ISSN: 1052-5378 qb9505
AWIC

Housing, Husbandry, and Welfare of Poultry

Provided by the Animal Welfare Information Center
United States Department of Agriculture
National Agricultural Library

January 1992 - January 1995
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QB 95-05


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232 citations from AGRICOLA

Michael D. Kreger
Animal Welfare Information Center

February 1995

National Agricultural Library Cataloging Record:

Kreger, Michael D.
Housing, husbandry, and welfare of poultry : January 1992- January 1995.
(Quick bibliography series ; 95-05)
1. Poultry--Bibliography. 2. Poultry--Housing--Bibliography.
3. Poultry--Health--Bibliography. I. Title.
aZ5071.N3 no.95-05

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AGRICOLA

Citations in this bibliography were entered in the AGRICOLA database between January 1979 and the present.

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JOURNAL ARTICLE:

Citation # NAL Call No.
Article title.
Author. Place of publication: Publisher. Journal Title.
Date. Volume (Issue). Pages. (NAL Call Number).

Example:
1 NAL Call No.: DNAL 389.8.SCH6
Morrison, S.B. Denver, Colo.: American School Food Service
Association. School foodservice journal. Sept 1987. v. 41
(8). p.48-50. ill.

BOOK:

Citation # NAL Call Number
Title.
Author. Place of publication: Publisher, date. Information
on pagination, indices, or bibliographies.

Example:
1 NAL Call No.: DNAL RM218.K36 1987
Exploring careers in dietetics and nutrition.
Kane, June Kozak. New York: Rosen Pub. Group, 1987.
Includes index. xii, 133 p.: ill.; 22 cm. Bibliography:
p. 126.

AUDIOVISUAL:

Citation # NAL Call Number
Title.
Author. Place of publication: Publisher, date.
Supplemental information such as funding. Media format
(i.e., videocassette): Description (sound, color, size).

Example:
1 NAL Call No.: DNAL FNCTX364.A425 F&N AV
All aboard the nutri-train.
Mayo, Cynthia. Richmond, Va.: Richmond Public Schools,
1981. NET funded. Activity packet prepared by Cynthia
Mayo. 1 videocassette (30 min.): sd., col.; 3/4 in. +
activity packet.

Housing, Husbandry, and Welfare of Poultry
SEARCH STRATEGY

Line Command
1. (HEN OR HENS OR FOWL OR POULTRY OR CHICK? OR COCK? OR
ROOSTER? OR BROILER? OR GALLIFORM? OR TURKEY? OR DUCK? OR
GOOSE OR GANDER OR GEESE OR DRAKE?)/TI,DE

2. (ENVIRONMENT?(N)ENRICH? OR HOUS? OR FACILIT? OR COOP OR
PERCH? OR CONFINE? OR PEN OR PENS OR BOX?)/TI,DE

3. (WELFARE OR WELL(W)BEING OR WELLBEING OR HUMANE OR PAIN?
OR DISTRESS? OR STRESS? OR CARE OR HANDL? OR HUSBANDRY OR
TRANSPORT? OR FEAR)/TI,DE

4. S1 AND (S2 OR S3)

5. S4 AND PY=1992:1995



HOUSING, HUSBANDRY, AND WELFARE OF POULTRY



1 NAL Call. No.: 47.8 Am33P
Acute heat acclimation and kidney function in broilers.
Wideman, R.F.; Ford, B.C.; May, J.D.; Lott, B.D.
Champaign, IL : Poultry Science Association, 1921-; 1994 Jan.
Poultry science v. 73 (1): p. 75-88; 1994 Jan. Includes
references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Broilers; Environmental temperature;
Acclimatization; Heat stress; Body water; Renal function;
Glomerular filtration; Urine; Excretion; Blood plasma

Abstract: Broilers previously exposed to high environmental
temperatures (heat-acclimated) are more resistant to heat
stress and consume more water during heat stress than
nonacclimated controls. Two experiments were conducted to
determine whether heat-acclimated broilers conserve body water
by reducing urine and solute (Na) excretion. In the first
experiment, renal function studies were conducted at an
ambient temperature (Ta) of approximately 21 C using
anesthetized 7-wk-old male broilers. Control birds reared at a
constant Ta of 24 C (Group N: noncycled Ta) were compared with
birds that had been heat-acclimated by exposure for 3 to 6 d
to a daily sinusoidal cycle of 24 to 35 to 24 C (Group C:
cycled Ta). In the second experiment, renal function studies
were conducted on anesthetized 5-wk-old control and heat-
acclimated male broilers while they were exposed to a Ta of 21
C (Ambient Ta: Groups NA, CA), or to a Ta of 32 C (High Ta:
Groups NH, CH). When high intravenous infusion rates (.37
mL/kg body mass per min) were used to simulate the volume
expansion caused by thermogenic polydipsia, urine flow rates
were significantly lower in Groups C and CA than in Groups N
and NA, osmolal clearances were lower in Groups CA and CH than
in Groups NA and NH, and all heat-acclimated groups in both
experiments (Groups C, CA, CH) had significantly lower
glomerular filtration rates (GFR), filtered loads of Na, and
tubular Na reabsorption rates than the respective control
groups (Groups N, NA, NH). These changes in kidney function
potentially would minimize urinary fluid and solute loss when
heat-acclimated broilers consume large quantities of water to
support evaporative cooling. Reductions in GFR, filtered loads
of Na, and tubular Na reabsorption rates also may help heat-
acclimated broilers reduce the metabolic heat load associated
with active (energy requiring) recovery of solute (Na) from
the glomerular ultrafiltrate.


2 NAL Call. No.: 47.8 W89
Aerial pollutants and the health of poultry farmers.
Whyte, R.T.
Oxford : Butterworth-Heinenmann Ltd; 1993 Jul.
World's poultry science journal v. 49 (2): p. 139-156; 1993
Jul. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Stockmen; Poultry housing; Occupational
disorders; Respiratory diseases; Dust; Gases; Air pollutants


3 NAL Call. No.: HV4761.A5
Alternative systems for laying hens FAWC majority and minority
reports. Harrison, R.
Washington, D.C. : The Institute; 1992.
The Animal Welfare Institute quarterly v. 41 (2): p. 14; 1992.
Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Hens; Animal welfare; Chicken housing


4 NAL Call. No.: 290.9 Am32P
"An analysis of turkey facilities and management practices in
Utah". Clark, B.E.; Poe, S.E.; Frame, D.D.; Anderson, G.L.;
Warnick, R.E. St. Joseph, Mich. : American Society of
Agricultural Engineers,; 1993. Paper / (933014): 9 p.; 1993.
Paper presented at the "1993 International Summer Meeting
sponsored by The American Society of Agricultural Engineers,"
June 20-23, 1993, Spokane, Washington. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Utah; Cabt; Ventilation; Poultry housing


5 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 AU72
Analgesic therapy of beak-trimmed chickens.
Glatz, P.C.; Murphy, L.B.; Preston, A.P.
Brunswick, Victoria : Australian Veterinary Association; 1992
Jan. Australian veterinary journal v. 69 (1): p. 18; 1992 Jan.
Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Fowls; Debeaking; Analgesics; Animal welfare;
Feed intake


6 NAL Call. No.: 47.8 AM33P
Applications of behavior to poultry management.
Mauldin, J.M.
Champaign, Ill. : Poultry Science Association; 1992 Apr.
Poultry science v. 71 (4): p. 634-642; 1992 Apr. Paper
contributed to the Symposium on Quantifying the Behavior of
Poultry. Literature review. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Fowls; Social dominance; Territoriality;
Agonistic behavior; Debeaking; Sexual behavior; Feeding
behavior; Broodiness; Turkeys; Poultry housing; Animal
welfare; Literature reviews

Abstract: The application of poultry behavior to management
is discussed with examples of behavior-management interactions
relating to commercial poultry husbandry practices. Behaviors
that are important for the adaptation of poultry to husbandry
include social behavior, aggression, sexual behavior, feeding,
broodiness, cannibalism, nest site selection, and comfort
behaviors.


7 NAL Call. No.: 47.8 B77
Are genetically lean broilers more resistant to hot climate?.
Geraert, P.A.; Guillaumin, S.; Leclercq, B.
Oxfordshire : Carfax Publishing Company; 1993 Sep.
British poultry science v. 34 (4): p. 643-653; 1993 Sep.
Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Broilers; Heat stress; Line differences; Dietary
protein; Feed conversion efficiency


8 NAL Call. No.: 47.8 B77
Artificial lighting in poultry houses: are photometric units
appropriate for describing illumination intensities?.
Nuboer, J.F.W.; Coemans, M.A.J.M.; Vos, J.J.
Oxfordshire : Carfax Publishing Company; 1992 Mar.
British poultry science v. 33 (1): p. 135-140; 1992 Mar.
Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Poultry housing; Light intensity; Spectral data


9 NAL Call. No.: 47.8 B77
Artificial lighting in poultry houses: do hens perceive the
modulation of fluorescent lamps as flicker?.
Nuboer, J.F.W.; Coemans, M.A.J.M.; Vos, J.J.
Oxfordshire : Carfax Publishing Company; 1992 Mar.
British poultry science v. 33 (1): p. 123-133; 1992 Mar.
Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Hens; Fluorescent lamps; Vision


10 NAL Call. No.: 47.8 Am33P
Assessing the effects of the naked neck gene on chronic heat
stress resistance in two genetic populations.
Eberhart, D.E.; Washburn, K.W.
Champaign, IL : Poultry Science Association, 1921-; 1993 Aug.
Poultry science v. 72 (8): p. 1391-1399; 1993 Aug. Includes
references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Broilers; Alleles; Heat stress; Line differences;
Environmental temperature; Growth rate; Body weight;
Liveweight gain; Feed conversion; Feathers; Feed intake

Abstract: The effect of the naked neck (Na) gene on
resistance to chronic heat stress was studied in the F2
generation of two populations of chickens genetically
differing in growth. The Na gene was introduced into the
Athens-Canadian randombred (ACRB), a small BW population, and
into a large BW commercial broiler population. Naked neck and
normally feathered birds were maintained in either a chronic
heat stress (32 C) environment or a control (21 C) environment
from 4 to 8 wk of age. Body weight, BW gain, feed consumption,
and feed efficiency were calculated at 4, 6, and 8 wk. The 32
C environment significantly reduced gain and feed consumption
at all age intervals in both populations. Feed conversion
ratio (FCR) was lower in the 32 C environment in the ACRB
population, but in the broiler population FCR either was the
same or increased when compared with the 21 C environment. In
the F2 generation of both populations the naked neck birds
were significantly larger than the normally feathered birds
although the two types segregated from the same parents. In
the ACRB population the relative growth response was not
significantly different between naked neck and normal
feathered birds, indicating that the Na gene did not confer
resistance to chronic heat stress in the small BW population.
In the broiler population, an assessment of the relative
growth response in the 32 C environment showed that the naked
neck birds had a smaller reduction in BW gain and better feed
efficiency than the normally feathered birds, indicating that
in the large BW broiler population the Na gene did confer
resistance to chronic heat stress.


11 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 R312
Assessment of the welfare of food restricted male broiler
breeder poultry with musculoskeletal disease.
Hocking, P.M.
London : British Veterinary Association, 1960-; 1994 Jul.
Research in veterinary science v. 57 (1): p. 28-34; 1994 Jul.
Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Broilers; Restricted feeding; Skeletomuscular
anomalies; Animal welfare; Pain; Locomotion; Betamethasone;
Naloxone; Animal behavior; Sexual behavior; Male fertility;
Age differences; Opioid peptides

Abstract: The general and sexual activity of food restricted
male broiler breeder poultry was assessed for evidence of
behavioral changes associated with musculoskeletal lesions.
The activity and fertility of male birds given betamethasone
(an anti-inflammatory steroid) or saline were compared in a
two-period crossover experiment. Behavioural changes occurred
and the birds' mating activity and fertility were decreased
when they were given the steroid, but these effects were not
associated with the presence of lesions. In a second
experiment, there were no differences in sexual motivation
between birds either with or without leg disorders. The birds
were trained to walk down an alley for their food and the
speed of walking was compared in a two-period crossover
experiment. Betamethasone decreased their walking speed in
period one and the carryover effect was significant in period
two. Naloxone decreased the walking speed of birds with
lesions more than of those without lesions. This effect was
taken as evidence for analgesia by endogenous opioids and may
help to explain the lack of response of the birds to the
analgesic agent. The evidence that these food restricted male
broiler breeder birds experienced pain was equivocal.


12 NAL Call. No.: SF481.J68
Automatic fan control to reduce fan run time during warm
weather ventilation. Simmons, J.D.; Lott, B.D.
Athens, GA : Applied Poultry Science, Inc., [1992-; 1993. The
Journal of applied poultry research v. 2 (4): p. 314-323;
1993. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Southern states of U.S.A.; Cabt; Poultry housing;
Ventilation; Broilers; Air flow; Fans; Automatic control; Wind
speed; Sensing; Environmental temperature; Energy consumption;
Electricity; Production costs


13 NAL Call. No.: 47.8 W89
Avian blood leucocyte responses to stress.
Maxwell, M.H.
Oxford : Butterworth-Heinenmann Ltd; 1993 Mar.
World's poultry science journal v. 49 (1): p. 34-41; 1993 Mar.
Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Chickens; Stress factors; Stress response;
Leukocytes; Corticosterone; Corticotropin; Restricted feeding;
Environmental temperature; Social environment; Social
dominance; Fearfulness; Line differences; Literature reviews


14 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 Ad9
Avian fatty liver hemorrhagic syndrome: a comparative review.
Hansen, R.J. \u University of California, Davis, CA; Walzem,
R.L. San Diego, Calif. : Academic Press; 1993.
Advances in veterinary science and comparative medicine v. 37:
p. 451-468; 1993. In the series analytic: Animal models in
liver research / edited by Charles E. Cornelius. Includes
references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Hens; Fatty liver; Fatty liver hemorrhagic
syndrome; Animal models; Lipid metabolism; Transport;
Pathogenesis; Man; Cows; Cats; Literature reviews


15 NAL Call. No.: 30.98 AG82
'Bab'ye khozyaystvo': poultry-keeping and its contribution to
peasant income in pre-1914 Russia.
Thompstone, S.
Berkshire : British Agricultural History Society; 1992.
The Agricultural history review v. 40 (pt.1): p. 52-63; 1992.
Literature review. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: U.S.S.R.; Poultry farming; Poultry products;
Exports; Farm income; History; Peasant workers; Rail
transport; Literature reviews


16 NAL Call. No.: SF481.J68
Beak trimming effects on performance, behavior and welfare of
chickens: A review.
Cunningham, D.L.
Athens, Ga. : Applied Poultry Science, Inc; 1992 Mar.
Journal of applied poultry research v. 1 (1): p. 129-134; 1992
Mar. Literature review. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Fowls; Debeaking; Animal welfare; Animal
behavior; Literature reviews


17 NAL Call. No.: 47.8 Am33P
Behavioral responses of broiler chickens to handling: effects
of dietary tryptophan and two lighting regimens.
Newberry, R.C.; Blair, R.
Champaign, IL : Poultry Science Association, 1921-; 1993 Jul.
Poultry science v. 72 (7): p. 1237-1244; 1993 Jul. Includes
references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Broilers; Diet; Tryptophan; Light regime;
Fearfulness; Animal welfare; Carcass quality; Dosage effects

Abstract: In three 2 X 2 factorial experiments, effects of
added dietary Trp (0 or .2%, Experiments 1 and 2; 0 or .4%,
Experiment 3) and two lighting regimens [1) constant 23-h
photoperiod (23H); or 2) increasing photoperiod (INC)] on
behavioral responses of broilers to handling were assessed. In
Week 6 of Experiment 1, and Weeks 3 and 6 of Experiments 2 and
3, 32 chickens from each treatment were picked up and held by
both legs for 30 s, carried for 60 s, and induced into tonic
immobility (TI). In aU experiments, chickens reared under INC
were more likely to flap when carried, and flapped longer,
than chickens reared under 23H (P < .01). In Experiments 2 and
3, INC chickens were more likely to curl the body ventrally
when handled and were more susceptible to TI induction than
23H chickens (P < .05). The duration of TI was shorter on INC
than 23H in Experiment 2 (P < .05), and longer in Experiment 3
(P < .001). Dietary Trp supplementation resulted in a lower
flapping duration and higher incidence of body curling in
Experiment 2 (P < .05), and a shorter TI duration in
Experiment 3 (P < .05). Flapping, body curling, and TI
responses of chickens varied between handlers (P < .05).
Vocalization and flapping rates were lower, and flapping
incidence and duration of flapping and TI higher, in Week 6
than in Week 3 (P < .05). Chickens reared under INC may be at
greater risk of injury during reslaughter handling than
chickens reared under 23H. Addition of .4% Trp to the diet may
have a mild fear-reducing effect.


18 NAL Call. No.: 47.8 AM33P
Behavior-genetic analysis and poultry husbandry.
Siegel, P.B.
Champaign, Ill. : Poultry Science Association; 1993 Jan.
Poultry science v. 72 (1): p. 1-6; 1993 Jan. Includes
references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Fowls; Domestication; Animal welfare; Genetic
improvement; Adaptability; Animal behavior; Vocalization;
Genetic variation

Abstract: Domestication, one of the great innovations in
human history, has had a profound effect on agriculture and
the development of urban societies. Domestication is a
continuing genetic process through which anatomy, behavior,
and physiology are modified to suit specific needs. In
poultry, the process has accelerated during the past several
decades because of increased selection pressure and
development of specialized male and female lines in breeding
programs. Large changes have also occurred in the
intensification of environments in which poultry are
maintained. Such intensification is a function of escalation
of land, energy, and labor costs. Whether the rate of change
of these nongenetic factors is faster than biological change
is an important issue in the consideration of behavior-genetic
analyses and poultry husbandry. Complex behavioral, genetic,
and physiological responses are involved in the buffering
necessary for animals to cope with changes in their physical
and social environments. Knowledge of behavioral range and
genetic variation of short- and long-term responses is
essential to understanding how poultry adapt. Although innate
behaviors and habituation can prevent some stimuli from
causing manifestations that detract from well-being, husbandry
conditions should optimize behavioral responses with
biological advantages to individuals and populations.


19 NAL Call. No.: QL750.A6
Behavioural responses of commercially farmed laying hens to
humans: evidence of stimulus generalization.
Barnett, J.L.; Hemsworth, P.H.; Jones, R.B.
Amsterdam : Elsevier Science Publishers, B.V.; 1993 Jul.
Applied animal behaviour science v. 37 (2): p. 139-146; 1993
Jul. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Hens; Fearfulness; Man


20 NAL Call. No.: 286.81 F322
Breeder flock study shows salmonella-causing factors.
Jones, F.T.
Minnetonka, Minn. : Miller Publishing Co; 1992 Mar16.
Feedstuffs v. 64 (11): p. 1, 22-23; 1992 Mar16. Includes
references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Salmonella; Broilers; Contamination; Flocks;
Disease control; Animal health; Stress


21 NAL Call. No.: 389.8 J82
Calcium deficiency and food deprivation improve the response
of chickens to acute heat stress.
Ait-Boulahsen, A.; Garlich, J.D.; Edens, F.W.
Bethesda, Md. : American Institute of Nutrition; 1993 Jan. The
Journal of nutrition v. 123 (1): p. 98-105; 1993 Jan.
Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Fowls; Diet; Mineral deficiencies; Calcium; Food
restriction; Heat stress; Acid base equilibrium

Abstract: The tolerance of chickens to acute heat stress may
be modified by diet. Broiler chickens fed calcium-adequate
(0.90% Ca) or -deficient (0.45% or 0.15% Ca) diets were either
fed or not fed for 24 h and exposed to increasing temperatures
(from 24 to 41 degrees C). Diets were fed for 7 d before heat
stress in Experiment 1 and for 14 d before heat stress in
Experiment 2. Body temperature, blood ionized Ca, pH, pCO2,
plasma inorganic phosphate and total Ca were determined.
During heat stress, Ca+2 and inorganic phosphate were
depressed in all treatments. Feeding the 0.45% Ca diet for 7 d
reduced hyperthermic body temperature of fed chickens but had
no effect on body temperature of unfed chickens relative to
the groups fed 0.90% Ca. No further improvement in body
temperature response to heat stress was obtained by lowering
the dietary Ca level to 0.15% or extending the feeding period
to 14 d. Food deprivation was more effective in counteracting
the heat-induced rise in body temperature than a dietary Ca
deficiency. Heat-induced changes in body temperature, Ca+2,
inorganic phosphate and blood pH were highly correlated (P <
0.001). The change in Ca+2 followed a pattern similar to that
of changes in body temperature, but changes in inorganic
phosphate seemed to be more indicative of changes in pH.
Control birds fed 0.90% Ca exhibited the highest changes in
Ca+2 and body temperature values. Feeding Ca-deficient diets
reduced changes in both Ca+2 and body temperature. Unfed
birds, regardless of dietary Ca level, showed the lowest
changes in Ca+2 and body temperature. The results suggest that
during heat stress, the increase in body temperature is
inversely related to the chickens' ability to maintain blood
Ca+2.


22 NAL Call. No.: SF481.J68
Carbon dioxide, ammonium chloride, potassium chloride, and
performance of heat distressed broilers.
Smith, M.O.; Teeter, R.G.
Athens, GA : Applied Poultry Science, Inc., [1992-; 1993. The
Journal of applied poultry research v. 2 (1): p. 61-66; 1993.
Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Broilers; Heat stress; Carbonation; Drinking
water; Acid base equilibrium; Body temperature; Water intake


23 NAL Call. No.: 389.9 Un342
Carcass quality after broiler livehaul and influence of
withdrawal feed nutrition.
Moran, E.T. Jr
College Park, Md. : The Conference, 1961-; 1994.
Proceedings /. p. 30-38; 1994. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Broilers; Marketing; Food restriction; Transport
of animals; Carcass quality


24 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 V643
Changes in the somatosensory evoked potentials and spontaneous
electroencephalogram of hens during stunning with a carbon
dioxide and argon mixture.
Mohan Raj, A.B.; Wotton, S.B.; Gregory, N.G.
London : Bailliere Tindall; 1992 Mar.
British veterinary journal v. 148 (2): p. 147-156; 1992 Mar.
Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Hens; Stunning; Carbon dioxide; Argon; Oxygen;
Bioelectric potential; Electroencephalograms; Hypercapnia;
Anoxia; Animal welfare

Abstract: A previous investigation indicated that when hens
were exposed to 2% oxygen in argon (anoxia) EEG suppression
and loss of SEPs occurred at 17 and 29 s after exposure. In
this study, hens were exposed to 49% carbon dioxide in air
(hypercapnic hypoxia) or 31% carbon dioxide with 2% oxygen in
argon (hypercapnic anoxia) and their spontaneous electroence-
phalogram (EEG) and somatosensory evoked potentials (SEPs)
were investigated. The results indicated that EEG suppression
and loss of SEPs occurred in 11 and 26 s, respectively, in
hypercapnic hypoxia. These events occurred at 11 and 19 s,
respectively, after exposure to hypercapnic anoxia. These
results indicated that, with regard to preslaughter
stunning/killing of chickens, a mixture of 31% carbon dioxide
with 2% oxygen in argon resulted in a more rapid loss of
evoked responses in the brain when compared with 49% carbon
dioxide in air or with 2% oxygen in argon. It is concluded
that stunning chickens with low concentrations of carbon
dioxide in argon would result in a more rapid loss of
consciousness.


25 NAL Call. No.: QL750.A6
Choice tests for space in groups of laying hens.
Fanure, J.M.
Amsterdam ; New York : Elsevier, 1984-; 1994 Jan.
Applied animal behaviour science v. 39 (1): p. 89-94; 1994
Jan. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Hens; Cage size; Animal welfare; Space
utilization; Groups; Tests


26 NAL Call. No.: 1.98 AG84
The cleanest little chicken house in America.
Mazzola, V.
Washington, D.C. : The Service; 1993 Sep.
Agricultural research - U.S. Department of Agriculture,
Agricultural Research Service v. 41 (9): p. 18; 1993 Sep.

Language: English

Descriptors: Poultry housing; Environmental control


27 NAL Call. No.: 47.8 AM33P
Comparison of behavior and performance of laying hens housed
in battery cages and an aviary.
Tanaka, T.; Hurnik, J.F.
Champaign, Ill. : Poultry Science Association; 1992 Feb.
Poultry science v. 71 (2): p. 235-243; 1992 Feb. Includes
references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Hens; Animal welfare; Battery cages; Aviaries;
Animal behavior; Egg production; Feeding habits

Abstract: Experiments were carried out to study the behavior
and production performance of hens housed in battery cages (3
birds X 112 cages) and an aviary (437 birds). Direct visual
observations and videotapings of hen behavior were collected
at 24 to 25, 36 to 37, 49 to 50, and 61 to 62 wk of age.
Production data were collected daily. Stereotyped behaviors
were much more frequent (P < .01) in the battery cages (7.0 to
24.7%) than in the aviary (1.0 to 2.7%). Comfort behaviors
were performed by aviary birds (3.9 to 5.5%) much more
frequently (P < .01) than by the caged birds (.7 to .9%). The
birds were more active during a few hours before dark and just
after light in both cages and the aviary. In both groups, the
production performance of hens was similar and relatively
high. The results of the current study indicate that aviaries
provide a more comfortable environment for birds and almost
the same productivity per bird as battery cages.


28 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 R312
Comparison of bone volume and strength as measures of skeletal
integrity in caged laying hens with access to perches.
Hughes, B.O.; Wilson, S.; Appleby, M.C.; Smith, S.F.
London : British Veterinary Association, 1960-; 1993 Mar.
Research in veterinary science v. 54 (2): p. 202-206; 1993
Mar. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Hens; Perches; Bone strength; Bones; Volume;
Breaking strength; Osteoporosis

Abstract: Fractures in spent laying hens are now recognised
as a major welfare problem; the objective of this work was to
determine whether provision of perches for caged layers would
increase bone strength, bone volume or both. Sixteen ISA Brown
hens were housed from 18 to 72 weeks old in cages with perches
and 16 in similar cages without perches. At the end of lay the
birds' tibiotarsi were examined for strength by a three-point
loading test and their tarsometatarsi for bone volume by
histomorphometry. There was no significant effect of perches
on tibiotarsal breaking strength. Hens from both groups showed
evidence of osteoporosis, but it was more severe in the birds
from conventional cages: tarsometatarsal trabecular bone
volume was greater in the hens which had access to perches. A
positive correlation was found between trabecular bone volume
and the degree of day-time perch usage by individual hens.
Provision of perches can have a slight but significant
beneficial effect, at least for the leg bones, in increasing
the bone volume of caged laying hens.


29 NAL Call. No.: 47.8 Am33P
Continuous submarginal phosphorus with broilers and the effect
of preslaughter transportation: carcass defects, further-
processing yields, and tibia-femur integrity.
Moran, E.T.; Todd, M.C.
Champaign, IL : Poultry Science Association, 1921-; 1994 Sep.
Poultry science v. 73 (9): p. 1448-1457; 1994 Sep. Includes
references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Broilers; Mineral deficiencies; Phosphorus;
Carcass quality; Femur; Tibia; Length; Broiler performance;
Body weight; Feed conversion; Transport of animals; Mortality;
Carcass yield; Abdominal fat; Epiphyses; Bone density; Bone
weight

Abstract: Broiler males were given a series of feeds from 0
to 8 wk having all nutrients advocated by the NRC (1984) and
were compared with birds offered feeds with available P
continuously 10% below recommendation. At termination, birds
in pens were divided for cooping, and coops were either
subjected to 6 h of truck transportation and 4 h of
preslaughter rest or held stationary for 10 h. High summer
temperatures existed throughout experimentation, and low
dietary P reduced body weight gain through the first 6 wk,
whereas an advantage in feed conversion and mortality occurred
from 6 to 8 wk. Weight loss increased when birds were
subjected to transportation, regardless of P nutriture, and a
portion of the loss was recovered during processing as gain in
relative chilled carcass yield. Proportions of abdominal fat
and skinless boneless meats from chilled carcasses were
unaltered, regardless of treatment. Increased incidence of
deformed drumsticks occurred because of low P as did drumstick
bruising, which was further accentuated when birds had been
transported. Back bruising was prominent when P was adequate
and birds were held stationary, whereas the converse occurred
with transportation. Tibia length was reduced as a consequence
of low P, whereas the femur suffered in terms of decreased
mineral density at the epiphyses and resistance to Instron-
applied stress. Although transportation in itself did not
affect any bone measurement, inadequate P weakened the
skeleton to increase likelihood of carcass defects during
preslaughter stress.


30 NAL Call. No.: 286.81 F322
Control of heat stress essential to keep hens laying in hot
weather. Muirhead, S.
Minnetonka, Minn. : Miller Publishing Co; 1993 Apr05.
Feedstuffs v. 65 (14): p. 13; 1993 Apr05.

Language: English

Descriptors: Hens; Heat stress; Weather; Temperature


31 NAL Call. No.: SB599.A47
Controlling rodents in commercial poultry facilities.
Corrigan, R.M.; Timm, R.M.
West Lafayette, Ind. : Cooperative Extension Service, Purdue
University,; 1993 Feb.
Animal damage control / (3): 16 p.; 1993 Feb.

