Cyc Lexicon
Vocabulary
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Last
Update: 3/30/02
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Parts Of Speech
#$SpeechPart parts
of speech
The collection of all parts of speech. Instances of
#$SpeechPart
include #$Preposition,
#$Adverb, #$SimpleNoun, #$Determiner, #$QuantifyingIndexical,
#$Punctuation-SP,
#$Pronoun).
To link a specific word with the parts of speech for which
it has forms, see #$posForms; e.g.,
#$You-TheWord has a#$Pronoun form, #$And-TheWord has a #$CoordinatingConjunction
form, #$Hit-TheWord has both #$SimpleNoun and
#$Verb forms.
guid: bd588172-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$SecondOrderCollection
direct specialization of:
#$LinguisticObjectType #$TermPhrasesConstraint
direct generalization of: #$GenericSpeechPartType
#$posForms pos forms
The predicate #$posForms is used
to indicate the different parts of speech that a particular
English word has associated with it. (#$posForms WORD
POS) means that the #$EnglishWord
WORD has a form that can serve as the #$SpeechPart POS.
For example, #$Dot-TheWord has forms for both #$SimpleNoun and
#$Verb. Forms of
a word used for different parts of speech may or may not
differ from each other in sound and/or spelling. To find
out, or to specify, the string that represents a particular
POS form of a specific word, use #$partOfSpeech.
guid: bd5e4f4d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$NLSyntacticPredicate
#$BinaryPredicate
#$SimpleNoun count
nouns (AIT)
The collection of all simple nouns, also called
common nouns. Simple nouns can typically be preceded by a
determiner, and in English they inflect for number. These
nouns, unlike mass nouns, are countable. Example: 'dog'.
guid: bd588078-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$SpeechPart
direct specialization of: #$CountNoun-Generic
direct generalization of: #$SimpleNoun-Neuter
#$SimpleNoun-Masculine #$SimpleNoun-Feminine #$Number-SP
#$AgentiveNoun agentive nouns
The collection of all nouns in the agentive form.
Agentive nouns usually denote the `doer' or `performer' of
some action, and often end in `-er' or `-or'. Example: `runner'.
guid: bd588033-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$SpeechPart
direct specialization of: #$DeVerbalNoun
#$ProperCountNoun proper
count nouns
The collection of all proper count nouns. Proper
nouns are usually capitalized, and they usually denote some
particular person, place, or thing. Many proper nouns cannot
be preceded by a determiner, and many have no plural form.
Example: `Dallas'. Although one might think that names for
languages e.g. ``Cherokee'' are #$ProperCountNouns,
they are actually #$MassNouns. One
test is to see if you can ``too much X'' or ``a lot of X''
without a distinct plural form. For example ``too much
Crest'' vs *``too much Q-tips'' and ``a lot of Coke'' vs
*``a lot of Q-tip'' suggest that ``crest'' and ``coke'' are
mass nouns, whereas ``Q-tip'' is a count noun.
guid: c0f2a028-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$SpeechPart
direct specialization of: #$CountNoun-Generic #$ProperNoun
#$ProperMassNoun proper
mass nouns
The collection of all proper mass nouns. Proper
mass nouns are usually capitalized.
guid: bf668bab-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$SpeechPart
direct specialization of: #$MassNoun-Generic #$ProperNoun
#$Pronoun pronouns
The collection of all pronouns. Pronouns are
indexicals which can replace nouns. Example: `she'.
guid: c0fe02b2-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$SpeechPart
direct specialization of: #$ClosedClassWord
direct generalization of: #$IndefinitePronoun
#$ExpletivePronoun #$Number-SP #$ReciprocalPronoun
#$PossessivePronoun-Post
#$WHPronoun
#$ReflexivePronoun
#$ObjectPronoun
#$SubjectPronoun
#$PossessivePronoun
#$SubjectPronoun subject pronouns
The set of all subject pronouns. Subject pronouns
can replace the subject noun in a sentence, but not the
direct object, indirect object, or oblique object noun.
Example: 'he'.
guid: bd588501-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$SpeechPart
direct specialization of:
#$Pronoun
#$ObjectPronoun object pronouns
The set of all object pronouns. Object pronouns can
replace the direct object, indirect object, or oblique
object noun in a sentence, but not the subject noun.
Example: 'them'.
guid: bd58be1c-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$SpeechPart
direct specialization of:
#$Pronoun
#$ReciprocalPronoun reciprocal pronouns
The set of all reciprocal pronouns. Reciprocal
pronouns are indexicals which are used in reciprocal
contexts. Example: 'each other'.
guid: bd657813-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$SpeechPart
direct specialization of:
#$Pronoun
#$ReflexivePronoun reflexive pronouns
The set of all reflexive pronouns. Reflexive
pronouns can replace nouns in the context of an action which
one does to oneself. Example: 'himself'.
guid: bd58bde1-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$SpeechPart
direct specialization of:
#$Pronoun
#$PossessivePronoun possessive
pronouns (AIT)
This is the collection comprising both
#$PossessivePronoun-Pre and #$PossessivePronoun-Post.
The former are pronouns that can be used in [NP NP]
constructions (e.g. `Her book is on the table.'). The latter
are pronouns that can be used as predicate complements (e.g.
`That book is his.') . Note that `his' and `its' are the
only pronouns in both collections.
guid: c0f2b35d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$SpeechPart
direct specialization of:
#$Determiner #$Pronoun
direct generalization of: #$PossessivePronoun-Pre #$WHPronoun-Possessive
#$PossessivePronoun-Post possessive
pronouns (AIT)
The set of all possessive pronouns which occur as
predicative complements. Example: 'mine', as in 'This book
is mine'.
guid: bd662f6e-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$SpeechPart
direct specialization of:
#$Pronoun
#$Verb verbs
The collection of all verbs. Verbs usually denote
events, states, or processes. Verbs can be conjugated.
