, before it was declared a national
park in 1973. Later, in 1985, FPCN was established and has since
become a major partner in activities supported by WWF in Manu.
Initially, support was exclusively provided in the form of financial
assistance to the Park Administration to make it functional: implementation
of protection, patrolling, and maintenance of park guard staff
and stations were viewed as primary concerns, for which training,
equipment and infrastructure were provided. However, as the western
and southeastern borders were not marked on the ground, conflict
arose between Park authorities and local people who then perceived
the protection of lands and natural resources in the Park as a
hindrance to individual and community progress. Since that time,
increasing human pressure on the Park and within the buffer zone
has led to a widening of FPCN/WWF's scope to incorporate human
needs in the protected area management. By intensifying management
and utilization of agricultural, forest and wildlife resources
in the buffer zone of the Manu Biosphere Reserve, people's subsistence
base is strengthened whilst human pressure on the natural resources
of the National Park should be alleviated. Environmentallysound
intensification of land management in the buffer zone is now necessary
in order to anticipate further increase in population and utilization
of the area in the long term. Socioeconomic and natural
resource use information were subsequently gathered as baseline
for the elaboration of an Operational Plan. It also became apparent
that community participation in all phases of planning and management
together with the public perception of the Park as a (nonconsumptive)
resource base for socioeconomic development of neighbouring
communities, and as a repository of renewable natural resources
and genetic diversity, were also essential for local (and public
in general) support and the successful protection of conservation
areas. Since 1987 a series of processoriented participatory
planning workshops, involving major stakeholders with an interest
in the area, were organized as a forum for input about perceived
problems and possible practical solutions. Residents were vocal
about their needs and their desire for technical help to find
alternatives to the expansion of use of Park lands. As a result
of this series of workshops, a local support committee for the
Biosphere Reserve was established with 48 representatives for
the local population within and around the Park. In addition,
an Operational Plan for the Park Administration was drafted in
1991 which in spite of not being officially approved has been
an important tool for the park management.
Project Objectives:
1. To strengthen the management capacity of the official MNP
administration and Manu Reserved Zone through the improvement
of the existing infrastructure, equipment, etc.
2. To promote the sustainable use of natural resources in the
buffer and transitional zones of the MBR in order to improve the
quality of life of the user groups, which will also reduce the
damaging pressure on MNP.
3. To influence regional/national policies regarding land use
planning for the area and promote regulations and legal procedures,
including regulation of land tenure and the establishment of other
protected areas.
4. To have a better knowledge of the natural resources and socioeconomic
context of MBR.
5. To encourage the organization and participation of local people
in activities related to planning and management of natural resources
6. To reinforce and enhance educational issues to promote the
sustainable use of natural resources as well as a better knowledge,
understanding and skills to participate in making decisions related
to the wellbeing of their own environment.
PE0601.1: Support to Protected Areas (Jul. 96 - Jun. 00)
Activity Background:
This component of the project dates back to 1983, and basically
involves support to ongoing protection activities carried
out by the Park Administration. Financial and technical assistance
has been provided for boundary demarcation, patrolling, training
of the park personnel, the purchase of equipment and construction
of infrastructure needed for protection activities in the park,
including boundary demarcation (southestern border), construction
of control posts (4), purchase of equipment (vehicles, boats,
radios, solar panels, horses, uniforms, etc.). As a result of
the associated increased official presence in Manu settlers and
poachers have been driven out of the Manu river, human encroachment
has slowed down and awareness of the existence of the National
Park has been raised in general. During the latter half of 1991,
the official administration of MNP, with technical support from
FPCN, elaborated a two year Operational Plan for MNP. This plan
establishes the activities that should be carried out by the Park
Administration during two years in the areas of protection, resource
management, training, public use of the Park, and local use planning.
This was the result of several months of processoriented
participatory planning workshops that involved local resource
users, local, regional and national governments authorities, grass
roots groups representative of the interests of the colonists,
peasants and indigenous people, local schools, representatives
of several conservation organizations, research scientists and
tour operators.
Activity Objectives:
1. To strengthen the administrative capacity of MNP and MRZ through
the improvement of the infrastructure, equipment and training.
This will ensure the presence of the Peruvian State in the Park
and its Transitional Zone.
2. To promote regulations and legal procedures which will contribute
to the conservation of natural resources and the establishment
of other protected areas in the region.
3. To encourage and promote the planning of the MNP, the MRZ
and other protected areas that could be established in the Region.
Activity Biomes:
Tropical Moist Forest.
Activity Methods:
Community Conservation; Ecotourism Development; Institutional
Support and Development; Protected Area Management.
Activity Species:
Andean cock of the rock (Rupicola peruviana); Andean condor (Vultur
gryphus); Black caiman (Melanosuchus niger); Black spider monkey
(Ateles paniscus); Brazilian tapir (Tapirus terrestris); Columbia
whitetailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus leucurus); Cougar
(Felis concolor); Giant otter (Pteronura Braziliensis); Goeldi's
marmoset (Callimico goeldii); Harpy eagle (Harpia harpyja); Jaguar
(Panthera onca); Spectacled bear (Tremarctos ornatus); Whitelipped
peccary (Tayassu pecari); Yellowspotted sideneck turtle
(Podocnemis unifilis).
PE0601.2: Social and Economic Development (Jul. 96 - Jun.
00)
Activity Background:
This is the most recently created programme (1990). Even though
FPCN staff has already been carrying out some pilot activities
during the first years, the major development of this component
happened in the previous phase of the project (19931995).
It is mainly concerned with the implementation and promotion of
appropriate and viable agriculture techniques, livestock management,
forestry activities, agroforestry and wildlife utilization techniques
among the population living in the buffer zone (support zone)
of MNP in tandem with training and environmental and health education
activities.