Language: English

Descriptors: U.S.A.; Cabt; Poultry housing; Mus musculus;
Rattus norvegicus; Rattus rattus; Rodent control;
Rodenticides; Poultry diseases; Bait traps


32 NAL Call. No.: 58.9 In7
A conveyor system for handling laying hens.
Moran, P.; Whetlor, B.; Berry, P.
Silsoe : Institution of Agricultural Engineers; 1993.
The Agricultural engineer v. 48 (4): p. 120-122; 1993.
Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Uk; Cabt; Handling machinery; Conveyors; Poultry
housing; Battery cages; Hens; Design; Operation; Animal
welfare


33 NAL Call. No.: 290.9 Am32P
Cost benefit analysis of a 24 hour summer ventilation strategy
for poultry. Bisesi, P.S.; Bottcher, R.W.; Driggers, L.B.;
Brake, J.; Pardue, S.L.; Etheredge, A.
St. Joseph, Mich. : American Society of Agricultural
Engineers,; 1992. Paper / (923537): 15 p.; 1992. Paper
presented at the "1992 International winter meeting sponsored
by the American Society of Agricultural Engineers," December
15-18, 1992, Nashville, Tennessee. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Poultry housing; Ventilation; Electricity;
Summer; Cost benefit analysis


34 NAL Call. No.: 290.9 Am32P
Decontamination of poultry transport cages.
El-Assaad, F.G.; Stewart, L.E.; Mallinson, E.T.; Carr, L.E.;
Joseph, S.W.; Berney, G.
St. Joseph, Mich. : American Society of Agricultural
Engineers,; 1993. Paper / (933010): 26 p.; 1993. Paper
presented at the "1993 International Summer Meeting sponsored
by The American Society of Agricultural Engineers," June
20-23, 1993, Spokane, Washington. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Cages; Salmonella; Poultry; Disinfection


35 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 V643
The depletion of glycogen stores and indices of dehydration in
transported broilers.
Warriss, P.D.; Kestin, S.C.; Brown, S.N.; Knowles, T.G.;
Wilkins, L.J.; Edwards, J.E.; Austin, S.D.; Nicol, C.J.
London : Bailliere Tindall; 1993 Jul.
The British veterinary journal v. 149(4): p. 391-398; 1993
Jul. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Broilers; Transport of animals; Road transport;
Dehydration (physiological); Glycogen; Liver; Food
deprivation; Blood sugar; Ph; Skeletal muscle

Abstract: Broilers were either not transported or were
transported for 2, 4 or 6 hours after having been subjected to
food withdrawal times of less than one hour or of ten hours.
The birds were then slaughtered using normal commercial
practices. The longer period of food deprivation reduced liver
weight and glycogen content, and circulating glucose
concentrations. It also elevated the ultimate pH value (pHu)
in the biceps muscle and by implication, therefore, reduced
its glycogen content. With longer journey times, liver weight
and glycogen content decreased. Transport had an inconsistent
effect on glycogen concentration in the pectoral muscle but
progressively reduced its pHu. In contrast, pHu in the biceps
progressively increased, by implication because transport
depleted muscle glycogen levels. Birds transported further had
higher concentrations of total protein in their plasma which,
though this was not significant, also had a higher osmolality.
This suggests that transported birds became dehydrated.
Additionally, the depletion of body glycogen stores might be
associated with the perception of fatigue.


36 NAL Call. No.: S671.A66
Design of a poultry disease isolation facility with
programmable environmental control.
Branton, S.L.; Simmons, J.D.
St. Joseph, Mich. : American Society of Agricultural
Engineers; 1992 Sep. Applied engineering in agriculture v. 8
(5): p. 695-699; 1992 Sep. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Pig housing; Structural design; Animal diseases;
Isolation; Quarantine; Environmental control

Abstract: An 8 X 25 m (26 X 82 ft) block building was
converted from an outdated environmental research facility to
a state-of-the-art biological isolation laboratory for poultry
disease research. Modification included interior partitioning
into two large environmental chambers, the addition of
insulation in walls and ceiling, 70 kW (20 tons) of
refrigeration, 32 fiber glass biological isolation units,
appropriate air handling and waste removal, and a computer-
based environmental controller. The facility has been in use
for two years and has been used in conducting research with
both broilers and layers with no occurrence of cross-
contamination. To date, the facility has performed as intended
with no problems other than the accumulation of poultry dust
with resultant persistent clogging of the medium efficiency
pleated roughing filter. This problem was rectified through
the incorporation of a lanolin-impregnated roll roughing
filter into the filter system upstream of the pleated roughing
filter.


37 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 V643
Designing environments for animals-not for public perceptions.
Duncan, L.J.H.
London : Bailliere Tindall; 1992 Nov.
British veterinary journal v. 148 (6): p. 475-477; 1992 Nov.
Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Hens; Battery cages; Animal welfare; Animal
behavior


38 NAL Call. No.: 58.8 J82
Development of a constant current water bath stunner for
poultry processing. Sparrey, J.M.; Kettlewell, P.J.; Paice,
M.E.R.; Whetlor, W.C. London ; Orlando : Academic Press, 1956-
; 1993 Dec.
Journal of agricultural engineering research v. 56 (4): p.
267-274; 1993 Dec. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Poultry; Slaughtering equipment; Stunning;
Electric current; Electrical equipment; Animal welfare

Abstract: Problems with conventional water bath stunners have
been identified through observation in commercial processing
plants and experiment in the laboratory. Due to differences in
the electrical resistance of the individual birds there is
little control over the stunning current and hence the
effectiveness of stunning. To illustrate this problem, the use
of set voltage water bath stunners in the poultry processing
industry is described. Their performance in relation to
existing UK legislation and proposed European standards for
animal welfare is discussed. A prototype poultry stunner has
been developed which controls the current delivered to
individual birds. The stunning current has a 50 Hz sinusoidal
wave form and the root mean square (r.m.s.) value is
adjustable between 50 and 200 mA. The machine is capable of
operating at typical commercial processing speeds of 6000
birds per hour. Experiments using dummy birds, built with
electrical properties to represent a live chicken, show that
the system can deliver and maintain a preset, constant current
to each individual bird provided there is no significant
current pathway between adjacent birds. A constant current
stunning system will control the current flow through
individual birds at an optimal level which will ensure an
effective stun and at the same time minimize the carcass
quality problems produced by high currents.


39 NAL Call. No.: 290.9 Am32P
Diagnostic hardware/software system for environmental
controllers. Chao, K.L.; Gates, R.S.; Chi, H.
St. Joseph, Mich. : American Society of Agricultural
Engineers,; 1992. Paper / (92-3560): 25 p.; 1992. Paper
presented at the "1992 International Winter Meeting sponsored
by the American Society of Agricultural Engineers," December
15-18, 1992, Nashville, Tennessee. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Poultry housing; Temperature; Computer simulation


40 NAL Call. No.: 389.8 J82
Dietary energy source and density modulate the expression of
immunologic stress in chicks.
Benson, B.N.; Calvert, C.C.; Roura, E.; Klasing, K.C.
Bethesda, Md. : American Institute of Nutrition; 1993 Oct. The
Journal of nutrition v. 123 (10): p. 1714-1723; 1993 Oct.
Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Energy intake; Metabolizable energy; Nutrient
density; Food intake; Growth; Stress; Experimental infections;
Experimental diets; Chicks; Blood lipids; Immune response;
Energy metabolism

Abstract: To determine how dietary energy level and source
influence feed intake, growth and energy partitioning during
immunologic stress, growing chicks were fed diets based on
cornstarch and casein with varying energy densities and
injected every other day for 6 d with either saline (control),
Salmonella typhimurium lipopolysaccharide or heat-killed
Staphylococcus aureus. Salmonella typhimurium
lipopolysaccharide decreased growth and feed consumption at
low energy densities. When the dietary energy density was
increased above 13.4 kJ/g using cornstarch, but not corn oil,
the growth depressing effect of immunogens was eliminated.
Immunologically stressed chicks had a greater proportion of
gain in visceral organs and less in the carcass, regardless of
the nutrient density of the diet. Immunologic stress decreased
intake of metabolizable energy of chicks fed a diet with low
nutrient density and increased it for those fed a diet with
high nutrient density. Chicks injected with S. typhimurium
lipopolysaccharide lost more energy as heat than controls when
differences in metabolizable energy intakes were accounted for
and modified their preference between two diets differing in
metabolizable energy density and fat content as a result of
the challenge. Control chicks selected between the 11.7 and
14.2 kJ/g diets to obtain an energy density of 13.2 kJ/g
compared with 12.5 kJ/g in the S. typhimurium
lipopolysaccharide-challenged chicks. The S. typhimurium
lipopolysaccharide-challenged chicks consumed similar amounts
of the low energy diet but decreased intake of the high energy
diet.


41 NAL Call. No.: SF481.J68
Dietary vitamin and/or trace mineral premix effects on
performance, humoral mediated immunity, and carcass
composition of broilers during thermoneutral and high ambient
temperature distress.
Deyhim, F.; Teeter, R.G.
Athens, GA : Applied Poultry Science, Inc., [1992-; 1993. The
Journal of applied poultry research v. 2 (4): p. 347-355;
1993. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Broilers; Heat stress; Carcass composition;
Dietary minerals; Vitamin supplements; Broiler performance;
Humoral immunity; Mineral deficiencies; Vitamin deficiencies;
Antibody formation; Abdominal fat; Liver; Bursa fabricii;
Spleen; Weight


42 NAL Call. No.: 47.8 AM33P
Differential environmental effects on lesions, early growth,
and mortality of imperfect albino (s(al-c)) chicks.
Silversides, F.G.; Merat, P.; Coquerelle, G.
Champaign, Ill. : Poultry Science Association; 1992 May.
Poultry science v. 71 (5): p. 813-820; 1992 May. Includes
references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Chicks; Albinos; Genes; Lesions; Growth;
Mortality; Genotypes; Body weight; Liveweight gain; Brooders;
Battery cages; Floor pens; Light regime; Genotype environment
interaction

Abstract: A series of experiments investigated early
pleiotropic effects of a gene for imperfect albinism (s(al-c))
in a population of chickens at Jouy-en-Josas, France. An
elevated incidence of lesions of the navel, hocks, and nares
typical of imperfect albinos were seen on these chicks,
confirming their existence in this population. Variations in
hatching environment and the amount of light in the hatcher
were both implicated in contributing to the occurrence of
lesions of the hocks and nares, but not to those of the navel.
In two experiments, using batteries and cages, early growth
was reduced among albinos and early mortality was increased.
Significant genotype by environment interactions for weight at
4 days and growth to this time, but not thereafter, suggested
that the effect is restricted to this time. Unfavorable
environments were most deleterious to albinos. In a third
experiment, conducted in floor pens, the gene had no effect on
either early growth or mortality. There was no effect of the
gene on the lesions, early growth, or mortality when carried
by heterozygous males (s(+)/s(al-c)).


43 NAL Call. No.: 47.8 B77
Differential leucocyte responses to various degrees of food
restriction in broilers, turkeys and ducks.
Maxwell, M.H.; Hocking, P.M.; Robertson, G.W.
Oxfordshire : Carfax Publishing Company; 1992 Mar.
British poultry science v. 33 (1): p. 177-187; 1992 Mar.
Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Poultry; Restricted feeding; Stress response;
Blood picture


44 NAL Call. No.: 381 J824
Differential trans-activation of muscle-specific regulatory
elements including the myosin light chain box by chicken MyoD,
myogenin, and MRF4. Fujisawa-Sehara, A.; Nabeshima, Y.;
Komiya, T.; Uetsuki, T.; Asakura, A.; Nabeshima, Y.I.
Baltimore, Md. : American Society for Biochemistry and
Molecular Biology; 1992 May15.
The Journal of biological chemistry v. 267 (14): p.
10031-10038; 1992 May15. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Fowls; Myosin; Genetic regulation; Controlling
elements; Nucleotide sequences; Amino acid sequences

Abstract: We have isolated cDNAs encoding a chicken homologue
of MRF4 (cMRF4) in addition to chicken MyoD (CMD1) and
myogenin (c-myogenin) described previously. In an attempt to
understand the roles that cMRF4, CMD1, and c-myogenin play in
chicken myogenesis, the effects of these factors on muscle-
specific cis-elements identified in regulatory regions of
myosin alkali light chain (MLC) genes were examined. The
promoter analysis of some of MLC genes has revealed two sorts
of muscle-specific positive regulatory elements to date, an
enhancer located upstream of the adult type LC1 gene and a
cis-element, termed an MLC box, conserved among promoters of
various MLC genes. The LC1 enhancer was exclusively trans-
activated by CMD1. Although c-myogenin also activated
transcription driven by the LC1 promoter, it was suggested
that c-myogenin requires a cis-element(s) other than the CMD1-
responsive enhancer. Chicken MRF4 could not trans-activate any
of the constructs containing the LC1 promoter. In contrast,
the promoter of the embryonic L23 gene was trans-activated by
all of the three factors. From deletion and mutation analysis,
the MLC box was shown to be involved in their positive
regulation. These results extend previous observations that
individual myogenic regulatory factors exhibit different
capabilities in transcriptional activation of muscle-specific
genes by acting distinctively upon their regulatory elements.


45 NAL Call. No.: QL750.A6
Diurnal and individual variation in behaviour of restricted-
fed broiler breeders.
Kostal, L.; Savory, C.J.; Hughes, B.O.
Amsterdam : Elsevier Science Publishers, B.V.; 1992 Jan.
Applied animal behaviour science v. 32 (4): p. 361-374; 1992
Jan. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Broilers; Restricted feeding; Animal behavior;
Diurnal variation; Variation; Stress; Corticosterone; Blood
plasma; Fearfulness; Body weight


46 NAL Call. No.: 290.9 Am32P
Dust, ammonia, and carbon dioxide emissions from a poultry
house. Maghirang, R.G.; Manbeck, H.B.
St. Joseph, Mich. : American Society of Agricultural
Engineers,; 1993. Paper / (934056): 10 p.; 1993. Paper
presented at the "1993 International Summer Meeting sponsored
by The American Society of Agricultural Engineers and The
Canadian Society of Agricultural Engineering," June 20-23,
1993, Spokane, Washington. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Air quality; Poultry housing; Ventilation


47 NAL Call. No.: 290.9 AM32T
Dust net generation rate in a poultry layer house.
Qi, R.; Manbeck, H.B.; Maghirang, R.G.
St. Joseph, Mich. : American Society of Agricultural
Engineers; 1992 Sep. Transactions of the ASAE v. 35 (5): p.
1639-1645. ill; 1992 Sep. Literature review. Includes
references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Pennsylvania; Poultry housing; Air quality;
Artificial ventilation; Dust; Interactions; Lighting;
Literature reviews; Particle density; Air pollutants;
Mathematical models

Abstract: Dust particle net generation rates, based on the
particle concentration data obtained in a commercial poultry
facility during a complete laying season of one flock of
birds, were calculated and compared to published values. The
layer house was mechanically ventilated with a housing
capacity for 112,000 caged birds. Two seasonal (hot and cold)
ventilation rates were used at different times during the 14
weekly sample periods that are included in this study. The
daily lighting scheme in the house consisted of 17 lighted
hours followed by 7 darkened hours. Hourly dust particle net
generation rates for respirable and total particles were
calculated. For the 14 tested weeks, mean particle volume
generation rates were 0.76 mm3/h.bird and 1.06 mm3/h.bird,
respectively, for respirable and total particles. Based on a
measured particle density of 1750 kg/m3, the mean mass
generation rates of respirable and total particles were 1.32
mg/h.bird and 1.84 mg/h.bird, respectively. Both respirable
and total particle generation rates were significantly (P <
0.05) influenced by both ventilation rate and lighting levels.


48 NAL Call. No.: 447.8 AM3
Early insulin response after food intake in geese.
Karmann, H.; Rideau, N.; Zorn, T.; Malan, A.; Le Maho, Y.
Bethesda, Md. : American Physiological Society; 1992 Oct.
American journal of physiology v. 263 (4,pt.2): p. R782-R784;
1992 Oct. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Food intake; Insulin; Insulin secretion; Glucose;
Blood plasma; Blood sampling; Stress; Geese

Abstract: Plasma glucose and insulin levels were measured in
chronically catheterized, freely moving, undisturbed geese,
which were offered a free standard meal after an overnight
fast. The insulin level markedly rose within the first minute
after the start of food ingestion, whereas plasma glucose did
not increase. This early insulin response was not correlated
with the size of the meal. In contrast, both postabsorptive
insulin response and plasma glucose changes were dependent on
meal size. When a small amount of food (2-6 g) was eaten,
insulin returned to basal level within 30 min, whereas plasma
glucose remained unchanged. Larger meals (15-20 g) maintained
plasma insulin at a higher level and induced a sustained rise
of plasma glucose. These results indicate that there is a
cephalic phase of insulin secretion at the beginning of the
meal in birds as previously described in mammals.


49 NAL Call. No.: 47.8 B77
Effect of acute heat exposure on blood flow and its
distribution in the unrestrained laying fowl (Gallus
domesticus).
Arad, Z.; El-Sayed, M.S.; Brackenbury, J.H.
Oxfordshire : Carfax Publishing Company; 1993 Jul.
British poultry science v. 34 (3): p. 559-568; 1993 Jul.
Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Hens; Blood flow; Body temperature; Environmental
temperature; Heat stress


50 NAL Call. No.: 47.8 B77
Effect of acute heat exposure on triglyceride transfer to the
preovulatory follicles of the laying fowl (Gallus domesticus).
Arad, Z.; El-Sayed, M.S.; Brackenbury, J.H.
Oxfordshire : Carfax Publishing Company; 1993 Jul.
British poultry science v. 34 (3): p. 569-575; 1993 Jul.
Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Hens; Heat stress; Follicles; Triacylglycerols


51 NAL Call. No.: 47.8 Am33P
Effect of age and presence of perches during rearing on tonic
immobility fear reactions of broiler breeder pullets.
Brake, J.; Keeley, T.P.; Jones, R.B.
Champaign, IL : Poultry Science Association, 1921-; 1994 Sep.
Poultry science v. 73 (9): p. 1470-1474; 1994 Sep. Includes
references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Pullets; Perches; Fearfulness; Age differences;
Protein intake; Dietary protein; Body weight

Abstract: Broiler breeders were housed in pens in an all-
litter house with an 8-h photoperiod from hatching to 20 wk of
age. They were reared either in the presence or absence of
perches (7 cm per bird) and on either a 14% or a 17% CP diet.
The duration of the tonic immobility (TI) fear response was
measured in 15- and in 20-wk-old birds; each pullet was tested
individually and once only. There was an apparent age-related
increase in the duration of TI, which was attenuated by the
provision of perches during rearing. The results are discussed
in terms of maturational and environmental influences on the
development and alleviation of fear.


52 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 Am3A
Effect of building ventilation design on environment and
performance of turkeys.
DeBey, M.C.; Trampel, D.W.; Richard, J.L.; Bundy, D.S.;
Hoffman, L.J.; Meyer, V.M.; Cox, D.F.
Schaumburg, Ill. : American Veterinary Medical Association;
1994 Feb. American journal of veterinary research v. 55 (2):
p. 216-220; 1994 Feb. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Turkeys; Poultry housing; Natural ventilation;
Doors; Structural design; Performance; Air flow; Air
temperature; Relative humidity; Ammonia; Air microbiology;
Particles; Air quality; Seasonal variation

Abstract: Environmental variables in 10 commercial turkey
confinement buildings, representing 2 natural ventilation
designs, were measured during summer and the following winter.
Sliding doors spaced at intervals along the walls of 5 of the
buildings provided about 35% opening, and continuous wall
curtains provided 60 to 80% opening in the other 5 buildings.
Environmental variables assessed included airspeed;
temperature; relative humidity; gases; particle number, size,
and mass per cubic meter of air; and colonies of bacteria,
yeasts, and other fungi per cubic meter of air. Colonies of
yeasts and other fungi were quantitated in feed and litter.
For most of the variables evaluated, significant differences
were not attributable to building ventilation design; however,
in winter, the total mass of particulate matter per cubic
meter of air was higher in the curtain-type houses, compared
with sliding door-type houses. Ammonia concentration in the
air of sliding door-type houses progressively increased during
summer and winter sampling periods. A significant effect of
building ventilation design on turkey performance was not
detected when using mortality, average daily gain, feed
conversion, condemnations at slaughter, or average individual
bird weight as measures of production.


53 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 V641
Effect of catching method and lighting intensity on the
prevalence of broken bones and on the ease of handling of end-
of-lay hens.
Gregory, N.G.; Wilkins, L.J.; Alvey, D.M.; Tucker, S.A.
London : The Association; 1993 Feb06.
The Veterinary record : journal of the British Veterinary
Association v. 132 (6): p. 127-129; 1993 Feb06. Includes
references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Hens; Bone fractures


54 NAL Call. No.: 47.8 B77
Effect of cold stress on performance and immune responses of
bedouin and white leghorn hens.
Spinu, M.; Degen, A.A.
Oxfordshire : Carfax Publishing Company; 1993 Mar.
British poultry science v. 34 (1): p. 177-185; 1993 Mar.
Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Israel; Cabt; Hens; Breed differences


55 NAL Call. No.: QL750.A6
Effect of early handling on growth, mortality and feed
efficiency in White Leghorns.
Leonard, M.L.; Fairfull, R.W.
Amsterdam : Elsevier Science Publishers, B.V.; 1992 Jul.
Applied animal behaviour science v. 34 (1/2): p. 121-128; 1992
Jul. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Chicks; Animal husbandry; Handling; Growth rate;
Mortality; Feed conversion efficiency; Cannibalism


56 NAL Call. No.: QL750.A6
The effect of environmental enrichment during rearing on fear
reactions and depopulation trauma in adult caged hens.
Reed, H.J.; Wilkins, L.J.; Austin, S.D.; Gregory, N.G.
Amsterdam ; New York : Elsevier, 1984-; 1993 Mar.
Applied animal behaviour science v. 36 (1): p. 39-46; 1993
Mar. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Hens; Battery cages; Fearfulness; Trauma; Removal


57 NAL Call. No.: 47.8 Am33P
Effect of induced molting on the recurrence of a previous
Salmonella enteritidis infection.
Holt, P.S.; Porter, R.E. Jr
Champaign, IL : Poultry Science Association, 1921-; 1993 Nov.
Poultry science v. 72 (11): p. 2069-2078; 1993 Nov. Includes
references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Hens; Salmonella enteritidis; Molting; Relapse;
Susceptibility; Disease transmission; Stress

Abstract: Previous work in the authors' laboratory had shown
that hens infected with Salmonella enteritidis (SE) during the
feed removal phase of an induced molt shed significantly more
SE and more readily transmitted SE to uninfected hens in
adjacent cages when compared with unmolted hens. A study was
conducted to examine the effect of induced molting on the
recurrence and horizontal transmission of a previous SE
infection. Hens aged 59 and 69 wk in Trials 1 and 2,
respectively, were infected with SE and then molted 21 days
later. In Trial 1, more molted hens were SE-culture-positive
on Days 38 (P less than or equal to .005) and 45 (P less than
or equal to .005) postinfection, and these hens shed more SE
on these days (P less than or equal to.05 and P less than or
equal to .005, respectively) than unmolted hens. Horizontal
transmission of SE to previously uninfected but contact
exposed hens in adjacent cages was also higher in the molted
group than the unmolted group on Days 38 (P less than or equal
to .05) and 45 (P less than or equal to .001). Molted,
contact- exposed hens also shed significantly more SE than
unmolted hens. In Trial 2, the molted infected hens shed
progressively more SE than the unmolted hens but the
differences were not significant. However, more molted
contact-exposed hens became SE-positive at Day 31 (P less than
or equal to .05) and 38 (P less than or equal to .005) and
also shed more SE on these days (P less than or equal to .05
and P less than or equal to .01, respectively) than the
unmolted hens. Serum and intestinal antibody titers to SE were
also examined in Trial 2. Molting appeared to exert no effect
on the serum SE titers, but antibody titers in the alimentary
tract were lower in the molted hens than the unmolted hens on
Days 45 (P less than or equal to .005) and 52 (P less than or
equal to .05). In Trial 1, three of eight molted directly
infected hens and two of eight molted contact-exposed hens
produced an SE-contaminated egg, but none of the unmolted hens
produced any SE-contaminated eggs. In Trial 2, no SE-
contaminated eggs were produced.


58 NAL Call. No.: 47.8 Am33P
The effect of long-term housing in an aviary and battery cages
on the physical condition of laying hens: body weight, feather
condition, claw length, foot lesions, and tibia strength.
Taylor, A.A.; Hurnik, J.F.
Champaign, IL : Poultry Science Association, 1921-; 1994 Feb.
Poultry science v. 73 (2): p. 268-273; 1994 Feb. Includes
references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Hens; Aviaries; Battery cages; Body weight;
Claws; Length; Feathers; Tibia; Bone strength; Bone weight;
Animal welfare; Feet; Lesions

Abstract: The physical condition of laying hens housed for 3
yr in either traditional battery cages or an aviary was
compared. Aviary hens were significantly lighter than those in
cages (2,021 vs 2,241 g; P = .0001), despite having consumed
slightly more feed (121 vs 116 g per bird per d, P = .16).
Caged hens had poorer feather cover (P = .0001); 39% of caged
birds had denuded areas greater than 5 cm2, whereas 68% of
aviary hens had complete plumage. The length of both center
front and rear claws was significantly greater in caged hens
(36.3 vs 30.3 mm, P =.001 and 19.2 vs 16.1 mm, P =.012,
respectively). The total number of foot lesions did not differ
with housing system; however, caged hens had significantly
more toe injuries (P < .001), and aviary birds had more
injuries on the soles of their feet (P =.005). All aviary
birds with foot lesions had only a single lesion, whereas one-
sixth of caged hens with lesions had more than one. No
difference in tibial breaking strength was found due to
housing system. Overall, the results suggest that aviary
systems can offer some distinct advantages over traditional
battery cages with regard to the physical condition of laying
hens, given a high level of management.


59 NAL Call. No.: 47.8 AM33P
Effect of number of hens per nipple waterer on the performance
of several strains of layers in cages.
Gernat, A.G.; Adams, A.W.
Champaign, Ill. : Poultry Science Association; 1992 Aug.
Poultry science v. 71 (8): p. 1292-1295; 1992 Aug. Includes
references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Hens; Strain differences; Floor pens; Water
intake; Nipple drinkers; Laying performance; Liveweight gain;
Egg weight; Feed intake; Feed conversion efficiency

Abstract: Two experiments were designed to study the effects
of housing in cages with several hens per nipple waterer (HPN)
ratios on performance of several strains of White Leghorn
pullets. In Experiment 1, only body weight gain and water
consumption were significantly affected by the HPN; hens at
the 2:1 HPN gained more weight and consumed more water per day
than those at the 4:1 HPN. The lack of a significant strain by
HPN interaction indicated that the four strains responded
similarly to the different HPN ratios. In Experiment 2, hens
in cages with 3.5:1 and 7:1 HPN consumed significantly more
water and feed than those in cages with 10:1 and 14:1 HPN. In
both experiments, the HPN had no significant effect on age at
sexual maturity, egg production, mortality, and egg weight,
but efficiency of feed usage for egg production decreased with
the 3.5:1 and 7:1 HPN.


60 NAL Call. No.: SF481.J68
The effect of oxytetracycline on water consumption of
broilers. Lott, B.D.; Branton, S.L.; May, J.D.
Athens, GA : Applied Poultry Science, Inc., [1992-; 1993. The
Journal of applied poultry research v. 2 (3): p. 283-285;
1993. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Broilers; Drinking water; Additives;
Oxytetracycline; Water intake; Heat stress; Age differences;
Liveweight gain


61 NAL Call. No.: 47.8 B77
Effect of perches in laying cages on welfare and production of
hens. Duncan, E.T.; Appleby, M.C.; Hughes, B.O.
Oxfordshire : Carfax Publishing Company; 1992 Mar.
British poultry science v. 33 (1): p. 25-35; 1992 Mar.
Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Hens; Battery cages; Perches


62 NAL Call. No.: SF481.J68
Effect of preproduction lighting regimes on reproductive
performance of broiler breeders.
Yalcin, S.; McDaniel, G.R.; Wong-Valle, J.
Athens, GA : Applied Poultry Science, Inc., [1992-; 1993. The
Journal of applied poultry research v. 2 (1): p. 51-54; 1993.
Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Pullets; Broilers; Light regime; Poultry housing;
Laying performance


63 NAL Call. No.: 47.8 AM33P
Effect of rearing floor type and ten-day beak trimming on
stress and performance of caged layers.
Struwe, F.J.; Gleaves, E.W.; Douglas, J.H.; Bond, P.L. Jr
Champaign, Ill. : Poultry Science Association; 1992 Jan.
Poultry science v. 71 (1): p. 70-75; 1992 Jan. Includes
references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Hens; Beak; Debeaking; Stress; Body weight; Feed
intake; Egg production; Floors; Wire netting; Litter;
Feathers; Adrenal glands; Heart; Spleen; Weight; Blood;
Corticosterone

Abstract: Beak trimming pullets at an early age is a
widespread industry practice. There is some concern that this
practice may have effects on the subsequent performance of the
birds in the production phase. Effects of beak treatment
(trimmed or untrimmed) and rearing floor type (litter or wire)
on performance of caged layers were evaluated in a 2 X 2
factorial arrangement of treatments. Pullets that were trimmed
or untrimmed at 10 days of age and reared on either litter or
wire floors were placed in a cage house. Production factors
and stress measurements were recorded to determine detrimental
effects of the early trimming and rearing floor types. No
interactions (P=.15) between rearing floor type and beak
treatment were observed for BW, feed consumption, egg
production, heart weight, spleen weight, or blood
corticosterone. However, an interaction (P=.02) between
rearing floor type and beak treatment was observed for adrenal
weight. There were no differences (P=.08) in the final BW of
the pullets. Birds reared on litter ate considerably (P=.0002)
more than those reared on wire. There were no differences
(P=.27) in egg production rate. Adrenal weights were different
(P=.007), with the litter-raised birds having much smaller
adrenals at the end of the 36-wk trial. Hearts of the beak-
trimmed birds were smaller (P=.02) than those of the untrimmed
birds. There were no differences in spleen weights (P=.07) or
blood corticosterone levels (P=.07). Differences in the
feather cover were observed.