Example: `eat'.
guid: bd58807c-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$SpeechPart
direct specialization of: #$NLWordForm
direct generalization of: #$AuxVerb #$MainVerb
#$DenominalVerb #$DeAdjectivalVerb
#$MainVerb main verbs
The set of verbs, excluding auxiliary verbs and
modals (but including participles),
guid: bd5f6836-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$SpeechPart
direct specialization of:
#$Verb
#$Aux-Negated negated
auxiliary verbs
The set of all auxiliary verbs negated by
contraction. Example: 'hadn't'.
guid: bd6621bb-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$SpeechPart
direct specialization of: #$AuxVerb
#$DoAux do aux
The auxiliary verb 'do'. It has unique syntactic
functions, for example, do-support in yes/no questions, so
it is treated as a separate part of speech.
guid: bd598127-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$SpeechPart
direct specialization of: #$AuxVerb
#$HaveAux have aux
The auxiliary verb 'have'. It has unique syntactic
functions, for example, in forming compound tenses, so it is
treated as a separate part of speech.
guid: bd6803e9-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$SpeechPart
direct specialization of: #$AuxVerb
#$BeAux be aux
The auxiliary verb 'be'. It has unique syntactic
functions, for example, in forming compound tenses, so it is
treated as a separate part of speech.
guid: bd588797-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$SpeechPart
direct specialization of: #$AuxVerb
#$Verb-Contracted contracted verbs
The set of all contracted verbal endings. The only
main verbs which can contract are 'have' and 'be'. Example:
-ve, fom 'have'.
guid: bd5999c0-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$SpeechPart
direct specialization of: #$ClosedClassWord
#$Adjective adjectives
The collecton of all adjectives. Adjectives are
words which can modify nouns. Many adjectives have
comparative and superlative forms. Example: `red'.
guid: bd588031-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$SpeechPart
direct specialization of: #$NLWordForm
direct generalization of: #$NonIntersectiveAdjective
#$AttributiveOnlyAdjective #$DeverbalAdjective
#$DeAdjectivalAdjective #$DenominalAdjective
#$NongradableAdjective #$PredicativeOnlyAdjective
#$Adverb adverbs
The collection of all adverbs. Adverbs are words
which can modify adverbs, verbs, or adjectives. Many adverbs
are morphologically derived from adjectives. Example: `slowly'.
guid: bd58802c-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$SpeechPart
direct specialization of: #$NLWordForm
direct generalization of:
#$WHAdverb #$ConjunctAdverb
#$DenominalAdverb #$DeAdjectivalAdverb
#$ConjunctAdverb conjunct adverbs
Adverbials which are neither disjuncts nor
subjuncts. #$ConjunctAdverbs
can generally act as sentential modifiers, however, they
cannot appear as the focus of a cleft sentence.
Semantically, these conjuncts generally indicate how the
speaker views the connection between two linguistic units.
guid: bd61db6f-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$SpeechPart
direct specialization of:
#$Adverb
#$Modal modal verbs
The collection of all modal auxiliary verbs. Modals
have only tensed forms, do not inflect for person and
number, and can take contracted negation. Example: `should'.
guid: bd5884c6-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$SpeechPart
direct specialization of: #$AuxVerb
#$Modal-Contracted contracted
modal verbs
The set of all contracted modal forms. The only
modals which can contract are 'would' and 'will'. Example:
-ll from 'will'.
guid: bd61a6e3-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$SpeechPart
direct specialization of: #$ClosedClassWord
#$VerbParticle verb particles
The set of all particles which can combine with
verbs. Verb particles may appear before the object noun
phrase, or may appear after it, as in 'I put down the phone'
and 'I put the phone down'. Verb particles are usually
prepositions, although they me be adverbials.
guid: bd5897c7-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$SpeechPart
direct specialization of: #$ClosedClassWord
#$Preposition prepositions
The collection of all prepositions. Prepositions
are function words which usually take a noun phrase
complement. They usually express temporal, spatial, or other
relations. Example: `at'.
guid: bd59095f-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$SpeechPart
direct specialization of: #$ClosedClassWord
direct generalization of:
#$Preposition-Spatial
#$Preposition-Of
#$Preposition-Temporal
#$Preposition-Spatial spatial prepositions
The set of all prepositions which express spatial
relations. This includes locative and directional
prepositions. Example: 'under', as in 'the dog is under the table'.
guid: bd5c2741-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$SpeechPart
direct specialization of:
#$Preposition
direct generalization of:
#$Preposition-Locative
#$Preposition-Directional
#$Preposition-Directional-Telic
#$Preposition-Directional-Atelic
#$Preposition-Locative locative prepositions
The set of all prepositions which express a
locative, static spatial relation. Example: 'beside', as in
'the desk is beside the bookcase'.
guid: bd5aea49-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$SpeechPart
direct specialization of:
#$Preposition-Spatial
#$Preposition-Directional preposition directional
The set of all prepositions which express a
directional, dynamic spatial relation. Example: 'into', as
in 'the man walked into the room'.
guid: bd62c6c9-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$SpeechPart
direct specialization of:
#$Preposition-Spatial
#$Preposition-Temporal temporal prepositions
The set of all prepositions which express temporal
relations. Example: 'on', as in 'we arrived on Tuesday'.
