Predicate
Types
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Update: 3/30/02
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#$NoteAboutPredicateCategories note
about predicate categories
Predicates in Cyc are organized into collections.
While some, like #$BinaryPredicate, are logically
well-founded and are referenced in axioms and in the code
which implements Cyc, others, though based on some
intuitively plausible criteria, are involved in few (if any)
axioms and are therefore not integral to Cyc's ontology.
Collections which fall into the latter class are generally
under review at this time and are flagged with this #$sharedNotes.
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direct instance of:
#$Individual
#$RelationshipType types
of relationship
A collection of collections. Each instance of #$RelationshipType
is a collection of #$Relations.
The relations in a given relationship-type represented in
the Knowledge Base are typically those sharing some common
feature(s) -- often having to do with what kinds of things
the relations relate (see e.g. #$argIsa and #$argGenls) --
considered significant enough that the collection of all
such relations is useful to reify. Although what constitutes
a significant common feature is difficult to specify
precisely, there are many clear-cut cases. Examples include
#$UnaryFunction, #$LogicalConnective,
#$IndividualDenotingFunction,
#$GenericTimePredicate, and #$LanguageDescribingPredicate.
Two important specializations of #$RelationshipType
are #$PredicateCategory
and #$FunctionCategory.
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direct instance of: #$SecondOrderCollection
direct specialization of: #$FirstOrderCollection
direct generalization of: #$FunctionCategory
#$RelationshipTypeByArity #$InterconvertibleUnitType
#$PredicateCategory
#$UnitOfMeasureTypeByTypeMeasured
#$PredicateCategory predicate category
A collection of collections, and a specialization
of #$RelationshipType.
Each instance of #$PredicateCategory
is a collection of #$Predicates.
The predicates in a given predicate category represented in
the Knowledge Base are typically those sharing some common
feature(s) considered significant enough that the collection
of all such predicates is useful to reify. Although what
constitutes a significant common feature is difficult to
specify precisely, there are many clear-cut cases. Instances
of #$PredicateCategory
include #$TemporalPartSlot,
#$IntervalBasedQuantitySlot,
#$FunctionalSlot,
#$InterActorSlot,
#$TransitiveBinaryPredicate, and #$PropositionalAttitudeSlot.
See also the comment on #$Predicate.
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direct instance of: #$SecondOrderCollection
direct specialization of:
#$RelationshipType
#$ObjectPredicate extensional
representation predicates
A collection of predicates that are used to ascribe
characteristics or properties (taken in a very broad sense)
to individual objects. As such, each instance of #$ObjectPredicate
has an #$arity
of 2 or greater and has at least one argument place (often
including the first) constrained (see #$argIsa) to instances
of #$Individual
or some subcollection thereof. Examples include #$likesAsFriend,
#$connectedTo,
and #$arg3Isa. See
also #$CollectionPredicate.
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direct instance of:
#$PredicateCategory
direct specialization of:
#$Predicate
direct generalization of:
#$PhysicalAttributeDescriptionSlot
#$InterActorSlot
#$InterExistingObjectSlot
#$TemporalRelation
#$PartPredicate
#$ShapeDescribingPredicate
#$AgentPredicate #$BinaryRolePredicate #$CotemporalPredicate
#$TangibleObjectPredicate
#$IntangibleObjectPredicate
#$CollectionPredicate intensional
representation predicate
A collection of predicates used to relate
collections to other things and thereby ascribe
characteristics or properties (taken in a broad sense)
either to the collections themselves or to each of the
instances of those collections. As such, each instance of #$CollectionPredicate
has an #$arity
(q.v.) of 2 or greater and has at least one argument place
(often including the first, or arg1 , place) constrained to
instances (see #$argIsa) of either #$Collection
or some specialization of #$Collection.
For example, #$hasDepartmentTypes
is a collection-predicate that relates a given organization
to a type (i.e. collection) of departments such that the
former has an instance of the latter as a suborganization;
the relevant argument constraint here is (#$arg2Isa #$hasDepartmentTypes
#$ExistingObjectType),
and #$ExistingObjectType
is a specialization of #$Collection.
Other instances of #$CollectionPredicate
include #$granuleOfTemporalStuff,
#$objectTypeTransported, and #$contraryFeelings.
See also #$ObjectPredicate.
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direct instance of:
#$PredicateCategory
direct specialization of:
#$Predicate
#$BookkeepingPredicate bookkeeping predicates
A collection of predicates used to make assertions
about the creation and internal representation of particular
CycL constants in the Cyc system. Bookkeeping predicates
neither specify nor constrain the semantics of CycL
constants. Examples include #$myCreator, #$myCreationTime,
#$termOfUnit,
#$multiplicationUnits,
and #$defnSufficient.