64 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 Av5
Effect of used litter from floor pens of adult broilers on
Salmonella colonization of broiler chicks.
Corrier, D.E.; Hinton, A. Jr; Hargis, B.; DeLoach, J.R.
Kennett Square, Pa. : American Association of Avian
Pathologists; 1992 Oct. Avian diseases v. 36 (4): p. 897-902;
1992 Oct. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Chicks; Broilers; Litter; Floor pens;
Colonization; Salmonella; Cecum; Intestinal microorganisms;
Disease resistance; Volatile fatty acids

Abstract: The effect of used pine-shaving litter from broiler
door pens on Salmonella colonization resistance was evaluated
in broiler chicks. One-day-old chicks were placed in floor
pens on fresh unused litter or on used litter. All chicks were
challenged orally with 10(4) S. typhimurium at 3 days of age.
The study was replicated in three trials with used litter that
was collected and stored for 1 day (Trial 1), 4 days (Trial
2), or 50 days (Trial 3) before the start of each trial. Cecal
concentrations of volatile fatty acids (VFAs) were
significantly higher (P < 0.05) in chicks placed on used
litter than in chicks on new litter. In all three trials, the
number of Salmonella in the cecal contents and the number of
Salmonella cecal-culture-positive chicks was significantly
lower (P < 0.01) at 10 days and 20 days of age in the chicks
on used litter than in the chicks on new litter. The results
indicated that newly hatched chicks reared on used litter had
higher cecal VFA concentrations and higher resistance to
Salmonella colonization than chicks reared on new litter.


65 NAL Call. No.: SF481.J68
Effect of ventilation rate and stocking density on turkey
health and performance.
Zuidhof, M.J.; Feddes, J.J.R.; Robinson, E.E.; Riddell, C.
Athens, GA : Applied Poultry Science, Inc., [1992-; 1993. The
Journal of applied poultry research v. 2 (2): p. 123-129;
1993. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Turkeys; Stocking density; Ventilation; Air
quality; Poultry housing; Ammonia; Dust; Performance; Lungs;
Lesions


66 NAL Call. No.: 47.8 B77
Effect of warm drinking water on the performance and
immunological responses of broiler breeder hens raised at low
air temperature.
Spinu, M.; Degen, A.A.; Rosenstrauch, A.
Oxfordshire : Carfax Publishing Company; 1993 May.
British poultry science v. 34 (2): p. 361-366; 1993 May.
Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Hens; Environmental temperature; Cold stress;
Water intake


67 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 R312
Effects of age, sex and housing on the trabecular bone of
laying strain domestic fowl.
Wilson, S.; Duff, S.R.I.; Whitehead, C.C.
London : British Veterinary Association; 1992 Jul.
Research in veterinary science v. 53 (1): p. 52-58; 1992 Jul.
Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Fowls; Osteoporosis; Osteomalacia; Bones; Volume;
Age differences; Sex differences; Normal values; Cages; Floor
pens

Abstract: To determine the effects of age, sex and housing on
trabecular bone volume, samples were collected from groups of
male and female domestic fowl housed in cages or floor pens
from four to 60 weeks old. Between 25 and 60 weeks old,
trabecular bone volume decreased by 25 per cent in sections of
free thoracic vertebrae (T5) from female birds, the loss
occurring at an earlier age in caged birds. Over the sample
period, TBV in male caged birds diminished by 35 per cent, but
male floor birds showed no reduction in trabecular bone
volume. At 60 weeks, trabecular bone volume was 30 per cent
greater in male caged birds and 40 per cent greater in male
floor birds than in the corresponding females. In
reproductively active females, no trabecular osteoid was
observed, indicating no new trabecular bone formation.
However, trabecular osteoid was present in two birds aged 60
weeks which had regressed ovaries. Osteomalacia was not seen
in any of the bone samples.


68 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 AV5
Effects of ascorbic acid on stress and disease in chickens.
Gross, W.B.
Kennett Square, Pa. : American Association of Avian
Pathologists; 1992 Jul. Avian diseases v. 36 (3): p. 688-692;
1992 Jul. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Fowls; Ascorbic acid; Stress; Fowl diseases;
Disease resistance; Furaltadone; Neutrophils; Lymphocytes;
Corticotropin; Feed conversion efficiency; Newcastle disease
virus; Mycoplasma gallisepticum; Escherichia coli

Abstract: White Leghorn chickens were given feed containing
100 mg of ascorbic acid (AA)/kg. One day later, treated
chickens and a similar group of unmedicated control chickens
were chilled for 1 hour at 6 C, exposed to an unusual sound,
fasted, or subjected to rough handling. Heterophil:lymphocytes
(H:L) ratios were determined one day later. The AA-treated
birds had significantly lower H:L ratios than untreated
controls. Chickens that received a diet containing AA had
lower H:L ratios than controls (0.86 vs. 1.65) following
administration of adrenocorticotropic hormone. Chickens fed a
diet containing AA showed increased resistance to a combined
Newcastle disease virus-Mycoplasma gallisepticum infection and
to a secondary Escherichia coli infection, as well as to a
primary E. coli challenge infection. The effects of AA and an
antibacterial drug (furaltadone) were additive. In all
experiments, the optimum dose of AA was 100 mg/kg of feed.
There was a negative correlation between AA level in the diet
and feed efficiency.


69 NAL Call. No.: 47.8 Am33P
Effects of ascorbyl-2-polyphosphate on adrenocortical
activation and fear-related behavior in broiler chickens.
Satterlee, D.G.; Jones, R.B.; Ryder, F.H.
Champaign, IL : Poultry Science Association, 1921-; 1994 Jan.
Poultry science v. 73 (1): p. 194-201; 1994 Jan. Includes
references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Broilers; Chicks; Fearfulness; Ascorbic acid;
Phosphorylation; Corticosterone; Blood plasma; Water intake;
Animal behavior; Inhibition

Abstract: The effects of supplemental ascorbyl-2-
polyphosphate (APP) on adrenocortical function and underlying
fearfulness in broiler chickens were assessed in a number of
test situations. Chicks pretreated for a minimum of 24 h with
APP (1,000 ppm equivalents of L-ascorbic acid) in their
drinking water or with no APP (tap water controls; CON) had
blood samples taken immediately following water treatment and
again after exposure to a capture and cooping stressor for 10
min. First, although the cooping stressor markedly increased
plasma corticosterone concentrations, pretreatment with APP
failed to attenuate this adrenocortical response. Second, APP-
treated chicks showed less freezing and vocalized sooner in an
open field (novel environment) than did controls. They also
showed nonsignificant tendencies toward accelerated and
enhanced ambulation. Third, supplementation with APP reduced
the duration of the birds' tonic immobility fear reactions.
Collectively, these behavioral effects are indicative of
dampened fear. The apparent reduction of nonspecific,
underlying fearfulness by APP treatment may have important
implications for poultry welfare and performance.


70 NAL Call. No.: 47.8 AM33P
Effects of bird density on Salmonella contamination of
prechill carcasses. Waldroup, A.L.; Skinner, J.T.; Hierholzer,
R.E.; Kopek, J.M.; Waldroup, P.W. Champaign, Ill. : Poultry
Science Association; 1992 May.
Poultry science v. 71 (5): p. 844-849; 1992 May. Includes
references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Broilers; Salmonella typhimurium; Carcasses;
Stocking density; Floor pens; Feed intake; Feed conversion;
Mortality; Infections; Incidence

Abstract: Two similar trials were conducted to evaluate the
effects of bird density on Salmonella contamination of
processed broilers. Commercial strain broiler clucks were
reared in floor pens on new litter at densities of 557, 619,
697, 796, 929, and 1,115 cm2 per bird. Twenty percent of the
chicks in each density were gavaged directly into the crop
with .5 mL of 108 nalidixic-acid-resistant (NAR) Salmonella
typhimurium on Day 2. Twenty percent of the uninoculated birds
in each density category were processed at 42 days. Prechill
carcasses were evaluated for NAR Salmonella incidence using
the whole carcass rinse technique and a mechanical shaking
device. The resulting NAR Salmonella contamination rates (from
lowest to highest bird densities) were as follows: 55, 4.2,
35.7, 34.3, 88.9, and 20% in Trial 1; and 30, 20.8, 28.6, 50,
58.3, and 30% in Trial 2. A random sample of the prechill
carcasses of gavaged birds indicated a contamination rate of
13.8% in Trial 1 and 61.1% in Trial 2. The NAR Salmonella
contamination rates of the prechill carcasses did not appear
to be affected by the bird densities evaluated in these
trials. Feed intake and body weight at 42 days were adversely
affected by the highest bird density, but feed utilization was
not affected.


71 NAL Call. No.: 47.8 Am33P
Effects of cage versus floor rearing environments and cage
floor mesh size on bone strength, fearfulness, and production
of single comb White Leghorn hens. Anderson, K.E.; Adams, A.W.
Champaign, IL : Poultry Science Association, 1921-; 1994 Aug.
Poultry science v. 73 (8): p. 1233-1240; 1994 Aug. Includes
references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Hens; Battery cages; Stocking density; Floor
type; Floor husbandry; Fearfulness; Bone strength; Feed
dispensers; Tibia; Laying performance; Body weight; Feed
intake; Feed conversion; Mortality; Egg quality

Abstract: Fourteen hundred pullets were reared at densities
of 304 and 735 cm(2) in cages and floor pens with litter,
respectively. Feeder spaces of 2.7,4.0, and 5.4 cm per bird
were held constant during the brooding growing period. At 18
wk of age, the birds were housed four birds per cage (348
cm(2) per bird) in a force-ventilated, light-controlled house
with two rows of stair-step cages. In two rows, the standard
2.5 X 5.0 cm welded wire flooring was replaced randomly with
2.5 X 2.5 cm welded wire in eight-cage sections. Egg
production, egg quality, feed conversion, and mortality were
measured over a 48-wk production cycle. At 68 wk of age, a
sample of hens was selected and euthanatized, and the right
leg was excised for further evaluation. Rearing environment,
rearing feeder space, or type of layer floor mesh had no
significant effects on hen-day production or feed conversion.
Hens reared in cages produced heavier (P <.001) eggs with a
higher percentage of Grade A eggs and had fewer body checks
than floor-reared birds. Femur, tibia, and shank lengths were
not affected by the rearing treatments or the type of flooring
in the layer cage. Tibia breaking strength was not different
for the rearing systems or hens maintained on 2.5 X 2.5 vs 2.5
X 5.0 cm welded wire mesh flooring. Hens reared in floor pens
on litter displayed a higher level of fearfulness at the end
of the production cycle. The reduced (P < .05) body weights
associated with cage rearing and reduced feeder space did not
negatively affect the production variables. Alteration of the
mesh size of layer cage floor had no effect on the production
levels of the hens.


72 NAL Call. No.: QL750.A6
Effects of cage-front design on the feeding behaviour of
laying hens. Sherwin, C.M.; Alvey, D.M.; Williamson, J.D.
Amsterdam ; New York : Elsevier, 1984-; 1993 Dec.
Applied animal behaviour science v. 38 (3/4): p. 291-299; 1993
Dec. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Hens; Feeding behavior; Duration; Frequency;
Cages; Design; Feed troughs; Animal welfare


73 NAL Call. No.: QP1.C6
The effects of chronic exposure to elevated environmental
temperature on intestinal morphology and nutrient absorption
in the domestic fowl (Gallus domesticus).
Mitchell, M.A.; Carlisle, A.J.
Elmsford, N.Y.: Pergamon Press; 1992 Jan.
Comparative biochemistry and physiology : A : Comparative
physiology v. 101 (1): p. 137-142; 1992 Jan. Includes
references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Broilers; Jejunum; Galactose; Methionine;
Intestinal absorption; Morphology; Environmental temperature;
Heat stress; Food intake; Growth rate; Triiodothyronine;
Thyroxine; Glucagon; Hypothyroidism

Abstract: Exposure of growing broiler chickens to elevated
environmental temperature (35 degrees C) for two weeks,
markedly reduced food intake (29%) and growth rate (37%)
compared to birds maintained at 22 degrees C. These changes in
growth were accompanied by increased in vivo jejunal uptakes
of galactose (36%) and methionine (50%) measured per unit
intestinal dry weight. Both the electrogenic (phloridzin
sensitive) and non-electrogenic (phloridzin insensitive)
components of galactose absorption were increased by 24 and
52% respectively during the chronic heat stress. The size of
the absorptive compartment may be reduced by the heat stress
as reflected by decreased villus heights (19%) and wet (26%)
and dry (31%) weights per unit length of jejunum. It is
suggested that the changes in hexose and amino acid during
chronic exposure to elevated ambient temperature may reflect
adaptations to optimise nutrient absorption in the face of
reduced nutrition and decreases in the size of the absorptive
compartment. A functional hypothyroidism (plasma luminal T3
decreased by 66%) associated with heat stress may contribute
to the observed alterations in jejunal structure and function.


74 NAL Call. No.: 47.8 AM33P
Effects of dietary fat source on sudden death syndrome and
cardiac sarcoplasmic reticular calcium transport in broiler
chickens. Chung, H.C.; Guenter, W.; Rotter, R.G.; Crow, G.H.;
Stanger, N.E. Champaign, Ill. : Poultry Science Association;
1993 Feb.
Poultry science v. 72 (2): p. 310-316; 1993 Feb. Includes
references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Broilers; Dietary fat; Tallow; Sunflower oil;
Mortality; Heart diseases; Incidence; Phospholipids; Calcium;
Cell membranes

Abstract: Wheat and soybean diets supplemented with either
tallow or sunflower oil (SFO) were fed to broiler chicks.
Variables examined included performance, incidence of sudden
death syndrome (SDS), and cardiac sarcoplasmic reticular (SR)
calcium transport. The phospholipid content of head tissues
was also determined. Birds fed the SFO diet gained
significantly (P < .05) more weight over the first 21 days of
age and had a significantly better feed:gain ratio (P < .01).
The incidence of SDS mortality up to 39 days of age was also
lower (P < .05) for SFO-fed birds than for those fed the
tallow diet. Calcium (45Ca2+) uptake and calcium-magnesium 5'-
adenosinetriphosphatase (Ca2+ + Mg2+-ATPase) activity in
cardiac SR vesicles did not differ due to diet (P > .05).
However, compared with similar weight pen-mates showing no
disease signs, SDS birds had depressed 45Ca2+ uptake (P < .01)
and Ca(2+) + Mg2+-ATPase activity (P < .05) of cardiac SR
vesicles. The phosphatidylcholine concentration in the cell
membranes of heart tissue of tallow-fed birds was
significantly higher (P < .05) than in SFO-fed chicks. No
differences were seen in other phospholipid constituents. The
SDS birds, however, had significantly (P < .05) lower
phosphatidylethanolamine plus phosphatidylglycerol,
sphingomyelin, and total phospholipid concentrations in the
heart tissues than the pen-mate controls. The results support
the hypotheses that SDS in broilers is a cardiac dysfunction
associated with defective cardiac SR membrane function and
that dietary fat type is implicated with the syndrome.


75 NAL Call. No.: 47.8 Am33P
Effects of electrolyte and lighting regimen on growth of heat-
distressed broilers.
Smith, M.O.
Champaign, IL : Poultry Science Association, 1921-; 1994 Feb.
Poultry science v. 73 (2): p. 350-353; 1994 Feb. Includes
references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Tennessee; Cabt; Broilers; Heat stress; Light
regime; Electrolytes; Broiler performance; Environmental
temperature; Body temperature; Water intake; Carcass weight;
Carcass yield; Abdominal fat

Abstract: The purpose of this study was to investigate
possible interactions between photoschedules [23 h light (L):1
h dark (D); 16L:8D] and electrolytes provided by KCl and NaCl
in the drinking water of broilers grown at elevated
temperatures. Birds raised on each photoschedule were exposed
to 8 h of 23.9 C, 4 h of 23.9 to 35 C, 4 h of 35 C, and 8 h of
35 to 23.9 C. Photoschedule had no effect on body weight gain,
feed consumption, or carcass characteristics. Male birds that
received NaCl gained 10.5% more (P < .05) weight than those
receiving no water additive. Male birds consumed up to 37%
more water (P < .05) and gained up to 21% more weight (P <
.05) than similarly raised females. There was no effect of
electrolytes on carcass characteristics.


76 NAL Call. No.: QL750.A6
Effects of environmental enrichment and gentle handling on
behaviour and fear responses of transported broilers.
Nicol, C.J.
Amsterdam : Elsevier Science Publishers, B.V.; 1992 Jun.
Applied animal behaviour science v. 33 (4): p. 367-380; 1992
Jun. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Broilers; Transport of animals; Fearfulness;
Animal behavior; Environment; Enrichment; Handling


77 NAL Call. No.: 10 J822
Effects of feed intake and environmental temperature on chick
growth and development.
Smith, M.O.; Teeter, R.G.
Cambridge : Cambridge University Press; 1993 Dec.
The Journal of agricultural science v. 121 (pt.3): p. 421-425;
1993 Dec. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Broilers; Growth rate; Feed intake; Environmental
temperature; Heat stress; Liveweight gain; Survival


78 NAL Call. No.: RA565.A1J6
Effects of heat stress on Na+,K+-ATPase, Mg2+-activated
ATPase, and Na+-ATPase activities of broiler chickens vital
organs.
Chen, C.L.; Sangiah, S.; Chen, H.; Roder, J.D.; Shen, Y.
London : Taylor & Francis Ltd; 1994 Mar.
Journal of toxicology and environmental health v. 41 (3): p.
345-356; 1994 Mar. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Broilers; Heat stress; Environmental temperature;
Relative humidity; Sodium; Potassium; Magnesium;
Adenosinetriphosphatase; Enzyme activity; Inhibition; Organs;
Brain; Heart; Kidneys; Intestinal mucosa; Poultry farming


79 NAL Call. No.: SF55.A78A7
Effects of nicarbazin and hot temperature on evaporative water
loss, acid-base balance, body temperature and carbon dioxide
exhalation in adult roosters. Lee, B.D.; Lee, S.K.; Hyun, W.J.
Suweon, Korea : Asian-Australasian Association of Animal
Production Societies, c1988-; 1994 Mar.
Asian-Australasian journal of animal sciences v. 7 (1): p.
97-101; 1994 Mar. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Cocks; Nicarbazin; Heat stress; Acid base
equilibrium; Water intake; Water metabolism; Body temperature;
Evaporation; Blood chemistry


80 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 R312
Effects of perches on trabecular bone volume in laying hens.
Wilson, S.; Hughes, B.O.; Appleby, M.C.; Smith, S.F.
London : British Veterinary Association, 1960-; 1993 Mar.
Research in veterinary science v. 54 (2): p. 207-211; 1993
Mar. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Hens; Perches; Bones; Volume; Exercise;
Osteoporosis; Bone resorption

Abstract: Trabecular bone remodelling is known to be affected
by loading or exercise, and thus exercise may effect the
trabecular bone loss associated with osteopenia in laying
hens. Sixteen ISA Brown hens were housed from 18 to 72 weeks
old in cages with perches and 16 in similar cages without
perches to examine the effects of the exercise afforded by
perch provision on trabecular bone volume. At 72 weeks, mean
trabecular bone volume in the proximal tarsometatarsus of
birds with access to perches was significantly greater than in
control birds, while medullary bone volume was not
significantly different in the two groups. However, all the
birds were considered osteoporotic, though to varying degrees,
and the beneficial effects of perches were relatively minor.
It was concluded that while trabecular bone loss may be
reduced by perch provision, other factors are probably more
influential in the development of the osteoporosis typical of
laying hens.


81 NAL Call. No.: SF481.J68
Effects of potassium chloride supplementation of growth of
heat-distressed broilers.
Smith, M.O.; Teeter, R.G.
Athens, Ga. : Applied Poultry Science, Inc; 1992.
Journal of applied poultry research v. 1 (3): p. 321-324;
1992. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Oklahoma; Chicks; Heat stress; Potassium
chloride; Drinking water; Liveweight gain


82 NAL Call. No.: 47.8 AM33P
Effects of rearing density and feeder and waterer spaces on
the productivity and fearful behavior of layers.
Anderson, K.E.; Adams, A.W.
Champaign, Ill. : Poultry Science Association; 1992 Jan.
Poultry science v. 71 (1): p. 53-58; 1992 Jan. Includes
references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Hens; Stocking density; Feed dispensers;
Drinkers; Fearfulness; Body weight; Liveweight gain; Feed
intake; Feed conversion; Egg production

Abstract: Two groups of White Leghorn pullets reared in cages
were used to study the effects of rearing density and feeder
and waterer spaces on their performance and fearful behavior.
In Experiment 1, rearing densities of 221, 249, 277, and 304
cm(2) per bird, 5.4 cm feeder space per bird, and a cup
waterer to pullet ratio of 1:7 had no significant effect on
18-wk body weight, body weight uniformity, body weight gain,
age at sexual maturity, feed consumption, and mortality rate
during the laying period. In Experiment 2, pullets reared at a
density of 193 versus 221 cm(2) had lower (P<.001) 18-wk body
weights but increased (P<.001) weight gain during the laying
period. Pullets reared with 2.7 versus 5.4 cm of feeder space
weighed less (P<.001) at 18 wk, but gained (P<.001) more
weight and consumed more (P<.05) feed during the laying
period. A cup waterer to pullet ratio of 1:14 versus 1:7
increased (P<.05) age at sexual maturity and body weight gain.
Density had no consistent effect on egg production in either
experiment. There were no carryover effects of rearing density
in Experiment 1 or density, and feeder and waterer space in
Experiment 2 on fearful behavior. Hens were more (P<.001)
fearful at 34 wk of age (peak production) than at 54 wk of age
(postpeak production). The negative effects associated with
floor, feeder, and waterer spaces during the rearing period
were transitory and did not persist into the production
period.


83 NAL Call. No.: QL750.A6
Effects of rearing experience and stimulus enrichment on
feather damage in laying hens.
Norgaard-Nielsen, G.; Vestergaard, K.; Simonsen, H.B.
Amsterdam ; New York : Elsevier, 1984-; 1993 Dec.
Applied animal behaviour science v. 38 (3/4): p. 345-352; 1993
Dec. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Chicks; Hens; Feather pecking; Dust bathing;
Sand; Peat; Poultry farming; Straw; Environment; Enrichment;
Age differences


84 NAL Call. No.: 47.8 AM33P
Effects of sex, heat stress, body weight, and genetic strain
on the dietary lysine requirement of broiler chicks.
Han, Y.; Baker, D.H.
Champaign, Ill. : Poultry Science Association; 1993 Apr.
Poultry science v. 72 (4): p. 701-708; 1993 Apr. Includes
references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Broilers; Heat stress; Body weight; Strain
differences; Lysine; Dosage effects; Sex differences;
Environmental temperature; Diet; Growth rate; Nutrient
requirements

Abstract: Experiments were carried out to investigate the
effects of sex, heat stress (37 C), body weight (heavy and
light within strain), and strain of chicks on the dietary
lysine requirement of chicks during 8 to 22 days posthatching.
A lysine-deficient basal diet (.64% total lysine, 23% CP,
3,200 kcal MEn/kg) containing corn, feather meal, and soybean
meal was supplemented with graded levels of L-lysine.HCl to
produce growth response curves. The lysine-deficient diet
contained .52% true digestible lysine as determined with a
precision-fed cecectomized adult cockerel assay (Experiment
1). Hubbard X Hubbard chicks were used in Experiment 2 and New
Hampshire X Columbian crossbred chicks were used in
Experiments 3 and 4. Experiment 2 compared lysine requirements
of male and female chicks. Weight gains between sexes were
similar when diets were deficient in lysine, but males grew
faster than females when lysine-adequate diets were fed. Male
chicks required a higher level of dietary lysine than females
for both maximal weight gain and feed efficiency. Also,
regardless of sex, the lysine requirement (percentage of diet)
for maximal feed efficiency was higher than that for maximal
weight gain. In Experiment 3, heat stress reduced weight gain
and feed intake of both males and females by about 22%, and it
increased the lysine requirement of female but not male
chicks. In Experiment 4, light and heavy chicks were selected
from male and female populations. Heavy and light chicks
exhibited the same dietary lysine requirement for maximal
growth. However, the lysine requirement for maximal feed
efficiency was higher for heavy birds than for light birds.
There was no strain effect on the lysine requirement.


85 NAL Call. No.: QL750.A6
Effects of social status on the performance of non-interactive
behaviours in small groups of laying hens.
Bradshaw, R.H.
Amsterdam : Elsevier Science Publishers, B.V.; 1992 Mar.
Applied animal behaviour science v. 33 (1): p. 77-81; 1992
Mar. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Hens; Social dominance; Groups; Animal behavior;
Aggressive behavior; Animal welfare; Interactions


86 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 V643
Effects of spatial allowance, group size and perches on the
behaviour of hens in cages with nests.
Reed, H.J.; Nicol, C.J.
London : Bailliere Tindall; 1992 Nov.
British veterinary journal v. 148 (6): p. 529-534; 1992 Nov.
Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Hens; Cages; Nests; Animal welfare; Stocking
density; Animal behavior; Perches; Excreta


87 NAL Call. No.: QL750.A6
Effects of visual stimuli and noise on fear levels in laying
hens. Scott, G.B.; Moran, P.
Amsterdam ; New York : Elsevier, 1984-; 1993 Sep.
Applied animal behaviour science v. 37 (4): p. 321-329; 1993
Sep. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Hens; Fearfulness


88 NAL Call. No.: 290.9 Am32P
Energy efficiency in broiler housing systems.
Xin, H.; Berry, I.L.; Barton, T.L.; Tabler, G.T.
St. Joseph, Mich. : American Society of Agricultural
Engineers,; 1993. Paper / (933015): 15 p.; 1993. Paper
presented at the "1993 International Summer Meeting sponsored
by The American Society of Agricultural Engineers," June
20-23, 1993, Spokane, Washington. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Poultry housing; Ventilation; Energy conservation


89 NAL Call. No.: 47.8 Am33P
Environment-immune interactions.
Dietert, R.R.; Golemboski, K.A.; Austic, R.E.
Champaign, IL : Poultry Science Association, 1921-; 1994 Jul.
Poultry science v. 73 (7): p. 1062-1076; 1994 Jul. Paper
presented at the symposium "Current Advances in Avian
Immunology," July 1993, East Lansing, Michigan. Includes
references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Chickens; Disease resistance; Immune competence;
Genotype environment interaction; Stress factors; Antibody
formation; Assays; Immunological deficiency; Nutrient
deficiencies; Literature reviews

Abstract: The need for effective immune function for the
maintenance of health has been clearly established in both
agriculturally significant animal species and humans.
Intensive agricultural practices present production species
with numerous disease challenges during the rearing period.
Environmental factors represent a ubiquitous, yet frequently
manageable, category of immunomodulators that can influence
immune performance and ultimately disease susceptibility or
resistance. However, strategies for assessing overall immune
potential have not been widely implemented for agricultural
species. This is in contrast to the use of immune evaluation
for human health considerations. Immune assessment relative to
environmental-immune interactions can produce benefits in two
areas. First, the efficiency of the production operation can
be enhanced. Second, the welfare of the animals during the
production cycle can be optimized. This paper presents an
overview of environmental factors known to influence the
immune function of poultry and the opportunities to manage
environmental factors to benefit the health of the animals. In
addition, the paper discusses the status of immunological
assessment for humans and laboratory animals and proposes
potential immune assessment panels that could serve as a tool
to optimize the environmental management of poultry
populations.


90 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 AU72
Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae infection of guinea fowl (Numbida
meleagris). Campbell, G.W.; Taylor, J.D.; Harrower, B.J.
Brunswick, Victoria : Australian Veterinary Association; 1992
Jan. Australian veterinary journal v. 69 (1): p. 13; 1992 Jan.
Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Queensland; Guineafowls; Erysipelothrix
rhusiopathiae; Outbreaks; Symptoms; Epidemiology;
Histopathology; Stress


91 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 V641
An evaluation of humane gas stunning methods for turkeys. Raj,
M.; Gregory, N.G.
London : The British Veterinary Association; 1994 Sep03.
The Veterinary record : journal of the British Veterinary
Association v. 135 (10): p. 222-223; 1994 Sep03. Includes
references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Turkeys; Stunning; Carbon dioxide; Animal
welfare; Electroencephalograms; Brain


92 NAL Call. No.: SF481.2.F56
Evaporate cooling versus tunnel ventilation.
Jacobs, R.D.; Bucklin, R.A.; Harms, R.H.; Sloan, D.R.
Gainesville, Fla. : Florida Agricultural Extension Service;
1992. Proceedings of the ... Florida Poultry Institute (501):
p. 9; 1992. Meeting held Oct 13-14, 1992, Gainesville,
Florida.

Language: English

Descriptors: Florida; Poultry housing; Evaporative cooling;
Artificial ventilation


93 NAL Call. No.: S671.A66
Evaporative efficiency of a fogging fan for poultry.
Bottcher, R.W.; Czarick, M. III; Lacy, M.P.; Baughman, G.R.
St. Joseph, MI : American Society of Agricultural Engineers,
1985-; 1992 Nov. Applied engineering in agriculture v. 8 (6):
p. 855-860; 1992 Nov. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: North Carolina; Cabt; Poultry housing; Fogging;
Evaporative cooling; Fans

Abstract: A fogging fan system employing an oscillating fan
with a rotating fogging nozzle was tested in experimental and
commercial poultry buildings. The system reduced air
temperature by 6 degrees C (11 degrees F) or more. The
sensible heat balance approach presented by Bottcher et al.
(1991) for characterizing misting efficiency was applied to
the test results. The percentage of the water flow rate which
evaporated within the buildings was computed to be 60% or
more, which is comparable to the evaporative efficiency of
conventional fogging systems operating at relatively hi water
pressures [e.g., 3400 kPa (500 psi)].


