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#$InformationBearingThing   ibt
A collection of temporal objects, including actions and events as well as physical objects. Each instance of #$InformationBearingThing is an item that contains information, for an agent who understands how to interpret it. Examples: a copy of the novel `Moby Dick'; a signal buoy; a photograph; a flag; an elevator sign in Braille; a map; a US dollar bill; a resume; an account ledger; a word in ASL; a musical score; the #$Cyc program itself. Note: `an IBT' abbreviates `an information bearing thing'. See also #$SpecifiedInformationBearingThingType. For representation of the propositional content of information bearing things, see #$PropositionalInformationThing; but note that not all IBTs have a propositional content (cf. #$ArtObject). Also note that events in which information is transferred (cf. #$InformationTransferEvent) are not considered instances of #$InformationBearingThing. Rather, such transfer events have, as one of their actors, some instance of #$InformationBearingThing which is the token considered to be transfered in the #$InformationTransferEvent.
guid: be436e7e-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$ExistingObjectType
direct specialization of: #$InformationStore  #$SpatialThing-Localized  
direct generalization of: #$InformationBearingWavePropagation #$InformationBearingObject #$HumanAccessibleIBT #$Signal #$VisualInformationSource #$Inform-CommunicationAct #$TextualMaterial #$NLWord-IBT
#$InformationBearingObject   ibo (ibt)
A specialization of both #$InformationBearingThing and #$CompositeTangibleAndIntangibleObject. Each instance of #$InformationBearingObject is an object that can be interpreted, by an interpreter understanding its conventions, to yield a chunk or chunks of information. #$InformationBearingObject includes all of the following: (1) artifacts made solely for the purpose of conveying information (e.g., a newspaper, or a children's science video); (2) artifacts that convey information in addition to their intended function (e.g., Neolithic pottery); and (3) non-artifacts, such as a person's fingerprints, gestures, and utterances, which may be interpreted to yield information. Note: `an IBO' abbreviates `an information bearing object'. Cf. #$InformationBearingWavePropagation. See also #$containsInformation.
guid: bd58f6ac-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$ExistingObjectType
direct specialization of: #$CompositeTangibleAndIntangibleObject  #$InformationBearingThing  
direct generalization of: #$HumanAccessibleIBO #$OfficialDocument
#$InformationBearingWavePropagation   information bearing wave propagation
A specialization of both #$InformationBearingThing and #$WavePropagation. Each instance of #$InformationBearingWavePropagation is a wave propagation event that carries information for interpreters who understand its conventions. Notable specializations of #$InformationBearingWavePropagation include #$Music, #$VisualImage, and #$Utterance.
guid: bf834402-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$WavePropagationType
direct specialization of: #$InformationBearingThing  #$WavePropagation  
direct generalization of: #$SoundInformationBearingThing #$VisualImage #$AnimalSound
#$PropositionalInformationThing   pit (context)
A specialization of both #$InformationStore and #$Microtheory. Each instance of #$PropositionalInformationThing is a chunk of abstract propositional information (`a PIT' abbreviates `a propositional information thing'), where such a chunk consists of one or more propositions. The propositional content of a PIT is not intrinsically encoded in any particular language, and it may be representable in many languages. PITs are used to represent the meaningful contents of information bearing things. Physical things--objects or events--which are instances of #$InformationBearingThing are linked to the abstract PIT contents they embody by using the predicate #$containsInformation (q.v.). An instance of #$PropositionalInformationThing may be something as simple as the information content of a command to stop one's vehicle, expressed verbally or symbolically in a road sign or in a traffic officer's gesture, or a PIT may be something as complex as the entire contemporary knowledge of #$Mathematics (q.v.), which is embodied in many and various sources.
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direct instance of: #$ObjectType #$MicrotheoryType
direct specialization of: #$InformationStore  #$Microtheory  
direct generalization of: #$NonfictionalContext #$VisualRepresentationMicrotheory #$TextMicrotheory #$Proposal #$MentalInformation #$Agreement #$Specification #$Credential
#$SpecifiedInformationBearingThingType   specified information bearing thing types
A collection of collections which is being phased out. In most cases, instances of #$ConceptualWork should be used instead. Each instance of #$SpecifiedInformationBearingThingType is a subcollection of #$InformationBearingThing, all of whose instances are instantiations of the same #$ConceptualWork and share a primary media form. Instances of #$SpecifiedInformationBearingThingType can be created to refer to any instance of #$ConceptualWork. For example, the collection of all instances of #$BookCopy which are instantiations of #$WarAndPeace-TheNovel would be an instance of #$SpecifiedInformationBearingThingType, as would the collection of all instance of #$MovieShowing which are instantiations of #$Jaws-TheMovie (even though both the novel `War and Peace' and #$Jaws-TheMovie were issued in slightly different variants). Heterogeneous collections, however, such as those defined by `copies of books written by Mark Twain', or by `physical instantiations of the Jaws story in all its forms', are NOT subcollections of #$SpecifiedInformationBearingThingType, although they are subcollections of #$InformationBearingThing. Example of #$SpecifiedInformationBearingThingType: #$DimeCoin-US.
guid: bd58aabf-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$SiblingDisjointCollection #$SecondOrderCollection
direct specialization of: #$ObjectType  #$IBTContentType  
#$developerOfIBTType   developer of i b t type
The predicate #$developerOfIBTType relates a specific work to its creator(s). (#$developerOfIBTType IBTTYPE AGENT) means that AGENT is one of the people, corporations, publishers, etc., responsible for the invention or bringing into being of the #$SpecifiedInformationBearingThingType IBTTYPE, which may be a book, television show, computer program, musical score, etc. For example, #$OrsonWelles is a #$developerOfIBTType for #$CitizenKane-TheMovie.
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direct instance of: #$BinaryPredicate #$IntangibleObjectPredicate
#$StructuredInformationSource   structured information sources
A specialization of both #$InformationStore and #$PartiallyIntangibleIndividual. Each instance of #$StructuredInformationSource is an #$InformationStore in which bits of information are represented as related in a systematic way that is easily characterized by some type of formal structure, including spatial or architectural terms (used metaphorically). Examples include: a database organized in fields and values; a spreadsheet organized in rows and columns with entries; an organizational tree diagram with nodes and branches; a topographical map; a document written in HTML (hyper-text markup language). Negative examples include computer programs, poems, and novels.
guid: bd58f839-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$TemporalStuffType #$ObjectType
direct specialization of: #$InformationStore  
direct generalization of: #$IndexedInfoSource #$Spreadsheet #$Database-Physical #$OrganizationalChart #$Form-StandardizedIBO
#$Spreadsheet   spreadsheets
A specialization of both #$InformationBearingThing and #$StructuredInformationSource. Each instance of #$Spreadsheet is an information-bearing thing that presents (usually numeric) data in a two-dimensional matrix of cells that are organized into rows and columns. A spreadsheet may be produced by hand with pencil and paper or generated by a computer #$SpreadsheetProgram (q.v.) such as #$Lotus123. Associated with every spreadsheet are mathematical definitions of some of its cells as a function of other cells in that spreadsheet.
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direct instance of: #$IBTContentType #$ExistingObjectType
direct specialization of: #$StructuredInformationSource  #$HumanAccessibleIBT  
#$Map   maps (AIT)
A specialization of #$ConceptualWork. Each instance of #$Map is a conceptual work that models a region of physical space by using graphical symbols (or possibly another code), often in conjunction with a natural language, to represent features such as the following: geographical areas (#$GeographicalRegion), topographical features (#$TopographicalFeature), political regions (#$GeopoliticalEntity), climate zones (#$ClimateCycleType), human artifacts (#$ConstructionArtifact), population densities (#$populationDensity). Maps are generally intended to help an agent to orient itself in space or to understand some aspect(s) of a large spatial area. Instances of #$Map are physically instantiated in map copies (see the collection #$MapCopy), which may be on paper, in computerized geographical information systems, or in other forms.
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direct instance of: #$IBTContentType #$ExistingObjectType
direct specialization of: #$VisualArtifact-CW  
#$OrganizationalChart   organizational charts
A collection of #$InformationStores and a subcollection of #$StructuredInformationSource. Each instance of #$OrganizationalChart graphically or in outline fashion depicts information about the control structure or resource use structure of an organization. E.g., a diagram of Exxon Corporation's top managers showing their reporting structure.
