EC0056 Ecuador: Support to the Galapagos Islands



Project Summary:

View Map

The management of the Galápagos Islands has been through considerable difficulties in past years. Human pressures on local resources, caused by excessive migration from the mainland, and increased demand from international markets for certain sea products, particularly sea cucumbers and shark fins, has stimulated the exploitation of these resources in an unsustainable manner. At the same time, the government agencies in charge of managing the islands have encountered serious difficulties in implementing appropriate management policies. In addition, the lack of institutional capacity, the reduction in available resources to carry out their work, and the pressures from diverse political, economic and social sectors, have further impeded the agencies' work. The traditional schemes of assistance to the management of habitats and species of the National Park continue to be important. However, very little can be accomplished if the conditions of the economy and the social and political factors are not favourable to conservation. Therefore, WWF has chose to concentrate on the following areas of importance: increasing our present involvement in the conservation of the islands by hiring a WWF Galápagos Coordinator; maintaining and strengthening support to the Galápagos National Park and the Charles Darwin Foundation; in a joint effort with Fundación Natura, implementing the "Galápagos Report Project", an initiative aimed at identifying indicators to monitor and evaluate situation in the Galapagos; improving our understanding of the economic processes threatening the conservation of the marine resources in the area, starting with a survey of the sea cucumber trade in Asia. Future initiatives should include Environmental Education targeting the population of the Islands; and control and eradication of exotic species.
Priority Biomes % Strategies %
Forests 0Consumption & Pollution 0
Freshwater Ecosystems 0 EE & Capacity Building 10
Oceans and Coasts 0 Protected Areas 10
Non-Priority Biomes 0 Species 70
Non-Biome Specific 100 Sustainable Resource Use 0
Treaties & Legislation 10
Non-Priority Strategies 0

Project Background:

The Galapagos Islands, a large and complex Archipelago lying 800 to 1100 km west of Ecuador in the Pacific Ocean, is still one of the most unspoiled areas remaining on the planet. The islands have a well­deserved international reputation for their extraordinary beauty, fantastic wildlife found nowhere else on earth, and spectacular examples of evolution in action.

Physical Characteristics: The Galapagos are almost entirely volcanic in origin, with a general age gradient of older islands running from the south­southeast to the youngest ones in the west­northwest. The archipelago includes 13 major islands varying in size from 14.1 to 4,588 sq km; and over 115 smaller islands, islets and rocks. They are completely oceanic islands with no evidence of ever having been connected to any continental mass. Other distinctive physical characteristics have helped give rise to the rich biodiversity and biological/evolutionary features of the Galapagos. Among these unique characteristics are: a) great size and altitudinal variation, b) presence of a complex set of major oceanic currents (from very cool to warm), c) a highly variable climate, and d) great variation of vegetation, in response to the climatic variations along altitudinal gradients.

Species Richness: Man was not among the original colonists on the Galápagos. Those species which migrated to the islands, and the ecosystems which they formed, have evolved for several millions of years in geographic isolation, resulting in an extremely high degree of endemism in the Islands' flora and fauna, especially in terrestrial ecosystems. The Galapagos are currently known to have approximately 5,500 to 6,000 already identified species, found in both terrestrial and insular marine ecosystems. As an example of the high endemism on the islands, 75% of all land birds are endemic, excluding sea birds. Similarly, 97% of land mammals, excluding two pinnipeds, are found nowhere else. With the exception of two species of sea turtles, 97% of the terrestrial reptiles are endemic. It is undisputed that the Galápagos Islands and their unique Flora and Fauna rank among the greatest natural treasures in the world. Their cultural, scientific and educational value are unique. Parallel to the situation in so many other oceanic islands, the arrival of man has resulted, and continues to result, in species extinction through direct exploitation, habitat destruction and, most significantly, the introduction of exotic species. For the past several decades, the Government of Ecuador, which is directly responsible for Islands, has worked with the international community, through the United Nations Agencies, various NGOs, and research institutions to engage in somewhat successful efforts to reverse the trend towards destruction of these natural values ­ a trend which has affected all and destroyed most of the world's other oceanic archipelagos.

Project Objectives:

Information not received by the time of publication.