94 NAL Call. No.: 450 P692
Expression of foreign genes in transgenic yellow-poplar
plants. Wilde, H.D.; Meagher, R.B.; Merkle, S.A.
Rockville, Md. : American Society of Plant Physiologists; 1992
Jan. Plant physiology v. 98 (1): p. 114-120; 1992 Jan.
Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Liriodendron tulipifera; Gene transfer;
Transgenics; Gene expression; Somatic embryogenesis; Genetic
markers; Beta-glucuronidase; Neomycin; Phosphotransferases;
Enzyme activity

Abstract: Cells of yellow-poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera L.)
were transformed by direct gene transfer and regenerated into
plants by somatic embryogenesis. Plasmid DNA bearing marker
genes encoding beta-glucuronidase (GUS) and neomycin
phosphotransferase (NPT II) were introduced by microprojectile
bombardment into single cells and small cell clusters isolated
from embryogenic suspension cultures. The number of full-
length copies of the GUS gene in independently transformed
callus lines ranged from approximately 3 to 30. An enzyme-
linked immunosorbent assay for NPT II and a fluorometric assay
for GUS showed that the expression of both enzymes varied by
less than fourfold among callus lines. A histochemical assay
for GUS activity revealed a heterogeneous pattern of staining
with the substrate
5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indoyl-beta-D-glucuronic acid in some
transformed cell cultures. However, cell clusters reacting
positively (blue) or negatively (white) with 5-bromo-4-
chloro-3-indoyl-beta-D-glucuronic acid demonstrated both GUS
activity and NPT II expression in quantitative assays. Somatic
embryos induced from transformed cell cultures were found to
be uniformly GUS positive by histochemical analysis. All
transgenic plants sampled expressed the two marker genes in
both root and shoot tissues. GUS activity was found to be
higher in leaves than roots by fluorometric and histochemical
assays. Conversely, roots expressed higher levels of NPT II
than leaves.


95 NAL Call. No.: 47.8 B77
Fear of humans and its relationships with productivity in
laying hens at commercial farms.
Barnett, J.L.; Hemsworth, P.H.; Newman, E.A.
Oxfordshire : Carfax Publishing Company; 1992 Sep.
British poultry science v. 33 (4): p. 699-710; 1992 Sep.
Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Hens; Fearfulness; Laying performance


96 NAL Call. No.: 47.8 AM33P
Feed and water consumption patterns of broilers at high
environmental temperatures.
May, J.D.; Lott, B.D.
Champaign, Ill. : Poultry Science Association; 1992 Feb.
Poultry science v. 71 (2): p. 331-336; 1992 Feb. Includes
references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Broilers; Feed intake; Water intake;
Environmental temperature; Diurnal variation; Heat stress; Age
differences; Acclimatization

Abstract: Broilers were reared on litter to determine the
effect of cyclic environmental temperatures on feed and water
consumption patterns. The temperatures were constant at 24 C
for several days before cyclic temperatures were started.
Control broilers continued at 24 C but the treatment was a
daily 24-35-24 C cycle for 3 days. Broilers that were 5, 6, or
7 wk old consumed as much feed or water the 1st day of the
cycle as on the succeeding days. Feed and water consumption
were determined for 6-h periods each day beginning at minimum
temperature with two periods during rising temperature and two
periods during declining temperature. Feed consumption was
depressed when the temperatures were declining. Water
consumption increased during the 12 h when the temperature was
maximum. At 7 wk, water consumption was greater for broilers
on the cyclic temperature for each 6-h period except for the
period of temperature decline immediately preceding the
minimum temperature. Broilers exposed to the 3 days of cyclic
temperatures consumed more water than controls during a
subsequent exposure to temperatures up to 40.8 C. The data
show that the increased water consumption and decreased feed
consumption observed due to high, cyclic temperatures arise
from changes that occur during some times of the day and no
changes occur during other times. The increase in water
consumption precedes the reduction in feed consumption.


97 NAL Call. No.: SF601.T7
Feed resource base for scavenging village chickens in Sri
Lanka. Gunaratne, S.P.; Chandrasiri, A.D.N.; Mangalika
Hemalatha, W.A.P.; Roberts, J.A.
Midlothian, Scotland : University of Edinburgh; 1993 Nov.
Tropical animal health and production v. 25 (4): p. 249-257;
1993 Nov. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Sri lanka; Cabt; Hens; Free range husbandry;
Kitchen waste; Dietary minerals; Calcium; Phosphorus; Blood
plasma; Chicks; Survival; Feed intake; Proximate analysis;
Feeding behavior; Hatching; Productivity


98 NAL Call. No.: 47.8 Am33P
Feeding effects on broiler thermobalance during thermoneutral
and high ambient temperature exposure.
Wiernusz, C.J.; Teeter, R.G.
Champaign, IL : Poultry Science Association, 1921-; 1993 Oct.
Poultry science v. 72 (10): p. 1917-1924; 1993 Oct. Includes
references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Broilers; Feed intake; Heat stress; Calorimetry;
Heat production; Body temperature; Water intake; Respiration
rate; Body heat loss; Metabolism

Abstract: Two experiments were conducted effects on broiler
thermobalance defined as heat production (H), evaporative heat
loss (E), sensible heat loss (S), and change in body heat
content (HC). Birds were housed at 24 C in the first study, 32
to 35 C in the second study, and force-fed in both studies to
0, 3, 6, and 9% of body weight kg(.66) (MWT) each day. Starved
bird H averaged 4.8 and 4.9 kcal/h per MWT within the
thermoneutral (TN) and heat stress (HS) environments,
respectively. Heat production increased linearly to 5.9 in TN
and 6.2 kcal/h per MWT in HS as feeding level rose to 9% of
MWT. Route of heat dissipation varied with environment. Within
TN (Experiment 1), the increased heat load, with elevated feed
consumption, was dissipated by increased (P <.01) S solely, as
E remained constant (p >.1). Within HS (Experiment 2), E
increased (P < .01) from 1.8 to 2.4 kcal/h per MWT. Viewed
over experiments, S was 38% lower and E 67% higher during HS
than TN. These data indicate that H increases with feeding
level, that broilers preferentially dissipate heat as S when
environmental conditions permit, and that feed consumption
exacerbates bird HC rise when environmental conditions limit
S.


99 NAL Call. No.: 290.9 AM32T
Field calibration of a transient model for broiler misting.
Gates, R.S.; Overhults, D.G.; Bottcher, R.W.; Zhang, S.H. St.
Joseph, Mich. : American Society of Agricultural Engineers;
1992 Sep. Transactions of the ASAE v. 35 (5): p. 1623-1631;
1992 Sep. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Chicken housing; Environmental control;
Evaporative cooling; Mists; Mathematical models

Abstract: A transient model to predict temperature within a
tunnel ventilated broiler house during misting is developed.
The model is calibrated with field data to obtain steady-state
constants; transient predictions are compared to measured
temperatures during cyclic misting for two different size
birds. Measured temperatures during cyclic misting are shown
to swing between steady-state asymptotes predicted from the
model. Transient response of the model was faster than
measured temperature data, in part due to temperature sensor
dynamic response. The model predicts the lengthwise
temperature profile within the building during misting, and
can be used to investigate alternate misting strategies and
designs. Further improvements to the model are suggested.


100 NAL Call. No.: S671.A66
Field comparison of broiler house mechanical ventilation
systems in a warm climate.
Bottcher, R.W.; Driggers, L.B.; Carter, T.A.; Hobbs, A.O. St.
Joseph, Mich. : American Society of Agricultural Engineers;
1992 Jul. Applied engineering in agriculture v. 8 (4): p.
499-508; 1992 Jul. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: U.S.A.; Poultry housing; Artificial ventilation;
Mechanical methods; Comparisons

Abstract: Three separate systems for mechanical ventilation
were monitored in commercial broiler houses during the spring
and summer of 1988. The first system utilized buried earth
tubes, plastic ventilation ducts, and hollow wall cavities as
air inlets; the second system used pressure-controlled slot
inlets; and the third system used evaporative cooling pads.
The evaporative cooling system provided greater reduction in
temperature at bird level than tempering air using earth
tubes. An average reduction of 3.9 degrees C (7.1 degrees F)
was obtained when outside air was above 32 degrees C (90
degrees F). During warm weather, air speeds at bird level were
lower in the earth tube house [less than 0.5 m/s (100 fpm)]
than the other houses [0.8-1.8 m/s (150-350 fpm)], due to
differences in both maximum ventilation rate and air inlet
designs. Productivity of the birds for all three houses was
generally better than average for the poultry company. During
hot weather the flock size in the earth tube house was reduced
and end doors were opened for natural (wind) ventilation.
Electrical energy consumption for the earth tube house was
approximately twice that of the other houses due to the earth
tube air movers.


101 NAL Call. No.: S671.A66
Field evaluation of reflective bubble-pack insulation in
broiler housing. Bottcher, R.W.; Driggers, L.B.; Baughman,
G.R.; Bisesi, P. St. Joseph, Mich. : American Society of
Agricultural Engineers; 1992 May. Applied engineering in
agriculture v. 8 (3): p. 369-374; 1992 May. Includes
references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Poultry housing; Insulating materials;
Comparisons; Thermal properties; Energy consumption

Abstract: A reflective "bubble-pack" insulation was installed
in a new broiler house in central North Carolina during the
summer of 1988. This insulation consisted of a 0.64 cm (0.25
in.) thick layer of plastic with air pockets and aluminized
exterior surfaces. Interior air and black globe temperatures,
electricity, and heating fuel (LP gas) used for this house
were compared with those for an adjacent house insulated with
15 cm (6 in.) of fiberglass batts with a vapor barrier.
Heating fuel use over 10 broiler flocks was greater in the
reflective insulation (RI) house than the fiberglass
insulation (FI) house by 10 200 L (2700 gal), indicating a
lower thermal resistance for the reflective insulation. This
confirms laboratory evaluations of such materials (Cox and
Baughman, 1985; Riskowski et al., 1989). Electricity use was
slightly greater in the RI house (6 974 vs. 6 617 kWh).
Differences between house temperatures (both black globe and
air temperatures), averaged over each of three flocks, were
0.6 degrees C (1.0 degrees F) or less, indicating adequate
heating and ventilation. Condensation was observed during cool
weather on the interior ceiling near the eaves of the RI
house, but not the FI house, and dust accumulated on the
interior walls and ceiling of both houses. The thermal
reflectance of the reflective insulation surface, 31 months
after installation, was measured to be 0.61, a reduction of
approximately 0.3 from the reflectance of the product in new
condition.


102 NAL Call. No.: S37.F72
Fly control for beef, dairy, poultry and swine producers.
Jones, B.F.; Johnson, D.R.
Little Rock, Ark. : The Service; 1993 Apr.
FSA - Cooperative Extension Service, University of Arkansas
(7029): 4 p.; 1993 Apr.

Language: English

Descriptors: Musca; Animal housing; Sanitation; Insect
control; Insecticides


103 NAL Call. No.: 410 B77
Food calling and audience effects in male chickens, Gallus
gallus: their relationships to food availability, courtship
and social facilitation. Evans, C.S.; Marler, P.
London : Academic Press; 1994 May.
Animal behaviour v. 47 (pt.5): p. 1159-1170; 1994 May.
Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Chickens; Communication between animals; Food;
Availability; Mating behavior; Cocks; Hens

Abstract: Male chickens produce characteristic pulsatile
calls upon discovering food and are more likely to call in the
presence of a hen. Calling thus appears to be dependent upon
food and to be modulated by social context. An alternative
explanation is that food calls are in fact components of a
complex courtship display. The relationships between food
calling, food availability and courtship were examined in a
laboratory setting. Subjects interacted with an unfamiliar hen
and were then given access to food, using an instrumental
conditioning procedure. In some control conditions, the males
were tested alone, while in others food was unavailable. Food
calling, sexual display and the rate at which males performed
an operant response were measured. Call production increased
dramatically when food first became available, both when a hen
was present and when males were alone. This change in call
rate did not occur during control trials without food. Sexual
display was maximal when males were first placed in the test
chamber with a hen present and declined exponentially
thereafter. The presence of a hen had no effect on food
calling during this period. Food calling was thus principally
elicited by food stimuli and was not reliably associated with
courtship behaviour. When a hen was present, males called at a
higher rate following food presentations. In contrast the rate
at which males worked to obtain food was unaffected by social
context. The 'audience' effect therefore acts specifically to
potentiate calling and is distinct from social facilitation.


104 NAL Call. No.: 302.8 T162
Forest technology developments in the 1990s.
Kellison, R.C.
Norcross, Ga. : The Technical Association of the Pulp and
Paper Industry; 1992 Jul.
Tappi journal v. 75 (7): p. 49-52; 1992 Jul. Includes
references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Forest trees; Forestry; Trends; Forest
plantations; Silviculture; Genetic improvement; Tree breeding;
Genetic engineering


105 NAL Call. No.: SF481.2.P68
Functional load-bearing as a controlling influence for
fracture resistance in the skeleton.
Lanyon, L.E.
Oxfordshire : Carfax Publishing Company; 1992.
Poultry Science Symposium v. 23: p. 61-66; 1992. In the
series analytic: Bone biology and skeletal disorders in
poultry / edited by C.C. Whitehead. Meeting held September
18-20, 1991, Edinburgh. Literature review. Includes
references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Poultry; Bone strength; Bone fractures;
Literature reviews; Stresses


106 NAL Call. No.: TS1960.K37 1993
Die Geflugelschlachtschere, oder, Die Erfindung der Tierliebe
[The poultry slaughter shears, or, The invention of animal
love].. Erfindung der Tierliebe Kathan, Bernhard
Innsbruck : Osterreichischer StudienVerlag,; 1993.
111 p. : ill. ; 21 cm. Includes bibliographical references
(p. 110).

Language: German

Descriptors: Slaughtering and slaughter-houses; Death


107 NAL Call. No.: 47.8 Am33P
A harness and computer system to facilitate automated body
temperature data collection in heat-stressed broilers.
Liljequist, B.L.; Jacobson, B.M.; Keeley, T.P.; Currin, R.D.;
Pardue, S.L.; Bottcher, R.W.; Brake, J.
Champaign, IL : Poultry Science Association, 1921-; 1994 Jun.
Poultry science v. 73 (6): p. 817-824; 1994 Jun. Includes
references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Broilers; Heat stress; Body temperature; Harness;
Data collection; Probes

Abstract: An easy-to-use, low-cost system was developed that
permitted nearly continuous, automated core body temperature
(Tc) readings on 7-wk-old male broiler chickens via direct
computer linkage to thermistor probes held in place by a
specially designed harness. Elevated Tc was noted in heat
stress studies following the replacement of expelled
temperature probes in some hyperthermic birds. To demonstrate
the usefulness of the data collection system described herein,
three treatments with three to four birds per treatment were
used to examine this observation. Birds were designated as
handled only (HAN), handled to remove and replace the
temperature probe (RPL), or left as nonhandled controls (CON).
Treatments had no effect on subsequent Tc in experiments when
the thermoregulatory capacity of the birds was not challenged.
However, when the birds were sufficiently challenged, Tc of
HAN and RPL birds increased within 4 min of the initiation of
handling and remained above baseline for up to 45 min. The Tc
of CON birds in that trial also increased, but to a smaller
degree, within 5 min and remained above baseline for up to 20
min. This study indicates that Tc of hyperthermic birds can be
superelevated by simulated manual placement of cloacal
temperature probes and that fixed probes connected to an
automated data monitoring and collection system is a relative
simple way to avoid this problem.


108 NAL Call. No.: 275.29 AL13P
Home laying flock.
Purser, J.
Fairbanks, Alaska : The Service; 1992 Mar.
Publication - University of Alaska, Cooperative Extension
Service v.): 4 p.; 1992 Mar.

Language: English

Descriptors: Alaska; Hens; Egg production; Chicks; Cost
benefit analysis; Chicken housing; Poultry feeding


109 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 Av5
Horizontal transmission of Salmonella enteritidis and effect
of stress on shedding in laying hens.
Nakamura, M.; Nagamine, N.; Takahashi, T.; Suzuki, S.; Kijima,
M.; Tamura, Y.; Sato, S.
Kennett Square, Pa. : American Association of Avian
Pathologists Inc; 1994 Apr.
Avian diseases v. 38 (2): p. 282-288; 1994 Apr. Includes
references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Hens; Salmonella enteritidis; Disease
transmission; Stress; Dexamethasone; Immunosuppression; Egg
production

Abstract: Horizontal transmission of Salmonella enteritidis
in laying hens and the short-term effect of stress on shedding
were examined in 32 seven-month-old laying hens. Half were
inoculated with 10(5) colony-forming units of S. enteritidis
phage type 4, and the remaining half were left uninoculated to
study horizontal transmission. Isolation of S. enteritidis
from cecal droppings of all hens was attempted every morning.
Uninoculated hens rapidly became infected through contaminated
drinking water. Introduction of young chickens to the same
rearing room and withdrawal of water and feed for 2 days
coincided with a rapid increase in the shedding rate of S.
enteritidis for a short period of time. The results showed
that a short-term increase in the shedding rate of S.
enteritidis is associated with short-term exposure to
environmental stress.


110 NAL Call. No.: SF481.2.F56
House fly behavior patterns in high rise poultry houses.
Hogsette, J.A.; Jacob, R.D.
Gainesville, Fla. : Florida Agricultural Extension Service;
1992. Proceedings of the ... Florida Poultry Institute (501):
p. 13-15; 1992. Meeting held Oct 13-14, 1992, Gainesville,
Florida.

Language: English

Descriptors: Florida; Musca domestica; Poultry housing; Sticky
traps; Population density; Animal behavior


111 NAL Call. No.: SF481.2.P68
Impacts of bone problems on the egg industry.
Beckett, A.M.
Oxfordshire : Carfax Publishing Company; 1992.
Poultry Science Symposium v. 23: p. 339-343; 1992. In the
series analytic: Bone biology and skeletal disorders in
poultry / edited by C.C. Whitehead. Meeting held September
18-20, 1991, Edinburgh.

Language: English

Descriptors: Uk; Hens; Egg production; Animal welfare; Bone
fractures


112 NAL Call. No.: 275.29 W27P
Incubating, brooding and raising goslings.
Andrews, D.K.
Pullman, Wash. : The Service; 1992 Apr.
Extension bulletin - Washington State University, Cooperative
Extension Service (1630): 5 p.; 1992 Apr.

Language: English

Descriptors: Goslings; Incubation; Brood care; Goose feeding;
Leg weakness; Poultry diseases


113 NAL Call. No.: S533.F66F43
Indiana's 4-H pigeon resource manual.
McKinley, M.; Long, N.D.
West Lafayette, Ind. : The Service; 1992 Apr.
4-H - Purdue University Cooperative Extension Service (742):
38 p.; 1992 Apr. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Pigeons; Poultry housing; Poultry feeding;
Poultry diseases; 4-h clubs; Shows


114 NAL Call. No.: 47.8 B77
Individual perching behaviour of laying hens and its effects
of cages. Appleby, M.C.; Smith, S.F.; Hughes, B.O.
Oxfordshire : Carfax Publishing Company; 1992 May.
British poultry science v. 33 (2): p. 227-238; 1992 May.
Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Hens; Perches; Animal behavior; Animal welfare;
Egg quality


115 NAL Call. No.: 421 J822
Inexpensive trap for capturing house flies (Diptera: Muscidae)
in manure pits of caged-layer poultry houses.
Pickens, L.G.; Mills, G.D. Jr; Miller, R.W.
Lanham, Md. : Entomological Society of America, 1908-; 1994
Feb. Journal of economic entomology v. 87 (1): p. 116-119;
1994 Feb. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Poultry; Chicken housing; Musca domestica;
Poultry manure; Insect traps; Insect control

Abstract: An economical and easily constructed trap that
captures large numbers of house flies, Musca domestica L., in
dark interior areas such as the manure pits beneath high-rise,
caged-layer poultry houses was devised. The trap is a Hodge-
type trap with a single 40-W blacklight fluorescent bulb and a
reflector. Over a 30-d period, three traps hung in the manure
pit of a layer house that had a calculated daily fly
population of 1, 134,000 flies. Each trap averaged 10,500
flies 1% of the population) per day. The traps required
cleaning only once every 30 d.


116 NAL Call. No.: 47.8 AM33P
Influence of coccidiosis on Salmonella colonization in broiler
chickens under floor-pen conditions.
Arakawa, A.; Fukata, T.; Baba, E.; McDougald, L.R.; Bailey,
J.S.; Blankenship, L.C.
Champaign, Ill. : Poultry Science Association; 1992 Jan.
Poultry science v. 71 (1): p. 59-63; 1992 Jan. Includes
references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Broilers; Coccidiosis; Eimeria; Salmonella
typhimurium; Nicarbazin; Mixed infections; Intestines; Lesions

Abstract: The influence of coccidiosis on colonization of
Salmonella typhimurium in broiler chickens under floor pen
conditions was studied by semiquantitative methods. Chickens
of two groups, unmedicated and medicated with nicarbazin (125
ppm via the feed), were exposed to three species of Eimeria
(Eimeria tenella, Eimeria maxima, and Eimeria acervulina) at
2, 3, and 4 wk of age and given S. typhimurium in the feed 2
days later. Salmonella typhimurium was isolated most often
(100%) from ceca of chickens exposed at 3 wk of age. Birds in
the unmedicated group were positive for S. typhimurium at a
higher rate than those in the medicated group. Salmonella
typhimurium was detected in livers only in a few unmedicated
birds.


117 NAL Call. No.: QL750.A6
Influence of nest-box substrate (pine shaving vs. artificial
turf) on nesting behavior and prolactin levels in turkey hens
(Meleagris gallopavo). Book, C.M.; Millam, J.R.
Amsterdam : Elsevier Science Publishers, B.V.; 1992 Mar.
Applied animal behaviour science v. 33 (1): p. 83-91; 1992
Mar. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Turkeys; Hens; Wood shavings; Plastics; Nests;
Nesting; Prolactin; Blood serum; Turkey egg production;
Stimulation


118 NAL Call. No.: 47.8 B77
Influence of quantity of litter on nest box selection and
nesting behaviour of domestic hens.
Petherick, J.C.; Seawright, E.; Waddington, D.
Oxfordshire : Carfax Publishing Company; 1993 Dec.
British poultry science v. 34 (5): p. 857-872; 1993 Dec.
Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Hens; Nests; Litter; Nesting; Battery cages;
Individuals


119 NAL Call. No.: QL750.A6
Influence of the presence of 3-day-old chickens on the
behaviour of meat and egg-type posthatch counterparts.
Mahagna, M.; Nir, I.; Nitsan, Z.
Amsterdam ; New York : Elsevier, 1984-; 1994 May.
Applied animal behaviour science v. 40 (2): p. 143-152; 1994
May. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Broilers; Chickens; Chicks; Feeding behavior;
Drinking behavior; Animal behavior; Growth rate; Survival;
Stress; Cages; Floor pens; Breed differences


120 NAL Call. No.: SF481.J68
An integrated pest management program to control house flies
in commercial high rise houses.
Turner, E.C. Jr; Ruszler, P.L.; Dillon, P.; Carter, L.;
Youngman, R. Athens, Ga. : Applied Poultry Science, Inc; 1992.
Journal of applied poultry research v. 1 (2): p. 242-250;
1992. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Musca domestica; Hydrotaea aenescens; Chicken
housing; Integrated pest management


121 NAL Call. No.: QL750.A6
Inter-bird distances and behavioural priorities in laying
hens: the effect of spatial restriction.
Keeling, L.J.
Amsterdam ; New York : Elsevier, 1984-; 1994 Feb.
Applied animal behaviour science v. 39 (2): p. 131-140; 1994
Feb. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Hens; Spatial distribution; Behavior patterns;
Time; Frequency; Animal welfare; Stocking density; Animal
behavior


122 NAL Call. No.: 47.8 W89
Intermittent lighting regimes and mortality rates in laying
hens. Lewis, P.D.; Perry, G.C.; Morris, T.R.; Midgley, M.M.
London : Butterworth; 1992 Jul.
World's poultry science journal v. 48 (2): p. 113-120; 1992
Jul. Literature review. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Hens; Light regime; Intermittent light;
Mortality; Circadian rhythm; Physical activity; Body fat; Heat
stress; Animal welfare; Animal behavior; Regulations;
Literature reviews


123 NAL Call. No.: 47.8 AM33P
Introduction: applied ethology and poultry science.
Mench, J.A.
Champaign, Ill. : Poultry Science Association; 1992 Apr.
Poultry science v. 71 (4): p. 631-633; 1992 Apr. Paper
contributed to the Symposium on Quantifying the Behavior of
Poultry. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Domestic animals; Animal behavior; Animal welfare

Abstract: As a scientific discipline, the study of the
biological basis of behavior in animals, ethology, is
comparatively new. Ethologists have traditionally conducted
primarily observational studies designed to ascertain the
evolutionary significance of behaviors in wild animals. There
is, however, a growing branch of ethology that is concerned
with the application of ethological principles to areas such
as the management and welfare of economically important
species like poultry. Because of the complexity of the
causation and expression of behaviors in animals, it is
particularly important that such studies be rigorously
designed and analyzed. The purpose of this symposium was to
stimulate interest in the study of poultry behavior and
welfare, and to provide information about current methodology
in ethology.


124 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 R312
An investigation into the batch killing of turkeys in their
transport containers using mixtures of gases.
Raj, A.B.M.
London : British Veterinary Association, 1960-; 1994 May.
Research in veterinary science v. 56 (3): p. 325-331; 1994
May. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Turkeys; Stunning; Euthanasia; Containers;
Transport of animals; Argon; Carbon dioxide; Anoxia; Carcass
quality; Hemorrhage; Stress; Animal welfare

Abstract: This study was carried out under commercial
conditions to investigate the feasibility of killing turkeys
while they were still in their transport containers, with a
mixture of gases, and to compare the effects of this method
and electrical stunning on the prevalence of carcass
downgrading conditions and hemorrhages in the breast muscles.
The results showed that turkeys could be readily killed while
still in their transport containers by using either anoxia
induced with 90 per cent argon in air or hypercapnic anoxia
induced with a mixture of 30 per cent carbon dioxide and 60
per cent argon in air, and that the prevalence of carcass-
downgrading conditions and hemorrhages in the breast muscles
was lower after killing the turkeys with the gases.


125 NAL Call. No.: S605.5.O74
It's easy, fun and rewarding... grow you own chickens.
Jesiolowski, J.
Emmaus, Pa. : Rodale Press, Inc; 1993 Mar.
Organic gardening v. 40 (3): p. 36-42; 1993 Mar.

Language: English

Descriptors: Fowls; Poultry; Farming; Free range husbandry;
Yards; Domestic gardens


126 NAL Call. No.: MdULD3231.M70d El-Assaad, F.G.
A laboratory system for evaluating poultry transport crate
disinfection. El-Assaad, Fady G.
University of Maryland at College Park, Dept. of Agricultural
Engineering 1992; 1992.
xvi, 278 leaves : ill ; 29 cm. Thesis research directed by
Dept. of Agricultural Engineering. Vita. Includes
bibliographical references (leaves 266-278).

Language: English

Descriptors: Poultry; Salmonellosis; Disinfection and
disinfectants


127 NAL Call. No.: 290.9 Am32P
Laboratory-sized poultry cage disinfection system.
El-Assaad, F.G.; Stewart, L.E.; Mallinson, E.T.; Carr, L.E.;
Joseph, S.W.; Berny, G.
St. Joseph, Mich. : American Society of Agricultural
Engineers,; 1992. Paper / (92-4054): 13 p.; 1992. Paper
presented at the "1992 International Summer Meeting sponsored
by the American Society of Agricultural Engineers," June
21-24, 1992, Charlotte, North Carolina. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Poultry housing; Salmonella; Disinfection


128 NAL Call. No.: 100 M668
Less ammonia: healthier turkeys.
Wold, J.
St. Paul, Minn. : The Station; 1992.
Minnesota science - Agricultural Experiment Station,
University of Minnesota v. 47 (1): p. 2, 3; 1992.

Language: English

Descriptors: Turkeys; Poultry housing; Slatted floors;
Ammonia; Poultry droppings


129 NAL Call. No.: QP1.C6
Light color: effect on blood cells, immune function and stress
status in turkey hens.
Scott, R.P.; Siopes, T.D.
Oxford : Pergamon Press Ltd; 1994 Jun.
Comparative biochemistry and physiology. A: Comparative
physiology v. 108A (2/3): p. 161-168; 1994 Jun. Includes
references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Turkeys; Hens; Blue light; Red light; Light;
Blood cells; Erythrocyte count; Leukocyte count; Humoral
immunity; Cell mediated immunity; Immune response; Stress;
Corticosterone

Abstract: At 30 weeks of age, Large White turkey hens were
exposed to blue (B), green (G), red (R), or incandescent (I)
light equalized at a photon output of 9.0 micromolar/sec/m2.
Blood cell counts, stress status, and immune function were
evaluated after 15 and 23 weeks of exposure to the light
treatments. The light color treatments had no effect on the
total number of erythrocytes, leukocytes, or plasma
corticosterone levels. Cutaneous basophil hypersensitivity,
anti-SRBC titers, number of heterophils, and
heterophil/lymphocyte ratios were significantly affected by
light color treatment. It was concluded that light color can
have an effect on cellular and humoral immune responses but
there was no consistent indication of treatment effects on
stress status.


130 NAL Call. No.: S544.3.V8V52
Livestock and pets: poultry area fly control.
Turner, E.C.; Youngman, R.R.
Blacksburg, Va. : Extension Division, Virginia Polytechnic
Institute and State University; 1992.
Publication - Virginia Cooperative Extension Service
(456-018): p. 177-180; 1992. In the series analytic: Pest
management guide for home grounds of animals / edited by B.J.
Brinlee.

Language: English

Descriptors: Diptera; Insect control; Poultry housing;
Integrated pest management; Hygiene; Bait traps; Spraying;
Insecticides


131 NAL Call. No.: TH4911.A1U6 no.198
Ljus till fjaderfa ljus i varphonsstallar, ljusets inverkan pa
fjaderfa = Light for poultry : light in poultry houses, the
effect of the light on poultry.. Light for poultry
Wachenfelt, Eva von
Lund : Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet, Institutionen for
lantbrukets byggnadsteknik (LBT),; 1993.
45 p. : ill. ; 25 cm. (Specialmeddelande ; 198.). Summary in
English. Includes bibliographical references.