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direct instance of: #$ExistingObjectType
direct specialization of: #$IndexedInfoSource  
#$Database-AbstractContent   abstract databases
The collection of all databases, as abstract repositories of information rather than as physical storage devices. A database generally has some means of accessing the data from structured records, frames or relational structures, using some query language. A particular #$Database-AbstractContent may exist in multiple copies, and may be distributed over several different physical data storage sites: see also #$Database-Physical.
guid: bfe46ab6-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$TemporalStuffType #$ObjectType
direct specialization of: #$IndexedInfoSource  
direct generalization of: #$KnowledgeBase
#$Database-Physical   databases (structured information sources)
A specialization of both #$HumanAccessibleIBO and #$StructuredInformationSource. Each instance of #$Database-Physical is an information-bearing object (IBO) that stores many pieces of information, organized for easy scanning and access. Typically, a data base involves one or more formatted data record schemes, together with some device for searching and retrieving data. Note that, as an IBO, an instance of #$Database-Physical is some particular, tangible copy of a database. To refer to the abstract 'content' of a database, use #$Database-AbstractContent.
guid: bd589d12-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$ExistingObjectType
direct specialization of: #$HumanAccessibleIBO  #$StructuredInformationSource  
#$Form-StandardizedIBO   legal forms (structured information sources)
A specialization of both #$InformationBearingObject and #$StructuredInformationSource. Each instance of #$Form-StandardizedIBO is an information-bearing object having some standard set of labelled fields; these fields are left blank for the user to fill in with certain items of information (often information pertaining to the user). Instances of #$Form-StandardizedIBO often accompany some sort of bureaucratic procedure, which they may be used to initiate or to certify. Specializations include the collections #$LeaseDocument, #$DepositSlip, #$InsuranceClaimForm, and #$Check-TenderObject.
guid: c0fd68b0-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$TemporalStuffType
direct specialization of: #$Artifact  #$StructuredInformationSource  #$HumanAccessibleIBO  #$TextualMaterial  
direct generalization of: #$Check-TenderObject
#$SoundInformationBearingThing   sound information bearing things
A specialization of both #$AudibleSound and #$InformationBearingWavePropagation. Each instance of #$SoundInformationBearingThing is an audible sound that contains information. Specializations of #$SoundInformationBearingThing include #$Music and #$Utterance.
guid: bd58c8be-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$TemporalStuffType
direct specialization of: #$AudibleSound  #$InformationBearingWavePropagation  
direct generalization of: #$Music #$Utterance
#$AnimalSound   animal sounds
A specialization of #$InformationBearingWavePropagation. Each instance of #$AnimalSound is a sound of a type which originally was, and typically is, made by an animal using just its body parts (though such a sound may subsequently have been reproduced by imitation or recording). For example, instances of #$Birdsong, #$NeighingSound, #$PurringSound, #$BarkingSound, and #$BrayingSound. Note that the restriction to sounds produced by body parts alone excludes noises produced by moving external objects; i.e., #$AnimalSound does _not_ include rustling the leaves underfoot, splashing water, or playing a musical instrument.
guid: bd620dbf-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$TemporalStuffType
direct specialization of: #$InformationBearingWavePropagation  #$AudibleSound  
direct generalization of: #$Utterance
#$Utterance   utterances
A specialization of #$AnimalSound. Each instance of #$Utterance is a sound which was initially generated by someone speaking or making some sound with his/her mouth. If such a sound is recorded and played back, the sound generated is still considered an instance of #$Utterance. Examples: one's spouse saying `Good morning' today; Ed McMahon saying `Here's Johnny' (on almost innumerable occasions); a child screaming at a playmate; Humphrey Bogart saying `Here's looking at you' on the set of `Casablanca'.
guid: bd590c24-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$ObjectType #$TemporalStuffType
direct specialization of: #$AnimalSound  #$SoundInformationBearingThing  
#$Music   music (sound)
A specialization of both #$SoundInformationBearingThing and #$Artifact-Intangible. Each instance of #$Music is a sound produced by actions such as singing, whistling, playing an instrument, playing recorded music, and so on. Music has certain features that distinguish it from random noise (though recognizing them may depend upon a specific cultural background); such features usually include variations of pitch over time (i.e., melody), multiple (somehow) related pitches sounding at one time (i.e., some kind of harmony), and/or some regular temporal pattern to the component sounds (i.e., rhythm). Instances of #$Music include the debut performance of Beethoven's Fifth Symphony, Leonard Bernstein's rendition of the Ninth Symphony with the BPO in Berlin in 1989, a particular playing of a particular CD of Bernstein's 1989 Ninth in Berlin, and the Messiah sing-in in Austin, TX, in 1995.
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direct instance of: #$TemporalStuffType
direct specialization of: #$Artifact-Intangible  #$SoundInformationBearingThing  #$Artifact-NonAgentive  
#$ComputerProgram-CW   programz (AIT)
A specialization of #$PropositionalConceptualWork. Each instance of #$ComputerProgram-CW is an intangible object which contains intangible conceptual information. This information can be partially expressed as #$ComputerCode, but the code isn't a #$ComputerProgram-CW, it's an #$AbstractInformationStructure. The predicate #$programCode relates a #$ComputerProgram-CW to its code. A program that is being executed is a #$ComputerProcessRunning, related to its #$ComputerProgram-CW by the predicate #$programOfProcess. A physical instantiation of a #$ComputerProgram-CW is a #$ComputerProgramCopy which is an #$InformationBearingThing, related to its #$ComputerProgram-CW by the predicate #$programCopies. #$programCopies of a #$ComputerProgram-CW share certain properties, but this is an intentionally vague notion. They might not share the same source code or executable (object) code. For example, if (#$SoftwareVersionFn #$Emacs-TheProgram 20.4 ) were written in C, and I compiled a copy of it on a Solaris machine and another on an HP-UX machine, the compiled versions would be different, but they would still be #$programCopies of the same #$ComputerProgram-CW, (#$SoftwareVersionFn #$Emacs-TheProgram 20.4 ), and also #$programCopies of #$Emacs-TheProgram.
guid: c09c6244-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$ProductType #$ExistingObjectType
direct specialization of: #$PropositionalConceptualWork  
#$ArtObject   works of art
A specialization of both #$HumanAccessibleIBO and #$Artifact. Each instance of #$ArtObject is a tangible object that is a work, or a reproduction of a work, in one of the representational or plastic arts, such as a painting, sculpture, ceramic piece, quilt, or stained glass composition. #$ArtObject does _not_ include as instances plays, movies, music, performance art, or other activities. #$ArtObject is a specialization of #$InformationBearingObject, but its instances need not have any propositional content. Examples of #$ArtObject: the #$StatueOfLiberty, the Mona Lisa, a poster reproduction of Van Gogh's `Starry Night', Rodin's `Burghers of Calais', a piece of Ju ware from the Sung Dynasty, the windows of Chartres Cathedral, a series of prints by Picasso.
guid: bd58c7b8-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$ProductByGenericType #$ExistingObjectType
direct specialization of: #$HumanAccessibleIBO  #$TopAndBottomSidedObject  #$VisualInformationSource  #$PartiallyTangibleProduct  #$Artifact  
direct generalization of: #$Sculpture
#$VisualInformationSource   visual information sources
A specialization of both #$Artifact-Generic and #$InformationBearingThing. Each instance of #$VisualInformationSource is an artifact from which information is extracted by viewing it (note that a viewer may need to be familiar with an appropriate set of interpretive conventions in order to extract information from some instances of #$VisualInformationSource). Examples of #$VisualInformationSource include handwritten letters, newspapers and other print media objects, paintings, sculpture, and other visual art objects, projected images, and neon signs. The information content of instances of #$VisualInformationSource may or may not be propositional in nature. In the proper conditions, instances of #$VisualInformationSource produce instances of #$VisualImage (q.v.). For example, if one shines light on a photograph, a characteristic #$VisualImage is produced. Likewise, if one electrifies a neon sign, a #$VisualImage is produced.
guid: bd58cfb6-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$ObjectType #$TemporalStuffType
direct specialization of: #$Artifact-Generic  #$InformationBearingThing  
direct generalization of: #$SignTheDisplay #$VisualMark #$Gesture #$ArtObject
#$SignTheDisplay   signs (visual information sources)
A collection of #$InformationBearingObjects (IBOs), a subcollection of #$VisualInformationSource. Each instance of #$SignTheDisplay is an object typically posted where people can see it so that they can obtain information from it. Uses of signs include identification of objects (e.g., street signs, name tags, species labels at zoos), advertising (e.g., billboards, neon signs, posters for garage sales, #$WorldWideWeb-Concrete page banners), and warnings (e.g., signs for road hazards or road construction, `No Trespassing'postings, printed tape marking off a police line).