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direct instance of:
#$PredicateCategory
direct specialization of:
#$Predicate
direct generalization of:
#$InferenceRelatedBookkeepingPredicate
#$InferenceRelatedBookkeepingPredicate inference
related bookkeeping predicate
A collection of predicates. Each instance of #$InferenceRelatedBookkeepingPredicate
is a predicate involved in assertions used by the Cyc
application to direct inferencing. Examples: #$defnIff, #$defnSufficient,
#$termOfUnit, #$afterAdding.
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direct instance of:
#$PredicateCategory
direct specialization of:
#$BookkeepingPredicate
#$MetaRelation meta relation
A subcollection of #$Predicate.
Instances of #$MetaRelation
are used to make definitional (e.g. arity or
argument-constraint) assertions about relations. As such,
each instance of #$MetaRelation
has (at least) one of its own argument-places (usually, but
not always, the first or arg1 ) type-constrained to
instances of #$Relation (or
some subcollection thereof). Note that all meta-relations
are themselves _predicates_ (as opposed to functions or
other non-predicate relations); the collection #$MetaRelation
is so-named because its instances (unlike those of its
specialization #$MetaPredicate)
may admit non-predicate relations as arguments.
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direct instance of:
#$PredicateCategory
direct specialization of:
#$IntangibleObjectPredicate
direct generalization of: #$ArgConstraintPredicate
#$MetaPredicate
#$MetaPredicate meta-predicates
A subcollection of #$MetaRelation
(q.v.). Instances of #$MetaPredicate
are used to make definitional (e.g. argument-type constraint
or generalization) assertions about predicates (and only
predicates). As such, instances of #$MetaPredicate
have (at least) one of their own argument-places (usually,
but not always, the first or arg1 ) constrained to be
instances of #$Predicate
(or some subcollection thereof).
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direct instance of:
#$PredicateCategory
direct specialization of:
#$MetaRelation
direct generalization of: #$TransitiveViaArgPredicate
#$ArgFormatPredicate #$TaxonomicSlotForPredicates
#$MetaKnowledgePredicate metaknowledge predicates
A collection of predicates, each instance of which
is used to state things about the Cyc system itself --
usually about a particular reified constant or assertion in
the Knowledge Base. Examples include #$myCreator, #$cyclistNotes, #$sharedNotes, #$salientAssertions,
and #$assertionConclusionActionType.
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direct instance of:
#$PredicateCategory
direct specialization of: #$PossibleDefinitionalPredicate
direct generalization of: #$ExceptionRelation
#$DistributingMetaKnowledgePredicate
#$KEFacilitationPredicate
#$TypePredicate type predicate
A collection of predicates. Each instance of #$TypePredicate
is a predicate used in asserting relations between #$Collections,
or between #$Individuals
and #$Collections,
which in turn imply further assertions involving instances
of the #$Collections.
Example instances: #$primaryActivityType,
#$insuredEventTypes, #$anatomicalPartTypeAffected,
#$frequencyOfActionType, #$objectTypesCollected.
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direct instance of:
#$PredicateCategory
direct specialization of:
#$Predicate
#$DefaultMonotonicPredicate default
monotonic predicate
A collection of predicates. Each instance of #$DefaultMonotonicPredicate
is a predicate whose use as the predicate of a locally
asserted ground formula causes that formula to be entered,
by default, as :MONOTONIC. Examples: #$isa, #$genls, #$disjointWith,
#$equals,
#$arity, #$arg1Isa.
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direct instance of:
#$PredicateCategory
direct specialization of:
#$Predicate
#$ConnectionPredicate connection predicate
A collection of predicates. Each instance of #$ConnectionPredicate
is a predicate that specifies physical connections between
objects. Examples: #$nailedTo, #$rivetedTo, #$connectedTo-Rigidly,
#$rotationallyConnectedTo,
#$hangsFrom, and
#$in-Embedded.
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direct instance of:
#$PredicateCategory
direct specialization of:
#$CotemporalPredicate
#$ProcessPredicate process predicate
A collection of predicates. Each element of #$ProcessPredicate
is a predicate used in assertions that describe processes.
For example, #$amountOfEnergyUsed, #$signalState, #$toPossessor,
#$primaryActivityType, #$exports, #$monetaryValue.