Activity Objectives:
1. To establish a set of sustainable development uses to demonstrate
the feasibility of using forest and other natural resources in
a sustainable way within the framework of integrated development
in the transitional zones of protected areas.
2. To encourage the use of appropriate technology in the use
and transformation of renewable natural resources.
3. To promote the regulation of land tenure and planning in the
transitional zone of the MBR.
4. To support identification of key conservation species in the
Park and their management in order to promote the biodiversity
conservation.
Activity Biomes:
Mixed Mountain Systems; Tropical Moist Forest.
Activity Methods:
Community Conservation.
PE0601.3: Applied Research Programme (Jul. 96 - Jun. 00)
Activity Background:
The Manu Applied Research Programme was set up in 1989 to develop,
identify and monitor new technologies for sustainable management
of terrestrial and aquatic biological resources of potential benefit
to the socioeconomic development of the people settled in
the buffer zone of MNP and beyond. To a large extent, this programme
draws and builds on basic research that has taken place in the
Manu area during the last decade mainly at the Cocha Cashu Biological
Station and the Smithsonian BIOLAT site at Pakitza. Studies conducted
at those sites provided a sound source of information on the general
ecology of the MNP ecosystems, the natural history and ecology
of particular species or communities as well as forest management.
The PIA currently designs and carry out experimental research
on farming, forestry, and wildlife resources with potential or
actual use but will also identify and monitor potentially sound
techniques that could be incorporated into the Manu Programme.
The PIA will also supply scientific and technical information
for use in the Social Development Programme's extension, training
and education activities, and it is made available for feedback
consulting research on new problems discerned by extension personnel
in the field. It is important to note that although a few research
activities took place within the park, the majority of this research
has been conducted directly on land occupied by cooperating residents
of the buffer area. In this way, positive results mainly accrue
to local people. In addition, local people's involvement is sought
to ease the transfer of research results into practice.
Activity Objectives:
1. To identify, develop, and monitor technologies for sustained
management of biological resources with potential benefit to local
inhabitants of the Biosphere Reserve to be implemented by the
Social Development Programme.
Activity Biomes:
Mixed Mountain Systems; Tropical Moist Forest.
Activity Methods:
Research and Monitoring.
PE0601.4: Participatory Community Organization (Jul. 96
- Jun. 00)
Activity Background:
This component of the Manu Project is a programme under the direct
responsibility of the project's Director. It entails essential
networking, consultation, coordination and formalization of cooperation
between stakeholders with an interest in the MBR, namely NGOs,
GOs, indigenous and grass roots organizations, and other institutions
involved in policy and land use planning activities impinging
on the project area, as well as national, regional or local authorities
involved in its management (e.g. Park authorities). It has been
intensively developed since 1989 and includes a wide range of
activities from monitoring needs at the community level and getting
official government support for FPCN activities in the area to
serving as a source of technical advice in government policy and
planning activities. Overall, this programme aims at guaranteeing
the success and longterm sustainability of the project and
supporting the design and implementation of environmentallysound
policies at the regional level as well as promoting the ongoing
planning process. It also includes the cost of some members of
staff who provide technical support to the social and economic
development of the zone of influence.
Activity Objectives:
1. To reinforce and enhance educational campaigns addressed to
stakeholders in order to promote the sustainable use of natural
renewable resources as well as a better understanding of the importance
of the conservation of natural protected areas.
2. To encourage the participation of the local people in activities
related to organization and planning in order to improve their
quality of life. The project will emphasize the participation
of women in these activities.
3. To have a better knowledge of MBR. For this reason, a diagnosis
of the socioeconomic condition will be carried out. Participatory
Rural Appraisal workshops will be one of the tools to identify
the needs of local communities.
Activity Biomes:
Tropical Moist Forest.
Activity Methods:
Ecotourism Development; Institutional Support and Development;
Lobbying; Policy Development.
PE0601.6: Environmental Education Programme (Jul. 94 - Dec.
95)
Activity Background:
APECO has developed institutional capacity since its creation
in 1982, publishing educational material and running officially
recognized courses for teachers and promoters. A campaign for
Manu National Park and an environmental education project were
conducted from 1984 to 1990. The education system in the area
reflects the national education system, based on rote learning,
where the relation between teacher and pupil is very vertical.
No adaptation of curriculum and educational materials to the local
reality and the needs of the population is undertaken. Most teachers
have not developed pedagogical skills and their training has not
prepared them to teach practical things that are of some use in
the rural areas. In Indian communities in the Amazon and the Andes,
the pupils are introduced to reading and writing in Spanish and,
as the teachers are not members of the community in most cases,
the schools tend to become centres of acculturation.
Activity Objectives:
1. To implement a range of activities involving the formal education
system in the area surrounding MNP which will mobilize and build
the capacity of the teachers and the curriculum to deliver EE
related to the environmental problems of the area and the conservation
of the Park.
2. To implement a process of nonformal education which
will motivate the participation of local people in the area surrounding
MNP to search for solutions to the environmental problems which
specifically affect their particular community and culture.
3. To facilitate a network of a range of governmental and NGOs
working in MNP and its surrounding area to integrate the EE programme
with existing extension and education initiatives in the region
and encourage alliances between communities and community groups.
Activity Methods:
Education.
PE0601.7: Student Research and Training Programme (Jul.
94 - Jun. 96)
Activity Background:
See Project Background.
Activity Objectives:
See Project Objectives.
Activity Methods:
Research and Monitoring; Training.
PE0601.8: Manu Trust Fund (Oct. 92 - Sep. 95)
Activity Background:
See Project Background.
Activity Objectives:
See Project Objectives.