guid: bd604624-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$SpeechPart
direct specialization of:
#$Preposition
direct generalization of: #$Preposition-TimePoint
#$Preposition-Duration-Telic #$Preposition-Duration-Atelic
#$Preposition-Duration
#$Preposition-Of preposition of
The preposition 'of'. It has unique syntactic
functions, for example, occurring after quantifiers, so it
is treated as a separate part of speech.
guid: bd5a055c-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$SpeechPart
direct specialization of:
#$Preposition
#$Complementizer complementizers
The set of all complementizers. In English, this is
only the word 'that'. Complementizers introduce a tensed clauses.
guid: bd588595-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$SpeechPart
direct specialization of: #$ClosedClassWord
#$InfinitiveComp infinitive complementizers
The set of all infinitive complementizers. In
English, this is only the word 'to'. Infinitive
complementizers introduce non-tensed clauses.
guid: c0f2a1b1-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$SpeechPart
direct specialization of: #$ClosedClassWord
#$WHAdverb wh-adverbs
The set of all wh-words which can act as adverbs.
Example: 'when'.
guid: bd6156f3-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$SpeechPart
direct specialization of: #$WHWord #$Adverb
#$WHPronoun wh-pronouns
The set of all wh-words which can stand in for
nouns. Example: 'whatever'.
guid: bd5b7e6d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$SpeechPart
direct specialization of: #$WHWord #$Pronoun
direct generalization of:
#$WHPronoun-Possessive
#$WHPronoun-Object #$WHPronoun-Subject
#$WHPronoun-Possessive possessive wh-pronouns
This is the collection of #$WHPronouns that
can be used in the genitive case. For example, `Whose book
in on the table?'.
guid: be74b0f7-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$SpeechPart
direct specialization of:
#$WHPronoun #$PossessivePronoun
#$WHDeterminer wh-determiners
The set of all wh-words which can act as
determiners. Example: 'which'.
guid: c10c5668-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$SpeechPart
direct specialization of:
#$Determiner #$WHWord
#$Determiner articles (AIT)
The set of all determiners. Determiners are
function words which can precede nouns. Example: 'these'.
guid: bd588077-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$SpeechPart
direct specialization of: #$ClosedClassWord
direct generalization of: #$Determiner-Numeric #$Determiner-ClassC
#$Determiner-ClassD
#$Determiner-Definite
#$Determiner-Indefinite
#$Determiner-ClassA
#$Determiner-ClassB
#$PossessivePronoun
#$WHDeterminer
#$Determiner-Central
#$Determiner-ClassA class
A determiner
The set of determiners which can occupy the initial
position in a string of prenominal modifiers. Example:
'all', as in 'all the many books.' These are often called 'predeterminers'.
guid: bd615545-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$SpeechPart
direct specialization of:
#$Determiner
#$Determiner-ClassB class
B determiner
The set of pronoun determiners which can occupy the
second position in a string of prenominal modifiers.
Example: 'you', as in 'all you people.'
guid: bd62aa46-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$SpeechPart
direct specialization of:
#$Determiner
#$Determiner-ClassC class
C determiner
The set of determiners which can occupy the first
position in a string of prenominal modifiers. Example:
'another', as in 'another three people.' This class is
distinct from #$Determiner-ClassA,
the predeterminers. Unlike predeterminers, members of this
class cannot appear in the initial determiner position in
constructions like '*some you people' or '*more this gold'.
guid: bd5b955b-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$SpeechPart
direct specialization of:
#$Determiner
#$Determiner-ClassD class
D determiner
The set of determiners which can occupy the third
position in a string of prenominal modifiers. Example:
'many', as in 'all her many friends.' This class is
sometimes called 'postdeterminers'.
guid: bd683ffd-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$SpeechPart
direct specialization of:
#$Determiner
#$Determiner-Definite definite determiner
The class of definite determiners, such as 'these'.
With #$Determiner-Indefinite
often called the class of central determiners.
guid: bd5e419a-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$SpeechPart
direct specialization of: #$Determiner-Central
direct generalization of: #$PossessivePronoun-Pre
#$Determiner-Indefinite indefinite determiner
guid: bd5b258a-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$SpeechPart
direct specialization of: #$Determiner-Central
#$Number-SP number
speech parts
The set of all numbers used as words. This includes
spelled-out numbers, like 'five', and digits, like '5'.
guid: c0f2ae77-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$SpeechPart
direct specialization of:
#$Determiner-Numeric #$SimpleNoun #$Pronoun
#$Quantifier-SP quantifier
The set of all quantifying words. Quantifiers can
modify nouns. Example: 'most'.
guid: c0f2aa93-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$SpeechPart
direct specialization of: #$ClosedClassWord
#$QuantifyingIndexical quantifying indexicals
The set of all inherently quantified indexicals.
Example: 'everything'.
guid: c0f2b07c-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$SpeechPart
direct specialization of: #$ClosedClassWord
#$PostQuant-SP post-nominal quantifier
The set of all quantifiers which can appear
post-nominally. Example: 'all'.
guid: c0f2b148-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$SpeechPart
direct specialization of: #$ClosedClassWord
#$PossessiveMarker possessive marker
The set of all contracted possessive endings which
attach to nouns.
guid: bd5c425d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$SpeechPart
direct specialization of: #$ClosedClassWord
direct generalization of:
#$PossessiveMarker-Sg
#$PossessiveMarker-Pl
#$PossessiveMarker-Sg singular
possessive marker
The set of all contracted possessive endings which
attach to singular nouns. In English, this is only 's, as in 'boy's'.
guid: bd5a18ed-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$SpeechPart
direct specialization of:
#$PossessiveMarker
#$PossessiveMarker-Pl plural
possessive marker
The set of all contracted possessive endings which
attach to plural nouns. In English, this is only s', as in 'boys''.
guid: bd5d8800-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$SpeechPart
direct specialization of:
#$PossessiveMarker
#$Punctuation-SP punctuation
marks (AIT)
The set of all punctuation marks. Example: '?' or ','.
guid: bd588449-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$SpeechPart
direct specialization of: #$ClosedClassWord
#$SubordinatingConjunction subordinating conjunctions
The set of all conjunctions which can introduce a
subordinate clause. Example: 'after'.
guid: bd650413-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$SpeechPart
direct specialization of: #$Conjunction
#$CoordinatingConjunction coordinating conjunctions
The set of all coordinating conjunctions.
