3.2 Sequence of methods used in the field work


A variety of different methods were used during the fieldwork. They were combined in a flexible sequence and, at each stage, cross-checking with different methods and villagers was carried out to improve data reliability and also include more people in the planning process.

The actual sequence of methods used in each village varied because, in each case, context determined when the methods were used. and in which order. However, methodological sequences broadly followed a similar pattern to understand community-wetland interactions in each village:


  1. Secondary data review and background information (Past reports, key informants etc.)
  2. Pre-Appraisal dialogues with villagers one month before holding workshop per se
  3. Village meetings, to introduce PRA team members and explain purpose of exercise
  4. Natural resource mapping
  5. Transects, focussing on resources, problems and opportunities
  6. Time line and trend analysis, to visualise the historical changes in the area
  7. Social map, to identify muhallahs in the village and occupations/means of livelihood
  8. Well being ranking
  9. Semi-structured interviews, focus on perceptions of wetland, social/religious significance and perceived benefits (ecological and economic)
  10. Individual case studies (selected from village social map) on economic impact of wetland on different livelihood activities
  11. Seasonality analysis, focussing on temporal information pertaining to wetland use and other livelihood activities
  12. Species inventory and gender specific species use typology.
  13. Scoring/ranking of perceived wetland values
  14. Matrix ranking
  15. Venn diagramming
  16. Problem solving chart, focussing on wetland management options
  17. Village meeting


Initial methods were used to enable the people to describe their environment. Subsequent methods were used to study the diversity of resources and livelihoods, trends in natural resource use and the local costs and benefits of conserving the wetlands of the Ucchali complex. This information was then used as a basis for analysis by the community and the external team on possible options for wetland management:


  • Descriptors of the environment
  • Study of resources and livelihoods
  • Analysis of difference
  • Identification of problems and constraints
  • Opportunities for integrated conservation and development: locally defined priorities for wetland management


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