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direct instance of:
#$PredicateCategory
direct specialization of:
#$ObjectPredicate
#$InterExistingObjectSlot inter
existing object slot
A specialization of both #$BinaryPredicate and #$ObjectPredicate.
Each instance of #$InterExistingObjectSlot
is a binary predicate used in assertions that relate two
instances of #$SomethingExisting;
consequently, both the #$arg1Isa and
the #$arg2Isa
of an instance of #$InterExistingObjectSlot
must be specializations of #$SomethingExisting.
Instances of #$InterExistingObjectSlot
include #$derivedFrom,
#$cohabitants, #$capitalCity,
and #$electricallyConnectedTo.
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direct instance of:
#$PredicateCategory
direct specialization of:
#$BinaryPredicate #$ObjectPredicate
direct generalization of:
#$InterPersonalRelationSlot
#$InterActorSlot inter
actor slot
A specialization of #$BinaryPredicate. Each
instance of #$InterActorSlot
is a binary predicate that relates two individuals who are
participants in some particular event. For example,
#$authorOfPublication-IBT is an instance of #$InterActorSlot,
since (#$authorOfPublication-IBT X Y) implies the existence
of a #$Writing event
in which X is the author and Y is the book written. Other
examples of #$InterActorSlot
are #$agreeingAgents,
#$artisticWorksCreated, #$spouse, and #$wornOn.
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direct instance of:
#$PredicateCategory
direct specialization of:
#$ObjectPredicate #$BinaryPredicate
#$TemporalPartSlot temporal
part slots
A collection of predicates that are used to relate
an instance of #$TemporalThing
(q.v.) to its temporal parts or components. Each instance of
#$TemporalPartSlot
has an arity of 2, and both argument places are constrained
(see #$argIsa) to instances of #$TemporalThing,
or some subcollection thereof. Each instance of #$TemporalPartSlot
is a specialization of the predicate #$temporallySubsumes
(q.v.); consequently, for each instance PRED of #$TemporalPartSlot,
either (#$genlPreds PRED #$temporallySubsumes)
or (#$genlInverse PRED #$temporallySubsumes) holds.
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direct instance of:
#$PredicateCategory
direct specialization of:
#$NonPhysicalPartPredicate
direct generalization of:
#$SubEventSlot
#$IntangibleObjectPredicate intangible
object predicate
A collection of predicates used to ascribe
properties to intangible objects. As such, each instance of
#$IntangibleObjectPredicate
has at least one argument place (quite often including the
first) constrained to accept only instances of #$IntangibleIndividual
or some subcollection thereof. Examples include #$arg3Isa and #$religionOfRule.
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direct instance of:
#$PredicateCategory
direct specialization of:
#$ObjectPredicate
direct generalization of:
#$IntangibleObjectRelatingPredicate
#$NonPhysicalPartPredicate
#$MetaRelation
#$TangibleObjectPredicate tangible
object predicate
A collection of predicates that are used to ascribe
characteristics or properties (taken in a very broad sense)
to tangible objects. As such, each instance of #$TangibleObjectPredicate
has an #$arity
of 2 or greater and has at least one argument place (often
including the first) constrained (see #$argIsa) to instances
of #$PartiallyTangible
or some subcollection thereof. Examples include #$viscosityOfSubstance,
#$objectHasColor,
#$porosityOfObject,
and #$physicalBuild.
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direct instance of:
#$PredicateCategory
direct specialization of:
#$ObjectPredicate
direct generalization of:
#$TangibleSubstancePredicate
#$TangibleSubstancePredicate tangible
substance predicate
A specialization of #$TangibleObjectPredicate.
Each instance of #$TangibleSubstancePredicate
is a predicate that is used to specify or describe the
properties (usually physical properties) of tangible
substances. Instances of #$TangibleSubstancePredicate
include #$stateOfMatter,
#$freezingPoint,
#$physicalStructuralIntegrity,
and #$solubleIn.
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direct instance of:
#$PredicateCategory
direct specialization of:
#$TangibleObjectPredicate
#$PhysicalAmountSlot measures
(physical attribute description slot)
An instance of #$PredicateCategory,
and a specialization of #$IntervalBasedQuantitySlot.
Each instance of #$PhysicalAmountSlot
is a binary predicate used to relate a spatial thing (i.e.,
an instance of some specialization of #$SpatialThing)
to one of its quantifiable physical attributes (such as its
length, mass, or volume). Instances of #$PhysicalAmountSlot
include #$lengthOfObject,
#$volumeOfObject,
#$massOfObject,
and #$depthOfObject.