Typically, coordinating conjunctions can appear in phrases
with any number of conjuncts. Coordinating conjunctions can
link terms of any functional category. Example: 'and'.
guid: bd644b08-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$SpeechPart
direct specialization of: #$Conjunction
#$There-Existential there existential
The set of all existential indicators. In English,
this is only the word 'there'.
guid: bd5c4188-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$SpeechPart
direct specialization of: #$ClosedClassWord
Predicates Linking Word Units To Strings
#$singular singular
(#$singular WORD
STRING) means that STRING is the singular noun form of WORD.
For example, the #$singular form of
#$Hit-TheWord is `hit'.
guid: bd6757b8-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$SpeechPartPredicate
direct specialization of: #$singular-Generic
#$simpleNounStrings
#$plural plural
(#$plural
WORD STRING) means that STRING is the plural noun form of
WORD. For example, the #$plural form of
#$Hit-TheWord is `hits', and the plural form of
#$Goose-TheWord is `geese'.
guid: bd5a6853-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$SpeechPartPredicate
direct specialization of: #$plural-Generic
#$simpleNounStrings
#$massNumber mass number
(#$massNumber
WORD STRING) means that STRING is the mass noun form of
WORD. For example, `paper' is the mass noun form of #$Paper-TheWord.
guid: bd60ad01-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$SpeechPartPredicate
direct specialization of: #$massNumber-Generic
#$pnSingular pn singular
The relationship between an #$EnglishWord
and its singular proper noun form. Proper nouns often are
names of individuals or organizations. Singular forms denote
one instance of the proper noun. Example: 'Mary'.
guid: bd5bedf8-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$SpeechPartPredicate
direct specialization of: #$pnNonPlural-Generic
#$singular-Generic
#$pnPlural pn plural
The relationship between an #$EnglishWord
and its plural proper noun form. Proper nouns often are
names of individuals or organizations. The regular form of
the plural can usually be made by adding 's' to the singular
form. Plural forms denote more than one. Example: 'Czechs'.
guid: bd599548-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$SpeechPartPredicate
direct specialization of: #$plural-Generic
#$pnMassNumber pn
mass number
The relationship between an #$EnglishWord
and its mass proper noun form. Proper nouns often are names
of individuals or organizations;they may also be product
brand names. Mass forms denote non-countable quantities.
Syntactically singular in form and agreement properties.
Example: 'Coke'.
guid: bd5da200-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$SpeechPartPredicate
direct specialization of: #$pnNonPlural-Generic
#$massNumber-Generic
#$agentive-Sg agentive
- sg
The relationship between an #$EnglishWord
and its agentive singular noun form. Agentive nouns usually
denote the 'doer' of some action, and often end in -er or
-or. Example : 'writer'.
guid: bd66e63b-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$SpeechPartPredicate
direct specialization of: #$singular-Generic
#$agentiveNounStrings
#$agentive-Pl agentive
- pl
The relationship between an #$EnglishWord
and its agentive plural noun form. Agentive nouns usually
denote the 'doer' of some action. The regular form of the
plural can usually be made by adding 's' to the singular
form. Example: 'runners'.
guid: bd5b8522-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$SpeechPartPredicate
direct specialization of: #$plural-Generic
#$agentiveNounStrings
#$agentive-Mass agentive
- mass
The relationship between an #$EnglishWord
and its agentive mass noun form. Agentive nouns usually
denote the 'doer' of some action. Syntactically singular in
form and agreement properties. Example: 'filler'.
guid: bd66f62a-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$SpeechPartPredicate
direct specialization of: #$agentiveNounStrings
#$massNumber-Generic
#$infinitive infinitive
This predicate relates #$LexicalWords
(q.v.) to their corresponding infinitive verb forms. (#$infinitive
WORD STRING) means that STRING is an infinitive verb form of
WORD. But note that for the sake of convenience STRING does
_not_ include the marker `to' that is commonly given at the
beginning of an (English) infinitive. For example, #$infinitive
relates #$Hit-TheWord simply to the string `hit' (rather
than `to hit'). Note also that, in the Knowledge Base (KB),
the closed atomic sentences (i.e. GAF s) built with #$infinitive
typically have #$SubLStrings (q.v.) as their second
arguments, as indicated by a surrounding pair of
double-quotation marks. So the above example actually
appears in the KB as `(#$infinitive #$Hit-TheWord hit )'.
guid: bd5d6824-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$SpeechPartPredicate
direct specialization of: #$untensed
#$pastTense-Universal past
tense - universal
(#$pastTense-Universal
WORD STRING) means that STRING is the past tense verb form
of WORD. The regular past tense form is formed from the
infinitive verb form with an `-ed' suffix. Since regular
forms are generated by the morphology component, verbs in
the Cyc lexicon should have a #$pastTense-Universal
entry only if they are irregular. Regular example: `helped'.