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direct instance of: #$ExistingObjectType
direct specialization of: #$VisualInformationSource  
#$VisualImage   images
A specialization of #$InformationBearingWavePropagation. Each instance of #$VisualImage is an event in which visible light is generated in a particular pattern. The generated pattern of light contains information for an observer familiar with the appropriate interpretive conventions. Visual images may be produced by illuminating some instance of #$VisualInformationSource, which is a tangible object (e.g., a photograph, movie film, or page of print), or by direct manipulation of light(s) to produce a pattern (e.g., nautical code lights). Visual images may be instantaneous or extended in time. Visual images may be classified (among other ways) by features of their appearance (e.g., #$ColorImage, #$BlackAndWhiteImage), by their origin (e.g., #$XRayImage, #$PenOrPencilDrawing, #$SatelliteImage), or by their content (e.g., #$LandscapeImage).
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direct instance of: #$TemporalStuffType
direct specialization of: #$InformationBearingWavePropagation  #$VisibleLight  
#$ColorImage   color images
A collection of visual images. Each element of #$ColorImage is an image 'in color', i.e., it is not monochromatic but is composed of several colors. Any 'in colour' movie being shown on a 'color television' is a #$ColorImage. Presumably, a nighttime sequence viewed on such a television would still be an element of #$ColorImage since the context was 'in color' and subtle blues as well as greys would be depicted. An image consisting solely of varying shades of green, such as that seen on many monochromatic oscilloscopes, would be an element of #$MonochromeImage not #$ColorImage nor #$BlackAndWhiteImage.
guid: c1006a54-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$ExistingObjectType
direct specialization of: #$VisualImage  
#$MonochromeImage   monochrome images
A collection of visual images. Each element of #$MonochromeImage is an all grey-scale or otherwise monochrome visual image. #$BlackAndWhiteImage is a subset of #$MonochromeImage. Some images, e.g. some infrared images, are in varying shades of red. These would be elements of #$MonochromeImage but not #$BlackAndWhiteImage.
guid: c1006a98-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$ExistingObjectType
direct specialization of: #$VisualImage  
#$StillImage   still images
A collection of visual images. Each element of #$StillImage is a static visual image. Such images are typically images reflected from, or generated by, objects that don't change in time, e.g. an illuminated photograph. Other examples: images from maps, x-rays, drawings, labels, or any constant projection of light.
guid: c0fd7fa2-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$ExistingObjectType
direct specialization of: #$VisualInformationSource  
#$MovingImage   moving image
A collection of visual images. Each element of #$MovingImage is a visual image which persists while changing over time. Examples of #$MovingImage include shadows of trees swaying in the wind, meteors, film and video images; images produced by light reflected from moving physical objects; images produced directly by a changing pattern of lights (e.g., nautical beacons).
guid: c0fd7d5c-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$TemporalStuffType
direct specialization of: #$VisualImage  
#$Reflection-Visual   reflections
A collection of visual images. Each element of #$Reflection-Visual is a visual image produced by the reflection of light from a surface.
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direct instance of: #$TemporalStuffType
direct specialization of: #$VisualImage  
#$VisualMark   markings
A specialization of #$VisualInformationSource. Each instance of #$VisualMark is a visible marking on some object. Visual markings may be applied to an object using ink, paint, or pencil; they may be engraved into or molded out of the object's material; they may be made of other objects affixed to or resting on the object (e.g., a plaque bearing a house number); or they may consist of contrasting areas of color or light level (e.g., markings on a computer screen).
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direct instance of: #$ExistingStuffType
direct specialization of: #$VisualInformationSource  #$PartiallyTangible  
#$MarkingOnASurface   marking (handling)
A specialization of both #$MaterialHandling and #$IBOCreation. Each instance of #$MarkingOnASurface is an event in which visible markings are placed on a surface by an agent (see the collection #$Agent). The marking may be done by adding material to a surface (as in instances of #$Painting-Activity) or removing material from a surface (as in instances of #$EngravingEvent).
guid: bd588d33-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$DefaultDisjointScriptType #$TemporalStuffType
direct specialization of: #$IBOCreation  #$MaterialHandling  
direct generalization of: #$WritingByHand
#$TextMarking   text markings
A collection of visual marks. Each element of #$TextMarking is a visual artifact, a mark or configuration of marks recognizable as text in some writing system. Examples of #$TextMarking include written words, written numbers, sentences, individual letters and numerals, all the text on a piece of paper or in a book, auxiliary marks like punctuation, etc.
guid: bd590b57-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$ExistingStuffType
direct specialization of: #$VisualMark  
#$Line-Marking   line marking
A collection of visual marks. Each element of #$Line-Marking is a visual mark which is relatively long and thin.
guid: c0fd6bea-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$ExistingStuffType
direct specialization of: #$VisualMark  
#$Tattoo   tattoos (visual information sources)
A collection of visual marks. Each element of #$Tattoo is a mark made on the skin of a person or other animal, having a pattern formed by scar tissue or by pigment applied in or under the skin. In medical terms, `tattoo' includes marks resulting from accidental tattooing. But typically tattoos are deliberately applied for purposes of identification or decoration.
guid: c1009ba3-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$ExistingObjectType
direct specialization of: #$VisualMark  
#$Footprint   footprints
A collection of visual marks. Each element of #$Footprint is an impression made by a foot of an animal. Footprints may be made in soft earth, clay, concrete, or on paper with paint or ink. Footprints may be made accidentally or on purpose.
guid: c0fbadda-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$ExistingObjectType
direct specialization of: #$VisualInformationSource  
#$Fingerprint   fingerprints
A collection of visual marks. Each element of #$Fingerprint is a mark made when pressure from a manual digit leaves traces of body oils (or ink) on a surface, showing the patterns on the skin of the finger(s) that made them.
guid: bd5e4ba9-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$ExistingObjectType
direct specialization of: #$VisualMark  
#$Gesture   gestures (visual information sources)
A subcollection of #$VisualInformationSource. Each instance of #$Gesture is a configuration of animal body parts that has some meaning to an observer with an understanding of the interpretive convention. A gesture may include some tool or prop. #$Gestures may be fleeting (e.g., a hello wave) or may last a long time (e.g., the gesture embodied in the #$StatueOfLiberty ). Note that, as defined in Cyc, a gesture is a meaningful configuration of body parts, NOT the actions producing the arrangement; for representation of the actions, see #$MakingAGesture.
guid: bd590c05-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$TemporalStuffType
direct specialization of: #$VisualInformationSource  #$Situation-Temporal  #$Signal  
#$Sculpture   sculptures
A collection of art objects. Each instance of #$Sculpture is a tangible three-dimensional work of art; buildings are NOT included, even though sculptural features of buildings (such as friezes) are. Types of #$Sculpture include stone statues, friezes, wood carvings, pipes welded into abstract art sculptures, etc. Example instances: the #$StatueOfLiberty, the #$MountRushmoreMonument, Michelangelo's David, the friezes on the #$Parthenon, the Buddhas at Longan.
guid: bd58acda-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$ExistingObjectType
direct specialization of: #$ArtObject  
#$Model-Artifact   models (visual information sources)
A collection of artifacts; a subset of #$VisualInformationSource. Each element of #$Model-Artifact is a tangible object designed to resemble and/or represent some other object, which may or may not exist tangibly. For example, an architectural model for a proposed public building; a souvenir model of #$TheWhiteHouse; a scale model of a dinosaur skeleton; a miniature room and furnishings copying a real house. The funnction, #$ModelFn, is used to designate the collection of models of a collection of objects.
guid: be010ef1-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$ExistingObjectType
direct specialization of: #$SolidTangibleProduct  #$HumanAccessibleIBO  #$Artifact  #$VisualInformationSource  
#$ModelFn   model fn
The Cyc function #$ModelFn is a #$CollectionDenotingFunction which is used to represent models of a certain type of thing. (#$ModelFn OBJ-TYPE) denotes the collection of all models of objects that belong to the type OBJ-TYPE. For example, all sculptures of horses are elements of the collection (#$ModelFn #$Horse-Domesticated).