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direct instance of:
#$PredicateCategory
direct specialization of:
#$PhysicalAttributeDescriptionSlot #$IntervalBasedQuantitySlot
#$PhysicalFeatureDescribingPredicate physical
feature describing predicate
An instance of #$PredicateCategory.
Each instance of #$PhysicalFeatureDescribingPredicate
is a predicate relating a spatial thing to one or more of
its physical properties (see, for example, the
specialization #$PhysicalAttributeDescriptionSlot),
or to other spatial things to which it bears certain
spatio-physical relations (see, for example, the
specialization #$MechanicalConnectionSlot). Instances of #$PhysicalFeatureDescribingPredicate
include #$above-Directly,
#$physicallyContains, #$touchesDirectly,
#$temperatureOfObject,
and #$spans-Bridgelike.
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direct instance of:
#$PredicateCategory
direct specialization of:
#$Predicate
direct generalization of:
#$PhysicalAttributeDescriptionSlot
#$ShapeDescribingPredicate
#$PhysicalAttributeDescriptionSlot physical
attribute description slot
A specialization of both #$BinaryPredicate and #$PhysicalFeatureDescribingPredicate.
Each instance of #$PhysicalAttributeDescriptionSlot
relates some spatial thing to an instance of #$PhysicalAttribute
which characterizes that thing. The attribute may or may not
be a quantifiable property. Examples of #$PhysicalAttributeDescriptionSlot:
#$objectEmitsOdor, #$viscosityOfSubstance,
#$diameterOfObject, #$shapeOfObject, and #$xzCrossSectionShapeType.
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direct instance of:
#$PredicateCategory
direct specialization of:
#$PhysicalFeatureDescribingPredicate #$BinaryPredicate #$ObjectPredicate
direct generalization of:
#$PhysicalAmountSlot
#$ShapeDescribingPredicate shape-describing predicates
A specialization of #$PhysicalFeatureDescribingPredicate.
Each instance of #$ShapeDescribingPredicate
is a predicate used in assertions about abstract shapes and
shape-like configurations, such as posture. Examples:
#$shapeOfObject, #$xyCrossSectionShape,
#$yzCrossSectionShapeType, #$continuouslyConnectedTo,
#$postureOfAnimal.
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direct instance of:
#$PredicateCategory
direct specialization of:
#$ObjectPredicate #$PhysicalFeatureDescribingPredicate
#$TaxonomicSlot taxonomic slots
A subcollection of #$Predicate.
Each instance of #$TaxonomicSlot
is a binary predicate used to help specify the position of a
thing within one of the major taxonomies or hierarchies in
the Cyc ontology. For example, #$genls orders the
instances of #$Collection
into a hierarchy. Other examples of #$TaxonomicSlots
are #$isa, #$partitionedInto,
#$coExtensional, and #$disjointWith.
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direct instance of:
#$PredicateCategory
direct specialization of: #$BinaryPredicate
direct generalization of:
#$TaxonomicSlotForPredicates
#$TaxonomicSlotForAnyThing
#$TaxonomicSlotForCollections
#$TaxonomicSlotForAnyThing taxonomic
slot for any unit
A subcollection of #$TaxonomicSlot
(q.v.). Each instance of #$TaxonomicSlotForAnyThing
is a taxonomic slot that can in principle be used to help
specify the location of anything whatsoever within some
taxononmy; hence at least one of its argument-places must be
constrained to instances (see #$argIsa) of #$Thing (and to
nothing more specific than #$Thing). Examples
include #$isa and #$generalizations.
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direct instance of:
#$PredicateCategory
direct specialization of:
#$TaxonomicSlot
#$TaxonomicSlotForPredicates taxonomic
slot for collections
A specialization of both #$TaxonomicSlot
and #$MetaPredicate.
Each instance of #$TaxonomicSlotForPredicates
is a binary predicate used to help define the taxonomy of #$Predicates
by specifying relations between various predicates; hence
its argument-places are both constrained to instances (see
#$argIsa) of #$Predicate or
some broad specialization thereof (such as
#$BinaryPredicate). Examples include #$genlPreds,
#$genlInverse, and #$negationPreds.
guid: 567dc080-4087-11d6-8000-00a0c9da2002
direct instance of:
#$PredicateCategory
direct specialization of:
#$MetaPredicate #$TaxonomicSlot
#$FunctionalSlot functional slots
A specialization of #$FunctionalPredicate
each instance of which is a binary predicate that is
functional in its second argument position. More precisely,
a binary predicate PRED is an instance of #$FunctionalSlot
if and only if, for any legal occupant THING1 of PRED's
first (or arg1 ) argument position, there is at most one
legal occupant THING2 of PRED's second (or arg2 ) argument
position such that (PRED THING1 THING2) holds. In other
words, #$FunctionalSlot
is the subcollection of the collection-intersection of
#$BinaryPredicate and #$FunctionalPredicate
containing those predicates whose second argument (at least)
is functional. Examples include #$latitude, #$countryOfAddress,
and #$femaleParentActor.