Irregular example: `ate'.
guid: bd5d8eb7-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$SpeechPartPredicate
direct specialization of: #$perfective-Generic
#$perfect perfect
(#$perfect WORD
STRING) means that STRING is the perfect verb form (also
known as the past participle) of WORD. The regular perfect
verb form is often the same as the past tense verb form.
Verbs in the Cyc lexicon should have a #$perfect entry only
if they are irregular, since regular forms are generated by
the morphology component. Regular example: `helped'.
Irregular example: `eaten'.
guid: bd62ff40-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$SpeechPartPredicate
direct specialization of: #$untensed
#$gerund gerund
(#$gerund
WORD STRING) means that STRING is the gerund form of WORD.
The regular gerund is formed from the infinitive verb form
with an `ing' suffix. Verbs in the Cyc lexicon will have a
#$gerund entry
only if they are irregular. Regular forms are generated by
the morphology component.
guid: bd67b170-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$SpeechPartPredicate
direct specialization of: #$singular-Generic
#$massNumber-Generic #$untensed
#$firstPersonSg-Present first
person sg - present
The relationship between an #$EnglishWord
and its first person singular verb form. This predicate is
only used for the auxiliary verbs 'be', 'have', and 'do'.
Example: 'am'.
guid: bd5fcbb6-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$SpeechPartPredicate
direct specialization of: #$nonThirdSg-Present
#$secondPersonSg-Present second
person sg - present
The relationship between an #$EnglishWord
and its second person singular verb form.
guid: bd61fc23-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$SpeechPartPredicate
direct specialization of: #$nonThirdSg-Present
#$thirdPersonSg-Present third
person sg - present
The relationship between an #$EnglishWord
and its third person singular verb form. The regular third
person singular for is generated from the infinitive verb
form with an 's' suffix. Verbs in the Cyc lexicon will have
a #$thirdPersonSg entry only if they are irregular. Regular
forms are generated by the morphology component. Regular
example: 'runs'. Irregular example: 'flies'.
guid: bd638e19-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$SpeechPartPredicate
direct specialization of: #$thirdPersonSg-Generic
#$presentTense-Generic
#$regularDegree regular degree
The relationship between an #$EnglishWord
and its regular adjectival form. Example: 'strong'.
guid: bd5b53a9-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$SpeechPartPredicate
direct specialization of: #$adjStrings
#$comparativeDegree comparative degree
The relationship between an #$EnglishWord
and its comparative adjectival form. This is often formed by
suffixing 'er' to the regular form. Example: 'stronger'.
guid: bd5ad360-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$SpeechPartPredicate
direct specialization of: #$adjStrings
#$superlativeDegree superlative degree
The relationship between an #$EnglishWord
and its superlative adjectival form. This is often formed by
suffixing 'est' to the regular form. Example: 'strongest'.
guid: bd65773f-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$SpeechPartPredicate
direct specialization of: #$adjStrings
#$regularAdverb regular adverb
The relationship between an #$EnglishWord
and its regular adverbial form. Example: 'strongly'.
guid: bd600bb9-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$SpeechPartPredicate
direct specialization of: #$adverbStrings
#$comparativeAdverb comparative adverb
The relationship between an #$EnglishWord
and its comparative adverbial form. Example: 'better'.
guid: bd6502ae-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$SpeechPartPredicate
direct specialization of: #$adverbStrings
#$superlativeAdverb superlative adverb
The relationship between an #$EnglishWord
and its superlative adverbial form. Example: 'best'.
guid: bd64963c-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$SpeechPartPredicate
direct specialization of: #$adverbStrings
Transitivity Alternations
#$participatesInAlternation participates
in alternation
A relation between a verb sense and the type of
transitivity alternations in which it participates.
guid: bd59e1dd-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$NLPredicate #$TernaryPredicate
#$OpenCycNLPredicate
#$TransitivityAlternationType transitivity
alternation type
Each instance of this collection is a type of
alternation which affects a verb's transitivity. Example:
The transitive 'NP V NP' structure may alternate with the
intransitive 'NP V' or 'NP V PP'.
guid: bd6355e5-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$CollectionType
direct specialization of:
#$LinguisticObjectType
#$InducedActionAlternation induced
action alternation
An alternation in which the transitive form
specifies an action that the causer which, when performed by
the subject, also induces the same action to happen to the
object. The transitive forms also must have an overt or
understood directional phrase accompanying them. For
example, in 'Kim drove Sandy to the airport', 'Kim' causes
'Sandy' to be transported while in the alternation 'Kim
drove to the airport', 'Kim' only causes herself to be transported.
guid: bd604163-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$LinguisticObjectType
direct specialization of:
#$NonlexicalLinguisticObject
#$Causative-InchoativeAlternation causative
inchoative alternation
An #$ObjOfTrans-SubjOfIntrans
alternation in which the transitive use may be interpreted
as causing the intransitive form of the verb to occur. For
example 'she burned the house' may be interpreted as 'she
caused the house to burn' where 'the house burned' is the
intransitive form. Verbs which occur in this alternation
often denote a change of state or position.
guid: bd674cd0-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$LinguisticObjectType
direct specialization of:
#$NonlexicalLinguisticObject
#$MiddleAlternation middle alternation
An #$ObjOfTrans-SubjOfIntrans
alternation in which the intransitive form has an understood
agent and a non-specified time reference. Verbs which occur
in this alternation often have objects which are affected by
a change of state denoted by the verb. For example, 'Joan
cut the bread' alternates with 'The bread cuts easily'.
guid: bd5c76a3-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$LinguisticObjectType
direct specialization of:
#$NonlexicalLinguisticObject
#$ObjOfTrans-SubjOfIntrans obj
of trans subj of intrans
An alternation between the object of a transitive
verb and the subject of an intransitive verb. See its specs
for examples.