guid: be010f3a-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$UnaryFunction #$CollectionDenotingFunction #$ReifiableFunction #$Individual
#$TextualMaterial   documents (ibt)
A specialization of #$InformationBearingThing. Each instance of #$TextualMaterial is an information-bearing thing (IBT) whose informational content is encoded in some instance of #$CommunicationConvention (q.v.) which is a linear symbolic language; e.g., a newspaper printed in English written with the Roman alphabet; a book printed in English using Braille; or a poster written in Chinese using characters. Textual material always includes some physical representation of one or more instances of #$CharacterString (q.v.). Textual materials may be tangible objects, such as newspapers, but also may include intangibles such as patterns of light projecting words onto a wall. Notable specializations of #$TextualMaterial include #$OfficialDocument, #$NonPublishedText, and #$DrugPrescription.
guid: bd5904c7-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$StuffType
direct specialization of: #$Artifact-Generic  #$InformationBearingThing  
direct generalization of: #$Form-StandardizedIBO #$ScheduleDocument #$Bill-PaymentRequest #$NonPublishedText #$OfficialDocument
#$CharacterString   character strings
The collection of all strings of characters. Each instance of the collection #$CharacterString is a string of characters or an abstract sequence of symbols. Note that it is _not_ any particular physical, tangible representation; different encodings may represent the same string of characters. An instance of #$CharacterString has characters (instances of #$Character-Abstract) from some fixed character set. An instance of #$CharacterString may be any finite length, including zero (zero-length strings are empty strings, which have no characters). If instances of #$CharacterString are concatenated, the result is also an instance of #$CharacterString, with the length of the resulting string equal to the sum of the lengths of the concatenated strings. Some types (subsets) of #$CharacterString include #$EMailAddress, #$AreaCode, #$PhoneNumber, and #$PhoneCountryCode. Note that a #$CharacterString is ordered formally as a #$List (rather than physically left-to-right or top-to-bottom); thus the 'first' character in the #$CharacterString for an Arabic word happens to be the rightmost (first pronounced) character, not the leftmost character, due to the letter-order and word-order convention for Arabic writing.
guid: bd6100db-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$StuffType #$TermPhrasesConstraint
direct specialization of: #$AbstractInformationStructure  
direct generalization of: #$TextString #$SubLString #$IDString
#$ReferenceWork   reference works
A specialization of #$TextualPCW. Each instance of #$ReferenceWork is a conceptual work providing a more or less non-speculative, fact-oriented , comprehensive description of some knowledge domain.
guid: bd58caa0-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$ExistingObjectType
direct specialization of: #$TextualPCW  
#$HardcopyInformationBearingObject   hard copies
A specialization of both #$Artifact and #$HumanAccessibleIBO. Each instance of #$HardcopyInformationBearingObject is an information-bearing object (IBO) in a `hard' format, e.g., written on paper, on wood, on palm leaves, engraved in metal, or carved on stone. Consequently, humans can read hardcopy IBOs without using a computer or electronic device to access them. Thus, #$HardcopyInformationBearingObject does _not_ include the tangible IBOs which are embodied in magnetic media (e.g., data or music on tapes or disks). Examples of #$HardcopyInformationBearingObject: a billboard, a greeting card, a restaurant check, a magazine, an engraving by Rembrandt, a ten dollar bill, a price tag, or a hardcopy of a #$Map (q.v.) with no text on it.
guid: bd58e00e-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$ExistingObjectType
direct specialization of: #$SolidTangibleThing  #$Artifact-NonAgentive  #$HumanAccessibleIBO  #$Artifact  
direct generalization of: #$PaperIBT #$Card
#$Book-CW   books (products)
A collection of #$ConceptualWorks. Instantiations may be either hardcopy or electronic. Traditional hardcopy instantiations are instances of #$BookCopy, but in the later half of the Twentieth Century of the Common Era additional formats were created (books on (audio) tape, computer media containing instantiations of textual computer files, etc. Instances of #$Book-CW are usually #$TextualMaterial, but some may contain only arrangements of images.
guid: bd58e6ab-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$ExistingObjectType #$ProductType
direct specialization of: #$PropositionalConceptualWork  #$BookGeneric-CW  
#$Card   cards (visual information sources)
An instance of #$ExistingObjectType, and a specialization of #$HardcopyInformationBearingObject. Each instance of #$Card is a small, sturdy sheet of stuff -- usually cardstock paper, although it could be plastic or thin metal -- bearing some kind of information. Specializations of #$Card include #$CreditCard, #$BusinessCard, and #$PostCard. Note that electronic objects that perform the same functions as some instances of #$Card (for example, electronic greeting cards) are not instances of #$Card.
guid: c0fd456f-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$ExistingObjectType
direct specialization of: #$PortableObject  #$SheetOfSomeStuff  #$HardcopyInformationBearingObject  
direct generalization of: #$PrepaidTelephoneCard #$CreditCard #$BankDebitCard
#$KnowledgeBase   kb
A collection of intangible individuals; a subcollection of #$Database-AbstractContent. Each instance of #$KnowledgeBase is a database that attempts to represent the structure of at least part of the world. Instances include the #$CycKB and #$SENSUS-Information1997.
guid: bd58d211-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$ObjectType
direct specialization of: #$ConventionalClassificationSystem  #$Database-AbstractContent  
#$IndexedInfoSource   indexed info source
The collection of all structured information sources in which the information contained therein is indexed by some set of index terms (the terms could be names, phrases, #$CharacterStrings, #$IDNumbers or codes). For every index term, there is one specific part of the #$IndexedInfoSource associated with that term. Each instance of #$IndexedInfoSource has some format or organizing structure of specified parts or 'chunks' imposed on the information. (Although its indexed parts might be be ordered in a certain sequence, in theory it could be indexed without there being any particular sequential ordering of the parts.) An instance of #$IndexedInfoSource is the abstract informational content of the source, not any particular physical object in which the information is stored. Examples include a #$Dictionary, #$Thesaurus, #$Database-AbstractContent, or a #$KnowledgeBase. Some examples that do not qualify are #$Painting-ArtForm, or a #$CharacterString without any structuring information about it or that has no structure beyond being a string of characters. Thus this is not referring to unstructured text, even if it has an 'Index'. The fact that a book has an index does not make it an #$IndexedInfoSource.
guid: c03febed-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$ObjectType
direct specialization of: #$Artifact-Intangible  #$StructuredInformationSource  #$AbstractInformationalThing  
direct generalization of: #$Database-AbstractContent #$OrganizationalChart
#$AbstractInformationalThing   AIT (object)
A heterogeneous collection of abstract objects that pertain to information. Subsumes not only #$Proposition, but also the collections #$Sentence, #$CharacterString, #$AtomicSymbol-Abstract, #$Microtheory, #$PropositionalInformationThing, and #$ConceptualWork. Note that while all #$AbstractInformationalThings are abstract objects (this collection is disjoint with #$SpatialThing-Localized), most instances of this collection can have multiple concrete 'embodiments'. A single instance of #$Sentence can be written on several peices of paper (see #$instantiationOfAIS); a #$PropositionalInformationThing may be the content of several concrete documents, such as instances of #$BookCopy (see #$containsInfoPropositional-IBT); and several events, such as spoken utterances, may have a certain #$Proposition as their content (see #$containsInformation). Note that some instances of #$AbstractInformationalThing have temporal extent. Examples include all instances of #$Novel-CW and #$Movie-CW. Others specs are disjoint with #$TemporalThing. Examples include all instances of #$Character-Abstract and #$Proposition.