Language: Swedish


132 NAL Call. No.: 47.8 B77
Longer journeys to processing plants are associated with
higher mortality in broiler chickens.
Warriss, P.D.; Bevis, E.A.; Brown, S.N.; Edwards, J.E.
Oxfordshire : Carfax Publishing Company; 1992 Mar.
British poultry science v. 33 (1): p. 201-206; 1992 Mar.
Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Broilers; Transport of animals; Mortality;
Duration


133 NAL Call. No.: SF481.2.P68
Management factors in leg disorders.
Classen, H.L.
Oxfordshire : Carfax Publishing Company; 1992.
Poultry Science Symposium v. 23: p. 195-211; 1992. In the
series analytic: Bone biology and skeletal disorders in
poultry / edited by C.C. Whitehead. Meeting held September
18-20, 1991, Edinburgh. Literature review. Includes
references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Broilers; Turkeys; Intensive husbandry


134 NAL Call. No.: 290.9 Am32P
Manure drying and odor control in laying house.
Lei, P.K.; Tan, K.H.; Hong, C.M.; Cheng, J.C.
St. Joseph, Mich. : American Society of Agricultural
Engineers,; 1993. Paper / (933007): 25 p.; 1993. Paper
presented at the "1993 International Summer Meeting sponsored
by The American Society of Agricultural Engineers," June
20-23, 1993, Spokane, Washington. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Poultry housing; Poultry manure; Odors


135 NAL Call. No.: SF995.6.M33H44 1993
Marek's disease vaccination breaks interaction of genetic
strains of chickens, chicken anemia agent virus and stressors.
Heller, E. Dan; Friedman, A.; Schat, K. A.
United States-Israel Binational Agricultural Research and
Development Fund Bet Dagan, Israel : BARD,; 1993.
10, [3] leaves ; 28 cm. Final report. Project no.
IS-1460-88. Includes bibliographical references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Marek's disease; Chickens


136 NAL Call. No.: 290.9 Am32P
"Measurement classification of turkey barn airborne
particles". Ropelato, R.A.; Poe, S.E.; Clark, B.E.; Anderson,
G.L.; Warnick, R.E. St. Joseph, Mich. : American Society of
Agricultural Engineers,; 1993. Paper / (933011): 9 p.; 1993.
Paper presented at the "1993 International Summer Meeting
sponsored by The American Society of Agricultural Engineers,"
June 20-23, 1993, Spokane, Washington. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Air quality; Ventilation; Poultry housing


137 NAL Call. No.: QL750.A6
Measuring aversion in domestic fowl using passive avoidance.
Rutter, S.M.; Duncan, I.J.H.
Amsterdam : Elsevier Science Publishers, B.V.; 1992 Mar.
Applied animal behaviour science v. 33 (1): p. 53-61; 1992
Mar. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Hens; Avoidance conditioning; Stimuli;
Fearfulness; Animal welfare


138 NAL Call. No.: 47.8 AM33P
Measuring preferences and the strength of preferences.
Duncan, I.J.H.
Champaign, Ill. : Poultry Science Association; 1992 Apr.
Poultry science v. 71 (4): p. 658-663; 1992 Apr. Paper
contributed to the Symposium on Quantifying the Behavior of
Poultry. Literature review. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Poultry; Animal behavior; Testing; Animal
welfare; Duration; Training of animals; Literature reviews

Abstract: In this review, it is argued that welfare concerns
what animals feel. Preference tests give a good first
indication of how animals feel and are therefore extremely
valuable in animal welfare studies. Methods of overcoming the
shortcomings of preference tests are discussed. In order that
the results from preference tests be interpreted properly,
they should be followed up with appropriate tests to measure
the strength of preference. Examples of research in this area
that have focused on poultry are given.


139 NAL Call. No.: 47.8 AM33P
Measuring social behavior in poultry.
Craig, J.V.
Champaign, Ill. : Poultry Science Association; 1992 Apr.
Poultry science v. 71 (4): p. 650-657; 1992 Apr. Paper
contributed to the Symposium on Quantifying the Behavior of
Poultry. Literature review. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Fowls; Animal behavior; Selection responses;
Stress response; Social dominance; Poultry housing; Sexual
maturity; Literature reviews

Abstract: Social behavior of poultry is discussed in general
terms, variables having major effects are indicated, and
frequently used techniques of measurement are presented and
compared. Studies in which different variables and methods
were described are presented as examples, with primary
emphasis on the behavior of chickens.


140 NAL Call. No.: 47.8 AM33P
Mineral balance and urinary and fecal mineral excretion
profile of broilers housed in thermoneutral and heat-
distressed environments. Belay, T.; Wiernusz, C.J.; Teeter,
R.G.
Champaign, Ill. : Poultry Science Association; 1992 Jun.
Poultry science v. 71 (6): p. 1043-1047; 1992 Jun. Includes
references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Broilers; Heat stress; Urine; Feces;
Environmental temperature; Mineral metabolism; Stress response

Abstract: Two experiments were conducted utilizing 4- to 7-wk
posthatching Vantress X Arbor Acres male broilers to evaluate
heat distress effects on mineral balance partitioned into
urinary and fecal loss. In the first study, 8 colostomized and
14 intact birds were allotted to two environmental chambers
maintained at either a thermoneutral temperature (24 degrees
C) or a cycling temperature heat distress (24 to 35 degrees C)
in a switch-back design. Birds were precision-fed 2% of body
weight thrice daily to equalize consumption prior to and over
each 48-h experimental period. Feces and urine for
colostomized birds and total excrement for intact birds were
collected and analyzed for mineral content. Averaging across
surgical classification, heat distress increased (P < .05)
excretion of K, P, S, Mg, Cu, Mo, and Zn. Despite little heat
distress effect on urine production, minerals
disproportionately excreted in urine included K, Mg, P, and S;
Cu and Mg were lost primarily in feces. In the second study 42
colostomized birds were used to expand the urinary excretion
data with the period of heat distress held at 35 degrees C for
36 h. Heat distress increased (P < .05) urine output from 52.3
+/- 5.3 to 109.9 +/- 4.5 mL/12 h and also increased total
urinary K, P, S, Na, Mg, Ca, and Mn excretion. The present
data provide evidence that heat distress adversely impacts
bird mineral balance and that the excretion route for this
effect varies with the specific mineral and possibly, heat
distress severity.


141 NAL Call. No.: KyUThesis 1992 Zhang, S.
Minimum ventilation for broiler housing.
Zhang, Shuhui,
1992; 1992.
viii, 130 leaves ; 28 cm. Includes vita and abstract.
Includes bibliographical references (l.128-129).

Language: English

Descriptors: Poultry housing; Ventilation


142 NAL Call. No.: 290.9 Am32P
Minimum ventilation for broiler housing.
Gates, R.S.; Zhang, S.H.; Overhults, D.G.
St. Joseph, Mich. : American Society of Agricultural
Engineers,; 1992. Paper / (92-4532): 17 p.; 1992. Paper
presented at the "1992 International Winter Meeting sponsored
by the American Society of Agricultural Engineers," December
15-18, 1992, Nashville, Tennessee. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Chicken housing; Ventilation; Temperature;
Humidity; Computer simulation


143 NAL Call. No.: QH540.S8
A minimum-cost biofilter for reducing aerial emissions from a
broiler chicken house.
Pearson, C.C.; Phillips, V.R.; Green, G.; Scotford, I.M.
Amsterdam : Elsevier Science Publishing B.V.; 1992.
Studies in environmental science (51): p. 245-254; 1992. In
the series analytic: Biotechniques for air pollution abatement
and odour control policies / edited by A.J. Dragt and J. van
Ham. Proceedings of an International Symposium, October 27-29,
1991, Maastricht, The Netherlands. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Chicken housing; Poultry droppings; Odor
abatement; Odor emission; Biological treatment; Microbial
degradation; Bioreactors


144 NAL Call. No.: 410 B77
Modification of fear in domestic chicks, Gallus gallus
domesticus, via regular handling and early environmental
enrichment.
Jones, R.B.; Waddington, D.
London : Academic Press; 1992 Jun.
Animal behaviour v. 43 (pt.6): p. 1021-1033; 1992 Jun.
Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Chicks; Fearfulness; Behavior modification;
Handling; Environment; Enrichment; Animal welfare

Abstract: Although its adaptive properties are recognized,
fear can harm the welfare and performance of intensively
housed poultry. Its alleviation in individually caged domestic
chicks via the independent or integrated application of
regular handling and environmental enrichment regimes was
investigated. The test situations incorporated varying degrees
of exposure to novel, inanimate stimuli and of human
involvement. Enrichment reduced freezing and avoidance of a
novel object introduced into the home cage, accelerated
emergence from a sheltered area into an exposed unfamiliar one
and increased vocalization, ambulation and pecking in an open
field or novel environment. It also reduced the chicks'
avoidance of a nearby, visible experimenter and attenuated
their tonic immobility reaction to manual restraint. Such
wide-ranging effects suggest that environmental enrichment may
have modified general, non-specific fearfulness. Regular
handling also attenuated the chicks' tonic immobility
responses and their avoidance of the experimenter but it
exerted few other detectable effects and there was no
demonstrable effect of handling in the presence of enrichment.
These findings are consistent with the suggestion that
repeated gentle handling may exert its strongest influence by
facilitating habituation to human beings rather than by,
reducing underlying fearfulness. The implications of reduced
fearfulness and other potential benefits of handling and
enrichment procedures are discussed.


145 NAL Call. No.: SF494.5.M63 1994
Modified cages for laying hens proceedings of a symposium held
at Nobel House, London on 18th January 1993.
Sherwin, C. M.
Universities Federation for Animal Welfare
South Mims, Potters Bar, Herts., UK : Universities Federation
for Animal Welfare,; 1994.
102 p. : ill. ; 30 cm. Includes bibliographical references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Chickens; Birdcages


146 NAL Call. No.: 290.9 Am32P
Modifying tunnel ventilation with continuous sidewall inlets.
Bottcher, R.W.; Singletary, I.B.; Baughman, G.R.
St. Joseph, Mich. : American Society of Agricultural
Engineers,; 1992. Paper / (924049): 11 p.; 1992. Paper
presented at the "1992 International Summer Meeting sponsored
by the American Society of Agricultural Engineers," June
21-24, 1992, Charlotte, North Carolina. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Animal housing; Ventilation; Poultry


147 NAL Call. No.: 47.8 AM33P
Multivariate epidemiological approach to coccidiosis in
broilers. Henken, A.M.; Goelema, J.O.; Neijenhuis, F.
Champaign, Ill. : Poultry Science Association; 1992 Nov.
Poultry science v. 71 (11): p. 1849-1856; 1992 Nov. Includes
references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Netherlands; Broilers; Coccidiosis; Lesions;
Epidemiology; Risk; Light regime; Environmental temperature;
Ammonia; Carbon dioxide; Air quality; Litter; Chicken housing;
Size

Abstract: A retrospective, case-control study into risk
factors of coccidiosis was undertaken using data from 189
broiler flocks. A case flock was defined as a flock in which
at least one bird had intestinal lesions on 1 of 6 wk in a 42-
day cycle. Flocks wherein such birds could not be detected
were defined as controls. There were 187 variables, measured
or derived. These were assigned to subsets of data, each
subset being a group of variables representing related
information. Uni- and bivariate analyses were performed in
each subset. Variables and interactions that were significant
in these analyses were entered into a multivariate model
across subsets. In the final model, seven variables appeared
to be significantly associated with detecting lesions in birds
of a flock. Differences among breeds covered a range of about
an 80-fold change in risk of being a case. At intermittent
lighting, the risk of being a case increased about sevenfold
compared with continuous lighting. A higher initial (Week 1)
environmental temperature decreased the risk of finding
lesions in a flock (about .8-fold per degree Celsius). This
risk was also lower at a lower average aerial ammonia content
(below versus above 14 ppm) and higher maximum carbon dioxide
content (above versus below .4 vol%) changing the risk about
.3- and .4 -fold, respectively. The risk of being among cases
increased with more litter (about twofold per kilogram of
litter per square meter). Flocks in houses of 600 to 800 m(2)
were about 9.8 times more at risk of being scored as lesion-
positive than those in smaller houses. It is concluded that
quantitative epidemiological methods may be used to identify
and quantify relevant risk factors to control losses from
impaired health and productivity.


148 NAL Call. No.: 47.8 AM33P
Multivariate epidemiological approach to salmonellosis in
broiler breeder flocks.
Henken, A.M.; Frankena, K.; Goelema, J.O.; Graat, E.A.M.;
Noordhuizen, J.P.T.M.
Champaign, Ill. : Poultry Science Association; 1992 May.
Poultry science v. 71 (5): p. 838-843; 1992 May. Includes
references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Broilers; Salmonellosis; Salmonella; Hygiene;
Chicken housing; Disease surveys; Multivariate analysis; Risk;
Epidemiology; Intensive husbandry

Abstract: A retrospective, case-control study into risk
factors of salmonellosis was undertaken using data from 111
broiler breeder flocks assembled during a 5-yr period. The
results of both univariate and multivariate analyses are
presented. Many different Salmonella species were detected.
Multivariate models were created based on the outcome of
univariate analyses. The following variables appeared to be
the most relevant: disinfection tubs, hygiene barriers, the
interaction of disinfection tubs by hygiene barriers, and feed
mills. The final model indicated that flocks housed at farms
without a disinfection tub, with poor hygiene barriers, and
receiving their feed from a small feed mill had a 46.1 times
greater risk of being Salmonella-positive than flocks housed
at farms with a disinfection tub, with good hygiene barriers,
and receiving their feed from a large feed mill. It is
concluded that the application of quantitative epidemiological
methods can be valuable not only to identify potential risk
factors but also to quantify their contributory effect on the
disease outcome. Hence, it may be a useful tool for
application in "integrated food chain quality control
programs".


149 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 AV5
Mycoplasma synoviae in a release pen-raised wild turkey.
Luttrell, M.P.; Kleven, S.H.; Mahnke, G.M.
Kennett Square, Pa. : American Association of Avian
Pathologists; 1992 Jan. Avian diseases v. 36 (1): p. 169-171;
1992 Jan. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: North Carolina; Turkeys; Mycoplasma synoviae;
Symptoms; Case reports; Wild birds; Mycoplasmosis

Abstract: Mycoplasma synoviae (MS) was isolated from the
sinus of an adult female "wild-type" turkey found feeding with
backyard chickens at a private residence in Randolph County,
N.C. Clinical signs included sinusitis, dyspnea, emaciation,
diarrhea, and nasal discharge. The bird was seropositive for
MS and M. gallisepticum (MG) on the rapid plate agglutination
test and had titers of 1:160 for MS and 1:20 for MG on the
hemagglutination-inhibition test. Isolations of MS and M.
galloparvonis were confirmed by the fluorescent antibody test.
This case represents the first and only, report of MS in a
free ranging "wild-type" turkey in the eastern United States.
Behavioral and other evidence suggests that the bird was a
released pen-raised turkey.


150 NAL Call. No.: aSF601.A1U5
National poultry improvement plan and auxiliary provisions.
Hyattsville, MD : The Service; 1993 Apr.
APHIS 91 (55-017): 85 p.; 1993 Apr.

Language: English

Descriptors: U.S.A.; Cabt; Poultry; National planning;
Improvement; Handling; Breeding programs; Inspection; Disease
control; Poultry products; Regulations


151 NAL Call. No.: aSF601.A1U5
National poultry improvement plant and auxiliary provisions.
Hyattsville, MD : Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service;
1994 Jun. APHIS 91 (55-021): 94 p.; 1994 Jun.

Language: English

Descriptors: U.S.A.; Cabt; Poultry; National planning;
Improvement; Handling; Breeding programs; Inspection; Disease
control; Poultry products; Regulations


152 NAL Call. No.: QL750.A6
The nature of handling immediately prior to test affects tonic
immobility fear reactions in laying hens and broilers.
Jones, R.B.
Amsterdam : Elsevier Science Publishers, B.V.; 1992 Aug.
Applied animal behaviour science v. 34 (3): p. 247-254; 1992
Aug. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Hens; Broilers; Fearfulness; Handling;
Immobilization


153 NAL Call. No.: 47.8 B77
Nesting and dust bathing by hens in cages: matching and mis-
matching between behaviour and environment.
Smith, S.F.; Appleby, M.C.; Hughes, B.O.
Oxfordshire : Carfax Publishing Company; 1993 Mar.
British poultry science v. 34 (1): p. 21-33; 1993 Mar.
Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Hens; Battery cages; Dust bathing; Nesting;
Animal welfare


154 NAL Call. No.: 47.8 B77
Nesting, dust bathing and perching by laying hens in cages:
effects of design on behaviour and welfare.
Appleby, M.C.; Smith, S.F.; Hughes, B.O.
Oxfordshire : Carfax Publishing Company; 1993 Dec.
British poultry science v. 34 (5): 835-847; 1993 Dec.
Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Hens; Battery cages; Nesting; Nests; Laying
performance; Animal welfare; Feather pecking; Fearfulness;
Foot diseases; Feet; Claws; Perches; Dust bathing


155 NAL Call. No.: QL698.C7
Newcastle disease in village chicken.
Spradbrow, P.B.
Barking, Essex, England : Elsevier Science Limited; 1993.
Poultry science reviews v. 5 (2): p. 57-96; 1993. Includes
references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Chickens; Newcastle disease; Mortality; Free
range husbandry; Literature reviews


156 NAL Call. No.: 47.8 Am33P
Nutrient content of carcass parts from broilers reared under
cycling high temperatures.
Smith, M.O.
Champaign, IL : Poultry Science Association, 1921-; 1993 Nov.
Poultry science v. 72 (11): p. 2166-2171; 1993 Nov. Includes
references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Chicken meat; Broilers; Meat cuts; Carcasses;
Heat stress; Environmental temperature; Diet; Nutrients

Abstract: A study was conducted in which carcass parts from
broilers reared under different growing temperature regimens
were examined for crude protein, fat, calcium, phosphorus,
potassium, and sodium. Commercial broilers were reared from 22
to 49 days of age at either 23.9 degrees C constant
temperature (thermoneutral) or 23.9 to 35 degrees C cycling
high temperature (heat stress). Birds in the heat stress
environment were exposed to 8 h of 23.9 degrees C, 4 h of 23.9
to 35 degrees C, 4 h of 35 degrees C, and 9 h of 35 to 23.9
degrees C. Within each growth environment, protein and fat
content differed among carcass parts. Protein content of
thighs and drumsticks from birds grown at elevated
temperatures were 10.1 and 5.3%, respectively, higher (P<.05)
than those from birds grown in a constant temperature
environment, but the fat content of these parts from birds in
the cooler environment were higher by 8.3 and 9.4%,
respectively (P<.05). There was no effect of temperature on
the calcium or phosphorus content of carcass parts, but the
sodium content of the breast was higher (P<.05) at elevated
temperatures. The breast portion of carcasses from heat-
stressed birds had the greatest (P<.05) amount of potassium.


157 NAL Call. No.: 47.8 B77
Optimum size of feeder grids in relation to the welfare of
broiler breeder females fed on a separate sex basis.
Hocking, P.M.
Oxfordshire : Carfax Publishing Company; 1993 Dec.
British poultry science v. 34 (5): p. 849-855; 1993 Dec.
Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Hens; Broilers; Feeding behavior; Hen feeding;
Animal welfare; Self feeders; Grids; Head dimensions; Feed
intake


158 NAL Call. No.: QL785.A725
Passive socialization to humans: effects on tonic immobility
in chickens (Gallus gallus).
Eddy, T.J.; Gallup, G.G. Jr
Austin, Tex., Psychonomic Society; 1994 Aug.
Animal learning & behavior v. 22 (3): p. 325-331; 1994 Aug.
Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Chicks; Fearfulness; Man; Isolation

Abstract: Chicks whose primary source of visual stimulation
during rearing was in the form of human caretakers showed
significantly shorter durations of tonic immobility. Birds
with only human visual exposure were also more likely to
behave in affilitative ways toward the experimenter than were
birds from the other rearing groups. Birds reared in a similar
manner but tested for tonic immobility in the absence of the
experimenter failed to show an effect. The results are
discussed in terms of the phylogenetic generality of
ontogenetic-dependent reactivity to humans, and the
possibility that the ecological validity of experimental
studies in which animals are reared in isolation from
conspecifics, or otherwise become socialized to humans, may be
compromised.


159 NAL Call. No.: 47.8 B77
Pecking behaviour of laying hens provided with a simple
motorised environmental environmental enrichment device.
Sherwin, C.M.
Oxfordshire : Carfax Publishing Company; 1993 May.
British poultry science v. 34 (2): p. 235-240; 1993 May.
Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Hens; Motivation; Learning; Feather pecking


160 NAL Call. No.: 47.8 AM33P
Performance and immunity of heat-stressed broilers fed
vitamin- and electrolyte-supplemented drinking water.
Ferket, P.R.; Qureshi, M.A.
Champaign, Ill. : Poultry Science Association; 1992 Jan.
Poultry science v. 71 (1): p. 88-97; 1992 Jan. Includes
references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Broilers; Heat stress; Drinking water; Vitamin
supplements; Electrolytes; Environmental temperature;
Liveweight gain; Feed conversion efficiency; Immune response;
Mortality

Abstract: The efficacy of different vitamin and electrolyte
treatments of drinking water for heat-stressed broilers was
studied in two experiments. In Experiment 1, commercial
broilers (50% male, 50% female, sexed), were subjected to four
drinking water treatments: 1) unsupplemented water (control);
2) B-vitamins plus electrolytes (B+El); 3) vitamins A, D, and
E, B-vitamins plus electrolytes (ADEB+El); and 4) vitamins A,
D, and E and B-vitamins (ADEB). Each treatment group was
replicated in eight pens containing 70 birds. All birds were
provided ad libitum access to feed through to 43 days of age
and subjected to the water treatment from 16 to 21 days and 38
to 43 days. The birds were exposed to the 35 C ambient
temperature during the last 72 h of each period. Immune
function was tested on the males in each pen while they
received the water treatments from 24 to 34 days of age. In
comparison with the control, feed conversion was improved 5.6%
by ADEB+El and ADEB, and body weight gain was improved 6.7% by
ADEB (P<.05). Total and IgG antibody response against SRBC
after primary immunization was improved by B+El; whereas, B+El
and ADEB treatments improved IgG after secondary immunization.
The highest numbers of Sephadex-elicited peritoneal
macrophages were found among ADEB-treated birds, but neither
adherence nor phagocytic ability of macrophages from either
group was affected. Natural killer cells from all except
ADEB+El-treated birds exhibited comparably high tumoricidal
activity. In Experiment 2, commercial male broilers were given
either unsupplemented water or vitamin-supplemented water
(ADEB treatment) at 22 to 30 days, 37 to 41 days, and 52 to 55
days. The birds were exposed to 35 C at 38 to 41 days and 53
to 55 days of age. The two water treatments were replicated in
16 pens of 40 birds. Vitamin treatment increased 1- to 63-day
body weight gain and feed conversion by 3 and 5%, respectively
(P<.1), and it reduced mortality related to heat stress by 63%
(P<.05). Vitamin


161 NAL Call. No.: SF481.J68
Performance of turkeys subjected to day and night feeding
programs during heat stress.
Mamputu, M.; Cunningham, D.L.; Buhr, R.J.
Athens, Ga. : Applied Poultry Science, Inc; 1992.
Journal of applied poultry research v. 1 (3): p. 296-299;
1992. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Georgia; Turkeys; Heat stress; Restricted feeding


162 NAL Call. No.: SB950.A1V4
Population dynamics of Rattus rattus in poultry and
implications for control. Sridhara, S.; Krishnamurthy, T.R.
Davis, Calif. : University of California; 1992 Aug.
Proceedings ... Vertebrate Pest Conference (15): p. 224-228;
1992 Aug. Meeting held March 3-5, 1992, Newport Beach, CA.
Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: India; Rattus rattus; Poultry housing; Poultry;
Population dynamics; Population structure; Rodent control


163 NAL Call. No.: S1.M57
Portable housing for poultry and hogs.
Klober, K.
Columbia, Mo. : Missouri Farm Publishing Inc; 1993 Jun.
Small Farm Today v. 10 (3): p. 38-42; 1993 Jun.

Language: English

Descriptors: Poultry housing; Pig housing; Free range
husbandry


164 NAL Call. No.: SF995.W4
Postmortem monitoring of flock mortality. 1. Animal welfare
aspects. McMartin, D.A.
Davis, Calif. : University of California; 1992.
Proceedings - Western Poultry Disease Conference (41st): p.
14; 1992. Meeting held on March 1-3, 1992, Sacramento,
California. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Poultry; Animal welfare; Mortality


165 NAL Call. No.: 47.8 W89
Poultry handling: a review of mechanical devices and their
effect on bird welfare.
Scott, G.B.
Oxford : Butterworth-Heinenmann Ltd; 1993 Mar.
World's poultry science journal v. 49 (1): p. 44-57; 1993 Mar.
Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Chickens; Handling; Transport of animals;
Collectors; Animal welfare; Loaders; Conveyors; Stress factors


166 NAL Call. No.: SF487.A77 1992
Poultry production systems behaviour, management and welfare.
Appleby, Michael C.; Hughes, B. O.; Elson, H. A.
Oxon, U.K. : C.A.B International,; 1992.
xvi, 238 p. : ill., map ; 24 cm. Includes bibliographical
references (p. 210-227) and index.

Language: English

Descriptors: Poultry; Poultry


167 NAL Call. No.: S1.M57
Poultry researchers turn attention to ratites.
Carter, S.T.
Columbia, Mo. : Missouri Farm Publishing Inc; 1994 Aug.
Small farm today v. 11 (4): p. 42-44; 1994 Aug.

Language: English

Descriptors: Ostriches; Rhea; Emus; Animal husbandry; Animal
breeding; Agricultural research


168 NAL Call. No.: SF55.A78A7
Poultry wastes as foods for ruminants and asociated aspects of
animal welfare. Roothaert, R.L.; Matthewman, R.W.
Suweon, Korea : Asian-Australasian Association of Animal
Production Societies; 1992 Dec.
Asian-Australasian journal of animal sciences v. 5 (4): p.
593-600; 1992 Dec. Literature review. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Ruminant feeding; Poultry manure; Litter;
Nonprotein nitrogen


169 NAL Call. No.: 389.8 J82
Prevention of immunologic stress contributes to the growth-
permitting ability of dietary antibiotics in chicks.
Roura, E.; Homedes, J.; Klasing, K.C.
Bethesda, Md. : American Institute of Nutrition; 1992 Dec. The
Journal of nutrition v. 122 (12): p. 2383-2390; 1992 Dec.
Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Chicks; Diet; Streptomycin; Penicillins;
Sanitation; Immunology; Stress; Interleukin 1; Growth rate;
Mode of action

Abstract: The growth-permitting ability of antibiotics fed to
broiler chicks was studied as it relates to the state of
activation of the immune system. in Experiment 1, chicks were
fed two levels of antibiotics (0 or 100 mg streptomycin + 100
mg penicillin/kg diet) and were raised either in an
environment with poor sanitation to create a chronic immune
stress or in a clean environment. Chicks raised in the
unsanitary environment and not fed antibiotics had
significantly lower (P < 0.05) rates of weight gain and
efficiencies of feed utilization, and higher levels of plasma
interleukin-1, compared with chicks raised in the clean
environment or chicks raised in the unsanitary environment and
fed antibiotics. Adding antibiotics to the diet of birds in
the clean environment did not affect any variable. In
Experiment 2, chicks were raised in a conventional environment
and fed two levels of an antibiotic (0 or 100 mg
tetracycline/kg diet). After a 15-d feeding period, half of
the chicks were injected with Salmonella typhimurium
lipopolysaccharide to create an acute immunologic stress.
Feeding antibiotic resulted in improved weight gain, feed
consumption and efficiency of feed utilization.
Lipopolysaccharide-injected birds developed heavier livers,
spleens and intestines relative to body weights and higher
rectal temperatures and hepatic metallothionein
concentrations, presumably due to an immunologic stress.
Omitting antibiotic from the diet resulted in similar changes.
These results indicate that feeding antibiotics may permit
growth by preventing immunologic stress and associated
metabolic changes brought about by monokines including
interleukin-1.


170 NAL Call. No.: 10 OU8
Priorities and options for livestock production in developing
countries. Smith, A.J.
Oxon : C.A.B. International; 1992 Mar.
Outlook on agriculture v. 21 (1): p. 13-19. ill; 1992 Mar.
Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Developing countries; Animal husbandry; Climatic
zones; Draft animals; Poultry; Energy requirements; Farm
management; Mixed farming; Sustainability


171 NAL Call. No.: SF481.2.P68
Priorities for welfare research.
Perrins, A.J.
Oxfordshire : Carfax Publishing Company; 1992.
Poultry Science Symposium v. 23: p. 345-348; 1992. In the
series analytic: Bone biology and skeletal disorders in
poultry / edited by C.C. Whitehead. Meeting held September
18-20, 1991, Edinburgh.

Language: English

Descriptors: Uk; Poultry; Animal welfare


172 NAL Call. No.: SF481.2.E976 1993
Proceedings of the Fourth European Symposium on Poultry
Welfare, Edinburgh, September 18th-21st 1993.
Savory, C. J.; Hughes, B. O.
Universities Federation for Animal Welfare, European
Federation of the World's Poultry Science Association, Working
Group No. 9
European Symposium on Poultry Welfare 4th : 1993 : Edinburgh,
Scotland. Potters Bar : Published for Working Group IX of the
European Federation of the World's Poultry Science Association
by Universities Federation for Animal Welfare,; 1993.
318 p. : ill. ; 24 cm. Includes bibliographical references
and index.

Language: English

Descriptors: Poultry


173 NAL Call. No.: 47.8 W89
Processing and utilization of spent hens.
Kondaiah, N.; Panda, B.
London : Butterworth; 1992 Nov.
World's poultry science journal v. 48 (3): p. 255-268; 1992
Nov. Literature review. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Hens; Meat quality; Transport of animals; Meat
yield; Chicken meat; Hot boning; Mechanically deboned meat;
Preformed meats; Sausages; Chicken fat; Literature reviews


174 NAL Call. No.: 290.9 Am32P
Proper wiring for livestock & poultry structures: video &
written resources. Hiatt, R.; McFate, K.
St. Joseph, Mich. : American Society of Agricultural
Engineers,; 1992. Paper / (92-3562): 7 p.; 1992. Paper
presented at the "1992 International Winter Meeting sponsored
by the American Society of Agricultural Engineers," December
15-18, 1992, Nashville, Tennessee.