guid: bd64f2bd-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$LinguisticObjectType
direct specialization of:
#$NonlexicalLinguisticObject
Subcategorization Frames
#$ZeroArticleFrame zero
article frame
This subcategorization frame is for count nouns
which need not take an article, as in 'in spring', or 'in prison'.
guid: bee8fd71-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$FrameForNouns #$Individual
#$DefiniteDeterminerFrame definite
determiner frame
This frame applies to nouns which typically occur
with the definite determiner, for example, 'the Sun'; 'the flu'.
guid: be2a10d2-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$FrameForNouns #$Individual
#$TransitiveInfinitivePhraseCompFrame transitive
infinitive phrase comp frame
This frame is used for transitive words (usually
verbs or adjectives) that take exactly one complement which
is an infinitive phrase. In HPSG terms: [COMPS
] Example: 'I decided to leave'.
guid: bd657e7f-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$GenericTransitiveInfinitivePhraseCompFrame #$Individual
#$ForNPInfinitiveFrame for
n p infinitive frame
This frame is used for verbs and adjectives which
can be used with a 'for-NP-infinitival' phrase. Examples: 'I
would hate for him to leave' and 'I would be happy for you
to join us'.
guid: bd665023-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$GenericTransitiveInfinitivePhraseCompFrame #$Individual
#$TransitiveThatClauseCompFrame transitive
that clause comp frame
This frame is used for transitive words that take
exactly one finite clausal complement such that the
following is true: (i) that complement may be a finite
that-clause complement as in 'I think that John went to the
party', and (ii) that complement may be a simple (that-less
and wh-less) finite clause as in 'I think John went to the
party', and (iii) that complement may *not* be a finite
wh-clause as in 'I think why John went to the party'.
Examples of words in this class: 'think', 'suppose', 'assume'.
guid: bd5e3477-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$GenericTransitiveThatClauseCompFrame #$Individual
#$NounPremodifierFrame noun
premodifier frame
This frame is for adjectives which can take a
nominal premodifier. Example: 'He is six feet tall.'
guid: bd5dd2a2-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$PredicativeFrame #$Individual
#$ThatCl-PleonasticFrame that
cl - pleonastic frame
This frame is used for transitive words (usually
verbs or adjectives) that take an expletive 'it' subject and
exactly one complement which is a that-clause, but can not
take a that-clause as a subject. In HPSG terms: [SUBJ
], [COMPS . Example: 'it seems that he
left', 'it appears that the candidate wins the election next
year', but not *'that he left seems'. 'it is likely that
John and Mary will get along', 'it is nice that Fred invited
us' do not have this frame, since they can also be used with
a clausal subject as in 'That Fred invited us to the party
is nice'. Use #$ClausalSubjectTransitiveNPCompFrame for
those cases.
guid: bd5f4a4c-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$GenericTransitiveThatClauseCompFrame #$Individual
#$Post-NounPhraseModifyingFrame post
- noun phrase modifying frame
This frame is used for adverbs which can postmodify
a noun. Example: 'yesterday', as in 'the meeting yesterday'.
guid: c0302529-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$NounPhraseModifyingFrame #$Individual
#$AdverbModifyingFrame adverb
modifying frame
This frame is used for adverbs which modify other
adverbs. Example: 'very', as in 'He ran very slowly'.
guid: bd63528c-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$GenericAdverbPhraseModifyingFrame #$Individual
#$AdjectiveModifyingFrame adjective
modifying frame
This frame is used for adverbs which modify
adjectives. Example: 'very', as in 'He is very happy'.
guid: bd5a32ec-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$FrameForAdverbs #$Individual
#$VerbPhraseModifyingFrame verb
phrase modifying frame
This frame is used for adverbs which can modify
verb phrases by either right-attaching them or
left-attaching them. Example: 'slowly', as in 'He ate slowly'.
guid: bd5d6af0-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$GenericPost-VerbPhraseModifyingFrame
#$GenericPre-VerbPhraseModifyingFrame #$Individual
#$ClauseModifyingFrame clause
modifying frame
This frame is used for adverbs which modify
clauses. Example: 'fortunately', as in 'Fortunately, they
arrived on time'.
guid: bd659139-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$FrameForAdverbs #$Individual
#$IntransitiveVerbFrame intransitive
verb frame
This frame is used for words which can be used
intransitively, that is, without any complements at all. In
HPSG terms: [COMPS < >] Example: 'I dance'.
guid: bd5cff0a-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$IntransitiveFrame
#$FrameForVerbs #$Individual
#$UnderstoodReciprocalObjectFrame understood
reciprocal object frame
This frame is used for words whose (plural) subject
acts as an understood reciprocal object. Example: `They were
flirting the whole night.
guid: bd605778-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$FrameForVerbs
#$IntransitiveFrame #$Individual
#$UnderstoodReflexiveObjectFrame understood
reflexive object frame
This frame is used for words whose subject acts as
an understood reflexive object. Examples: `I dressed.' `The
man shaved.'
guid: bd5f3e47-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$FrameForVerbs
#$IntransitiveFrame #$Individual
#$TransitiveGerundPhraseCompFrame transitive
gerund phrase comp frame
This frame is used for transitive words that take
exactly one complement which is a gerund phrase. In HPSG
terms: [COMPS ] Example: 'He started eating at noon'.