guid: bdff6c64-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$StuffType
direct specialization of: #$IntangibleIndividual  
direct generalization of: #$ELSentenceTemplate #$ConventionalClassificationSystem #$Microtheory #$Information-Content #$DevisedPracticeOrWork #$AbstractInformationStructure #$RuleTemplate #$IndexedInfoSource #$CycLSentence #$BeliefSystem #$FieldOfStudy #$LinguisticObject #$CommunicationConvention #$Credential #$Algorithm #$ProgramSpecification #$News
#$SymbolicObject   icons (ibt)
A collection of #$SymbolicThings which have some material part (i.e. are instances of #$PartiallyTangible). Each instance of #$SymbolicObject by convention symbolizes some thing or event or achievement, without describing it propositionally in any detail. Examples include national flags, military medals and ribbons, an Oscar, a Crucifix, a caduceus, and printed trademark logos of commercial brands. Instances of #$SymbolicObject need not have propositional information contents; probably most do not. Rather, symbolic objects are typically associated (by an informed interpreter) with the particular entities that originated or appropriated them. To emotional interpreters, such as humans, symbolic objects are often evocative of certain attitudes associated with the entities symbolized--such as nationalism, respect, school spirit, hatred, reverence, etc. Only some instances of #$SymbolicObject have the #$primaryFunction of serving as symbols (e.g., national flags, war memorials); others are symbolic in a secondary capacity (e.g., a gravestone symbolizes death but its primary function is as a marker). Some objects are created to serve a symbolic function (primary or secondary), while others acquire symbolic associations in the course of their `lifetimes' (e.g., San Juan Hill, Ellis Island). Examples of #$SymbolicObject: the #$ArcDeTriomphe, the #$StatueOfLiberty, the #$PyramidOfCheops, the #$UnitedStatesCapitolBuilding (and other capitol buildings); a hangman's noose, a Menorah, a white dove, a black armband. Negative examples include instances of #$NationalAnthem, #$Halo-Symbolic (unless as a physical represenation in some artwork), and projected #$Swastikas because none of these has a material part. For such symbols, use the broader concept, #$SymbolicThing.
guid: bd58cf26-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$ExistingObjectType
direct specialization of: #$HumanAccessibleIBO  #$SymbolicThing  
direct generalization of: #$MemorialMarker
#$Insignia   insignias (icons)
A collection of symbolic objects. Each element of #$Insignia is a visual configuration conventionally associated with some organization, person, or other agent. Elements of #$Insignia include monograms, company logos, devices of heraldry, totems, the official seals of universities, etc.
guid: bd5890fd-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$ExistingObjectType
direct specialization of: #$SymbolicObject  
#$Trophy   trophies
A collection of objects. Each element of #$Trophy is a solid tangible object with a symbolic meaning, awarded to some agent(s) in recognition for winning some competition or achieving some goal. Trophies typically contain (e.g., in engraved writing) the name of the award, date, and name(s) of the recipient(s). Examples: the Heisman trophy, the Americas Cup, an Oscar.
guid: be010ebe-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$ExistingObjectType #$ProductType
direct specialization of: #$SymbolicObject  #$SolidTangibleProduct  
#$MeaningInSystemFn   meaning in system fn
The function (MeaningInSystemFn INFOSOURCE STRING), applied to a character string or code STRING in some external information system INFOSOURCE, returns whatever concept is meant by that string or code in that system. For example, the value of (#$MeaningInSystemFn WordNet-1995Version ''N221566'') is the concept (or WordNet `synset') represented by the synonyms (rampart|bulwark|wall), meaning 'an embankment built around a space for defensive purposes' in the WordNet system. The STRING can have any format chosen by the person who builds the representation of the external system; usually it will include some index string that is used as an identifier in the external system. In addition, the STRING may arbitrarily contain any further characters or information, depending on how the external information is selected and processed. This function allows you to relate a concept in an external system to an arbitrarily complicated expression composed of Cyc concepts. If the external concept has a direct, exact mapping to a single Cyc constant, then it is better to use the predicate #$synonymousExternalConcept rather than this function. If the there is a direct correspondence to one Cyc constant, but it is only an approximate correspondence of meaning, you can use #$overlappingExternalConcept.
guid: bf3a978c-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$BinaryFunction #$ReifiableFunction #$Individual
#$synonymousExternalConcept   synonymous external concept
(#$synonymousExternalConcept TERM SOURCE STRING) means that the Cyc concept TERM is synonymous with the concept named by STRING in the external data source SOURCE.
guid: c0e2af4e-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$FunctionalPredicate #$TernaryPredicate
#$overlappingExternalConcept   overlapping external concept
(#$overlappingExternalConcept TERM SOURCE STRING) means that the Cyc concept TERM overlaps semantically with the concept named by STRING in the external data source SOURCE.
guid: bf83203b-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$TernaryPredicate
#$ConventionalClassificationType   conventional classification types
The collection of all those collections that each correspond to a category in some agreed-upon or conventional classification system (a #$ConventionalClassificationSystem) used by people. In such systems, a change or reclassification is possible by a decision of an authority, or by a changed social agreement or custom, without changing the intrinsic facts about the actual objects in the category. (This applies only to named, known classification systems or schemas, and not to everything under the sun as might be urged by some 1990's-era postmodernist deconstructionist literary criticism theorists.) #$ConventionalClassificationType would include categories in biological taxonomy, standard classifications, data dictionaries, thesauri, cultural taboo classes, military doctrinal classes, named calendar intervals, etc.
guid: bee6da31-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$VariableOrderCollection #$CollectionType
direct specialization of: #$Collection  
direct generalization of: #$UnitOfMeasureTypeByTypeMeasured #$UnitOfMeasureTypeBySystem #$OrganismClassificationType #$ConventionallyClassifiedDisjointTimeIntervalType #$TimeOfDayType #$PersonTypeByCulture #$FoodGroupType
#$ConventionalClassificationSystem   conventional classification systems
The collection of all agreed-upon or conventional classification systems, each consisting of #$ConventionalClassificationTypes. In such systems, a change or reclassification is possible by a decision of an authority, or by a changed social agreement, without changing the intrinsic facts about the actual objects in the category. (This applies only to named or known classification systems or schemas, and not to everything under the sun as might be urged by some 1990's-era postmodernist deconstructionist literary criticism theorists.) #$ConventionalClassificationSystems would include biological taxonomies, standard classifications, data dictionaries, thesauri, cultural taboo systems, military doctrinal systems, calendar systems, etc.
guid: c0d808c9-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$ObjectType
direct specialization of: #$AbstractInformationalThing  #$Artifact-Intangible  
direct generalization of: #$KnowledgeBase
#$IDDocument   identification cards
A collection of official documents. Each instance of #$IDDocument is an accepted credential for identifying some object. Important subcollections of #$IDDocument include #$Passport, #$DriversLicense, #$SocialSecurityCard. Other examples include student ID cards, dog tags (worn by military personnel), dog tags (worn by dogs), authentication certificates for a work of art or an antique.
guid: bd58903e-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$ExistingObjectType
direct specialization of: #$OfficialDocument  
direct generalization of: #$StockCertificate #$BankDebitCard #$Passport #$CreditCard #$Check-TenderObject
#$BankDebitCard   bank debit cards
A collection of official `documents'. Each instance of #$BankDebitCard is a plastic card that enables the holder to access the account with which the card is associated; typically used to withdraw funds from the account. See also #$CreditCard.
guid: c0fd4920-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$MoneyTenderType
direct specialization of: #$Plastic  #$FreeSheet  #$Card  #$TenderObject  #$IDDocument  
#$Passport   passports
A specialization of #$LegalDocument. Each instance of #$Passport is a document issued to a person by the government of a country in order to identify that person as a citizen of that country while s/he is travelling across or outside of its borders.
guid: c10afd58-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$ExistingObjectType
direct specialization of: #$LegalDocument  #$IDDocument  
#$CreditCard   credit cards
A specialization of both #$Card and #$TenderObject. Each instance of #$CreditCard is a piece of plastic that enables authorized users to spend the card-issuing company's money, drawn as a (usually unsecured) loan through an associated instance of #$CreditCardAccount (q.v.) under a pre-arranged credit agreement. The credit card company credits the vendor of the purchased goods or services and bills the card user, usually with interest.
guid: bd58ceea-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$MoneyTenderType
direct specialization of: #$FinancialAccountTenderObject  #$Plastic  #$FreeSheet  #$Card  #$IDDocument  
#$StockCertificate   stock certificates
A specialization of #$OfficialDocument. Each instance of #$StockCertificate is a document issued by a company to one of its shareholders, certifying the shareholder's ownership of some number of shares of stock in that corporation.
guid: c0fd4a24-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$ExistingObjectType
direct specialization of: #$IDDocument  
#$OfficialDocument   official documents
A collection of #$InformationBearingObjects (IBOs). Each instance of #$OfficialDocument is a document that can be used as the basis, proof, or support of some fact (such as a person's nationality, marital status, credit, or qualifications; or the ownership or transfer of property; etc.). #$OfficialDocuments are typically generated, issued, and/or certified by the relevant institutions (as with #$Passports or #$StockCertificates), but they also include unique personal documents (such as wills) which meet certain standards to be accepted in support of facts. Subcollections of #$OfficialDocument include: #$BirthCertificates, #$TaxReturns, insurance policies, #$PostageStamps, receipts, #$PackingSlips, student ID cards, etc.