PE0602 Peru: Institutional Development & Training Programme
Peru
Project Summary:
Peru was recognized by the Biodiversity Task Force set up by the
World Bank, WWF, IUCN, and UNEP as one of the world's twelve mega
biodiversity countries. ODA has also recognized Peru for special
treatment under its Biodiversity Strategy. WWF has been working
in Peru for 25 years and has helped to set up the system for protected
areas and raise environmental awareness. Many of Peru's finest
National Parks such as Manu have been established with help from
WWF. WWF has an expanding programme in Peru which covers forests,
wetland and marine ecosystems as well as communication and education
programmes. WWF has won the confidence and respect of the Peruvian
Government and NGO movement and it is in a position to provide
the valuable technical support requested by both the NGO movement
and the government agencies. WWF has decided to adopt four main
strategies in Peru: work at the national level on policy and treaties,
at the grass roots level on demonstration field projects, and
to support these with effective education, communication/public
awareness and institutional development programmes. All four strategies
will have an impact both on the environment and the millions of
poor people who depend upon it for their survival. In Peru there
are a large number of projects with the potential to link conservation
and development (ICDPs). There is a volume of experience and expertise
among the people involved in those projects. This project will
strengthen the capacity of NGOs and government agencies to manage
ICDPs in Peru through training, capacity building and dissemination
of information. This will be achieved by setting up a facility
within Peru that will identify training needs and link up with
regional trainers and training institutions; develop a core of
trainers in ICDPs within existing regional organizations who can
continue to provide necessary training and followup; and
develop and disseminate information on ICDPs to policy makers
and donors. This project provides a global view on environmental
problems in Peru promoting a closer relationship between the different
GOs, NGOs, and international institutions, and a better use of
the funds allocated from international donors.
Priority Biomes %
| | Strategies %
|
Forests 0 | | Consumption & Pollution 0
|
Freshwater Ecosystems 0 | |
EE & Capacity Building 100 |
Oceans and Coasts 0 | |
Protected Areas 0 |
Non-Priority Biomes 50 | |
Species 0 |
Non-Biome Specific 50 | |
Sustainable Resource Use 0 |
| | Treaties & Legislation 0
|
| | Non-Priority Strategies 0
|
Project Background:
Peru has been identified by WWF, IUCN and the World Bank Biodiversity
Task Force as one of the twelve most biologically diverse countries
in the world (reference: IUCN publication). The overall diversity
can be attributed to a variety of causes including the ecoclimate
created by a combination of the Amazon, Andes, and Humboldt's
marine currents. Plants have developed a survival mechanism for
altitudes from sea level to just below the snow line in the Andes.
The coastal systems combine most of the species found on both
sides of the Equator. Of the 104 life zones currently described
on the planet, 83 are sited in Peru. It is also the origin of
some of the most important crops used by man, such as potatoes,
tomatoes and maize. Consequently, Peru has an enormous potential
to contribute to the survival of the planet. Five of the 233 most
critical plant biodiversity sites in the world identified by the
WWF/ODA/EEC Centres of Plant Diversity Programme are sited in
Peru. It is the second in the world in bird species, sixth in
mammals, and eleventh in plant species. Peru's coastal and marine
ecosystems are also amongst the most diverse in the world and
some of the most threatened by pollution. The main threat to biodiversity
comes from the rising population and unsustainable land use practices.
Peru's last census in 1993 shows that it has an annual population
increase of more than 2% and its population is about 22.5 million
people. About 66% of the people now live in towns. The combination
of the population increase combined with damage to the natural
resource base and with terrorism (in the past) has caused mass
migration to the cities, the Peruvian Amazon, Puma, and coastal
zones. The impact of these migrants on the fragile Amazonian forests
and coastal ecosystems has caused an enormous impact on biodiversity
and the capacity for people to survive. Peru's forests are being
destroyed at over 84 acres a minute and, far from increasing productivity,
it is resulting in a growing amount of unproductive land in the
Amazon region. In the Andes the water catchment forests on the
eastern slopes of the Andes are being destroyed. In addition,
many of the erosion control and soil retention measures created
during Inca and preInca times were not repaired or replaced
and have already collapsed or are in the process of doing so.
Whole mountain sides have already slid into the rivers and streams
of the Amazon basin. Less than half of the population can now
be effectively sustained on the same land with socalled
modern systems largely because the top soil has disappeared and
so have many of the soil enriching plants. Water resources are
a critical issue in Peru. Freshwater ecosystems are among the
most damaged and threatened in Peru. No value is placed on many
of the water systems by government authorities, industries or
local people. Consequently, they are being destroyed by government
policies, commercial activities and in some cases the very people
who depend upon them. Water ecosystems are being polluted by mining,
agrochemicals, and city pollution activities. Many of the nationalised
industries, particularly in the mining and fisheries sector have
traditionally paid virtually no regard to the environmental or
social impacts of their operations and they continue to cause
massive pollution problems. Costs of environmental improvements
have not been internalised in the cost of production. The overall
impact of the denationalization programme combined with an improvement
in the economic situation is resulting in rapid industrialisation
in some areas with related pollution problems. Some environmental
improvements have been called for from those bidding for nationalised
industries. However, some members of the government are concerned
that if Peru insists on applying good environmental laws this
might adversely affect Peru's privatization programme. WWF will
work with the 2021 Group of businessmen who are interested in
sustainable development. They appear to have some influence at
the highest level in Peru. WWF helped them to run a very successful
conference on sustainability last year which was attended by 600
middle and senior businessmen. WWF will also work with a group
of Peru's top economists to develop economic models that reflect
the true economic values of the environmental damage caused by
industry and the values of the services and functions of the intact
forests and water systems of Peru. The Project Manager will provide
technical support and coordinate with other NGOs and institutions
to help implement the conventions and treaties.
Project Objectives:
Goal:
1. To achieve integration of conservation and development needs
in Peru and as a result maintain and restore viable ecosystems
which will benefit rural and urban poor in all lifezones in Peru.