guid: bd67c39b-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$FrameForVerbs #$Individual
#$TransitiveFrame transitive frame
This frame is used for words that take exactly one
(not necessarily an NP) complement. In HPSG terms: [COMPS ]
guid: c108f2ed-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$LinguisticObjectType
direct specialization of: #$FrameForVerbs
direct generalization of:
#$GenericTransitiveThatClauseCompFrame
#$GenericTransitiveInfinitivePhraseCompFrame
#$GenericTransitiveNPCompFrame #$TransitivePPCompFrame
#$DitransitiveAdjectivePhraseCompFrame ditransitive
adjective phrase comp frame
This frame is used for words that take exactly two
complements, the first of which is an NP and the second an
AdjP. In HPSG terms: [COMPS ] Examples: 'They
consider Kim stupid' and 'Chris ate the fish raw'.
guid: bd5b832d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$FrameForVerbs #$Individual
#$DitransitiveBareInfinitiveCompFrame ditransitive
bare infinitive comp frame
This frame is used for words that take exactly two
complements, the first of which is an NP and the second a
bare infinitive (a bse VP, in HPSG). In HPSG terms: [COMPS
] Example: 'He watched them leave'.
guid: bd6252c9-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$FrameForVerbs #$Individual
#$DitransitiveGerundPhraseCompFrame ditransitive
gerund phrase comp frame
This frame is used for words that take exactly two
complements, the first of which is an NP and the second a
gerund phrase. In HPSG terms: [COMPS ]
Example: 'He heard them laughing'.
guid: bd61192d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$FrameForVerbs #$Individual
#$DitransitiveThatClauseCompFrame ditransitive
that clause comp frame
This frame is used for words that take exactly two
complements, the first of which is an NP and the second a
that-clause. In HPSG terms: [COMPS ] Example:
'I assure you that this car is new'.
guid: bd6262b8-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$ClausalComplementFrame #$Individual
#$ObligatoryReflexiveObjectFrame obligatory
reflexive object frame
This frame is used for transitive words that take
exactly one complement which is a reflexive pronominal. In
HPSG terms: [COMPS ] Example: 'He
perjured himself'.
guid: bd640cb5-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$GenericTransitiveNPCompFrame
#$Individual
#$DitransitiveNPCompFrame ditransitive
n p comp frame
This frame is used for words that take exactly two
NP complements. In HPSG terms: [COMPS ] Example: 'I
gave him a book'.
guid: c0fdf5c2-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$PassivizableFrame
#$FrameForVerbs #$Individual
#$DitransitiveWhClauseCompFrame ditransitive
wh clause comp frame
This frame is used for words that take exactly two
complements, the first of which is an NP and the second a
wh-clause. In HPSG terms: [COMPS ] Example:
'I asked them whether this car was new'.
guid: bd5a47e4-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$FrameForVerbs #$Individual
#$DitransitiveAdjectivePhraseCompFrame ditransitive
adjective phrase comp frame
This frame is used for words that take exactly two
complements, the first of which is an NP and the second an
AdjP. In HPSG terms: [COMPS ] Examples: 'They
consider Kim stupid' and 'Chris ate the fish raw'.
guid: bd5b832d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$FrameForVerbs #$Individual
#$DitransitiveInfinitivePhraseCompFrame ditransitive
infinitive phrase comp frame
This frame is used for words that take exactly two
complements, the first of which is an NP and the second an
infinitive phrase. In HPSG terms: [COMPS ] Example: 'I told him to make a sandwich'.
guid: bd5d3544-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$GenericDitransitiveInfinitivePhraseCompFrame #$Individual
#$TransitiveAdjectivePhraseCompFrame transitive
adjective phrase comp frame
This frame is used for transitive words that take
exactly one complement which is an AdjP. In HPSG terms:
[COMPS ] Example: 'He got sick'.
guid: bd5afb55-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$FrameForVerbs #$Individual
#$TransitiveThatClauseCompFrame transitive
that clause comp frame
This frame is used for transitive words that take
exactly one finite clausal complement such that the
following is true: (i) that complement may be a finite
that-clause complement as in 'I think that John went to the
party', and (ii) that complement may be a simple (that-less
and wh-less) finite clause as in 'I think John went to the
party', and (iii) that complement may *not* be a finite
wh-clause as in 'I think why John went to the party'.
Examples of words in this class: 'think', 'suppose', 'assume'.
guid: bd5e3477-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$GenericTransitiveThatClauseCompFrame #$Individual
#$TransitiveInfinitivePhraseCompFrame transitive
infinitive phrase comp frame
This frame is used for transitive words (usually
verbs or adjectives) that take exactly one complement which
is an infinitive phrase. In HPSG terms: [COMPS
] Example: 'I decided to leave'.
guid: bd657e7f-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$GenericTransitiveInfinitivePhraseCompFrame #$Individual
#$TransitiveWhClauseCompFrame transitive
wh clause comp frame
This frame is used for transitive words that take
exactly one complement which is a either finite or
infinitival wh-clause, but do not take either a that-clause
or a that-less and wh-less 'bare' finite clause. In HPSG
terms: [COMPS ] Example: 'I asked whether he had
eaten', 'I wonder why he left', but not 'I asked that he
leaves' or 'I asked he leaves' (in the question sense of
ask) Another example is 'wonder'.
guid: bd60312e-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$ClausalComplementFrame #$Individual
#$ForNPInfinitiveFrame for
n p infinitive frame
This frame is used for verbs and adjectives which
can be used with a 'for-NP-infinitival' phrase. Examples: 'I
would hate for him to leave' and 'I would be happy for you
to join us'.
guid: bd665023-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$GenericTransitiveInfinitivePhraseCompFrame #$Individual
#$subcatFrame subcat frame
(#$subcatFrame
WORD PART INT FRAME) means that the part of speech PART of
word WORD has the subcategorization frame FRAME, for word
sense INT.