guid: bd58971b-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$ExistingObjectType
direct specialization of: #$Artifact  #$InformationBearingObject  #$TextualMaterial  
direct generalization of: #$LegalDocument #$DrugPrescription #$IDDocument
#$PublishedMaterial   publications (products)
A specialization of #$InformationStore. Each instance of #$PublishedMaterial is either a conceptual work (an instance of #$ConceptualWork) with instantiations which have been produced for distribution, or an information-bearing thing (an instance of #$InformationBearingThing) which has been produced for distribution. Note that published here does not mean printed and physically distributed , since intangible information-bearing things can be published using the #$WorldWideWeb-Concrete, or broadcast on the airwaves. Notable specializations of #$PublishedMaterial include #$Book-CW, #$RecordedVideoProduct, and #$RecordedSoundProduct.
guid: bd58c1bd-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$ExistingObjectType
direct specialization of: #$Product  #$Artifact-Generic  #$InformationStore  
direct generalization of: #$RecordedVideoProduct #$RecordedSoundProduct #$Book-CW #$BookGeneric-CW
#$NonPublishedText   unpublished texts
A collection of information bearing things (IBTs). #$NonPublishedText is that subcollection of #$TextualMaterial whose instances are text that has not yet been published (such as a rejected book manuscript) and may not even be intended for publication (such as a memo or personal letter).
guid: bd58c599-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$ExistingObjectType
direct specialization of: #$TextualMaterial  
#$RecordedVideoProduct   recorded video product
A specialization of both #$PublishedMaterial and #$PartiallyTangibleProduct. Each instance of #$RecordedVideoProduct is a video recording which is one of a class of similar recordings with the same information content.
guid: bd58e771-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$ProductType #$ExistingObjectType
direct specialization of: #$PublishedMaterial  #$MediaProduct  #$PartiallyTangibleProduct  
#$RecordedSoundProduct   sound recording products
A specialization of both #$PartiallyTangibleProduct and #$PublishedMaterial. Each instance of #$RecordedSoundProduct is a sound recording which is one of a class of similar recordings with the same information content.
guid: bd590495-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$ProductType #$ExistingObjectType
direct specialization of: #$PublishedMaterial  #$Artifact  #$PartiallyTangibleProduct  
#$Credential   credentials
A specialization of #$PropositionalInformationThing. Each instance of #$Credential is specific information about one agent, provided by another agent; the information content of a credential consists of favorable, enabling, or empowering propositional declarations. Although each instance of #$Credential is wholly intangible, instances of #$Credential usually have some associated physical document (e.g., a diploma associated with a college degree, a driver's license). A credential may certify that the holder (i.e., the subject of the credential) has a particular skill (e.g., legal bar certification, ability to drive); has completed certain training (e.g., GED schooling, Ph.D. requirements; is allowed to do a certain thing (e.g., travel visa, permission slip); and so on.
guid: bd58b0a1-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$ObjectType
direct specialization of: #$TemporalThing  #$PropositionalInformationThing  
direct generalization of: #$EducationalDegree #$Visa-Permit
#$License-LegalAgreement   licenses (credentials)
A collection of intangible pieces of information; a subset of #$Permission. Each element of #$License-LegalAgreement is a credential issued by a granting authority and recorded in some tangible document (see #$License-IBO), which authorizes the agent to whom it is issued to perform actions of a certain kind. Sample subsets of #$License-LegalAgreement include: #$TrainEngineerLicense, #$DriversLicense, #$PestControlLicense.
guid: bd58aede-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$ExistingObjectType
direct specialization of: #$Credential  #$Permission  #$AuthorizedAgreement  #$LegalAgreement  
#$Accreditation   accreditation
A collection of abstract (intangible) objects consisting of information; a subset of #$Credential. Each element of #$Accreditation is a credential, issued to an organization by the appropriate authority, that declares the issuer's approval of the quality of the recipient's activities. For example, accreditation of an educational organization to offer a kind of degree or training; or accreditation of a hospital to offer medical services.
guid: c10aff30-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$ObjectType
direct specialization of: #$Credential  
#$Recommendation   recommendation
A collection of abstract (intangible) objects which consist of information; a subset of #$Credential. Each element of #$Recommendation consists of a statement by some agent about the qualities of another agent, product, program, or activity. Examples: a letter of recommendation for graduate school; a reference letter for a jobseeker; or a product endorsement.
guid: bd58da09-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$ObjectType
direct specialization of: #$Credential  
#$EducationalDegree   degrees (credentials)
A specialization of #$Credential. Each instance of #$EducationalDegree is a credential conferred by some instance of #$EducationalOrganization on a student who has successfully completed a prescribed course of study there. #$EducationalDegree includes as instances high school, associate, baccalaureate, licensate, magisterial, professional, and doctoral degrees.
guid: bd58a9fa-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$ObjectType
direct specialization of: #$Credential  
#$CertificationOfCompetence   certification of competence
A collection of certifications. Each element of #$CertificationOfCompetence is the (abstract) declaration, by an appropriate authority, that a person is competent to perform a certain kind of job or task. Such a certification may be embodied in a written document, oral testimonial, or personal recommendation.
guid: bd58f11d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$ObjectType
direct specialization of: #$Credential  
#$HealthCertificate   health certificates
A collection of credentials. Each element of #$HealthCertificate is the (abstract) declaration, by the appropriate authority, that a particular person (or other animal) is in good health. Typically a health certificate is embodied in a document issued by the authority.
guid: bd58b019-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$ObjectType
direct specialization of: #$Credential  
#$CertificationOfWorkExperience   certification of work experience
A collection of credentials. Each element of #$CertificationOfWorkExperience is an (abstract) declaration, by an appropriate authority, that a particular person has performed a certain amount of work of some kind. Such information might be embodied in a letter, a form, or a verbal statement issued by the authority.
guid: bd58bb8d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$ObjectType
direct specialization of: #$Credential  
#$Visa-Permit   visas (credentials)
A specialization of both #$Permission and #$LegalAgreement. Each instance of #$Visa-Permit is an authorization issued by the government of some country to one (or more) person(s), stating that s/he is allowed to enter that country and remain for a certain period of time while engaging in certain specified activities (e.g., study, travel, work). Specializations of #$Visa-Permit include #$H1WorkVisa, #$F1WorkVisa, and #$GreenCard.
guid: bd5af45a-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$ExistingObjectType
direct specialization of: #$Credential  #$Permission  #$LegalAgreement  
#$News   news
A specialization of #$PropositionalInformationThing. Each instance of #$News consists of some factual information about recent events in the world (or #$geographicalSubRegions thereof). News is commonly embodied in newspapers and communicated through radio and television news broadcasts. Note that #$News does not include as instances any instance of #$NewsArticle (q.v.). Rather, an instance of #$News might be the content of a #$NewsArticle, and could be the content of distinct #$NewsArticles
guid: bd58dbd1-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$Collection
direct specialization of: #$NonfictionalContext  
#$Narrative   narratives
The collection of all #$PropositionalConceptualWorks that recount a sequence of events (in chronological order or in such a manner that their temporal order can be ascertained) involving some agent or agents. Instances of #$Narrative may be fictional or factual and, accordingly, may involve #$Persons or #$FictionalCharacters. Important specializations of #$Narrative include #$Novel-CW and #$Biography.
guid: bd58886c-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$ExistingObjectType
direct specialization of: #$PropositionalConceptualWork  
#$Instructions   instructions (AIT)
The collection of all #$ConceptualWorks which are executable pieces of information. Each instance of #$Instructions outlines a sequence of tasks to be performed, such as instructions on a food package, verbal instructions, a musical score, etc.