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direct instance of:
#$PredicateCategory
direct specialization of:
#$FunctionalPredicate #$BinaryPredicate
direct generalization of:
#$IntervalBasedQuantitySlot
#$SubEventSlot sub
event slots
A collection of predicates that are used to relate
an event to its sub-events. Each instance of #$SubEventSlot
has an arity of 2, and both argument places are constrained
(see #$argIsa) to instances of #$Event, or some
subcollection thereof. Each instance of #$SubEventSlot
is a specialization of the predicate #$subEvents (q.v.);
consequently, for each instance PRED of #$SubEventSlot,
either (#$genlPreds PRED #$subEvents) or
(#$genlInverse PRED #$subEvents) holds.
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direct instance of:
#$PredicateCategory
direct specialization of:
#$BinaryRolePredicate #$TemporalPartSlot
#$InterPersonalRelationSlot human
relationships (inter existing object slot)
An instance of #$PredicateCategory,
and a specialization of #$InterExistingObjectSlot.
Each instance of #$InterPersonalRelationSlot
is a binary predicate used to represent relationships
between two instances of #$Animal. Instances
of #$InterPersonalRelationSlot
include #$mate, #$friends, and #$boss.
guid: be00bb8e-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$PredicateCategory
direct specialization of:
#$InterExistingObjectSlot
direct generalization of:
#$FamilyRelationSlot
#$PerceivingSlot perceiving slot
A collection of predicates. Each instance of #$PerceivingSlot
is a binary predicate relating a perceiver and an object or
event (not a sense-datum) that s/he perceives in the mode
specified by the predicate; e.g., sees, hears, smells,
tactuallyPerceives, tastes. Assertions that use a predicate
belonging to #$PerceivingSlot
imply that some perception event occurs during the time that
the assertion holds. See also #$Perceiving
and its subcollections.
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direct instance of:
#$PredicateCategory
direct specialization of: #$CognitiveAwarenessPredicate
#$CostBreakdownSlot cost
breakdown slot
A collection of predicates. Each instance of #$CostBreakdownSlot
is a binary predicate used to describe some pecuniary aspect
of an instance of #$Buying. The first
argument to every #$CostBreakdownSlot
is an instance of #$Buying and the
second argument is always an instance of #$Money. Examples:
#$moneyTransferred,
#$discount, #$salesTax, #$salesCommission.
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direct instance of:
#$PredicateCategory
direct specialization of: #$BinaryPredicate
#$FamilyRelationSlot family relationships
A specialization of #$InterPersonalRelationSlot.
Each instance of #$FamilyRelationSlot
is a binary predicate used to represent relationships among
members of human families. Instances of #$FamilyRelationSlot
include #$spouse,
#$siblings, #$grandmothers, #$grandfathers, #$relatives, and
#$cohabitingFamilyMembers.
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direct instance of:
#$PredicateCategory
direct specialization of:
#$InterPersonalRelationSlot
#$IntangibleObjectRelatingPredicate relation predicate
A collection of predicates used to assert
relationships between intangible objects. As such, each
instance of #$IntangibleObjectRelatingPredicate
has at least two of its argument-places constrained to
instances of #$IntangibleIndividual
or some subcollection thereof. Examples include
#$subAlgorithms, #$maxQuantValue,
#$meanQuantValue, #$expectedValue, #$derivativesOfFunction,
#$rangeOfDistribution, #$inverseFunc, and #$lessLikelyThan.
guid: bd58ed34-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$PredicateCategory
direct specialization of:
#$IntangibleObjectPredicate
#$MicrotheoryPredicate microtheory predicates
A specialization of #$Predicate.
Each instance of #$MicrotheoryPredicate
is a predicate used to describe the properties and
relationships of instances of #$Microtheory.
Instances of #$MicrotheoryPredicate
include #$domainAssumptions,
#$mtTime, #$genlMt,
#$adheresToCodeOfConduct, #$ist-Agreement,
and #$ist-Obligation.
guid: bd58817a-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$PredicateCategory
direct specialization of:
#$Predicate
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