guid: bd64710d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$NLSyntacticPredicate
#$QuaternaryPredicate
#$IntransitiveVerbFrame intransitive
verb frame
This frame is used for words which can be used
intransitively, that is, without any complements at all. In
HPSG terms: [COMPS < >] Example: 'I dance'.
guid: bd5cff0a-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$IntransitiveFrame
#$FrameForVerbs #$Individual
#$TransitiveFrame transitive frame
This frame is used for words that take exactly one
(not necessarily an NP) complement. In HPSG terms: [COMPS ]
guid: c108f2ed-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$LinguisticObjectType
direct specialization of: #$FrameForVerbs
direct generalization of:
#$GenericTransitiveThatClauseCompFrame
#$GenericTransitiveInfinitivePhraseCompFrame
#$GenericTransitiveNPCompFrame #$TransitivePPCompFrame
#$DitransitiveNPCompFrame ditransitive
n p comp frame
This frame is used for words that take exactly two
NP complements. In HPSG terms: [COMPS ] Example: 'I
gave him a book'.
guid: c0fdf5c2-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$PassivizableFrame
#$FrameForVerbs #$Individual
#$TransitiveInfinitivePhraseCompFrame transitive
infinitive phrase comp frame
This frame is used for transitive words (usually
verbs or adjectives) that take exactly one complement which
is an infinitive phrase. In HPSG terms: [COMPS
] Example: 'I decided to leave'.
guid: bd657e7f-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$GenericTransitiveInfinitivePhraseCompFrame #$Individual
#$DitransitiveInfinitivePhraseCompFrame ditransitive
infinitive phrase comp frame
This frame is used for words that take exactly two
complements, the first of which is an NP and the second an
infinitive phrase. In HPSG terms: [COMPS ] Example: 'I told him to make a sandwich'.
guid: bd5d3544-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$GenericDitransitiveInfinitivePhraseCompFrame #$Individual
#$DitransitiveAdjectivePhraseCompFrame ditransitive
adjective phrase comp frame
This frame is used for words that take exactly two
complements, the first of which is an NP and the second an
AdjP. In HPSG terms: [COMPS ] Examples: 'They
consider Kim stupid' and 'Chris ate the fish raw'.
guid: bd5b832d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$FrameForVerbs #$Individual
#$DitransitiveWhClauseCompFrame ditransitive
wh clause comp frame
This frame is used for words that take exactly two
complements, the first of which is an NP and the second a
wh-clause. In HPSG terms: [COMPS ] Example:
'I asked them whether this car was new'.
guid: bd5a47e4-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$FrameForVerbs #$Individual
#$DitransitiveThatClauseCompFrame ditransitive
that clause comp frame
This frame is used for words that take exactly two
complements, the first of which is an NP and the second a
that-clause. In HPSG terms: [COMPS ] Example:
'I assure you that this car is new'.
guid: bd6262b8-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$ClausalComplementFrame #$Individual
#$ObligatoryReflexiveObjectFrame obligatory
reflexive object frame
This frame is used for transitive words that take
exactly one complement which is a reflexive pronominal. In
HPSG terms: [COMPS ] Example: 'He
perjured himself'.
guid: bd640cb5-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$GenericTransitiveNPCompFrame
#$Individual
#$FrameForAdjectives adjectival frames
Subcat frames which make sense for #$Adjectives.
guid: c0940067-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$LinguisticObjectType
direct specialization of: #$SubcategorizationFrame
direct generalization of: #$PredicativeFrame
#$TransitiveWhClauseCompFrame transitive
wh clause comp frame
This frame is used for transitive words that take
exactly one complement which is a either finite or
infinitival wh-clause, but do not take either a that-clause
or a that-less and wh-less 'bare' finite clause. In HPSG
terms: [COMPS ] Example: 'I asked whether he had
eaten', 'I wonder why he left', but not 'I asked that he
leaves' or 'I asked he leaves' (in the question sense of
ask) Another example is 'wonder'.
guid: bd60312e-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$ClausalComplementFrame #$Individual
#$TransitiveThatClauseCompFrame transitive
that clause comp frame
This frame is used for transitive words that take
exactly one finite clausal complement such that the
following is true: (i) that complement may be a finite
that-clause complement as in 'I think that John went to the
party', and (ii) that complement may be a simple (that-less
and wh-less) finite clause as in 'I think John went to the
party', and (iii) that complement may *not* be a finite
wh-clause as in 'I think why John went to the party'.
Examples of words in this class: 'think', 'suppose', 'assume'.
guid: bd5e3477-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$GenericTransitiveThatClauseCompFrame #$Individual
#$VerbPhraseModifyingFrame verb
phrase modifying frame
This frame is used for adverbs which can modify
verb phrases by either right-attaching them or
left-attaching them. Example: 'slowly', as in 'He ate slowly'.
guid: bd5d6af0-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$GenericPost-VerbPhraseModifyingFrame
#$GenericPre-VerbPhraseModifyingFrame #$Individual
#$AdverbModifyingFrame adverb
modifying frame
This frame is used for adverbs which modify other
adverbs. Example: 'very', as in 'He ran very slowly'.
guid: bd63528c-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$GenericAdverbPhraseModifyingFrame #$Individual
#$AdjectiveModifyingFrame adjective
modifying frame
This frame is used for adverbs which modify
adjectives. Example: 'very', as in 'He is very happy'.
guid: bd5a32ec-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$FrameForAdverbs #$Individual
#$ClauseModifyingFrame clause
modifying frame
This frame is used for adverbs which modify
clauses. Example: 'fortunately', as in 'Fortunately, they
arrived on time'.
guid: bd659139-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$FrameForAdverbs #$Individual
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