guid: bd58db4d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$ObjectType
direct specialization of: #$PropositionalConceptualWork  
#$IllocutionaryForce   illocutionary forces (attribute values)
The collection of illocutionary force attributes held by illocutionary acts. Each instance of #$IllocutionaryForce is a specialized component of a communication; its function is to indicate how the speaker in a communication wants the agent(s) whom s/he is addressing to understand, and respond to, the situation--i.e., the state of affairs--described in that communication. Isolating the `illocutionary force' of a communication allows us to characterize the intention of a speaker; e.g., whether s/he means to assert that the described state of affairs in fact holds; or to express a desire that such a state of affairs hold; or to command someone to make that state of affairs hold; or to offer to make the state of affairs hold. S/he may even intend to make something true by stating it (e.g., ``I name this ship `The Intrepid'.''). Usually, apprehending a speaker's intention is important for understanding what s/he means and what s/he intends the hearer to do. Although the content of an illocutionary act can be represented propositionally, they are not generally communicated so explicitly. For example, questions in English are typically communicated by inverting subject-object word order and raising one's intonation at the end of the utterance. (The intonation marker so strongly indicates a question that it may suffice without the inverted word order, as in `You are going tonight' uttered with a rising intonation.) Commands in English typically have an (unexpressed) understood subject and perhaps a forceful tone. In every culture and language there are conventional sets of commonly used illocutionary forces which would be instances of #$IllocutionaryForce for that culture; e.g., in English, they include #$Inform, #$Request, #$Offer, #$Promise, and #$Query. Note: although in this comment #$IllocutionaryForce is explained in terms of utterances, it applies to communication generally; so `speaker' and `listener' should be broadly interpreted to mean, respectively, any #$senderOfInfo and #$recipientOfInfo. See also #$Communicating, #$CommunicationAct-Single. In #$CycL, illocutionary forces can be related to communication acts having some propositional content, via #$iteIllocutionaryForce, or to the microtheory containing formulas expressing the information transferred in an illocutionary act with #$componentIF.
guid: bd58d8c6-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$AttributeType
direct specialization of: #$AttributeValue  
direct generalization of: #$ConstativeIllocutionaryForce #$DirectiveIllocutionaryForce #$CommissiveIllocutionaryForce
#$Inform   inform
An instance of #$IllocutionaryForce. If a communication act has this illocutionary force, the intention of the sender of information (see #$senderOfInfo) is to inform the intended recipient(s) of the propositional content of the communication act.
guid: bd588d9e-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$ConstativeIllocutionaryForce #$Individual
#$Request   request
An illocutionary force associated with requests. If a communication act has this illocutionary force it is the speaker's intention to ask the listener to perform the action(s) described in his/her utterance. If the listener responds positively, s/he places him/herself under an obligation to do the indicated action. `Speaker' and `listener' are broadly interpreted to mean, respectively, any #$senderOfInfo and #$recipientOfInfo.
guid: bd58d87c-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$DirectiveIllocutionaryForce #$Individual
#$Command   command (attribute value)
A kind of illocutionary force associated with commanding. When illocutionary act has this illocutionary force, then the speaker intends to have the listener either carry out the action described in the utterance and/or bring about the situation described in the utterance. The speaker in any given instance of #$Ordering-CommunicationAct presupposes that s/he has the authority to command those s/he adresses. `Speaker' and `listener' are broadly interpreted to mean, respectively, any #$senderOfInfo and #$recipientOfInfo.
guid: bd58dac6-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$DirectiveIllocutionaryForce #$Individual
#$Offer   offer (attribute value)
An attribute which may be possessed by instances of #$CommunicationAct-Single. If a communication act has this attribute, then the one communicating (the #$senderOfInfo) is volunteering to perform the action described in that utterance and/or bring about the situation described therein, on the condition that the listener (the #$recipientOfInfo) accept the offer. An offer may be made with additional conditions as well. When an offer is accepted (and any additional conditions are true), the speaker of the offer incurs an obligation. See also #$Offering-CommunicationAct, #$obligatedAgent.
guid: bd588d5b-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$CommissiveIllocutionaryForce #$Individual
#$Promise   promise (attribute value)
An attribute associated with instances of #$CommunicationAct-Single. If a communication act has this attribute, then the #$senderOfInfo intends to carry out the action described in the act and is obligated to do so.
guid: bd588d19-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$CommissiveIllocutionaryForce #$Individual
#$Query   query (attribute value)
The illocutionary force associated with a querying act. The speaker's ultimate goal may be either to learn the information or to test the knowledge of the agent queried. `Speaker' and `listener' are broadly interpreted to mean, respectively, any #$senderOfInfo and #$recipientOfInfo. See also #$IllocutionaryForce, #$RequestingInformation.
guid: bd58a082-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$DirectiveIllocutionaryForce #$Individual
#$MentalInformation   pieces of mental information
A specialization of #$PropositionalInformationThing. Each instance of #$MentalInformation is the propositional content of a specific mental state of an individual person. Thus, this is information which is embodied in a person having a memory or sensory perception or other type of thought.
guid: bd58daca-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$Collection
direct specialization of: #$PropositionalInformationThing  
direct generalization of: #$Memory #$SensoryInformation
#$Memory   memory
A specialization of #$MentalInformation. Each instance of #$Memory is the propositional content of a mental state in which a person recalls past events. Most commonly those memories concern first-person experiences, but they may include recollections of anything that the person has learned in the past.
guid: bd58da47-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$Collection
direct specialization of: #$MentalInformation  
#$SensoryInformation   sensory information
A specialization of #$MentalInformation. Each instance of #$SensoryInformation is the propositional content of a mental state in which an animal or other sentient being perceives something.
guid: bd58da88-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$Collection
direct specialization of: #$MentalInformation  
#$VisualRepresentationMicrotheory   visual representation microtheory
A specialization of #$PropositionalInformationThing. Each instance of #$VisualRepresentationMicrotheory is a context containing the propositional content of a particular visual representation, where visual representations include, among other things, paintings, photographs, digitized images, moving pictures, and statues.
guid: bd5f2401-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$MicrotheoryType
direct specialization of: #$PropositionalInformationThing  
#$ImageMicrotheory   image microtheories
A collection of microtheories; a subset of #$VisualRepresentationMicrotheory. Each element of #$ImageMicrotheory is a context in which to state the propositional content of a particular two-dimensional visual image. That includes both still images and moving pictures. Images which are approximately two-dimensional (such as friezes) may also be described with an image microtheory.
guid: bd5904e6-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$MicrotheoryType #$ObjectType
direct specialization of: #$VisualRepresentationMicrotheory  
#$StillImageMicrotheory   still image microtheory
A collection microtheories; a subset of #$ImageMicrotheory. Each element of #$StillImageMicrotheory is a context in which to state the propositional content of a particular (two-dimensional) still image, such as a photograph, painting, or drawing.
guid: c10067be-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$MicrotheoryType #$ObjectType
direct specialization of: #$VisualRepresentationMicrotheory  
#$FieldOfStudy   fields of study
A specialization of #$AbstractInformationalThing. Each instance of #$FieldOfStudy is a particular area of study, with its own distinctive set of theories, hypotheses, and problems. Instances of #$FieldOfStudy are typically the subject of teaching and/or research within instances of #$AcademicDepartment (q.v.), although one #$AcademicDepartment may cover several instances of #$FieldOfStudy. Instances of #$FieldOfStudy include #$ArtHistory, #$Physics, and #$ArtificialIntelligence.
guid: bd58b737-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$ObjectType
direct specialization of: #$AbstractInformationalThing  
direct generalization of: #$ScientificFieldOfStudy
#$LiberalArtsFieldOfStudy   liberal arts
A collection of microtheories; a subset of #$FieldOfStudy. Each element of #$LiberalArtsFieldOfStudy is one of those fields of study affiliated with the liberal arts, which includes fields expected to be known to some degree by all educated people, but excluding most specialized knowledge taught in professional schools. Examples: #$History-FieldOfStudy, #$ArtHistory, #$PhilosophyModern, #$Mathematics.
guid: c1007c21-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$TemporalStuffType
direct specialization of: #$FieldOfStudy  
#$AppliedDesignFieldOfStudy   applied design field of study
A collection of fields of study. Each element of #$AppliedDesignFieldOfStudy is a specialized body of knowledge about the design of useful objects or structures. Examples: #$ArchitecturalDesign, commercial art studies, industrial design.
guid: c1007c29-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$TemporalStuffType
direct specialization of: #$FieldOfStudy  
#$ScientificFieldOfStudy   scientific disciplines
A specialization of #$FieldOfStudy. Each instance of #$ScientificFieldOfStudy is a specialized body of knowledge, theory, hypotheses, observations, and problems, which together constitute the informational content of a systematic endeavor to explain (some part of) the natural world by rational (and frequently, quantifiable) methods, including, but not limited to, induction, falsifiable hypotheses tested by repeatable physical experiments, and deductive proof. Instances of #$ScientificFieldOfStudy include the traditional hard sciences (e.g., #$Physics, #$Chemistry), the life sciences (e.g., #$Biology, #$Genetics, #$Toxicology), and #$Mathematics.