EC0056.2: Equipping Charles Darwin R. Station and the National Park Service (Oct. 94 - Dec. 96)

Activity Background:

Over the last two decades, tourism to the Galapagos has proved to be a potentially positive force in the struggle for better conservation; tour operation can be quite compatible with ecosystem and species conservation and they provide incentives in the right direction. Unavoidably however, tourism increases the frequency of transportation of people and goods to the Islands. The frequency of introductions of mammals, plants, insects, snails, and many other invertebrates, which compete with and exterminate the indigenous species, has massively increased. The Galapagos National Park Service (GNPS), which is in charge of carrying out programmes to contain existing exotic species, prevent further introduction of exotic species, and stop destructive and unsustainable fishing, has had to reduce these enforcement activities because of lack of resources and outdated equipment. The GNPS must be much better funded and equipped in order to carry out its mandate. The Charles Darwin Foundation (CDF) for the Galapagos, which runs a research centre on the islands, must be equally better supported in order to provide the necessary technical aid and advice. In 1994, at the time of the wildfires that ravaged the main island of Isabela, the Finnish Ministry of the Environment and WWF­Finland sent a group of 3 scientists to assess the situation at the site and identify areas for collaboration with the Ecuadorean Government and conservation community to help extinguish the fire and avoid such future events. During their visit, the scientists identified, among other, the need to better equip both the Charles Darwin Research Station and Galapagos National Park Service. Kenneth Kummenius, of the Finnish scientific team, raised donations of equipment to be sent to Galápagos from Finnish companies, including: computer networks, air conditioners, microscopes, telephones, etc. An additional donation was made in 1996 to update equipment at these two institutions. The equipment will be utilized to support the control and patrol activities of the Galápagos National Park Service staff, and the work carried out by scientists and students of the Ecuadorean universities that work with the CDF. The difficult work conditions in the islands (rocky volcanic zones, humid and dry climate changes, salt water) cause rapid deterioration and constant replacement of equipment. In addition, these same conditions demand the use of adequate and reliable radio equipment to maintain permanent contact with the isolated work groups and minimize the risks that could arise through illnesses or accidents.

Activity Objectives:

See Project Objectives.

Activity Biomes:

Tropical Dry Forest.

Activity Methods:

Institutional Support and Development.

EC0056.8: Sea Cucumber Trade in Asia (Oct. 95 - Apr. 97)

Activity Background:

The trade in sea cucumbers has increased dramatically in recent years. The recent rise in demand has affected fisheries from Madagascar to the Maldives. However, nowhere has the potential impact of the growing market for sea cucumbers been demonstrated as it has in the Galapagos. In October 1994, the Government of Ecuador set a catch quota of 550,000 sea cucumbers for a three­month season. However, according to Dr. C. MacFarland, President of the Charles Darwin Foundation for the Galapagos Islands, total harvests are estimated to have been on the order of 6 to 12 million animals. Although the government banned further harvests, there are reports that fishing continues, albeit illegally. Hong Kong is the centre of the sea cucumber trade, serving both as a consumer and a middleman in the trade. Imports into Hong Kong in 1994 alone topped 7,000 tons, with a reported value of USD35 million. It is likely that the majority of this trade involved dried sea cucumbers, which represent only 10% of live weight. A preliminary investigation of the sea cucumber trade by TRAFFIC East Asia revealed that sea cucumber has been exported from Ecuador to Hong Kong since at least 1990. The trade increased dramatically in 1993, when over 14 tons of sea cucumber were imported into Hong Kong from Ecuador, with a total declared value of USD113,000. The trade to Hong Kong is know to have continued during 1994, and seems unlikely to have ceased in 1995 given evidence of continued harvests in Ecuadorian waters. Singapore is also an important player in the international trade in sea cucumbers, and therefore may also serve as a market for sea cucumbers exported from Ecuador. It is clear that additional information is needed regarding sea cucumber trade and markets in Asia in order to bring the fishing in the Galapagos under more effective control. An understanding of the key players in this trade, trade routes used and market dynamics will be essential for identifying and implementing further actions necessary in order to stem the uncontrolled and illegal exploitation of these marine invertebrates.

Activity Objectives:

1. To determine the extent, nature and market dynamics of the sea cucumber trade from the Galapagos to East Asian and Southeast Asian markets in order to assist government authorities and conservation organizations seeking to conserve sea cucumber populations and the threatened Galapagos habitat.

2. To identify the primary traders and consumers of sea cucumbers exported from the Galapagos to East Asia.

3. To identify international trade routes linking the Galapagos to consumer markets in East Asia, in order to assist government authorities in their efforts to dissuade and interdict illegal shipments.

control.