Objectives:
1. To improve the capacity of WWF incountry programmes,
local NGOs, government agencies and partner communities to design,
implement, monitor and evaluate ICDPs, ICZMs, education and policy
projects through a participatory process.
2. To develop a core of trainers and institutions in Peru who
are capable of carrying out future ICDPs, education and conflict
resolution training.
3. To help the Peruvian Government implement the international
treaties it was committed to at Rio including Biodiversity, Ramsar,
and sustainable development.
4. To impact on the most polluting industries including extractive
activities such as mining, fisheries and oil by working in partnership
with NGOs and industry.
5. To increase the flow of information on project design and
management technology.
6. To develop an environmental education programme at the national
and project level.
7. To promote public awareness in conservation and sustainable
development.
8. To share experiences with other countries and regions.
PE0602.1: Institutional Development & Training Programme
Peru (Sep. 94 - Sep. 99)
Activity Background:
See Project Background.
Activity Objectives:
See Project Objectives.
Activity Methods:
Institutional Support and Development; Lobbying; Policy Development;
Programme / Project Development.
PE0851 Peru: Protection & Management of Rio Abiseo National
Park
Project Summary:
Rio Abiseo National Park (RANP) ICDP's primary objective is biodiversity
conservation. This is to be achieved through reduction of anthropogenic
pressure on natural resources by means of planning and promotion
of sustainable development activities by populations located in
the area of influence, and by raising awareness among local people
about the environmental problems they are facing and the need
to conserve natural resources in order to ensure an adequate response
to address these problems.
Priority Biomes %
| | Strategies %
|
Forests 80 | | Consumption & Pollution 0
|
Freshwater Ecosystems 0 | |
EE & Capacity Building 19 |
Oceans and Coasts 0 | |
Protected Areas 39 |
Non-Priority Biomes 20 | |
Species 0 |
Non-Biome Specific 0 | |
Sustainable Resource Use 36 |
| | Treaties & Legislation 6
|
| | Non-Priority Strategies 0
|
Project Background:
The eastern slopes of the Andes have been identified as a priority
for conservation in Peru due to its high biological diversity
and endemism and the serious environmental degradation they are
currently facing. The Rio Abiseo National Park (RANP) was created
in 1983 over an area of 274,520 ha in order to protect a portion
of these slopes in northeast Peru including important cloud forests
and Andean paramo, and a major part of the Abiseo River watershed,
which is part of the Huallaga basin and a Pleistocene refuge.
Although baseline studies in the area are still very limited,
we already know that the ecosystems of northeast Peru which are
protected in Abiseo are quite distinct to other protected montane
forests of Peru, thus being considered as a biogeographic province
in itself. Over 50% of flowering plants are not protected elsewhere
and the yellowtailed woolly monkey (Lagothrix flavicauda),
the Huallaga toucan (Aulacorhynchus huallagae) and the "ratopposum"
(Thomasomys sp.) are endemic to northeast Peru. This area remains
almost unexplored and in the few scientific expeditions carried
out by APECO there have been found 11 genera and 13 mammals new
to science. There have also been recorded 132 bird species of
which 9 are endemic to Peru, 5 have very limited distribution
and several have very narrow altitudinal distribution (approx
300m), therefore a high specificity in terms of habitat. In addition
to the yellowtailed woolly monkey, the park is also home
to other endangered species like the taruca (Hippocamelus antisensis),
the spectacled bear (Tremarctus ornatus) and the condor (Vultur
gryphus), among others. Thirty six archaeological sites, including
the important "Gran Pajaten", extend over 1,500 sq km
inside and outside the Park and give Rio Abiseo a unique cultural
significance that enhances its natural value. UNESCO has declared
the Park a World Heritage Site.
Conservation of biodiversity and ecological processes of the Park
are threatened by a number of elements, however, including conflicting
land uses such as extensive cattle raising, with associated burning
and soil degradation; extreme poverty of neighbouring villages
with associated health problems (malnutrition and infectious diseases);
mining linked to serious pollution damage and deforestation to
supply the mines with wood; uncontrolled "treasure"
and hunting expeditions; and inadequate road planning. The size
of the Park is also considered a limitation to the viability of
large mammal populations. RANP has been one of the key ICDP projects
in Peru. WWF financial support started in 1982 when the studies
to propose its creation and the preliminary Master Plan started.
In 1985, after the creation of the park (1983), WWF financed the
evaluation of the western boundaries in order to identify threats
and problems in the park, which was the basis to initate activities
geared towards the management and control of this area. Through
WWF's ecoregion priority setting exercise, this particular area
was ranked as one of the highest priority for conservation in
LA/C. In 1986 funding of field activities started through FPCN
and APECO (both NGOs) in collaboration with the
National Park's authority. Since the end of 1993 the German Technical
Cooperation agency (GTZ) has been supporting the Park, focusing
on the promotion of sustainable development in the buffer area
and the design of a public use programme as well as strengthening
the Park's administration and the education components. GTZ's
budget limitations make it essential for WWF to provide complementary
support to the park at least until some new additional funding
sources are identified.
Project Objectives:
1. To strengthen the management capacity of the park administration.
2. To start a process towards sustainable development of neighbouring
communities and reduce human pressure on RANP's resources.
3. To increase local people's knowledge and awareness of environmental
matters as well as their participation in conservation and sustainable
development action in and around the Park.
4. To provide legal support to the communities affected by mining
pollution and raise public awareness about the problem.