Language: English

Descriptors: Poultry housing; Electricity; Wire; Standards


175 NAL Call. No.: 47.8 B77
Prophylactic and therapeutic treatment of ascites in broiler
chickens. Shlosberg, A.; Pano, G.; Handji, V.; Berman, E.
Oxfordshire : Carfax Publishing Company; 1992 Mar.
British poultry science v. 33 (1): p. 141-148; 1992 Mar.
Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Broilers; Ascites; Cold stress; Feeds; Diet;
Prophylaxis


176 NAL Call. No.: 47.8 Am33P
Realized heritability of tonic immobility in White Leghorn
hens: a replicated single generation test.
Campo, J.L.; Carnicer, C.
Champaign, IL : Poultry Science Association, 1921-; 1993 Dec.
Poultry science v. 72 (12): p. 2193-2199; 1993 Dec. Includes
references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Hens; Fearfulness; Strain differences;
Heritability; Selection criteria; Selection responses; Age
differences; Sex differences

Abstract: Fearfulness was measured as latency to recover from
induced tonic immobility using White Leghorn hens from a
population originated by crossing three different strains
selected for egg number and egg weight. Realized heritability
was calculated in a single generation selection experiment
with eight replicates, each consisting of 76 40-wk-old females
from which 21% were selected for decreased tonic immobility
duration. A randomly selected control population was
maintained for each replicate. Separately from this
experiment, fear differences between ages and sexes were
investigated at 1, 2, 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24, 28, and 32 wk. The
realized heritability (.32 +/- .10) indicates that induced
tonic immobility should respond to selection. It was
numerically higher than the estimate calculated by half-sib
analysis of variance in the base population (.18 +/- .07); the
logarithmic transformation did not yield higher heritability
estimates. Crossing effects were evaluated in two different
crossbreds, i.e., Leghorn X Castellana and Buff Prat X White
Prat, which suggested important negative heterotic effects for
this fear-related trait (-31% and -54%, respectively).
Significant (P < .05) quadratic and cubic variation between 1
and 32 wk of age was obtained in females and males,
respectively; the involvement of these age effects make it
difficult to generalize about realized heritability for tonic
immobility. Tonic immobility increased from 32 to 72 wk.
Differences between the sexes were apparent, males showing
longer tonic immobility durations than females except in the
postjuvenile period before sexual maturity, suggesting a
relationship between this trait and hormonal changes.


177 NAL Call. No.: 410 B77
Reduction of the domestic chick's fear of human beings by
regular handling and related treatments.
Jones, R.B.
London : Academic Press; 1993 Nov.
Animal behaviour v. 46 (pt.5): p. 991-998; 1993 Nov. Includes
references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Chicks; Fearfulness; Man

Abstract: Fear of human beings can seriously jeopardize a
chicken's welfare and performance and its reduction is
therefore an important objective. The present study assessed
the effects of various forms of regular human contact on
subsequent avoidance of the experimenter and tonic immobility
fear reactions in pair-housed, female domestic chicks, Gallus
gallus domesticus. The results not only confirmed that regular
gentle handling (picking up and stroking) is a potent and
reliable method of reducing fear and avoidance of humans, but
also illustrated the malleability of the handling process.
Thus, avoidance of the experimenter was considerably reduced
by each of the following treatments: (1) placing one's hand
into the chicks' cage twice daily, with no attempt to initiate
physical contact; (2) application of a rough-handling
(suspension by the legs) regime: (3) letting chicks regularly
observe their neighbours being picked up and handled; and (4)
allowing visual contact with a human being who simply stood in
front of and touched the wire-mesh wall of the chicks' home
cage twice a day. The chicks' tonic immobility responses were
also significantly shortened by treatments 1 and 3. Possible
mechanisms underpinning the handling phenomenon are discussed.
Although regular gentle handling of every bird is clearly not
feasible in modern farming practice, the positive effects of
the other experimental treatments suggest that the reduction
of fear by regular human contact is extremely plastic. It is
therefore considered likely to have practical application.


178 NAL Call. No.: S671.A66
Reflective roof coatings for heat stress relief in livestock
and poultry housing.
Bucklin, R.A.; Bottcher, R.W.; Van Wicklen, G.L.; Czarick, M.
St. Joseph, MI : American Society of Agricultural Engineers,
1985-; 1993 Jan. Applied engineering in agriculture v. 9 (1):
p. 123-129; 1993 Jan. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Georgia; Cabt; Poultry housing; Roofs;
Reflection; Heat stress; Ventilation; Cost benefit analysis

Abstract: A reflective roof coating was demonstrated to
reduce temperatures by 2 to 3 degrees C (3.6 to 5.4 degrees F)
in totally enclosed poultry housing with no ventilation.
However, similar results did not occur in studies of well-
ventilated poultry and dairy housing. Reductions in roof
temperatures of well-ventilated housing did occur, but similar
reductions were not found in interior dry bulb or black globe
temperatures at animal level and no production benefits
resulted. Reflective coatings can reduce the temperature of
galvanized steel roofing material and the temperatures of
enclosed attics. However, these coatings add expense to
structures and their effectiveness drops rapidly with time as
they weather and accumulate dirt. They are most beneficial for
poorly ventilated structures. For well-ventilated structures,
they do not offer great benefits. The addition of reflective
coatings will seldom be economically justified for well-
ventilated livestock and poultry structures.


179 NAL Call. No.: 58.8 J82
Relationship between concentration and intensity of odours for
pig slurry and broiler houses.
Misselbrook, T.H.; Clarkson, C.R.; Pain, B.F.
London : Academic Press; 1993 Jun.
Journal of agricultural engineering research v. 55 (2): p.
163-169; 1993 Jun. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Pig slurry; Poultry housing; Broilers; Odor
emission; Measurement; Odor abatement

Abstract: Relationships were derived between odour
concentration and odour intensity for odour emissions
following land spreading of pig slurry and emissions from
broiler houses. Data were obtained from trials conducted
between 1987 and 1990. Odour concentration measurements were
made by 50% threshold determination using a dynamic dilution
olfactometer with a forced-choice type presentation to a panel
of people. Odour intensity measurements were made using the
same equipment and required panelists scoring their perception
of the intensity of an odour at a range of concentrations
according to a category scale ranging from 0 (no odour) to 6
(extremely strong odour). Intensity was related linearly to
the logarithm of concentration. Significant differences (p =
0.05) were found between relationships derived for odours from
pig slurry and odours from broiler houses. For odours from pig
slurry the derived relationship was, Intensity = 1.61 (log10
Concentration) + 0.45 and for broiler house odours, Intensity
= 2.35 (log10 Concentration) + 0.30 indicating higher
intensity per unit concentration for the broiler house odours.
These relationships could be useful in estimating the
reduction in odour concentration required to reduce the
perceived intensity of the odour to acceptable levels and,
when used in conjunction with dispersion models, in
determining minimum acceptable distances between the odour
source and potential complainants.


180 NAL Call. No.: 47.8 AM33P
Research Note: broiler acclimation to heat distress and feed
intake effects on body temperature in birds exposed to
thermoneutral and high ambient temperatures.
Teeter, R.G.; Smith, M.O.; Wiernusz, C.J.
Champaign, Ill. : Poultry Science Association; 1992 Jun.
Poultry science v. 71 (6): p. 1101-1104; 1992 Jun. Includes
references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Broilers; Heat stress; Body temperature;
Acclimatization; Environmental temperature; Feed intake;
Restricted feeding

Abstract: Relationships between ambient temperature, bird
acclimation to cycling temperature, heat distress, and feed
consumption were evaluated in two experiments. In the first
experiment, birds previously acclimated to cycling temperature
heat distress (24 to 35 C) for two 24-h cycles were observed
to have 24% lower (P < .O1) feed consumption than birds
previously housed at 24 C and experiencing their first heat
distress exposure. A significant (P < .01) acclimation history
by ambient temperature interaction was detected, with
acclimated birds having a higher rectal temperature (42.3
versus 41.2 C) when housed at 24 C and a lower rectal
temperature (44.2 versus 44.6 C) when exposed to 35 C than did
the unacclimated controls. In the second experiment, feed
intake and acclimation effects were separated by precision-
feeding birds 0, 5, and 10% of body weight. Rectal temperature
m the 24 C and 35 C environments increased linearly (P < .01)
as feeding level increased for both acclimated and
unacclimated birds. Similar to the first experiment, an
ambient temperature by acclimation history interaction was
detected (P < .01), with acclimated birds exhibiting increased
body temperature when housed in thermoneutral environments and
lower body temperature when exposed to high ambient
temperature distress. Data also indicate that feed intake
plays a significant role in the acclimation process; that bird
acclimation to heat distress has metabolic effects independent
of feed consumption; and that either 1) the heat-distressed
acclimation bird has the capacity to shift exothermic
processes from the heat-distressed to cooler time periods; 2)
that heat dissipation mechanisms require greater than 12 h to
restore normal body temperature; or 3) the birds' set point is
elevated when exposed to cycling high ambient temperature
distress.


181 NAL Call. No.: 47.8 Am33P
Research note: Effect of carbonated drinking water on
production performance and bone characteristics of laying hens
exposed to high environmental temperatures.
Koelkebeck, K.W.; Harrison, P.C.; Madindou, T.
Champaign, IL : Poultry Science Association, 1921-; 1993 Sep.
Poultry science v. 72 (9): p. 1800-1803; 1993 Sep. Includes
references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Hens; Drinking water; Heat stress; Carbonation;
Bone strength; Laying performance; Eggs; Specific gravity; Ph;
Feed intake; Feed conversion efficiency; Egg weight

Abstract: An experiment was conducted to determine the
effects of providing heat-stressed laying hens with carbonated
drinking water on production performance and tibia bone
breaking strength. A total of 32 commercial laying hens (89 wk
of age) were housed in an environmental chamber and exposed to
1 wk of a constant thermoneutral temperature (21 C), followed
by 6 wk of a daily heat stress temperature cycle (34 C for 8
h; 21 C for 16 h). One half of the hens received tap water and
the other half were provided carbonated water immediately
after housing. Following 6 wk of heat stress temperature
exposure, all hens were killed by cervical dislocation and
left tibia bone strength measurements were taken. Hen-day egg
production, egg weight, egg yield, feed consumption, and feed
efficiency did not differ between water treatments; however,
egg specific gravity was depressed for hens provided
carbonated versus tap drinking water. Left tibia bone breaking
strength per 100 g body weight was improved (P < .05) for hens
provided with carbonated drinking water during exposure to
heat stress temperatures. These results suggest that
carbonated drinking water may enhance bone integrity by
increasing tibia bone breaking strength of older laying hens
exposed to a short-term heat stress period.


182 NAL Call. No.: 47.8 AM33P
Research note: open-field behavior of Japanese quail chicks
genetically selected for low or high plasma corticosterone
response to immobilization stress.
Jones, R.B.; Satterlee, D.G.; Ryder, F.H.
Champaign, Ill. : Poultry Science Association; 1992 Aug.
Poultry science v. 71 (8): p. 1403-1407; 1992 Aug. Includes
references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Japanese quails; Selection criteria; Strain
differences; Blood plasma; Corticosterone; Stress;
Immobilization; Fearfulness

Abstract: Open-field behavior was examined in Japanese quail
chicks genetically selected for either reduced (LS, low
stress) or exaggerated (HS, high stress) plasma corticosterone
response to immobilization stress. Chicks of the LS line
showed less freezing and ambulated sooner than did their HS
counterparts. These findings suggest that exposure to an open-
field or novel environment elicited less fear in LS than in HS
chicks. They also support the suggestion that fearfulness and
adrenocortical activation are positively associated and
indicate that selection for differential adrenocortical
responsiveness exerted concomitant effects on fear-related
behavior.


183 NAL Call. No.: 47.8 AM33P
Research note: the utilization of recycled sheetrock (refined
gypsum) as a litter material for broiler houses.
Wyatt, C.L.; Goodman, T.N.
Champaign, Ill. : Poultry Science Association; 1992 Sep.
Poultry science v. 71 (9): p. 1572-1576; 1992 Sep. Includes
references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Broilers; Litter; Gypsum; Liveweight gain;
Moisture content; Dust; Feed conversion efficiency; Carcasses;
Defects

Abstract: A study was conducted to evaluate the utilization
of refined gypsum (recycled sheetrock) as a fitter material on
the growth performance and mortality of broiler chicks grown
to market age. Broilers were placed in pens with either 13 cm
fir wood shavings, 13 cm refined gypsum, or 9 cm refined
gypsum topped with 4 cm fir shavings, and grown to 41 days of
age. Litter material had no significant influence on chick
mortality, feed conversion, condemnations, and incidences of
leg abnormalities. Body weight gain was significantly lower
for chicks reared on refined gypsum compared with the other
litter treatments at 21 days of age, but by Day 41 no
differences were observed between litter treatments.
Percentage litter moisture of refined gypsum was significantly
lower than either wood shaving treatments at both 21 and 41
days, although on a weight basis, the gypsum contained equal
or more water. Litter material had no influence on room or
brooding temperatures. Although it is quite dusty initially
when placed in the house, refined gypsum may be an alternative
bedding material to be utilized as a base and top-dressed with
wood shavings.


184 NAL Call. No.: 421 J828
Reservoir competence of the lessor mealworm (Coleoptera:
Tenebrionidae) for Salmonella typhimurium (Eubacteriales:
Enterobacteriaceae). McAllister, J.C.; Steelman, C.D.;
Skeeles, J.K.
Lanham, Md. : The Entomological Society of America; 1994 May.
Journal of medical entomology v. 31 (3): p. 369-372; 1994 May.
Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Alphitobius diaperinus; Salmonella typhimurium;
Transstadial transmission; Reservoir hosts; Disease vectors;
Feces; Developmental stages; Broilers; Broiler production;
Battery husbandry; Salmonellosis

Abstract: The reservoir competence of the lesser mealworm,
Alphitobius diaperinus (Panzer) is reported for Salmonella
typhimurium (Loeffler) relative to broiler chicken production.
Salmonella typhimurium was isolated from feces of the adult
lesser mealworm at least 28 d after feeding for 24 h on 1 g of
chicken feed inoculated with 3 X 10(8) bacteria/ml. All larvae
fed S. typhimurium ceased voiding the bacteria in their feces
before pupal molt, except one. One beetle continued to void S.
typhimurium after it emerged as an adult, providing evidence
that transstadial transmission of S. typhimurium may occur.
The bacteria were found both on the external body surface and
inside the body of surface-sterilized adults and larvae during
16 d of exposure. Salmonella-positive cloacal swabs were
obtained from 1-day-old broiler chicks within 24 h after
eating one infected lesser mealworm adult or larva.


185 NAL Call. No.: SB599.J69
Resistance in house flies (Diptera: Muscidae) selected with
5.0 ppm feed-through cyromazine.
Sheppard, D.C.; Gaydon, D.M.; Miller, R.W.
Clemson, S.C. : South Carolina Entomological Society; 1992
Oct. Journal of agricultural entomology v. 9 (4): p. 257-260;
1992 Oct. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Mississippi; Maryland; New Jersey; Poultry
manure; Musca domestica; Cyromazine; Insecticide resistance


186 NAL Call. No.: 47.8 Am33P
Responses of dwarf and normal chickens to feed restriction,
Eimeria tenella infection, and sheep red blood cell antigen.
Zulkifli, I.; Dunnington, E.A.; Gross, W.B.; Larsen, A.S.;
Martin, A.; Siegel, P.B.
Champaign, IL : Poultry Science Association, 1921-; 1993 Sep.
Poultry science v. 72 (9): p. 1630-1640; 1993 Sep. Includes
references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Chicks; Dwarfism; Stress response; Disease
resistance; Immunity; Alleles; Body weight; Feed conversion
efficiency; Eimeria tenella; Lesions; Antibody formation;
Feeding behavior

Abstract: Relationships among stress responses, habituation
to feed restriction, resistance to Eimeria tenella, and
antibody response to SRBC were studied in dwarf and normal
White Plymouth Rocks. Transfer of chicks at 22 days of age
from starter to developer batteries resulted in an increase
within 24 h of heterophil:lymphocyte (H:L) ratios of chicks of
both genotypes. Restriction of feed intake from ad libitum
(AL) to 60% of ad libitum reduced body weight and increased
size of the crop-esophagus. As measured by H:L ratios, the
effect of adapting to the 60% feed restriction dissipated
between 12 and 16 days after initiation. Release of 60%
restricted chicks to 80% of ad libitum also elicited a stress
response as measured by H:L. These effects were noted in both
dwarf and normal chicks. Time required for chicks on
restriction to consume their daily allotment was curvilinear
with a plateau occurring at a smaller value for dwarf than for
normal chicks. Neither feeding regimen nor genotype had an
effect on antibody response to SRBC. Resistance to E. tenella
was greater in normal than dwarf chicks and greater for
restricted than ad libitum chicks.


187 NAL Call. No.: QL750.A6
Responses of pair-housed male and female domestic chicks to
the removal of a companion.
Jones, R.B.; Williams, J.B.
Amsterdam : Elsevier Science Publishers, B.V.; 1992 Jan.
Applied animal behaviour science v. 32 (4): p. 375-380; 1992
Jan. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Chicks; Sex differences; Isolation; Stress;
Animal behavior; Social behavior; Corticosterone; Blood plasma


188 NAL Call. No.: 290.9 AM32T
Responses of pre-fasted growing turkeys to acute heat
exposure. Xin, H.; DeShazer, J.A.; Beck, M.M.
St. Joseph, Mich. : American Society of Agricultural
Engineers; 1992 Jan. Transactions of the ASAE v. 35 (1): p.
315-318; 1992 Jan. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Turkeys; Fasting; Feed intake; Heat stress;
Poultry farming; Relative humidity; Environmental temperature

Abstract: Nicholas turkeys at the age of 15 to 16 weeks were
fasted for 24 hours in a moderate environment and then
subjected to acute heat exposures of various dry-bulb and wet-
bulb temperatures (Tdb and Twb). Total feed intake was not
influenced by Tdb of 32 degrees C, 36 degrees C or 40 degrees
C (P > 0.10), although differences existed in dynamic feeding
profiles. Total heat production rate (THP) varied
quadratically with Tdb and respiratory quotient (RQ) decreased
linearly with Tdb. The lower RQ values at the higher Tdb
levels may have resulted from reduced feed assimilation. No
differences were detected on feed intake, THP, and RQ between
the two Twb levels at each Tdb. A THP-based temperature-
humidity index, 0.74Tdb + 0.26Twb, was derived for the
turkeys. In addition, Tdb and Twb had 56% and -44% relative
importance on latent heat loss, but -32% and 68% relative
importance on sensible heat loss.


189 NAL Call. No.: KF27.A366 1991b
Review of the pricing and marketing process for lamb in the
United States hearings before the Subcommittee on Livestock,
Dairy, and Poultry of the Committee on Agriculture, House of
Representatives, One Hundred Second Congress, first session,
September 18, 1991, Denver, CO, and October 31, 1991. United
States. Congress. House. Committee on Agriculture.
Subcommittee on Livestock, Dairy, and Poultry
Washington : U.S. G.P.O. : For sale by the U.S. G.P.O., Supt.
of Docs., Congressional Sales Office,; 1992; Y 4.AG
8/1:102-36.
v, 454 p. : ill. ; 23 cm. Distributed to some depository
libraries in microfiche. Shipping list no.: 92-0632-P.
Serial no. 102-36. Includes bibliographical references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Lamb (Meat); Lamb meat industry


190 NAL Call. No.: 47.8 Am33P
Review: welfare perspectives on hens kept for egg production.
Craig, J.V.; Swanson, J.C.
Champaign, IL : Poultry Science Association, 1921-; 1994 Jul.
Poultry science v. 73 (7): p. 921-938; 1994 Jul. Includes
references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Hens; Animal welfare; Battery husbandry; Animal
behavior; Stress; Public opinion; Floor husbandry; Stocking
density; Chicken housing; Bone strength; Production costs;
Selection responses; Domestication; Literature reviews

Abstract: Welfare issues relative to egg-laying hens are
addressed in terms of historical developments and current
concerns. Ethical perspectives, attitudes, and public opinion
of the past and present are reviewed. Indices of hens' well-
being and what those reveal about alternative husbandry
practices and production systems are presented along with
estimates of economic consequences of alternative systems of
table egg production. Possibilities of genetic selection to
reduce welfare-related problems are discussed.


191 NAL Call. No.: SF601.A47
Role of socialization, stress and sex of chickens on response
to anesthesia and on response to an organophosphate
neurotoxicant.
Odom, A.; Gross, W.B.; Ehrich, M.
Manhattan, Kan. : Kansas State University; 1992 Apr.
Veterinary and human toxicology v. 34 (2): p. 134-137; 1992
Apr. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Fowls; Stress; Pentobarbital; Neurotoxins


192 NAL Call. No.: 100 AL1H
Rotational application of chemical disinfectants enhances
sanitation of poultry hatcheries.
Conner, D.E.; Eckman, M.K.
Auburn University, Ala. : The Station; 1992.
Highlights of agricultural research - Alabama Agricultural
Experiment Station v. 39 (3): p. 7; 1992.

Language: English

Descriptors: Alabama; Poultry housing; Hatcheries; Sanitation;
Disinfectants; Application methods


193 NAL Call. No.: 47.8 AM33P
Selection for reduction of beak-inflicted injuries among caged
hens. Craig, J.V.; Muir, W.M.
Champaign, Ill. : Poultry Science Association; 1993 Mar.
Poultry science v. 72 (3): p. 411-420; 1993 Mar. Includes
references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Hens; Cannibalism; Debeaking; Beak; Cages;
Selection criteria; Trauma; Selection responses; Strain
differences; Animal welfare; Heritability; Egg production;
Correlated responses

Abstract: The effectiveness of selection for hen-days without
beak-inflicted injuries was studied. The base population was
known to have a high incidence of beak-inflicted injuries when
pullets' beaks were intact. Data from the foundation stock
yielded nonsignificant family heritability estimates ranging
from .05 to .17, depending on length of the test period
(varying from 16 to 28 to 16 to 40 wk of age) and number of
six-hen cages per family (one to three). Selection was
practiced on sire family groups of either 30 or 36 pullets.
Birds used for selection were housed six birds per cage and
had intact beaks. The criterion of selection was mean hen-days
without beak-inflicted injuries from 16 to 40 wk of age. Three
selected and three unselected strains were involved. After two
generations, mean hen-days without beak-inflicted injuries
from 16 to 40 wk of age were 164.8 and 155.3 for selected and
unselected stocks, respectively, yielding a realized family
heritability of .65 +/- .13 (SE). Selection did not appear to
alter the relative frequency of beak-inflicted injuries by
body regions affected; about 30% of all injuries involved the
vent-cloacal area. Egg production traits were measured also.
No differences were detected in Generation 1, but selected
pullets had higher hen-housed rates of lay and egg mass in
Generation 2. It is tentatively concluded that stocks having
high levels of cannibalism when kept with intact beaks can
benefit from selection against beak-inflicted injuries when
evaluated by techniques similar to those used in the present
study.


194 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 Av5
Severe pododermatitis in broiler breeder hens housed on
pressure-treated slats.
Sander, J.E.; Wilson, J.L.; Bush, P.B.; Rowland, G.N.
Kennett Square, Pa. : American Association of Avian
Pathologists; 1994 Jan. Avian diseases v. 38 (1): p. 172-176;
1994 Jan. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Broilers; Hens; Pododermatitis; Slatted floors;
Copper arsenate; Arsenic; Feet; Disinfectants; Case reports

Abstract: Severe foot-pad dermatitis was diagnosed in a case
of broiler hens housed on slats made of lumber pressure-
treated with chromated copper arsenate. Studies were conducted
in an attempt to determine whether contact with the lumber
caused the lesions. Breeder pullets were housed for 17 weeks
on slats made from either untreated oak or pressure-treated
lumber. Cresylic acid disinfectant was applied to one set of
each slat type. Foot-pad lesions were scored and tissue
arsenic levels were measured. Foot pads of the hens on
pressure-treated slats were the only tissue with detectable
arsenic levels. All groups developed foot-pad lesions,
although the lesions appeared to be most severe, and to have
developed earlier, in birds on pressure-treated disinfected
slats.


195 NAL Call. No.: SF481.J68
Sidewall effects on energy use in broiler houses.
Xin, H.; Berry, I.L.; Barton, T.L.; Tabler, G.T.
Athens, GA : Applied Poultry Science, Inc., [1992-; 1993. The
Journal of applied poultry research v. 2 (2): p. 176-183;
1993. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Arkansas; Cabt; Chicken housing; Broilers;
Insulation; Energy cost of maintenance


196 NAL Call. No.: 286.81 F322
Simple sponge may be best for sampling for salmonella.
Jones, F.T.
Minnetonka, Minn. : Miller Publishing Co; 1993 Jan18.
Feedstuffs v. 65 (3): p. 28, 33; 1993 Jan18. Includes
references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Poultry housing; Salmonella; Sampling; Cleaning


197 NAL Call. No.: HD1.A3
Simulation of a turkey house environment.
Parmar, R.S.; Diehl, K.C.; Collins, E.R. Jr; Hulet, R.M.
Essex : Elsevier Applied Science Publishers; 1992.
Agricultural systems v. 38 (4): p. 425-445; 1992. Includes
references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Virginia; Turkeys; Poultry housing; Environmental
temperature; Humidity; Simulation models; Broiler production;
Weather; Mathematical models; Validity


198 NAL Call. No.: HD1.A3
Simulation of weight gain and feed consumption of turkeys.
Parmar, R.S.; Diehl, K.C.; Hulet, R.M.; Collins, E.R. Jr
Essex : Elsevier Applied Science Publishers; 1992.
Agricultural systems v. 39 (1): p. 67-82; 1992. Includes
references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Turkeys; Broiler production; Decision making;
Simulation models; Body weight; Liveweight gain; Feed intake;
Environment; Poultry housing; Sex; Age


199 NAL Call. No.: SF1.F64 no.98
Small-scale poultry processing.
Silverside, D.; Jones, M.
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
Rome : Food and Agriculture Organization of the United
Nations,; 1992. iv, 109 p. : ill. ; 30 cm. (FAO animal
production and health paper ; 98). Includes bibliographical
references (p. 109).

Language: English

Descriptors: Slaughtering and slaughter-houses; Chicken
industry; Chickens


200 NAL Call. No.: QP1.C6
Social stress and atherosclerosis in roosters.
Wong, H.Y.C.; Cheng, K.K.S.; Nightingale, T.E.
Elmsford, N.Y.: Pergamon Press; 1992 Mar.
Comparative biochemistry and physiology : A : Comparative
physiology v. 101 (3): p. 625-629; 1992 Mar. Includes
references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Atherogenic diet; Stress; Hypercholesterolemia;
Atherogenesis; Atheroma; Atherosclerosis; Incidence;
Cholesterol; Triacylglycerols; Blood lipids; Blood plasma;
Aorta; Hemodynamics; Body weight; Cocks

Abstract: 1. Socially stressed roosters fed either plain mash
or an atherogenic diet had a greater incidence and severity of
aortic atherogenesis than similarly fed non-stressed birds. 2.
Results demonstrated a significant atherogenic effect of
stress in chickens even in the absence of hyperlipidaemia. 3.
Lack of appreciable differences in plasma lipids between
stressed and non-stressed birds suggested that the atherogenic
effects of stress may be attributable to neuroendocrine
responses. 4. Levels of HDLc of plain mash groups were
significantly higher than in the atherogenic fed groups. 5.
Haemodynamic data showed no treatment-related differences.


201 NAL Call. No.: 47.8 AM33P
Sperm storage and transport following natural mating and
artificial insemination.
Brillard, J.P.
Champaign, Ill. : Poultry Science Association; 1993 May.
Poultry science v. 72 (5): p. 923-928; 1993 May. Paper
presented at the symposium "Current Advances in Reproduction",
August 3, 1992 at the 81st Annual Meeting of the Poultry
Science Association. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Hens; Spermatozoa; Transport in female genitalia;
Female fertility; Egg hatchability; Artificial insemination;
Timing; Oviposition

Abstract: Recent observations in turkey and chicken hens show
that sperm storage in both species is a highly inefficient
process. After artificial insemination (AI), less than 1% of
spermatozoa inseminated are selected for transport to and
enter the sperm storage tubules (SST). It has been shown that
the sperm selection process is orchestrated within the vagina
and not at the level of the SST. At least two mechanisms are
involved in the selection of spermatozoa fit for sperm
storage, one being mechanical (motility) and the other
biochemical in nature (sperm-vaginal mucosa interactions).
Furthermore, it was also observed that the sperm storage
efficiency in the chicken is dependent upon the logarithm of
the number of spermatozoa inseminated. From a practical
standpoint, inseminations performed frequently with a moderate
number of spermatozoa should be more efficient than
inseminations performed with higher doses at longer intervals.
Maximal filling of the SST of hens in egg production requires
only 1 day for the chicken and 2 days for the turkey. By
contrast, the release of sperm from the SST is about seven
times faster in the chicken than the turkey hen. The
efficiency of oviducal sperm storage is related to a number of
factors including age of the hen, stage of the ovulatory cycle
when inseminated, and, in the turkey, if the hen was
inseminated before or after the onset of egg production. Two
different categories should be considered among factors that
affect sperm survival in vivo. 1) Factors affecting sperm
storage. These factors, acting in the vaginal portion of the
oviduct, regulate the migration of spermatozoa up to the SST
by increasing (e.g., short intervals between oviposition and
AI) or decreasing (e.g., sperm migration in prelaying hens)
the barrier effect of the vagina. 2) Factors affecting sperm
release. In chicken hens, the hen's age does not impair the
sperm storage efficiency but rather increases the rate of
release of spermatozoa, thus contributing to a sho


202 NAL Call. No.: QL750.A6
Stereotyped behaviour in broiler breeders in relation to
husbandry and opioid receptor blockade.
Savory, C.J.; Seawright, E.; Watson, A.
Amsterdam : Elsevier Science Publishers, B.V.; 1992 Jan.
Applied animal behaviour science v. 32 (4): p. 349-360; 1992
Jan. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Broilers; Animal behavior; Restricted feeding;
Unrestricted feeding; Opioids; Stress


203 NAL Call. No.: 421 J822
The sticky card: device for studying the distribution of adult
house fly (Diptera: Muscidae) populations in closed poultry
houses. Hogsette, J.A.; Jacobs, R.D.; Miller, R.W.
Lanham, Md. : Entomological Society of America; 1993 Apr.
Journal of economic entomology v. 86 (2): p. 450-454; 1993
Apr. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Florida; Maryland; Musca domestica; Dispersal;
Population dynamics; Poultry housing; Sampling; Spatial
distribution; Veterinary entomology

Abstract: A commercially available sticky card was evaluated
for use in adult fly distribution studies in large, closed
poultry houses in Florida and Maryland. Results showed that
house flies, Musca domestica L., preferred the interior parts
of the houses away from the walls. No vertical stratification
was observed in Maryland, but flies in Florida stayed closer
to the floor. In-house dispersal studies using fluorescent
dust showed that flies would move approximately 50 m, or one-
third the length of the house, in < 24 h. Specimens of
Hydrotaea aenescens (Wiedemann) (formerly Ophyra aenescens)
were recovered in both states.