EC0851 Ecuador: Conservation & Environmental Education in Bosque Protector Mindo­Nambillo

Project Summary:

This project focuses on channelling support to Amigo de la Naturaleza de Mindo, a community­based group that is providing ongoing surveillance and protection of the forest protectorate Bosque Mindo­Nambillo. The protected area, located 30 km northwest of Quito, encompasses some of the last remnants of cloud forest on the western slopes of the Ecuadorean Andes. Funds are being used to support part of the costs associated with the protection of the Bosque Mindo­Nambillo, to implement a management plan for the forest protectorate with assistance from Fundación Natura, and for an environmental education programme which aims to raise the level of awareness and interest among the local community of the importance of environmental protection.
Priority Biomes % Strategies %
Forests 100Consumption & Pollution 0
Freshwater Ecosystems 0 EE & Capacity Building 30
Oceans and Coasts 0 Protected Areas 40
Non-Priority Biomes 0 Species 0
Non-Biome Specific 0 Sustainable Resource Use 30
Treaties & Legislation 0
Non-Priority Strategies 100

Project Background:

View Map

The Bosque Protector Mindo­Nambillo, encompassing 19,200 ha, is located 30 km northwest of Quito. This protected area includes some of the last remnants of primary cloud forest on the western slopes of the Ecuadorean Andes. Because of its high species diversity and accelerated forest conversion, western Ecuador is one of WWF's major conservation priorities. Only two other major reserves protect this important ecosystem, the Cotacachi Cayapas Ecological Reserve and the Awa Ethnic Forest Reserve. The reserve encompasses, in a relatively small area, a wide altitudinal gradient ranging from 1,180 m to 4,780 m. Ecological formations range from dry to humid paramo, cloud forest and mountain tropical forest. It harbours at least 350 species of birds, including the endemic mountain plate­billed toucan. Signs of pumas and spectacled bears have also been found in the reserve. While the protected area is facing serious threats as new highways traverse the region, at the same time the area is becoming increasingly interesting as an area for tourism potential given its proximity to Quito. In 1992 ANM was granted forest guard status by the Ministry of Agriculture, and the group continues to work hard to provide the necessary vigilance. The group has worked hard to conserve this important forest protectorate, which forms part of a network of protected forests in the northern zone of the Province of Pichincha. The current project funds support an environmental education programme, including formal and non­formal activities in the local schools. Project activities include workshops which bring students to the training centre located on the edge of the forest protectorate, community workshops, and community activities such as trash clean­up campaigns with the children in the community. In 1995 the management plan was completed and approved by INRENA, the Ministry of Natural Resources. Since then, INRENA has authorized ANM as the responsible party for the implementation of the management plan and vigilance of the forest. This is the first time in Ecuador that a community based group has been granted these responsibilities.

Project Objectives:

1. To provide ongoing vigilance and protection of the forest protectorate.

2. To raise the level of awareness and interest among local community members regarding the importance of environmental protection.

3. To prepare a management plan, via a participatory process, for the forest protectorate.

4. To promote conservation of forest remnants in the region through a network of collaborative efforts (e.g., Amigos de la Naturaleza de Mindo, Fundación Maquipucuna, Fundacion Natura).

EC0851.1: Conservation & Env. Ed. of Forest Protectorate Mindo­Nambillo (Oct. 93 - Oct. 96)

Activity Background:

See Project Background.

Activity Objectives:

1. To conduct environmental education activities, targeting the Mindo community, which focus on the conservation of the forest protectorate.

2. To continue ongoing protection and monitoring activities.

3. To strengthen the environmental education project via the promotion of activities at the training centre located on the edge of the reserve, which target the community and visitors to the region.

4. To define a strategy for self­sufficiency for the protection of the reserve, possibly through visitor fees.

Activity Biomes:

Tropical Grasslands and Savannas; Tropical Moist Forest.

Activity Methods:

Education; Protected Area Management.

Activity Species:

Spectacled bear (Tremarctos ornatus).

EC0851.2: Elaboration & Implementation of Mgmt. Plan for Bosque Protector Mindo­Nambillo (Oct. 93 - Oct. 96)

Activity Background:

This activity was previously entered into the WWF Project Database (formerly known as PFPS) as project number EC0055 (old project number II6589). A management plan was developed and approved by INRENA in 1995. In that same year INRENA awarded the implementation of the management plan and the vigilance of the forest to AMN, the first time a community­based organization is granted this responsibility.