PE0851.1: Support to Park Management (Jul. 94 - Jun. 00)
Activity Background:
Since 1986 WWF has allowed the start of the administration of
the Park, control and lobbying activities in the northwestern
zone, where there is more pressure from human activities. Since
then two guard posts have been built and equipped, signs panels
established, vehicles (motorcycles and a 4WD) provided and personnel
salaries have been covered as well as operational costs. Between
1992 and 1993, the Park went through a very serious economic crisis
due to a reduction in WWF's financial support to only USD20,000.
Consequently the project needed to be reformulated with
limited funding. In 1993 FPCN got funds from GTZ to cover staff
salaries. Subsequently, WWF increased its level of support.
Activity Objectives:
1. To strengthen the Park Administration management capability
by hiring and training personnel, and by the appropriate provision
of infrastructure and equipment.
2. To promote and strengthen relationships and participation
of authorities and the neighbouring population in order to get
them involved in the conservation of the Park.
3. To ensure the State's presence in the Park and in the coordination
of sustainable development activities.
Activity Biomes:
Tropical Moist Forest.
Activity Methods:
Information Systems; Lobbying; Protected Area Management.
Activity Species:
Andean cock of the rock (Rupicola peruviana); Andean condor (Vultur
gryphus); North Andean huemul (Hippocamelus antisensis); Spectacled
bear (Tremarctos ornatus); Yellowbrowed toucanet (Aulacorhynchus
huallagae); Yellowtailed woolly monkey (Lagothrix flavicauda).
PE0851.2: Biodiversity Research (Jul. 98 - Jun. 99)
Activity Background:
See Project Background.
Activity Objectives:
See Project Objectives.
Activity Biomes:
Mixed Mountain Systems.
PE0851.3: Environmental Education (Oct. 97 - Jun. 00)
Activity Background:
In 1985 APECO started information campaigns and in 1986 formal
environmental education (EE) activities began. In 1990 and 1991
two EE workshops for managers of protected areas were held which
were attended by the Park Administrator. Other EE workshops were
given for park guards, promoters and community leaders between
1990 and 1993. The Park Administrator coordinates with the Educational
Services Unit of Pataz (USEPataz) with which he organizes
annual school competitions about knowledge on natural renewable
resources. Two teachers from the western and one from the eastern
buffer zone have recently benefitted from training in the T'ikay
Wasi Training the Trainers Programme.
Activity Objectives:
1. To enhance the multiplier effect expected from former participants
of the T'ikay Wasi Training Programme.
2. To improve environmental education methodologies among local
teachers.
3. To raise awareness about the importance of environmental problems
and encourage responsiveness among the population.
4. To identify candidate teachers to attend the T'ikay Wasi course.
Activity Biomes:
Tropical Moist Forest.
Activity Methods:
Education.
PE0851.5: Sustainable Development in the Western Buffer
Zone (Jul. 94 - Jun. 00)
Activity Background:
Activities such as reforestation, beekeeping, demonstrative
nurseries, promotion of home gardens, etc, have not been strongly
promoted in a continuous manner as they should be due to the lack
of human and financial resources. The productive base of the population
in the Andean area of influence is agriculture, mainly for subsistence.
The lack of potential agricultural soils given the prevailing
steep slopes limit the development of agriculture and is the root
cause of intense erosion processes.
Activity Objectives:
1. To reduce human pressure on natural resources through planning
and promotion of sustainable development activities among settlements
located in the area of influence.
2. To optimize land use by studying its potential and further
planning.
3. To design and implement a range of productive activities that
could be sustainable under the region conditions.
Activity Biomes:
Mixed Mountain Systems.
Activity Methods:
Agriculture Management; Community Conservation; Institutional
Support and Development; Programme / Project Development; Research
and Monitoring; Species Management; Training.
PE0851.6: Legal Defence of Peasant Communities (Jul. 94
- Jun. 00)
Activity Background:
A few gold mining companies have been operating in the western
buffer zone and their tailings and waste have had a serious effect
on the Parcoy river which flows into the Pias lagoon. On 30 March
1993 the tailing ponds of MARSA, located in the gorge of a tributary
of the Parcoy river, collapsed and caused an avalanche of mud
and tailings that killed eight peasants from the Llacuabamba community.
It also destroyed hundreds of ha of crops and natural forest.
The second community to be supported is that from Pias where the
lagoon has been totally polluted, becoming extremely dangerous
for the practice of acquaculture and local water consumption.
Activity Objectives:
1. To promote compliance with conservation, environment and natural
resources regulations by reference to the mining sector and to
strengthen participatory means for conflict resolution.
2. To complement the control and to sanction activities of the
Ministry of Energy and Mines in relation to actions which cause
damage to the environment and/or to people's health.
3. To make public authorities, judges, and citizens in general,
aware of the importance of the law and of public participation
for the protection of the environment and for the defense of the
rights of affected communities.
Activity Biomes:
Mixed Mountain Systems.
Activity Methods:
Communications; Lobbying; Policy Development.
PE0852 Peru: PacayaSamiria Integrated Programme for Development
& Conservation
Project Summary:
The longterm goal of this project is to develop and implement
a sustainable management system for the use of renewable natural
resources by local communities in the context of a biodiversity
conservation strategy for the PacayaSamiria National Reserve.
With an area of 20,080 sq km, the PacayaSamiria National
Reserve, mainly a tropical amazonian wetland, is Peru's largest
conservation unit. The project is 100 per cent funded by Danida
and managed by WWFDenmark in Conjunction with the International
forum of the Danish Labour Movement (AIF). For FY96, the project
seeks to promote organization, land titling, natural resources
management and community development in 20 Cocama native communities
living in the Pacaya Samiria National Reserve in the Peruvian
Amazonia. It will elaborate at least four sustainable development
plans for four communities. Five activities are being implemented
to reach the above objectives: 1Organization and Territory;
2Fishing and Conservation; 3Agriculture and Conservation;
4Amazonian Rural Education; 5Promotion of Health and
Nutrition.