204 NAL Call. No.: S671.I84 nr.34
Stov i hus for verpehoner betydningen av bygninger,
innredninger og produksjonsfaktorer = Dust in poultry houses :
influence of buildings, equipment and production factors..
Dust in poultry houses Lyngtveit, Torgeir
As Norway : Norges landbrukshogskole, Institutt for tekniske
fag,; 1992. 43 p. : ill. ; 30 cm. (ITF rapport, 34). Summary
in Norwegian and English. Includes bibliographical references
(p. 42-43).

Language: Norwegian


205 NAL Call. No.: SF481.J68
Strategies for weighing broilers, broiler breeder pullets and
broiler breeder hens: 2. Scale type weighing time and in-house
location.
Fattori, T.R.; Wilson, H.R.; Mather, F.B.; Bootwalla, S.M.
Athens, Ga. : Applied Poultry Science, Inc; 1992 Mar.
Journal of applied poultry research v. 1 (1): p. 95-103; 1992
Mar. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Fowls; Weight determination; Weighers


206 NAL Call. No.: QP1.C6
Stress, arousal and opioid peptide-like immunoreactivity in
restricted- and ad lib.-fed broiler breeder fowls.
Savory, C.J.; Carlisle, A.; Maxwell, M.H.; Mitchell, M.A.;
Robertson, G.W. Oxford : Pergamon Press Ltd; 1993 Nov.
Comparative biochemistry and physiology. A: Comparative
physiology v. 106 (3): p. 587-594; 1993 Nov. Includes
references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Broilers; Females; Restricted feeding; Opioid
peptides; Stress; Animal behavior; Measurement

Abstract: From 2 weeks of age, female broiler breeders were
fed on one of three treatments: a commercial restricted ration
(R), twice that amount (2R), or ad lib. (AL). With R and 2R,
birds were fed daily at 9 a.m. and ate all their food in < 15
min. Blood samples were taken every fourth week from 5 to 21
weeks. Two putative indices of stress, basophil frequency and
the heterophil/lymphocyte ratio, were highest with R and
lowest with AL, consistently so with the former index and in
all but the last week with the latter. Another stress index,
plasma corticosterone concentration, was not affected by
feeding treatment. Tonic immobility duration, an index of
fear, was lower with R and 2R than AL at 7 and 12 weeks, but
not 21 weeks. Headflick frequency, an index of arousal, was
lower with R than 2R and AL, during 3 min silence and 3 min
noise, at 11, 15 and 21 weeks. At 21 weeks, intramuscular
injection of nalmefene, an antagonist of central opioid
receptors, caused increases in headflick frequency, but there
was no significant interaction with feeding treatment in this
response. Feeding treatment had no significant effect on
levels of beta-endorphin- or leu-enkephalin-like
immunoreactivity in brains of birds killed at 21 weeks, but
dynorphin concentration was higher with 2R. Opioid receptor
density, which could have been affected, was not measured. It
is concluded that the commercial feeding programme caused
physiological evidence of stress, and apparent reductions in
fearfulness and arousal. Results of the tests at 21 weeks did
not rule out the possibility that the reduced arousal was
associated with altered opioid status.


207 NAL Call. No.: 447.8 AM3
Stress in birds due to routine handling and a technique to
avoid it. Le Maho, Y.; Karmann, H.; Briot, D.; Handrich, Y.;
Robin, J.P.; Mioskowski, E.; Cherel, Y.; Farni, J.
Bethesda, Md. : American Physiological Society; 1992 Oct.
American journal of physiology v. 263 (4,pt.2): p. R775-R781;
1992 Oct. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Geese; Animal experiments; Stress; Handling;
Blood sampling; Lactic acid; Catecholamines; Corticosterone;
Ph; Acid base equilibrium

Abstract: The stress that might result in animals from the
routine handling that most experimental studies involve, e.g.,
weighing, injecting, and blood sampling, is usually assumed to
be minimal when the animals look quiet. However, the intensity
of this stress remains largely ignored. We have developed a
system that allows blood samples to be taken from freely
behaving geese without entering the animal room. In these
entirely undisturbed geese, the humoral indexes of stress,
i.e., blood levels of catecholamines, corticosterone, and
lactate, were as low or even lower than the lowest values
previously reported for birds. Remarkably, the mean basal
values for epinephrine and norepinephrine were 90-fold and 5-
fold, respectively, below the lowest values in the literature.
Stress-induced variations in pH that would have concealed
detection of nutrition-induced changes in pH were eliminated.
In contrast, even though the birds looked quiet during a short
5-min routine handling procedure, to which they had been
accustomed for weeks, there was a dramatic increase in the
level of humoral indexes of stress. These increased
severalfold within only 2 min, and the return to initial
values could take up to 1 h. Acid-base balance was also
disrupted. Thus, in studies on animals, the absence of stress
cannot be deduced from only behavioral observations. Only a
system for taking blood without human interference may enable
stress-free investigations.


208 NAL Call. No.: QP501.C6
Stress-induced heat-shock protein synthesis in peripheral
leukocytes of turkeys, Meleagris gallopavo.
Wang, S.; Edens, F.W.
Oxford : Elsevier Science Ltd; 1993 Nov.
Comparative biochemistry and physiology. B: Comparative
biochemistry v. 106 (3): p. 621-628; 1993 Nov. Includes
references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Turkeys; Heat stress; Heat shock proteins;
Protein synthesis; Leukocytes; Osmotic pressure

Abstract: Thermal stress, in vitro and in vivo, induced the
synthesis of heat-shock proteins, HSP90, HSP70, and HSP23 in
turkey leukocytes. HSP induction was both temperature- and
time-dependent. Salinity-specific stress proteins were
expressed with elevated osmolality in culture medium.


209 NAL Call. No.: 47.8 AM33P
Survey of turkey downgrading at slaughter: carcass defects and
associations with transport, toenail trimming, and type of
bird.
McEwen, S.A.; Barbut, S.
Champaign, Ill. : Poultry Science Association; 1992 Jul.
Poultry science v. 71 (7): p. 1107-1115; 1992 Jul. Includes
references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Turkeys; Carcass grading; Carcass quality;
Bruises; Broilers; Transport of animals; Stocking density;
Defects; Animal husbandry

Abstract: For 18 mo, tom, hen, and broiler turkeys processed
in a single abattoir were observed for carcass defects
resulting in downgrading. Samples of 100 turkeys per truckload
were used to determine the proportion of turkeys requiring
wing trim, half wing trim, and trimming for bruised drums,
breast blisters, or breast buttons, leg, breast, or back
scratches, and leg edema. Bird type (hen, tom, or broiler),
truck, time on truck, farm of origin, and trimming of toenails
and spurs were also noted. Multiple least squares linear
regression was used to assess the associations among truck,
time on truck, space per bird on truck, toenail trimming, spur
clipping, and proportions of truckloads of turkeys with
carcass defects. The effect of farm and bird type were
adjusted for in regression models. Overall, downgrading was
observed to be a significant problem in turkey production and
processing. Among toms, hens, and broilers there were
substantial differences in the rates of bruised drums, breast
buttons or blisters, back and leg scratches, and leg edema.
Toenail trimming was associated with reduced breast and leg
scratches and spur clipping was associated with reduced back
scratches. Increased time birds were held on trucks was
associated with increased half wing trim and bruised drums.
Few associations were observed among downgrading defects, the
various trucks used during the study, and space available to
birds on trucks.


210 NAL Call. No.: 410 J827
Survival and reproduction of wild and pen-reared ring-necked
pheasant hens. Leif, A.P.
Bethesda, Md. : Wildlife Society; 1994 Jul.
The Journal of wildlife management v. 58 (3): p. 501-506; 1994
Jul. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: South Dakota; Cabt; Phasianus colchicus; Game
birds; Rearing techniques; Wild birds; Survival; Reproduction;
Nesting; Telemetry


211 NAL Call. No.: 290.9 Am32P
Temperature and humidity variations in broiler housing.
Xin, H.; Berry, I.L.; Tabler, G.T.; Barton, T.L.
St. Joseph, Mich. : American Society of Agricultural
Engineers,; 1992. Paper / (92-4538): 22 p.; 1992. Paper
presented at the "1992 International Winter Meeting sponsored
by the American Society of Agricultural Engineers," December
15-18, 1992, Nashville, Tennessee. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Poultry housing; Broilers; Temperature; Relative
humidity; Spatial variation; Diurnal variation; Ventilation


212 NAL Call. No.: 47.8 B77
Thermal stress on chickens in transit.
Webster, A.J.F.; Tuddenham, A.; Saville, C.A.; Scott, G.B.
Oxfordshire : Carfax Publishing Company; 1993 May.
British poultry science v. 34 (2): p. 267-277; 1993 May.
Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Chickens; Transport of animals; Stress; Air flow


213 NAL Call. No.: 290.9 Am32P
Thermography for evaluating thermal comfort of poultry.
Bottcher, R.W.; Pardue, S.L.; Brake, J.T.; Jacobson, B.M.;
Driggers, L.B.; Baughman, G.R.
St. Joseph, Mich. : American Society of Agricultural
Engineers,; 1992. Paper / (92-4539): 10 p.; 1992. Paper
presented at the "1992 International Winter Meeting sponsored
by the American Society of Agricultural Engineers," December
15-18, 1992, Nashville, Tennessee. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Poultry housing; Broilers; Temperature; Thermal
infrared imagery


214 NAL Call. No.: SF481.J68
Tunnel--ventilated broiler houses: broiler performance and
operating costs. Lacy, M.P.; Czarick, M.
Athens, Ga. : Applied Poultry Science, Inc; 1992 Mar.
Journal of applied poultry research v. 1 (1): p. 104-109; 1992
Mar. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Broiler production; Chicken housing; Artificial
ventilation


215 NAL Call. No.: aTX501.F66
Turkey basics from USDA.
Washington, D.C. : U.S. Department of Agriculture; 1992.
Food news for consumers v. 9 (3): p. 12; 1992.

Language: English

Descriptors: Turkey meat; Food handling

Abstract: This article gives instructions for safely buying,
thawing, stuffing, roasting, and storing turkeys.


216 NAL Call. No.: aTX501.F66
Turkey fundamentals.
Moriarty, P.
Washington, D.C. : U.S. Department of Agriculture; 1992.
Food news for consumers v. 9 (3): p. 4-5; 1992.

Language: English

Descriptors: Turkey meat; Food preparation; Food handling

Abstract: This article gives food safety tips for the
handling and cooking of holiday turkeys.


217 NAL Call. No.: 47.8 AM33P
Twenty-four-hour feed withdrawal and limited feeding as
alternative methods for induction of molt in laying hens.
Rolon, A.; Buhr, R.J.; Cunningham, D.L.
Champaign, Ill. : Poultry Science Association; 1993 May.
Poultry science v. 72 (5): p. 776-785; 1993 May. Includes
references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Hens; Restricted feeding; Diet; Molt;
Metabolizable energy; Body weight; Egg weight; Egg production;
Mortality; Feed intake; Production costs; Income; Animal
welfare

Abstract: Alternative molting methods involving shorter
periods of feed withdrawal and feeding a low-density and low-
energy "molt diet" were compared to conventionally molted (8-
day feed removal) and nonmolted hens. Alternative molt methods
consisted of feeding the molt diet for 28 days for ad libitum
intake, daily limited, or alternate-day limited (feeding every
other day). Egg production, egg weight, specific gravity, body
weight, feed intake, and mortality were recorded for 31 wk
from the start of the molt (4 wk molt, 1 wk prelay, and 26 wk
postmolt). Economic variables (feed cost, egg value, income
over feed costs per hen housed) were compared between molting
methods. Hens provided ad libitum access to the molt diet
produced more eggs during the molt period than hens molted by
other methods. Total egg production and income (egg value
minus feed cost) were comparable among all molting methods and
exceeded the values for nonmolted control hens. Income per hen
housed was $2.20 for nonmolted control, $2.87 for the
conventional, $2.92 for ad libitum, $2.81 for daily limited,
and $2.97 for the alternate-day limited hens. These results
indicate that alternative molting methods involving periods of
feed withdrawal of 24 h or less can be as economically
effective as conventional methods using longer periods of feed
withdrawal.


218 NAL Call. No.: 80 Ac82
Use of herbal supplement to reduce the effects of stress in
intensively housed chickens.
Wheeler, G.E.; Fields, R.
Wageningen : International Society for Horticultural Science;
1993 Nov. Acta horticulturae (344): p. 496-511; 1993 Nov.
Paper presented at the "International Syposium on Medicinal
and Aromatic Plants," March 22-25, 1993, Tiberias, Israel.
Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Chickens; Stress; Medicinal plants; Plant
extracts; Medicinal properties; Immunostimulation;
Immunostimulants; Feed conversion efficiency; Liveweight gain;
Chicken housing


219 NAL Call. No.: 290.9 Am32P
Variable rate fogging for increased summer heat control.
Simmons, J.D.; Lott, B.D.
St. Joseph, Mich. : American Society of Agricultural
Engineers,; 1992. Paper / (92-4050): 14 p.; 1992. Paper
presented at the "1992 International Summer Meeting sponsored
by the American Society of Agricultural Engineers," June
21-24, 1992, Charlotte, North Carolina. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Poultry housing; Fogging; Heating


220 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 V643
Variation in behavioural indices of fearfulness and fatique in
transported broilers.
Sherwin, C.M.; Kestin, S.C.; Nicol, C.J.; Knowles, T.G.;
Brown, S.N.; Reed, H.J.; Warriss, P.D.
London : Bailliere Tindall; 1993 Nov.
The British veterinary journal v. 149 (6): p. 571-578; 1993
Nov. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Broilers; Transport of animals; Road transport;
Fearfulness; Fatigue; Fasting

Abstract: Several behavioural measures were used to determine
fearfulness and fatigue in broiler chickens subjected to
fasting and/or transportation. There was considerable
variability between four replicates, although measures within
replicates were acceptably consistent. There was no uniform
effect of fasting or transport on behaviour. The most cogent
results were obtained by monitoring post-journey behaviour. In
the few hours after transport, fasted and transported birds
stood more than control birds which could be explained by
increased food-searching behaviour and/or arousal. It is
argued that the high variability between replicates indicates
that considerable efforts must be made to control
environmental variables in studies of behaviour after
transporting chickens.


221 NAL Call. No.: 47.8 Am33P
Variation in body temperature response of naked neck and
normally feathered chickens to heat stress.
Eberhart, D.E.; Washburn, K.W.
Champaign, IL : Poultry Science Association, 1921-; 1993 Aug.
Poultry science v. 72 (8): p. 1385-1390; 1993 Aug. Includes
references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Broilers; Heat stress; Environmental temperature;
Body weight; Body temperature; Alleles; Line differences;
Feathers; Phenotypes

Abstract: The effect of the naked neck (Na) gene on basal
body temperature (BT) in a 21 C (control) or in a 32 C
(chronic heat stress) environment and on change in BT when
exposed to acute heat stress conditions (40.5 C) was examined
in small and large BW populations. Birds grown at 32 C had a
significantly lower basal BT, 8-wk BW, and a significantly
smaller change in BT when exposed to 40.5 C than birds grown
in 21 C. The small BW birds had a higher basal BT and a
smaller change in BT when exposed to acute heat stress than
large BW birds. There was no difference in basal BT between
naked neck and normal birds in either the small BW (Athens-
Canadian randombred) population, or in the large BW broiler
population. The Na/Na birds in the small BW population had a
significantly greater change in BT when exposed to acute heat
stress than Na/na or na/na birds, but no differences were seen
among genotypes in the large BW population. In the 21 C
environment, naked neck birds seemed to have a greater change
in BT than normal birds when exposed to 40.5 C. The difference
in BT change was significant in the large BW population but
was not significant in the small BW population. Few
significant correlations were found between basal BT and 8-wk
BW or between change in BT and 8-wk BW. A consistent negative
correlation was found between basal BT and change in BT for
both populations.


222 NAL Call. No.: 290.9 AM32T
Ventilation of poultry buildings with exhaust fans at one end
and continuous slot inlets along the sidewalls.
Bottcher, R.W.; Singletary, I.B.; Baughman, G.R.
St. Joseph, Mich. : American Society of Agricultural
Engineers; 1992 Sep. Transactions of the ASAE v. 35 (5): p.
1673-1679. ill; 1992 Sep. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Poultry housing; Exhaust systems; Fans;
Ventilation; Mathematical models; Theory

Abstract: Ventilation of buildings for housing floor-raised
poultry, with exhaust fans clustered at one end and continuous
slot inlets along the sidewalls, was analyzed using
relationships for airflow in manifolds. Air velocities
measured along the inlets in two poultry buildings were
compared to velocities computed using theoretical
relationships. The parameter with the greatest effect on
uniformity of airflow along the inlets was the inlet discharge
coefficient multiplied by the ratio of total slot inlet area
to the flow area in the building cross-section, defined as
alpha. For typical poultry buildings without substantial
internal obstructions to airflow, variation in air velocity at
the slot inlets along the building length was less than 10%
when alpha was less than 0.4. Reductions in air velocity along
the inlets are developed from manifold relationships for a
range of values of alpha and F, a dimensionless friction
parameter. An example demonstrates application of results to
sizing sidewall inlet openings in buildings designed for
tunnel ventilation.


223 NAL Call. No.: 290.9 Am32P
Vertically directed mixing fans for cooling floor-raised
poultry. Bottcher, R.W.; Brake, J.; Baughman, G.R.; Magura,
J.R.
St. Joseph, Mich. : American Society of Agricultural
Engineers,; 1993. Paper / (934518): 18 p.; 1993. Paper
presented at the "1993 International Winter Meeting sponsored
by The American Society of Agricultural Engineers," December
12-17, 1993, Chicago, Illinois. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Chicken housing; Air flow; Fans; Ventilation;
Cooling


224 NAL Call. No.: 47.8 B77
Vibration on poultry transporters.
Randell, J.M.; Streader, W.V.; Meehan, A.M.
Oxfordshire : Carfax Publishing Company; 1993 Sep.
British poultry science v. 34 (4): p. 635-642; 1993 Sep.
Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Broilers; Livestock transporters; Vibration;
Suspension systems


225 NAL Call. No.: S671.A66
Weekly heat usage for broiler chickens.
Flood, C.A. Jr; Koon, J.L.; Trumbull, R.D.; Brewer, R.N.
St. Joseph, MI : American Society of Agricultural Engineers,
1985-; 1994 Mar. Applied engineering in agriculture v. 10 (2):
p. 285-286; 1994 Mar. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Chicken housing; Brooders; Energy consumption;
Natural gas; Usage

Abstract: Gas usage for heating of conventional broiler
houses was measured weekly for 44 trials over a period of four
years. The percent of total gas used during the first three
weeks of the seven-week growout period ranged from a low of
53% for birds started in one October trial to a high of 100%
for birds started during warmer months of the year. Average
first-week use was 55.8%. Average use through the third week
was 91.2%.


226 NAL Call. No.: 47.8 B77
Welfare assessment of broiler breeder and layer females
subjected to food restriction and limited access to water
during rearing.
Hocking, P.M.; Maxwell, M.H.; Mitchell, M.A.
Oxfordshire : Carfax Publishing Company; 1993 Jul.
British poultry science v. 34 (3): p. 443-458; 1993 Jul.
Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Hens; Restricted feeding; Water intake; Blood
picture; Animal welfare; Strain differences; Stress; Physical
activity


227 NAL Call. No.: 47.8 B77
Welfare of broiler breeder and layer females subjected to food
and water control during rearing: quantifying the degree of
restriction. Hocking, P.M.
Oxfordshire : Carfax Publishing Company; 1993 Mar.
British poultry science v. 34 (1): p. 53-64; 1993 Mar.
Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Hens; Restricted feeding; Water intake; Breed
differences


228 NAL Call. No.: QL698.C7
The welfare of poultry in modern production systems.
Mench, J.A.
Essex : Elsevier Publishing Ltd; 1992.
Poultry science reviews v. 4 (2): p. 107-128; 1992.
Literature review. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Poultry; Animal production; Animal welfare;
Literature reviews


229 NAL Call. No.: 41.8 V641
The welfare problems of laying hens in battery cages.
Baxter, M.R.
London : The British Veterinary Association; 1994 Jun11.
The Veterinary record : journal of the British Veterinary
Association v. 134 (24): p. 614-619; 1994 Jun11. Includes
references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Hens; Animal welfare; Battery cages; Perches;
Nesting; Litter; Movement; Space utilization; Social behavior;
Crowding


230 NAL Call. No.: BJ52.5.J68
What's wrong with animal by-products?.
Varner, G.E.
Guelph, Ont. : University of Guelph, 1991-; 1994.
Journal of agricultural & environmental ethics v. 7 (1): p.
7-17; 1994. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: U.S.A.; Cabt; Hens; Egg production; Poultry
industry; Dairy cows; Milk production; Dairy industry;
Productive life; Longevity; Slaughter; Animal welfare; Ethics


231 NAL Call. No.: S671.A66
Wind-activated fan shutoff to reduce electricity required for
summer ventilation.
Simmons, J.D.; Lott, B.D.
St. Joseph, MI : American Society of Agricultural Engineers,
1985-; 1992 Nov. Applied engineering in agriculture v. 8 (6):
p. 851-854; 1992 Nov. Includes references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Mississippi; Cabt; Chicken housing; Fans; Energy
conservation; Wind speed; Sensors; Temperature

Abstract: Summertime ventilation of open-sided broiler houses
is done primarily with forced ventilation using large fans. To
exploit the potential of natural ventilation, a wind sensing
device was interfaced with the fan control circuit. The
device, called a "sail switch", interrupted power to the fans
when sufficient wind was available to remove the sensible heat
and moisture produced by the broilers. The sail switch
controlled the fans of a research broiler house where 3,250
broilers were reared from three to eight weeks. Interior
conditions were monitored continuously. Results overall showed
a greater than 50% reduction in fan run time. In particular,
during a 24-h period at five weeks and again at seven weeks
(bird age), fans ran only 17 and 40% of the time,
respectively. Throughout the rearing period, heat and moisture
produced by the broilers were adequately removed while die
sail switch permitted natural ventilation, when available, to
re lace forced ventilation.


232 NAL Call. No.: 47.8 AM33P
Zinc methionine for stressed laying hens.
Kienholz, E.W.; Moreng, R.E.; Flinchum, J.D.
Champaign, Ill. : Poultry Science Association; 1992 May.
Poultry science v. 71 (5): p. 829-832; 1992 May. Includes
references.

Language: English

Descriptors: Fowls; Hens; Zinc; Methionine; Feed additives;
Calcium; Mineral deficiencies; Stress; Laying performance; Egg
weight; Egg shell thickness; Egg albumen; Egg hatchability;
Dosage effects

Abstract: The effects of zinc methionine product (ZP)
supplementation to Single Comb White Leghorn hens on egg
production and quality were measured through three consecutive
egg laying cycles. During the first and second lay cycles, ZP
had minor or nonsignificant effects upon hen performance.
During the third lay cycle, a low dietary Ca (.3% Ca) stress
of 1 mo duration was encountered. During this low-Ca stress
period, hens fed 1 g ZP/kg produced the greatest number of
eggs (P < .05), and during recovery from that low-Ca stress,
the hens receiving 2 g ZP/kg produced the most eggs (P < .05).
The ZP appeared to help hens maintain egg size throughout this
stress period. The present results indicate that ZP was
beneficial to hens during low-Ca stress and during the
recovery period following that stress.