Activity Objectives:

1. To prepare a management plan for the forest protectorate through a participatory process with the local communities.

2. To receive INRENA's approval of management plan and authorization to implement the management plan.

3. To implement the management plan.

Activity Methods:

Protected Area Management.

Activity Species:

Spectacled bear (Tremarctos ornatus).

EC0851.3: (NEW) Sustainable Tourism Development (SSE) (Mar. 94 - Oct. 96)

Activity Background:

This activity will involve concentrated technical assistance in tourism development to lay the groundwork for this site to become an ecotourism demonstration project. It is expected that this will be a multi­year project, with the first year being devoted to primarily planning. Technical assistance will be provided in a variety of areas, including: an initial assessment of the area; the execution of a strategic planning workshop; the establishment of a carrying capacity for the area; the identification of policy issues relevant to the project; and collaborating with the private sector and tourism industry. These topics will be covered through use of training materials and workshops in order to identify priorities for follow­on work. The second and third years will concentrate on the implementation of key priorities and strategies identified during the planning phase. These activities might include: infrastructure enhancements; refining of services; analysis and advocacy for policy changes; additional training for ANM staff members; and, marketing and promotion. The objective of this activity is to create a site that incorporates all the principles and goals of ecotourism. These goals include: generating revenue for conserving a protected area; providing benefits for local residents; offering environmental education for visitors; and, minimizing the negative impacts of tourism.

Activity Objectives:

1. To make a series of infrastructure enhancements to the lodging and training facilities.

2. To increase the revenue generated via ecotourism.

3. To phase out project by December 1997.

Activity Methods:

Ecotourism Development.

Activity Species:

Spectacled bear (Tremarctos ornatus).

EC0856 Ecuador: Monitoring of Galapagos Islands

Project Summary:

View Map

Among the main problems related to conservation of the Galápagos there is one that deserves special attention: the coordination (generation, synthesis, communication) of accurate information about the Islands. There is significant international interest in the Galápagos, which has the ability to influence the decisions to be made regarding the Islands. However, this same influence, if guided by inaccurate information, or by information out of context, could lead to actions which are counterproductive, or which can exacerbate the conflicts in the Islands. Similarly, the overwhelming number of international and Ecuadorean institutions involved in or interested about the Galapagos can often lead to uncoordinated and sometimes conflicting efforts. Thus, there is need to combine both the generation of new information and the consolidation and processing of information generated by other entities and to have this information communicated systematically by a responsible point person working for the WWF Network on issues related to the Islands. WWF will continue collaborating with Ecuadorean institutions on Galapagos issues, focusing specifically on problems related to the management policies for the Islands. In addition to contracting a WWF Galapagos officer, to be based in Quito, WWF will support the development of a monitoring and information system to be used at both the national and international levels. This system, and the Officer contracted to support and promote it, will become the means to influence decision­makers; alert interested individuals and organizations about the development of potentially negative actions; seek greater international support; and coordinate criteria and necessary actions.
Priority Biomes % Strategies %
Forests 0Consumption & Pollution 0
Freshwater Ecosystems 0 EE & Capacity Building 20
Oceans and Coasts 0 Protected Areas 0
Non-Priority Biomes 0 Species 0
Non-Biome Specific 100 Sustainable Resource Use 0
Treaties & Legislation 40
Non-Priority Strategies 40

Project Background:

The Galapagos Islands, a large and complex Archipelago lying 800 to 1100 km west of Ecuador in the Pacific Ocean, is still one of the most unspoiled areas remaining on the planet. The islands have a well­deserved international reputation for their extraordinary beauty, fantastic wildlife found nowhere else on earth, and spectacular examples of evolution in action.

Physical Characteristics: The Galapagos are almost entirely volcanic in origin, with a general age gradient of older islands running from the south­southeast to the youngest ones in the west­northwest. The archipelago includes 13 major islands varying in size from 14.1 to 4,588 sq km; and over 115 smaller islands, islets and rocks. They are completely oceanic islands with no evidence of ever having been connected to any continental mass. Other distinctive physical characteristics have helped give rise to the rich biodiversity and biological/evolutionary features of the Galapagos. Among these unique characteristics are: a) great size and altitudinal variation, b) presence of a complex set of major oceanic currents (from very cool to warm), c) a highly variable climate, and d) great variation of vegetation, in response to the climatic variations along altitudinal gradients.