Priority Biomes %
| | Strategies %
|
Forests 40 | | Consumption & Pollution 0
|
Freshwater Ecosystems 60 |
| EE & Capacity Building 25 |
Oceans and Coasts 0 | |
Protected Areas 10 |
Non-Priority Biomes 0 | |
Species 0 |
Non-Biome Specific 0 | |
Sustainable Resource Use 65 |
| | Treaties & Legislation 0
|
| | Non-Priority Strategies 0
|
Project Background:
WWFUS started supporting the PacayaSamiria National
Reserve in 1984 through the Ministry of Agriculture of Peru. In
1985, a multiinstitutional body named COREPASA, representing
14 regional institutions in Iquitos, capital city of the Peruvian
Amazonia, was the recipient of WWF's grants. This continued until
1990, and resulted in a 5 years Master plan, research in aquatic
turtles, building of control posts, hiring and training of park
guards, and patrolling. In 1990, WWFDenmark and the International
Forum of the Danish Labour Movement (AIF, showed their interest
to become involved in the area. In 1991, a number of consultants
did studies in the area, including a thorough socioeconomic
assessment. At the same time and through 1992, priority actions
in the area were financed by WWFUS, WWFDenmark, and
AIF. One consultant elaborated a project proposal initially focusing
on around twenty of the nearly one hundred communities living
in the area. The proposal was submitted to Danida by WWFDenmark/AIF
and subsequently approved for a twoyear pilot phase beginning
in May 1993. The project works closely with two Indian Federations,
AIDECOS and AIDECOP, established in the area, and with a number
of regional institutions. The projects has an agreement of cooperation
with another conservation project in PacayaSamiria, implemented
by FPCN with funding from USAID through TNC.
FY96 Update: WWFUS started support to the Pacaya Samiria
National Reserve in 1984. In 1989 , WWFDenmark and AIF from
Denmark decide to cooperate in a project emphasizing local community
development and conservation of natural resources. Since 1991,
WWFUS, WWFDenmark, and AIF have supported initial
field studies which were the basis for a proposal to be submitted
to DANIDA. From January until December 1992, the three institutions,
and from January 1993 until April 1993 only the two Danish organizations
provided financial support for a preproject phase. In May
1993, DANIDA approved financing a Pilot Phase of the project called
"Pacaya Samiria Integrated Programme for Development and
Conservation" to be conducted by the consortium "Junglevagt
for Amazonas" formed by AIF and WWFDenmark. This pilot
phase will end in June 30, 1995. The purpose is to promote the
incorporation of local populations in the management of the Reserve
and surrounding areas which are now being used by them under "unofficial"
terms. Broad aims are to promote the organization of local communities,
the titling of their territories and the management of the natural
resources through sustainable development plans implemented by
the communities themselves with support of local and regional
official institutions. The approach is based in four principles:
trainingaction, participatory methodology, gender perspective
and community experiences interchange.
Project Objectives:
Long-term:
1. To develop and implement a sustainable management system for
the use of renewable natural resources by local communities in
the context of a biodiversity conservation strategy for the PacayaSamiria
National Reserve.
Objectives:
1. To establish a plan for a viable resource management system
in two selected project areas in the PacayaSamiria National
Reserve. This includes:
a) promotion of Conservation and development in local communities
through social organization and economically productive activities;
b) contribution to delimitation, conservation and use of community
territories;
c) development of conservation and sustained use techniques for
aquatic, plant and soil resources;
d) promotion of rural education and communities based on local
natural resources and culture.
FY96 Objectives:
1. To establish a sustainable development and resource management
system among the 20 target group communities in a way that can
be continued by themselves.
2. To develop the skills of the local Indigenous Associations
for Development and Conservation in order to take the responsibility
of conducting actions related to organizational and territorial
matters.
3. To improve the technical and organizational skills of local
fishermen in order to increase production and income as well as
learning the basis for sustainable management of aquatic resources.
4. To develop plans for the sustainable management of natural
and cultivated plant biodiversity as well as increasing the quality
and production of crops and small animals.
5. To contribute to the development of bilingual intercultural
education incorporating environmental education issues within
the official school curriculum.
6. To improve knowledge and skills among the communities in order
to avoid and treat the most common diseases in the area through
the use of natural resources and basic production measures
PE0852.5: Promotion of Rural Education (Jan. 92 - Dec. 99)
Activity Background:
See Project Background.
Activity Objectives:
See Project Objectives.
PE0852.6: Health Promotion (Jan. 92 - Dec. 99)
Activity Background:
See Project Background.
Activity Objectives:
See Project Objectives.
PE0852.9: Pilot Phase Evaluation (Jan. 92 - Jun. 95)
Activity Background:
See Project Background.
Activity Objectives:
See Project Objectives.
PE0852.10: New Activities (Jan. 95 - Dec. 99)
Activity Background:
See Project Background.
Activity Objectives:
See Project Objectives.
Activity Species:
Black falcon (Falco subniger); Blackcapped capuchin (Cebus
apella); Boto, amazon river dolphin (Inia geoffrensis); Brazilian
tapir (Tapirus terrestris); Capybara (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris);
Dusky titi (Callicebus moloch); Giant armadillo (Priodontes giganteus);
Giant otter (Pteronura Braziliensis); Harpy eagle (Harpia harpyja);
Jabiru (Jabiru mycteria); Jaguar (Panthera onca); Jaguarundi (Felis
yagouaroundi); King vulture (Sarcorhamphus papa); Little spotted
cat (Felis tigrina); Longhaired spider monkey (Ateles belzebuth);
Margay (Felis wiedii); Redthroated caracara (Daptrius americanus);
Smalleared dog (Atelocynus microtis); Whitelipped
peccary (Tayassu pecari); Woolly monkey (Lagothrix lagothrica).