AUTHOR INDEX

Adams, A.W. 59, 71, 82
Ait-Boulahsen, A. 21
Alvey, D.M. 53, 72
Anderson, G.L. 4, 136
Anderson, K.E. 71, 82
Andrews, D.K. 112
Appleby, M.C. 28, 61, 80, 114, 153, 154
Appleby, Michael C. 166
Arad, Z. 49, 50
Arakawa, A. 116
Asakura, A. 44
Austic, R.E. 89
Austin, S.D. 35, 56
Baba, E. 116
Bailey, J.S. 116
Baker, D.H. 84
Barbut, S. 209
Barnett, J.L. 19, 95
Barton, T.L. 88, 195, 211
Baughman, G.R. 93, 101, 146, 213, 222, 223
Baxter, M.R. 229
Beck, M.M. 188
Beckett, A.M. 111
Belay, T. 140
Benson, B.N. 40
Berman, E. 175
Berney, G. 34
Berny, G. 127
Berry, I.L. 88, 195, 211
Berry, P. î32
Bevis, E.A. 132
Bisesi, P. 101
Bisesi, P.S. 33
Blair, R. 17
Blankenship, L.C. 116
Bond, P.L. Jr 63
Book, C.M. 117
Bootwalla, S.M. 205
Bottcher, R.W. 33, 93, 99, 100, 101, 107, 146, 178, 213, 222,
223
Brackenbury, J.H. 49, 50
Bradshaw, R.H. 85
Brake, J. 33, 51, 107, 223
Brake, J.T. 213
Branton, S.L. 36, 60
Brewer, R.N. 225
Brillard, J.P. 201
Briot, D. 207
Brown, S.N. 35, 132, 220
Bucklin, R.A. 92, 178
Buhr, R.J. 161, 217
Bundy, D.S. 52
Bush, P.B. 194
Calvert, C.C. 40
Campbell, G.W. 90
Campo, J.L. 176
Carlisle, A. 206
Carlisle, A.J. 73
Carnicer, C. 176
Carr, L.E. 34, 127
Carter, L. 120
Carter, S.T. 167
Carter, T.A. 100
Chandrasiri, A.D.N. 97
Chao, K.L. 39
Chen, C.L.ò 78
Chen, H. 78
Cheng, J.C. 134
Cheng, K.K.S. 200
Cherel, Y. 207
Chi, H. 39
Chung, H.C. 74
Clark, B.E. 4, 136
Clarkson, C.R. 179
Classen, H.L. 133
Coemans, M.A.J.M. 8, 9
Collins, E.R. Jr 197, 198
Conner, D.E. 192
Coquerelle, G. 42
Corrier, D.E. 64
Corrigan, R.M. 31
Cox, D.F. 52
Craig, J.V. 139, 190, 193
Crow, G.H. 74
Cunningham, D.L. 16, 161, 217
Currin, R.D. 107
Czarick, M. 178, 214
Czarick, M. III 93
DeBey, M.C. 52
Degen, A.A. 54, 66
DeLoach, J.R. 64
DeShazer, J.A. 188
Deyhim, F. 41
Diehl, K.C. 197, 198
Dietert, R.R. 89
Dillon, P. 120
Douglas, J.H. 63
Driggers, L.B. 33, 100, 101, 213
Duff, S.R.I. 67
Duncan, E.T. 61
Duncan, I.J.H. 137, 138
Duncan, L.J.H. 37
Dunnington, E.A. 186
Eberhart, D.E. 10, 221
Eckman, M.K. 192
Eddy, T.J. 158
Edens, F.W. 21, 208
Edwards, J.E. 35, 132
Ehrich, M. 191
El-Assaad, F.G. 34, 127
El-Assaad, Fady G. 126
El-Sayed, M.S. 49, 50
Elson, H. A. 166
Etheredge, A. 33
Evans, C.S. 103
Fairfull, R.W. 55
Fanure, J.M. 25
Farni, J. 207
Fattori, T.R. 205
Feddes, J.J.R. 65
Ferket, P.R. 160
Fields, R. 218
Flinchum, J.D. 232
Flood, C.A. Jr 225
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations 199
Ford, B.C. 1
Frame, D.D. 4
Frankena, K.O 148
Friedman, A. 135
Fujisawa-Sehara, A. 44
Fukata, T. 116
Gallup, G.G. Jr 158
Garlich, J.D. 21
Gates, R.S. 39, 99, 142
Gaydon, D.M. 185
Geraert, P.A. 7
Gernat, A.G.O 59
Glatz, P.C. 5
Gleaves, E.W. 63
Goelema, J.O. 147, 148
Golemboski, K.A. 89
Goodman, T.N. 183
Graat, E.A.M. 148
Green, G. 143
Gregory, N.G. 24, 53, 56, 91
Gross, W.B. 68, 186, 191
Guenter, W. 74
Guillaumin, S. 7
Gunaratne, S.P. 97
Han, Y. 84
Handji, V. 175
Handrich, Y. 207
Hansen, R.J. \u University of California, Davis, CA 14
Hargis, B. 64
Harms, R.H. 92
Harrison, P.C. 181
Harrison, R. 3
Harrower, B.J. 90
Heller, E. Dan 135
Hemsworth, P.H. 19, 95
Henken, A.M. 147, 148
Hiatt, R. 174
Hierholzer, R.E. p70
Hinton, A. Jr 64
Hobbs, A.O. 100
Hocking, P.M. 11, 43, 157, 226, 227
Hoffman, L.J. 52
Hogsette, J.A. 110, 203
Holt, P.S. 57
Homedes, J. 169
Hong, C.M. 134
Hughes, B. O. 166, 172
Hughes, B.O. 28, 45, 61, 80, 114, 153, 154
Hulet, R.M. 197, 198
Hurnik, J.F. 27, 58
Hyun, W.J. 79
Jacob, R.D. 110
Jacobs, R.D. 92, 203
Jacobson, B.M. 107, 213
Jesiolowski, J. 125
Johnson, D.R. 102
Jones, B.F. 102
Jones, F.T. 20, 196
Jones, M. 199
Jones, R.B. 19, 51, 69, 144, 152, 177, 182, 187
Joseph, S.W. 34, 127
Karmann, H. 48, 207
Kathan, Bernhard 106
Keeley, T.P. 51, 107
Keeling, L.J. 121
Kellison, R.C. 104
Kestin, S.C. 35, 220
Kettlewell, P.J. 38
Kienholz, E.W. 232
Kijima, M. 109
Klasing, K.C. 40, 169è
Kleven, S.H. 149
Klober, K. 163
Knowles, T.G. 35, 220
Koelkebeck, K.W. 181
Komiya, T. 44
Kondaiah, N. 173
Koon, J.L. 225
Kopek, J.M. 70
Kostal, L. 45
Krishnamurthy, T.R. 162
Lacy, M.P. 93, 214
Lanyon, L.E. 105
Larsen, A.S. 186
Le Maho, Y. 48, 207
Leclercq, B. 7
Lee, B.D. 79
Lee, S.K. 79
Lei, P.K. 134
Leif, A.P. 210
Leonard, M.L. 55
Lewis, P.D. 122
Liljequist, B.L. 107
Long, N.D. 113
Lott, B.D. 1, 12, 60, 96, 219, 231
Luttrell, M.P. 149
Lyngtveit, Torgeir 204
Madindou, T. 181
Maghirang, R.G. 46, 47
Magura, J.R. 223
Mahagna, M. 119
Mahnke, G.M. 149
Malan, A. 48
Mallinson, E.T. 34, 127
Mamputu, M. 161
Manbeck, H.B. 46, 47
Mangalika Hemalatha, W.A.P. 97
Marler, P. 103
Martin, A. 186
Mather, F.B. 205
Matthewman, R.W. 168
Mauldin, J.M. 6
Maxwell, M.H. 13, 43, 206, 226
May, J.D. 1, 60, 96
Mazzola, V. 26
McAllister, J.C. 184
McDaniel, G.R. 62
McDougald, L.R. 116
McEwen, S.A. 209
McFate, K. 174
McKinley, M. 113
McMartin, D.A. 164
Meagher, R.B. 94
Meehan, A.M. 224
Mench, J.A. 123, 228
Merat, P. 42
Merkle, S.A. 94
Meyer, V.M. 52
Midgley, M.M. 122
Millam, J.R. 117
Miller, R.W. 115, 185, 203
Mills, G.D. Jr 115
Mioskowski, E. 207
Misselbrook, T.H. 179
Mitchell, M.A. 73, 206, 226
Mohan Raj, A.B. 24
Moran, E.T. 29
Moran, E.T. Jr 23
Moran, P. 32, 87
Moreng, R.E. 232
Moriarty, P. 216
Morris, T.R. 122
Muir, W.M. 193
Muirhead, S. 30
Murphy, L.B. 5
Nabeshima, Y. 44
Nabeshima, Y.I. 44
Nagamine, N. 109
Nakamura, M. 109
Neijenhuis, F. 147
Newberry, R.C. 17
Newman, E.A. 95
Nicol, C.J. é35, 76, 86, 220
Nightingale, T.E. 200
Nir, I. 119
Nitsan, Z. 119
Noordhuizen, J.P.T.M. 148
Norgaard-Nielsen, G. 83
Nuboer, J.F.W. 8, 9
Odom, A. 191
Overhults, D.G. 99, 142
Paice, M.E.R. 38
Pain, B.F. 179
Panda, B. 173
Pano, G. 175
Pardue, S.L. 33, 107, 213
Parmar, R.S. 197, 198
Pearson, C.C. 143
Perrins, A.J. 171
Perry, G.C. 122
Petherick, J.C. 118
Phillips, V.R. 143
Pickens, L.G. 115
Poe, S.E. 4, 136
Porter, R.E. Jr 57
Preston, A.P. 5
Purser, J. 108
Qi, R. 47
Qureshi, M.A. 160
Raj, A.B.M. 124
Raj, M. 91
Randell, J.M. 224
Reed, H.J. 56, 86, 220
Richard, J.L. 52
Riddell, C. 65
Rideau, N. 48
Roberts, J.A. 97
Robertson, G.W. 43, 206
Robin, J.P. 207
Robinson, E.E. 65
Roder, J.D. 78
Rolon, A. 217
Roothaert, R.L. 168
Ropelato, R.A. 136
Rosenstrauch, A. 66
Rotter, R.G. 74
Roura, E. 40, 169
Rowland, G.N. 194
Ruszler, P.L. 120
Rutter, S.M. 137
Ryder, F.H. 69, 182
Sander, J.E. 194
Sangiah, S. 78
Sato, S. 109
Satterlee, D.G. 69, 182
Saville, C.A. 212
Savory, C. J. 172
Savory, C.J. 45, 202, 206
Schat, K. A. 135
Scotford, I.M. 143
Scott, G.B. 87, 165, 212
Scott, R.P. 129
Seawright, E. 118, 202
Shen, Y. 78
Sheppard, D.C. 185
Sherwin, C. M. 145
Sherwin, C.M. 72, 159, 220
Shlosberg, A. 175
Siegel, P.B. 18, 186
Silverside, D. 199
Silversides, F.G. 42
Simmons, J.D. 12, 36, 219, 231
Simonsen, H.B. 83
Singletary, I.B. 146, 222
Siopes, T.D. 129
Skeeles, J.K. 184
Skinner, J.T. 70
Sloan, D.R. 92
Smith, A.J. 170
Smith, M.O. 22, 75, 77, 81, 156, 180
Smith, S.F. 28, 80, 114, 153, 154
Sparrey, J.M. 38
Spinu, M. 54, 66
Spradbrow, P.B. 155
Sridhara, S. 162
Stanger, N.E. 74
Steelman, C.D. 184
Stewart, L.E. 34, 127
Streader, W.V. 224
Struwe, F.J. 63
Suzuki, S. 109
Swanson, J.C. 190
Tabler, G.T. 88, 195, 211
Takahashi, T. 109
Tamura, Y. 109
Tan, K.H. 134
Tanaka, T. 27
Taylor, A.A. 58
Taylor, J.D. 90
Teeter, R.G. 22, 41, 77, 81, 98, 140, 180
Thompstone, S. 15
Timm, R.M. 31
Todd, M.C. 29
Trampel, D.W. 52
Trumbull, R.D. 225
Tucker, S.A. 53
Tuddenham, A. 212
Turner, E.C. 130
Turner, E.C. Jr 120
Uetsuki, T. 44
United States-Israel Binational Agricultural Research and
Development Fund 135
United States. Congress. House. Committee on Agriculture.
Subcommittee on Livestock, Dairy, and Poultry 189
Universities Federation for Animal Welfare 145
Universities Federation for Animal Welfare, European
Federation of the World's Poultry Science Association, Working
Group No. 9 172
University of Maryland at College Park, Dept. of Agricultural
Engineering 126
Van Wicklen, G.L. 178
Varner, G.E. 230
Vestergaard, K. 83
Vos, J.J. 8, 9
Wachenfelt, Eva von 131
Waddington, D. 118, 144
Waldroup, A.L. 70
Waldroup, P.W. 70
Walzem, R.L. 14
Wang, S. 208
Warnick, R.E. 4, 136
Warriss, P.D. 35, 132, 220
Washburn, K.W. 10, 221
Watson, A. 202
Webster, A.J.F. 212
Wheeler, G.E. 218
Whetlor, B. 32
Whetlor, W.C. 38
Whitehead, C.C. 67
Whyte, R.T. 2
Wideman, R.F. 1
Wiernusz, C.J. 98, 140, 180
Wilde, H.D. 94
Wilkins, L.J. 35, 53, 56
Williams, J.B. 187
Williamson, J.D. 72
Wilson, H.R. 205
Wilson, J.L. 194
Wilson, S. 28, 67, 80
Wold, J. 128
Wong, H.Y.C. 200
Wong-Valle, J. 62
Wotton, S.B. 24
Wyatt, C.L. 183
Xin, H. 88, 188, 195, 211
Yalcin, S. 62
Youngman, R. 120
Youngman, R.R. 130
Zhang, S.H. 99, 142
Zhang, Shuhui, 141
Zorn, T. 48
Zuidhof, M.J. 65
Zulkifli, I. 186


SUBJECT INDEX

4-h clubs 113
Abdominal fat 29, 41, 75
Acclimatization 1, 96, 180
Acid base equilibrium 21, 22, 79, 207
Adaptability 18
Additives 60
Adenosinetriphosphatase 78
Adrenal glands 63
Age 198
Age differences 11, 51, 60, 67, 83, 96, 176
Aggressive behavior A85
Agonistic behavior 6
Agricultural research 167
Air flow 12, 52, 212, 223
Air microbiology 52
Air pollutants 2, 47
Air quality 46, 47, 52, 65, 136, 147
Air temperature 52
Alabama 192
Alaska 108
Albinos 42
Alleles 10, 186, 221
Alphitobius diaperinus 184
Amino acid sequences 44
Ammonia 52, 65, 128, 147
Analgesics 5
Animal behavior 11, 16, 18, 27, 37, 45, 69, 76, 85, 86, 110,
114, 119, 121, 122, 123, 138, 139, 187, 190, 202, 206
Animal breeding 167
Animal diseases 36
Animal experiments 207
Animal health 20
Animal housing 102, 146
Animal husbandry 55, 167, 170, 209
Animal models 14
Animal production 228
Animal welfare 3, 5, 6, 11, 16, 17, 18, 24, 25, 27, 32, 37,
38, 58, 72, 85, 86, 91, 111, 114, 121, 122, 123, 124, 137,
138, 144, 153, 154, 157, 164, 165, 171, 190, 193, 217, 226,
228, 229, 230
Anoxia 24, 124
Antibody formation 41, 89, 186
Aorta 200
Application methods 192
Argon 24, 124
Arkansas 195
Arsenic 194
Artificial insemination 201
Artificial ventilation 47, 92, 100, 214
Ascites 175
Ascorbic acid 68, 69
Assays 89
Atherogenesis 200
Atherogenic diet 200
Atheroma 200
Atherosclerosis 200
Automatic control 12
Availability 103
Aviaries 27, 58
Avoidance conditioning 137
Bait traps 31, 130
Battery cages 27, 32, 37, 42, 56, 58, 61, 71, 118, 153, 154,
229

Battery husbandry 184, 190
Beak 63, 193
Behavior modification 144
Behavior patterns 121
Beta-glucuronidase 94
Betamethasone 11
Bioelectric potential 24
Biological treatment 143
Bioreactors 143
Birdcages 145
Blood 63
Blood cells 129
Blood chemistry 79
Blood flow 49
Blood lipids 40, 200
Blood picture 43, 226
Blood plasma 1, 45, 48, 69, 97, 182, 187, 200
Blood sampling 48, 207
Blood serum 117
Blood sugar 35
Blue light 129
Body fat 122
Body heat loss 98
Body temperature 22, 49, 75, 79, 98, 107, 180, 221
Body water 1
Body weight 10, 29, 42, 45, 51, 58, 63, 71, 82, 84, 186, 198,
200, 217, 221
Bone density 29
Bone fractures 53, 105, 111
Bone resorption 80
Bone strength 28, 58, 71, 105, 181, 190
Bone weight 29, 58
Bones 28, 67, 80
Brain 78, 91
Breaking strength 28
Breed differences 54, 119, 227
Breeding programs 150, 151
Broiler performance 29, 41, 75
Broiler production 184, 197, 198, 214
Broilers 1, 7, 10, 11, 12, 17, 20, 22, 23, 29, 35, 41, 45,
60, 62, 64, 69, 70, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 84, 96, 98, 107,
116, 119, 132, 133, 140, 147, 148, 152, 156, 157, 160, 175,
179, 180, 183, 184, 194, 195, 202, 206, 209, 211, 213, 220,
221, 224
Brood care 112
Brooders 42, 225
Broodiness 6
Bruises 209
Bursa fabricii 41
Cabt 4, 12, 31, 32, 54, 75, 93, 97, 150, 151, 178, 195, 210,
230, 231
Cage size 25
Cages 34, 67, 72, 86, 119, 193
Calcium 21, 74, 97, 232
Calorimetry 98
Cannibalism 55, 193
Carbon dioxide 24, 91, 124, 147
Carbonation 22, 181
Carcass composition 41
Carcass grading 209
Carcass quality 17, 23, 29, 124, 209
Carcass weight 75
Carcass yield 29, 75
Carcasses 70, 156, 183
Case reports 149, 194
Catecholamines 207
Cats 14
Cecum 64
Cell mediated immunity 129
Cell membranes 74
Chicken fat 173
Chicken housing 3, 99, 108, 115, 120, 142, 143, 147, 148,
190, 195, 214, 218, 223, 225, 231
Chicken industry 199
Chicken meat 156, 173
Chickens 13, 89, 103, 119, 135, 145, 155, 165, 199, 212, 218
Chicks 40, 42, 55, 64, 69, 81, 83, 97, 108, 119, 144, 158,
169, 177, 186, 187
Cholesterol 200
Circadian rhythm 122
Claws 58, 154
Cleaning 196
Climatic zones 170
Coccidiosis 116, 147
Cocks 79, 103, 200
Cold stress 66, 175
Collectors 165
Colonization 64
Communication between animals 103
Comparisons 100, 101
Computer simulation 39, 142
Containers 124
Contamination 20
Controlling elements 44
Conveyors 32, 165
Cooling 223
Copper arsenate 194
Correlated responses 193
Corticosterone 13, 45, 63, 69, 129, 182, 187, 207
Corticotropin 13, 68
Cost benefit analysis 33, 108, 178
Cows 14
Crowding 229
Cyromazine 185
Dairy cows 230
Dairy industry 230
Data collection 107
Death 106
Debeaking 5, 6, 16, 63, 193
Decision making 198
Defects 183, 209
Dehydration (physiological) 35
Design 32, 72
Developing countries 170
Developmental stages 184
Dexamethasone 109
Diet 17, 21, 84, 156, 169, 175, 217
Dietary fat 74
Dietary minerals 41, 97
Dietary protein 7, 51
Diptera 130
Disease control 20, 150, 151
Disease resistance 64, 68, 89, 186
Disease surveys 148
Disease transmission 57, 109
Disease vectors 184
Disinfectants 192, 194
Disinfection 34, 127
Disinfection and disinfectants 126
Dispersal 203
Diurnal variation 45, 96, 211
Domestic animals 123
Domestic gardens 125
Domestication 18, 190
Doors 52
Dosage effects 17, 84, 232
Draft animals 170
Drinkers 82
Drinking behavior 119
Drinking water 22, 60, 81, 160, 181
Duration 72, 132, 138
Dust 2, 47, 65, 183
Dust bathing 83, 153, 154
Dwarfism 186
Egg albumen 232
Egg hatchability 201, 232
Egg production 27, 63, 82, 108, 109, 111, 193, 217, 230 Egg
quality 71, 114
Egg shell thickness 232
Egg weight 59, 181, 217, 232
Eggs 181
Eimeria 116
Eimeria tenella 186
Electric current 38
Electrical equipment 38
Electricity 12, 33, 174
Electroencephalograms 24, 91
Electrolytes 75, 160
Emus 167
Energy conservation 88, 231
Energy consumption 12, 101, 225
Energy cost of maintenance 195
Energy intake 40
Energy metabolism 40
Energy requirements 170
Enrichment 76, 83, 144
Environment 76, 83, 144, 198
Environmental control 26, 36, 99
Environmental temperature 1, 10, 12, 13, 49, 66, 73, 75, 77,
78, 84, 96, 140, 147, 156, 160, 180, 188, 197, 221
Enzyme activity 78, 94
Epidemiology 90, 147, 148
Epiphyses 29
Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae 90
Erythrocyte count 129
Escherichia coli 68
Ethics 230
Euthanasia 124
Evaporation 79
Evaporative cooling 92, 93, 99
Excreta 86
Excretion 1
Exercise 80
Exhaust systems 222
Experimental diets 40
Experimental infections 40
Exports 15
Fans 12, 93, 222, 223, 231
Farm income 15
Farm management 170
Farming 125
Fasting 188, 220
Fatigue 220
Fatty liver 14
Fatty liver hemorrhagic syndrome 14
Fearfulness 13, 17, 19, 45, 51, 56, 69, 71, 76, 82, 87, 95,
137, 144, 152, 154, 158, 176, 177, 182, 220
Feather pecking 83, 154, 159
Feathers 10, 58, 63, 221
Feces 140, 184
Feed additives 232
Feed conversion 10, 29, 70, 71, 82
Feed conversion efficiency 7, 55, 59, 68, 160, 181, 183, 186,
218
Feed dispensers 71, 82
Feed intake 5, 10, 59, 63, 70, 71, 77, 82, 96, 97, 98, 157,
180, 181, 188, 198, 217
Feed troughs 72
Feeding behavior 6, 72, 97, 119, 157, 186
Feeding habits 27
Feeds 175
Feet 58, 154, 194
Female fertility 201
Females 206
Femur 29
Flocks 20
Floor husbandry 71, 190
Floor pens 42, 59, 64, 67, 70, 119
Floor type 71
Floors 63
Florida 92, 110, 203
Fluorescent lamps 9
Fogging 93, 219
Follicles 50
Food 103
Food deprivation 35
Food handling 215, 216
Food intake 40, 48, 73
Food preparation 216
Food restriction 21, 23
Foot diseases 154
Forest plantations 104
Forest trees 104
Forestry 104
Fowl diseases 68
Fowls 5, 6, 16, 18, 21, 44, 67, 68, 125, 139, 191, 205, 232
Free range husbandry 97, 125, 155, 163
Frequency 72, 121
Furaltadone 68
Galactose 73
Game birds 210
Gases 2
Geese 48, 207
Gene expression 94'
Gene transfer 94
Genes 42
Genetic engineering 104
Genetic improvement 18, 104
Genetic markers 94
Genetic regulation 44
Genetic variation 18
Genotype environment interaction 42, 89
Genotypes 42
Georgia 161, 178
Glomerular filtration 1
Glucagon 73
Glucose 48
Glycogen 35
Goose feeding 112
Goslings 112
Grids 157
Groups 25, 85
Growth 40, 42
Growth rate 10, 55, 73, 77, 84, 119, 169
Guineafowls 90
Gypsum 183
Handling 55, 76, 144, 150, 151, 152, 165, 207
Handling machinery 32
Harness 107
Hatcheries 192
Hatching 97
Head dimensions 157
Heart 63, 78
Heart diseases 74
Heat production 98
Heat shock proteins 208
Heat stress 1, 7, 10, 21, 22, 30, 41, 49, 50, 60, 73, 75, 77,
78, 79, 81, 84, 96, 98, 107, 122, 140, 156, 160, 161, 178,
180, 181, 188, 208, 221
Heating 219
Hemodynamics 200
Hemorrhage 124
Hen feeding 157
Hens 3, 9, 14, 19, 24, 25, 27, 28, 30, 32, 37, 49, 50, 53,
54, 56, 57, 58, 59, 61, 63, 66, 71, 72, 80, 82, 83, 85, 86,
87, 95, 97, 103, 108, 109, 111, 114, 117, 118, 121, 122, 129,
137, 152, 153, 154, 157, 159, 173, 176, 181, 190, 193, 194,
201, 217, 226, 227, 229, 230, 232
Heritability 176, 193
Histopathology 90
History 15
Hot boning 173
Humidity 142, 197
Humoral immunity 41, 129
Hydrotaea aenescens 120
Hygiene 130, 148
Hypercapnia 24
Hypercholesterolemia 200
Hypothyroidism 73
Immobilization 152, 182
Immune competence 89
Immune response 40, 129, 160
Immunity 186
Immunological deficiency 89
Immunology 169
Immunostimulants 218
Immunostimulation 218
Immunosuppression 109
Improvement 150, 151
Incidence 70, 74, 200
Income 217
Incubation 112
India 162
Individuals 118
Infections 70
Inhibition 69, 78
Insect control 102, 115, 130
Insect traps 115
Insecticide resistance 185
Insecticides 102, 130
Inspection 150, 151
Insulating materials 101
Insulation 195
Insulin 48
Insulin secretion 48
Integrated pest management 120, 130
Intensive husbandry 133, 148
Interactions 47, 85
Interleukin 1 169
Intermittent light 122
Intestinal absorption 73
Intestinal microorganisms 64
Intestinal mucosa 78
Intestines 116
Isolation 36, 158, 187
Israel 54
Japanese quails 182
Jejunum 73
Kidneys 78
Kitchen waste 97
Lactic acid 207
Lamb (Meat) 189
Lamb meat industry 189
Laying performance 59, 62, 71, 95, 154, 181, 232
Learning 159
Leg weakness 112
Length 29, 58
Lesions 42, 58, 65, 116, 147, 186
Leukocyte count 129
Leukocytes 13, 208
Light 129
Light intensity 8
Light regime 17, 42, 62, 75, 122, 147
Lighting 47
Line differences 7, 10, 13, 221
Lipid metabolism 14
Liriodendron tulipifera 94
Literature reviews 6, 13, 14, 15, 16, 47, 89, 105, 122, 138,
139, 155, 173, 190, 228
Litter 63, 64, 118, 147, 168, 183, 229
Liver 35, 41
Livestock transporters 224
Liveweight gain 10, 42, 59, 60, 77, 81, 82, 160, 183, 198,
218 Loaders 165
Locomotion 11
Longevity 230
Lungs 65
Lymphocytes 68
Lysine 84
Magnesium 78
Male fertility 11
Man 14, 19, 158, 177
Marek's disease 135
Marketing 23
Maryland 185, 203
Mathematical models 47, 99, 197, 222
Mating behavior 103
Measurement 179, 206
Meat cuts 156
Meat quality 173
Meat yield 173
Mechanical methods 100
Mechanically deboned meat 173
Medicinal plants 218
Medicinal properties 218
Metabolism 98
Metabolizable energy 40, 217
Methionine 73, 232
Microbial degradation 143
Milk production 230
Mineral deficiencies 21, 29, 41, 232
Mineral metabolism 140
Mississippi 185, 231
Mists 99
Mixed farming 170
Mixed infections 116
Mode of action 169
Moisture content 183
Molt 217
Molting 57
Morphology 73
Mortality 29, 42, 55, 70, 71, 74, 122, 132, 155, 160, 164,
217 Motivation 159
Movement 229
Multivariate analysis 148
Mus musculus 31
Musca 102
Musca domestica 110, 115, 120, 185, 203
Mycoplasma gallisepticum 68
Mycoplasma synoviae 149
Mycoplasmosis 149
Myosin 44
Naloxone 11
National planning 150, 151
Natural gas 225
Natural ventilation 52
Neomycin 94
Nesting 117, 118, 153, 154, 210, 229
Nests 86, 117, 118, 154
Netherlands 147
Neurotoxins 191
Neutrophils 68
New Jersey 185
Newcastle disease 155
Newcastle disease virus 68
Nicarbazin 79, 116
Nipple drinkers 59
Nonprotein nitrogen 168
Normal values 67
North Carolina 93, 149
Nucleotide sequences 44
Nutrient deficiencies 89
Nutrient density 40
Nutrient requirements 84
Nutrients 156
Occupational disorders 2
Odor abatement 143, 179
Odor emission 143, 179
Odors 134
Oklahoma 81
Operation 32
Opioid peptides 11, 206
Opioids 202
Organs 78
Osmotic pressure 208
Osteomalacia 67
Osteoporosis 28, 67, 80
Ostriches 167
Outbreaks 90
Oviposition 201
Oxygen 24
Oxytetracycline 60
Pain 11
Particle density 47
Particles 52
Pathogenesis 14
Peasant workers 15
Peat 83
Penicillins 169
Pennsylvania 47
Pentobarbital 191
Perches 28, 51, 61, 80, 86, 114, 154, 229
Performance 52, 65
Ph 35, 181, 207
Phasianus colchicus 210
Phenotypes 221
Phospholipids 74
Phosphorus 29, 97
Phosphorylation 69
Phosphotransferases 94
Physical activity 122, 226
Pig housing 36, 163
Pig slurry 179
Pigeons 113
Plant extracts 218
Plastics 117
Pododermatitis 194
Population density 110
Population dynamics 162, 203
Population structure 162
Potassium 78
Potassium chloride 81
Poultry 34, 38, 43, 105, 115, 125, 126, 138, 146, 150, 151,
162, 164, 166, 166, 170, 171, 172, 228
Poultry diseases 31, 112, 113
Poultry droppings 128, 143
Poultry farming 15, 78, 83, 188
Poultry feeding 108, 113
Poultry housing 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 26, 31, 32, 33, 39, 46, 47,
52, 62, 65, 88, 92, 93, 100, 101, 110, 113, 127, 128, 130,
134, 136, 139, 141, 162, 163, 174, 178, 179, 192, 196, 197,
198, 203, 211, 213, 219, 222
Poultry industry 230
Poultry manure 115, 134, 168, 185
Poultry products 15, 150, 151
Preformed meats 173
Probes 107
Production costs 12, 190, 217
Productive life 230
Productivity 97
Prolactin 117
Prophylaxis 175
Protein intake 51
Protein synthesis 208
Proximate analysis 97
Public opinion 190
Pullets 51, 62
Quarantine 36
Queensland 90
Rail transport 15
Rattus norvegicus 31
Rattus rattus 31, 162
Rearing techniques 210
Red light 129
Reflection 178
Regulations 122, 150, 151
Relapse 57
Relative humidity 52, 78, 188, 211
Removal 56
Renal function 1
Reproduction 210
Reservoir hosts 184
Respiration rate 98
Respiratory diseases 2
Restricted feeding 11, 13, 43, 45, 161, 180, 202, 206, 217,
226, 227
Rhea 167
Risk 147, 148
Road transport 35, 220
Rodent control 31, 162
Rodenticidesé 31
Roofs 178
Ruminant feeding 168
Salmonella 20, 34, 64, 127, 148, 196
Salmonella enteritidis 57, 109
Salmonella typhimurium 70, 116, 184
Salmonellosis 126, 148, 184
Sampling 196, 203
Sand 83
Sanitation 102, 169, 192
Sausages 173
Seasonal variation 52
Selection criteria 176, 182, 193
Selection responses 139, 176, 190, 193
Self feeders 157
Sensing 12
Sensors 231
Sex 198
Sex differences 67, 84, 176, 187
Sexual behavior 6, 11
Sexual maturity 139
Shows 113
Silviculture 104
Simulation models 197, 198
Size 147
Skeletal muscle 35
Skeletomuscular anomalies 11
Slatted floors 128, 194
Slaughter 230
Slaughtering and slaughter-houses 106, 199
Slaughtering equipment 38
Social behavior 187, 229
Social dominance 6, 13, 85, 139
Social environment 13
Sodium 78
Somatic embryogenesis 94
South Dakota 210
Southern states of U.S.A. 12
Space utilization 25, 229
Spatial distribution 121, 203
Spatial variation 211
Specific gravity 181
Spectral data 8
Spermatozoa 201
Spleen 41, 63
Spraying 130
Sri lanka 97
Standards 174
Sticky traps 110
Stimulation 117ÿ
Stimuli 137
Stocking density 65, 70, 71, 82, 86, 121, 190, 209
Stockmen 2
Strain differences 59, 84, 176, 182, 193, 226
Straw 83
Streptomycin 169
Stress 20, 40, 45, 48, 57, 63, 68, 90, 109, 119, 124, 129,
169, 182, 187, 190, 191, 200, 202, 206, 207, 212, 218, 226,
232
Stress factors 13, 89, 165
Stress response 13, 43, 139, 140, 186
Stresses 105
Structural design 36, 52
Stunning 24, 38, 91, 124
Summer 33
Sunflower oil 74
Survival 77, 97, 119, 210
Susceptibility 57
Suspension systems 224
Sustainability 170
Symptoms 90, 149
Tallow 74
Telemetry 210
Temperature 30, 39, 142, 211, 213, 231
Tennessee 75
Territoriality 6
Testing 138
Tests 25
Theory 222
Thermal infrared imagery 213
Thermal properties 101
Thyroxine 73
Tibia 29, 58, 71
Time 121
Timing 201
Training of animals 138
Transgenics 94
Transport 14
Transport in female genitalia 201
Transport of animals 23, 29, 35, 76, 124, 132, 165, 173, 209,
212, 220
Transstadial transmission 184
Trauma 56, 193
Tree breeding 104
Trends 104
Triacylglycerols 50, 200
Triiodothyronine 73
Tryptophan 17
Turkey egg production 117
Turkey meat 215, 216
Turkeys 6, 52, 65, 91, 117, 124, 128, 129, 133, 149, 161,
188, 197, 198, 208, 209
U.S.A. 31, 100, 150, 151, 230
U.S.S.R. 15
Uk 32, 111, 171
Unrestricted feeding 202
Urine 1, 140
Usage 225
Utah 4
Validity 197
Variation 45
Ventilation 4, 12, 33, 46, 65, 88, 136, 141, 142, 146, 178,
211, 222, 223
Veterinary entomology 203
Vibration 224
Virginia 197
Vision 9
Vitamin deficiencies 41
Vitamin supplements 41, 160
Vocalization 18
Volatile fatty acids 64
Volume 28, 67, 80
Water intake 22, 59, 60, 66, 69, 75, 79, 96, 98, 226, 227
Water metabolism 79
Weather 30, 197
Weighers 205
Weight 41, 63
Weight determination 205
Wild birds 149, 210
Wind speed 12, 231
Wire 174
Wire netting 63
Wood shavings 117
Yards 125
Zinc 232