Species Richness: Man was not among the original colonists on the Galápagos. Those species which migrated to the islands, and the ecosystems which they formed, have evolved for several millions of years in geographic isolation, resulting in an extremely high degree of endemism in the Islands' flora and fauna, especially in terrestrial ecosystems. The Galapagos are currently known to have approximately 5,500 to 6,000 already identified species, found in both terrestrial and insular marine ecosystems. As an example of the high endemism on the islands, 75% of all land birds are endemic, excluding sea birds. Similarly, 97% of land mammals, excluding two pinnipeds, are found nowhere else. With the exception of two species of sea turtles, 97% of the terrestrial reptiles are endemic.

It is undisputed that the Galápagos Islands and their unique Flora and Fauna rank among the greatest natural treasures in the world. Their cultural, scientific and educational value are unique. Parallel to the situation in so many other oceanic islands, the arrival of man has resulted, and continues to result, in species extinction through direct exploitation, habitat destruction and, most significantly, the introduction of exotic species. For the past several decades, the Government of Ecuador, which is directly responsible for Islands, has worked with the international community, through the United Nations Agencies, various NGOs, and research institutions to engage in somewhat successful efforts to reverse the trend towards destruction of these natural values ­ a trend which has affected all and destroyed most of the world's other oceanic archipelagos.

Project Objectives:

1. To support the development and implementation of policies for the management of the Galápagos Islands through:

a) the generation of accurate, ongoing information on the situation in the Islands;

b) the development of a mechanism to process, analyse, and disseminate this information;

c) the dedication of a full­time Galapagos Officer to promote consistency and synergy of action to increase impact related to conservation of the Islands.

EC0856.1: Galapagos Annual Report (formerly EC0056.07) (Feb. 96 - Jun. 00)

Activity Background:

Among the many problems related to conservation of the Galápagos, there is one that deserves special attention: the generation of accurate information about events in the Islands. The generation of information on the Galápagos requires a process to verify the information, and present it within its appropriate context. In addition, it is important to point out that information on certain topics is already being produced. However, its specialized character, and the channels through which it is disseminated, do not allow for an adequate discussion in the Islands. Thus, there is need to combine both the generation of new information and the consolidation and processing of information generated by other entities. Therefore, this project will focus on the development of a monitoring and information system to be used at both the national and international levels.

Activity Objectives:

Goal:

1. To support the development and implementation of policies for the management of the Galápagos Islands through:

a) the generation of accurate, ongoing information on the situation in the Islands;

b) the development of a mechanism to process, analyse, and disseminate this information.

Objectives:

1. To identify indicators to monitor and evaluate the environmental, social, economic, political, and institutional aspects of the management and institutional development of the Galápagos Islands.

2. To strengthen local organizations, who are the future key players in the conservation of the Islands, to carry out the monitoring of the indicators.

3. To develop a system to process and analyse the information generated, in order to use it and disseminate it in a timely manner through mass media, communications campaigns, and other means.

EC0856.3: Galapagos Officer (Feb. 96 - Jun. 00)

Activity Background:

Ecological concerns: Specifically, the introduction of exotic species, detrimental practices related to marine resource harvest including the over harvesting of certain species, and the potential detrimental impacts of uncontrolled growth of tourism.

Institutional concerns: Specifically, problems that present obstacles to effective management of the Galapagos.

Social concerns: Specifically, those related to the growing human populations in the province and the basic resources for their social development.

In order to address all these concerns, WWF will hire a programme officer who will be based in Quito, Ecuador. This person will be responsible for the management of all existing projects related to the Galapagos Islands which are part of WWF's portfolio. This person will become the point person for any issue related to conservation of the Galapagos.