PE0853 Peru: Implementation of Operational Plan Paracas
Marine Reserve
Project Summary:
View Map
This project comprises a set of components from the government's
operational plan for the Paracas National Reserve which will begin
to be implemented during 1994. The focus of WWF support will be
on marine resource management with artisanal fishermen; industrial
impact and control (including tourism); and various activities
related to public use of the reserve. The long term objectives
are to contribute to the conservation of marine resources while
addressing the needs of the local population and industries.
Priority Biomes %
| | Strategies %
|
Forests 0 | | Consumption & Pollution 0
|
Freshwater Ecosystems 0 | |
EE & Capacity Building 0 |
Oceans and Coasts 100 | |
Protected Areas 0 |
Non-Priority Biomes 0 | |
Species 0 |
Non-Biome Specific 0 | |
Sustainable Resource Use 0 |
| | Treaties & Legislation 0
|
| | Non-Priority Strategies 100
|
Project Background:
Peru is known throughout the world as a fisheries nation. Its
marine resources are considerable. The Reserva Nacional da Paracas,
encompassing 335,000 ha of coastal lands and waters was established
as Peru's only Coastal Marine Reserve in 1975. The area is not
only important to the Marine resources of Peru, but also to Pacific
Ocean, health and biological diversity. This recently declared
Ramsar sight has been internationally known for decades as a major
wintering area for migratory shore birds (at least half of them
are migrant from North America, the Galapagos Islands, Patagonia
and the Antarctic). It also provides habitat to the endangered
Humboldt Penguin and the Andean Condor. This ecologically rich
coastal marine system enriched by the upwellings off shore, supports
an incredible diversity and productivity of fish, shellfish, mollusks,
marine algae, marine mammals (fur seals, sea lions, the endangered
sea otter, at least eight species of whales, 5 species of dolphins
and porpoises) and sea turtles. 65% of the small cetaceans of
Peru are found in Paracas. 50% of the shellfish catch in Peru,
comes from Pisco, the closest fishing port to Paracas. Paracas
also has a long history of public and private concern for its
welfare, culminating in a successful joint Peruvian and International
effort, in 1987, to protect the Paracas reserve from being reduced
substantially in size, and thus, reduced in effectiveness in conserving
a complete coastal marine ecological system. It's conservation
past is filled with WWF involvement and support. For the past
decade, Paracas has been in trouble. Overfishing of the artisanal
fisherman who have no apparent access to technical assistance
or financial credit, illegal dynamite fishing, the commercial
harvesting of eggs from spawning fish (sold as caviar), the incidental
and sometimes intentional gill netting of dolphins, potential
problems with the removal of scallop larvae for mariculture schemes
in Peru and elsewhere, pollution from fish processing plants,
tourism and development along the coast are apparently causing
adverse changes to the unique marine ecological system and severe
reduction in fish and shellfish stocks. In early 1993, an overdue
operational plant for Paracas was elaborated by INRENA (the natural
institute for natural resources) with support from various other
GOs and NGOs. The implementation of this two year plan will start
soon with the support of USAID/TNC, who are supporting most of
the protected area management component, including park staff
salaries, infrastructure, equipment, as well as some operational
costs, research and training. INRENA will contribute with additional
professional staff and operations costs which will be covered
with fresh funds available as part of a large IDB investment for
the agricultural ministry. WWF support is needed for the rest
of the components of the plan, listed under the activities list
above. It is worth mentioning that with the financial support
of Ramsar, a wider master plan for Paracas is also being developed
which is expected to be a framework for future operational plans.
Project Objectives:
Information not received by the time of publication.
PE0853.1: Natural resource management (fisheries and pollution)
(Jul. 94 - Jul. 96)
Activity Background:
See Project Background.
Activity Objectives:
See Project Objectives.
Activity Biomes:
Littoral Zones.
Activity Species:
Andean condor (Vultur gryphus); Chilean flamingo (Phoenicopterus
chilensis); Green turtle (Chelonia mydas); Guanay cormorant (Phalacrocorax
bougainvillii); Humboldt penguin (Spheniscus humboldti); Kelp
gull (Larus dominicanus); Marine otter (Lutra felina); Oystercatcher
(Haematopus ostralegus); Peregrine falcon (Falco peregrinus);
South american fur seal (Arctocephalus australis); Waved albatross
(Diomedea irrorata).
PE0853.2: Public Use (Education and Tourism) (Jul. 94 -
Jul. 96)
Activity Background:
See Project Background.
Activity Objectives:
See Project Objectives.
PE0853.3: Protection (Infrastructure and Training) (Jul.
94 - Jul. 96)
Activity Background:
See Project Background.
Activity Objectives:
See Project Objectives.
PE0853.4: Interinstitutional Coordination (Jul. 94 - Jul.
96)
Activity Background:
See Project Background.
Activity Objectives:
See Project Objectives.
PE0853.6: New Initiatives (Jul. 96 - Jul. 98)
Activity Background:
See Project Background.
Activity Objectives:
See Project Objectives.
Activity Species:
Andean condor (Vultur gryphus); Chilean flamingo (Phoenicopterus
chilensis); Green turtle (Chelonia mydas); Guanay cormorant (Phalacrocorax
bougainvillii); Humboldt penguin (Spheniscus humboldti); Kelp
gull (Larus dominicanus); Marine otter (Lutra felina); Oystercatcher
(Haematopus ostralegus); Peregrine falcon (Falco peregrinus);
South american fur seal (Arctocephalus australis); Waved albatross
(Diomedea irrorata).
PE0857 Peru: Policy Initiatives
Project Summary:
In the spirit of regional market creation, privatization, and
trade liberalization that is sweeping the region, Peru is enacting
a series of laws affecting forests, land, and water (covered under
umbrella legislation know as the Ley Marco de Recursos Naturales).
The implications of these laws are poorly understood. Moreover,
it is unclear if existing legislation and mechanisms to protect
the environment really target root causes driving environmental
degradation on various fronts. Building on lessons from previous
policy analysis and actions in the region, the Peru programme
will identify and commission several consultancies to explore
the implications of legislation affecting the environment as well
as the root causes of various types of environmental degradation
(including shifting cultivation) currently posing the greatest
threats to biodiversity. Due to limited funding for this initiative,
the consultancies will provide gap analysis and need assessments
of major opportunities where WWF, as the most prominent international
environmental NGO working in Peru, can serve as a catalyst for
the national policy debate. The consultancies should also result
in a proposal that can be used to solicite further funding.
Priority Biomes %
| | Strategies %
|
Forests 0 | | Consumption & Pollution 0
|
Freshwater Ecosystems 0 | |
EE & Capacity Building 0 |
Oceans and Coasts 0 | |
Protected Areas 0 |
Non-Priority Biomes 0 | |
Species 0 |
Non-Biome Specific 100 | |
Sustainable Resource Use 0 |
| | Treaties & Legislation 100
|
| | Non-Priority Strategies 0
|
Project Background:
WWF's Hispanic South America subregional programme has, over several
years, carried out a variety of policy level initiatives ranging
from contributions to the formulation of a forestry law in Peru
to the design of the Ecofund in Colombia. Many policy activities
continue throughout the subregion, from analysis on oil exploration
and environment in Ecuador to work on national accounts and forest
exploitation in Chile. With the transition from a subregional
focus to one of focal countries, the WWF Peru Programme intends
to identify lessons relevant to Peru that can be transferred from
other regions. This project will also involve the commissioning
of new analysis of policy affecting forest, land, and water resources
in Peru.
Project Objectives:
1. To identify gaps and needs in Peruvian policy where WWF could
facilitate the national level debate
2. To examine current legislation affecting the environment,
including mining, oil exploration, land conversion to agriculture
(including largescale coca cultivation), land based pollution
of wetlands, and timber trade
3. To adapt and transfer lessons learned from other WWF supported
policy analysis in the subregion
4. To identify funding sources and develop proposals to leverage
more money for this type of policy analysis in Peru.
PE0857.2: Policy Analysis for Legislation (Jul. 96 - Dec.
06)
Activity Background:
See Project Background.
Activity Objectives:
See Project Objectives.
Activity Methods:
Policy Development.
PE0858 Peru: T'ikay Wasi Training Program: Training the Trainers
Course
Project Summary:
The goal of this project is to incorporate environmental education
(EE) into the national education system at all levels so that
public education contributes to an integral education that favours
the sustainable development of Peru's society and natural resources.
The Training Course is offered to graduates under an agreement
with the Ministry of Education, the National Institute for Natural
Resources (INRENA), and the Faculty of Forestry Sciences of Universidad
Nacional Agraria, La Molina (who awards the certificate). The
Course is organized and implemented by the Peruvian nongovernmental
organization, Asociacion Peruana para la Conservacion de la Naturaleza
(APECO), because of its expertise in EE and teachers' training,
and because neither the Ministry of Education nor any university
has adequate and trained personnel to undertake this endeavour.
Priority Biomes %
| | |
Strategies %Forests 0
| | Consumption & Pollution 0
|
Freshwater Ecosystems 0 | |
EE & Capacity Building 100 |
Oceans and Coasts 0 | |
Protected Areas 0 |
Non-Priority Biomes 0 | |
Species 0 |
Non-Biome Specific 100 | |
Sustainable Resource Use 0 |
| | Treaties & Legislation 0
|
| | Non-Priority Strategies 0
|
Project Background:
The Peruvian Government is responsible for the educational system,
and should integrate educational policy with other social components
such as health, food, population, environment, development and
so on. At the same time, it should link ethical values and the
responsibility that each person should have towards the naturesociety
relationship. The T'IKAY WASI Program is a response to the need
for obtaining an indepth understanding and knowledge of
the environment, as well as of environmental education (EE) philosophy,
principles, and methodology. All the formal EE activities implemented
by APECO have been coordinated under an agreement with the Ministry
of Education. The first agreement was signed in 1988 and then
renewed in 1993. Many other nonformal and informal EE activities
have also been implemented with success by APECO. The need for
and importance of environmental education have been recognized
by the national education authorities, even though EE has not
been incorporated within the school curricula yet. Some environmental
issues are being included within the curriculum, but just as a
body of knowledge that students should memorize, without any relationship
to their daily life. A National Conservation Campaign was conducted
(198487) and as a result an 18organization network
called APECORed was created, which now continues working
on EE. During the period of 198790 a Program for teachers
was implemented, through 75 EE Workshops with which 2000 teachers,
from 28 regions around the country, were trained. An important
outcome was the inclusion of EE activities in the education system.
In addition, a great demand for further training in EE was generated.
It is estimated that, directly or indirectly, more than 500,000
people will benefit from this program.
Project Objectives:
1. To develop a cadre of teachers with professional training
in environmental education who can promote sustainable development
and the conservation of biodiversity within the national education
system and among their peers, students and communities (as multiplier
effect agents).
2. To deliver appropriate technical information and provide opportunities
for exchange of experience (complementary activities) so that
teachers remain wellinformed about current environmental
issues and are aware of effective classroom strategies.
3. To improve the quality of teacher training in Peru by developing,
testing, and disseminating effective strategies and materials
for training teachers in EE and sustainable development of concepts.
PE0858.2: Training the Trainers Course (Jan. 94 - Jun. 99)
Activity Background:
See Project Background.
Activity Objectives:
See Project Objectives.
Activity Methods:
Training.
|