Activity Objectives:

1. To develop a WWF Network Action Plan for the conservation of the Galapagos.

2. To develop a fundraising strategy for the Galapagos.

3. To develop a communications strategy for the Galapagos.

(Concept) EC0853 Ecuador: Conservation of Biodiversity & Sustainable Development in Sangay National Park

Project Summary:

The management of Sangay National Park requires strengthening of its technical conditions and management. The goals of this project are oriented towards conditions and incentives for protection and preservation of the biodiversity of the Sangay Park such as evaluation, design and implementation of necessary steps to correct any imbalances in the management of resources, and to expand and promote sustainable management of products and services for the benefit of surrounding communities, including their participation in management activities of the Park.
Priority Biomes % Strategies %
Forests 100Consumption & Pollution 0
Freshwater Ecosystems 0 EE & Capacity Building 0
Oceans and Coasts 0 Protected Areas 50
Non-Priority Biomes 0 Species 0
Non-Biome Specific 0 Sustainable Resource Use 50
Treaties & Legislation 0
Non-Priority Strategies 0

Project Background:

A 1986 WWF study established the National Sangay Park as a high priority area for conservation in the Tropical Andes. The park was legally established in 1979, declared by the UNESCO in 1983 as the Natural Patrimony of Humanity, and by 1992 its original 271,925 ha had expanded to cover 517,725 ha of some of the most biologically diverse areas of the country. The great range of altitude and diverse representation of biogeographic areas allow for the existence of a vast variety of climates and life zones, active and permanently snow­covered volcanoes, great diversity of flora and fauna, over 500 species of birds, and species near extinction (such as the Mountain Tapir and Spectacled Bear). In 1988 with WWF's financial support (and that of TNC) Fundación Natura, in coordination with the Ministerio de Agricultura y Ganadería launched an external debt swap programme aimed to support the management of protected areas in the country, linking conservation of the biodiversity of protected areas with human needs. The activities initiated under the programme have included environmental education workshops for communities in the area, a pilot programme to guard the borders with park guards, informative programmes about the park, and the establishing of guard posts, refuges, and information centres. However, the park still faces many threats. Cattle raising, burning of vegetation for pasture and over grazing combined with the heavy rains has provoked serious erosion. Over hunting of animals such as the Tapir and the probable opening of the Guamote­Macas road, initiating a land invasion to extract wood are all problems still facing the Parque Nacional Sangay.

Project Objectives:

1. To improve management and administration of the park through increasing access to technical information.

2. To increase and promote participation of the local communities and other players involved in management of resources and conservation of the Park.

3. To design sustainable resource management and use proposals that would permit correction of possible imbalances between community consumption/use within the Park.

EC0853.1: Data Collection & Analysis of Biological & Socio­economic Resources of the Park (Jun. 94 - Jul. 97)

Activity Background:

See Project Background.

Activity Objectives:

See Project Objectives.

Activity Biomes:

Tropical Moist Forest; Tropical Woodland.

EC0853.2: Local Participation in Park Management (Jun. 94 - Jul. 97)

Activity Background:

See Project Background.

Activity Objectives:

See Project Objectives.

EC0853.3: Project Design of Responsible Resource Use and Management (Jun. 94 - Jul. 97)

Activity Background:

See Project Background.

Activity Objectives:

See Project Objectives.

(Concept) EC0857 Ecuador: Mountainous Regions in Southern Paramos

Project Summary:

View Map

The purpose of this project is for WWF and Fundacion Natura to work with highland communities in the Central Andean Region of Ecuador in order to gain an understanding of their needs for pastures, and to develop alternatives to pasture expansion that will reduce the pressure on the remaining natural forests and paramos in the region.
Priority Biomes % Strategies %
Forests 90Consumption & Pollution 0
Freshwater Ecosystems 10 EE & Capacity Building 0
Oceans and Coasts 0 Protected Areas 50
Non-Priority Biomes 0 Species 0
Non-Biome Specific 0 Sustainable Resource Use 50
Treaties & Legislation 0
Non-Priority Strategies 0

Project Background:

In tropical South America, little attention has been given to the conservation of highland biomes. This is detrimental both to their importance in terms of biological diversity, and to their relationship with other biomes. The main conservation efforts developed up until the present have focused primarily on protected areas. This approach has to be implemented with a better incorporation of communities' needs and perspectives. This project will expand the use of this approach to the Central Andes in Ecuador.

Project Objectives:

1. To understand the reasons and causes for the conversion of highland forests into pastures in the surroundings of Sangay National Park.

2. To develop our cooperation with the local community in the management of this problem.

3. To establish the most promising orientation for work on this issue.

EC0857.1: Mountainous Regions in Southern Paramos (Jul. 96 - Jun. 99)

Activity Background:

See Project Background.

Activity Objectives:

See Project Objectives.