guid: bd58b7fc-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$ObjectType
direct specialization of: #$FieldOfStudy  
#$InformationTransferEvent   information transfers
A specialization of #$GeneralizedTransfer. Each instance of #$InformationTransferEvent is an event in which information is transferred from a source (#$informationOrigin) to one or more destinations (#$informationDestination), where the source and the various destinations are either intelligent agents or #$InformationBearingThings (IBTs). Examples include reading a book (transfer of information from the book to the reader), saying something to someone (transfer of information from the speaker to the listener), machine translation (transfer of information from an encoded IBT in the source language to an encoded IBT in the target language), OCR scanning (transfer of information from a visual information source to another IBT in a different format), carving initials in a tree (transfer of information from an agent to an IBT), and making a speech (transfer of information from an agent to other agents). See also the specialization #$InformationTransferPhysicalEvent.
guid: bd589f07-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$TemporalObjectType
direct specialization of: #$GeneralizedTransfer  
direct generalization of: #$InformationTransferPhysicalEvent #$AccessingAnIBT #$Communicating #$MeetingTakingPlace #$IBTGeneration #$Trial #$InformationGathering
#$InformationRecordingProcess   information-recording processes
A collection of events in which information is recorded, using an #$InformationRecordingDevice. Every #$InformationRecordingProcess produces an #$InformationBearingObject.
guid: bd58e14f-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$DefaultDisjointScriptType #$TemporalStuffType
direct specialization of: #$IBOCreation  
#$topicOfInfoTransfer   topic (binary role predicate)
The predicate #$topicOfInfoTransfer is used to indicate what a particular communication is about. (#$topicOfInfoTransfer TRANS TOPIC) means that TOPIC is a primary topic of the information communicated in the #$InformationTransferEvent TRANS. For example, a result reported after an instance of #$BloodTest will contain information about the #$objectTested (viz., the blood sample); the patient's blood is thus a #$topicOfInfoTransfer of that report.
guid: bd5cee44-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$BinaryRolePredicate
direct specialization of: #$topicOfIndividual
#$informationOrigin   information origin
The predicate #$informationOrigin is used to indicate the source of information for a particular #$InformationTransferEvent. (#$informationOrigin TRANSFER ORIGIN) means that in the #$InformationTransferEvent TRANSFER, the information being transferred is coming from ORIGIN. ORIGIN is either an IBT (i.e., instance of #$InformationBearingThing) or an agent. Note that if ORIGIN still exists past the transfer, it presumably still contains the information.
guid: bd5e4f03-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$AsymmetricBinaryPredicate #$BinaryRolePredicate
direct specialization of: #$from-Generic #$informationTerminal
#$informationDestination   information destination
The predicate #$informationDestination is used to indicate where information is transferred in a particular information transfer event. (#$informationDestination TRANSFER DEST) means that in the #$InformationTransferEvent TRANSFER, the information being transferred is sent, given to, or impressed upon DEST. DEST is either an information-bearing thing (i.e., an instance of #$InformationBearingThing) or an agent. Note that if DEST is an agent, one should probably use the more specific actor slot, #$recipientOfInfo.
guid: bd58a9c5-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$AsymmetricBinaryPredicate #$BinaryRolePredicate
direct specialization of: #$to-Generic #$informationTerminal
#$senderOfInfo   information sender
The predicate #$senderOfInfo is used to indicate the sending agent in a particular transfer of information. (#$senderOfInfo TRANSFER SENDER) means that SENDER is an agent who is the source of information transferred in the #$InformationTransferEvent TRANSFER. At the time of TRANSFER (and typically for some period beforehand), SENDER conceives of the information transferred in TRANSFER. It's not the case that SENDER necessarily knows the `information' or has it among his/her beliefs (see the predicates #$knows and #$beliefs), because TRANSFER could involve lying (e.g., #$GeorgeWashington's telling his father, `I didn't chop down the cherry tree'). Note that (#$senderOfInfo TRANSFER SENDER) implies that SENDER performs TRANSFER intentionally, in the sense that there is some other agent (related to TRANSFER via #$communicationTarget) that SENDER is attempting to transfer information to via TRANSFER. Of course, SENDER may or may not be successful in transferring that information to the other agent.
guid: bd588f2d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$AgentiveRole
direct specialization of: #$informationOrigin #$performedBy
#$recipientOfInfo   perceiver (actor slot)
The predicate #$recipientOfInfo is used to indicate who receives information in a particular communication event. (#$recipientOfInfo TRANSFER RECIP) means that the information transferred in the #$InformationTransferEvent TRANSFER is received by the #$Agent RECIP. After TRANSFER, RECIP understands or conceives of the information transferred in TRANSFER; Cyc does NOT conclude that s/he #$knows the information or counts it among his/her #$beliefs, because RECIP might not believe it. In receiving the information transferred, RECIP may be acting intentionally or unintentionally. Note that if the communication event used in the first argument slot of this predicate is a #$CommunicationAct-Single and the recipient of the information was intended to receive the information by the originator of the communication event (see #$communicationTarget) then #$recipientOfInfo-Intended should probably be used instead of #$recipientOfInfo. See also #$infoTransferred.
guid: bd5a9863-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$AgentiveRole
direct specialization of: #$informationDestination #$actors
#$infoTransferred   info transferred
The predicate #$infoTransferred is used to indicate the meaningful content of a particular transferral of information. (#$infoTransferred TRANSFER INFO) means that INFO is information that is transferred due to the #$InformationTransferEvent TRANSFER. INFO originates from some agent or IBT (i.e., instance of #$InformationBearingThing). After TRANSFER, INFO is contained in another IBT or agent; INFO may persist in the source as well. For example, when I read the front page of the newspaper, some information about current world events is transferred from the newspaper to me. See also #$informationOrigin, #$informationDestination.
guid: bd652aec-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$BinaryRolePredicate
direct specialization of: #$topicOfInfoTransfer
#$Communicating   communicating
A collection of events. Each instance of #$Communicating is an event in which the transfer of information between or among agents is a focal action; communicating is the main purpose and/or goal in the event. That may be contrasted with events which involve communication but wherein the focus is different, e.g., playing cards (wherein the progressive actions -- and winning -- of the game are focal). Since #$Communicating is a specialization of #$PurposefulAction, each #$Communicating event must be intentional on the part of the #$senderOfInfo; it may or may not be intentional on the part of the #$recipientOfInfo. Hence, a speaker on a soapbox haranguing an indifferent crowd is performing an instance of #$Communicating. In contrast, Juliet soliloquizing on her balcony, unaware that Romeo is listening to her, is not #$Communicating; this #$InformationTransferEvent would be an instance of #$Eavesdropping. Communicating may be either a one-way or a two-way transfer of information (cf. #$CommunicationAct-Single, #$MultiDirectionalCommunication). Every event belonging to #$Communicating contains at least one transfer of information between at least two agents who participate in the event. (Note that the latter requirement excludes reading and writing from #$Communicating, when those events are just the private accessing or generating of information.) Communicating may be specialized in various ways, such as, by the method or medium used (e.g., #$AudioCommunicating, #$NonVerbalCommunicating, #$FaceToFacePresenceCommunicating); by the type of information involved (e.g., #$MakingAnAgreement); by the purpose of the communication (e.g., #$Teaching, #$Negotiating); by the agents involved (e.g., #$IntraOrganizationCommunication, #$StageProduction). Examples of #$Communicating include a symphony performance, an email message, a telephone call, a speech, a handshake, issuing a traffic ticket -- all of which normally, and focally, involve communication between two or more agents.
guid: bd589ec5-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$TemporalStuffType #$DefaultDisjointScriptType
direct specialization of: #$Action  #$InformationTransferEvent  
direct generalization of: #$MultiDirectionalCommunication #$Teaching #$NonVerbalCommunicating #$VisualCommunicating #$AudioCommunicating #$CommunicationAct-Single #$MakingAnAgreement
#$communicationTarget   intended recipient of communication
The predicate #$communicationTarget is used to indicate an intended recipient in a communication act. (#$communicationTarget COMM AGENT) means that the agent who originates the #$CommunicationAct-Single COMM intends the #$recipientOfInfo to be AGENT. Note that AGENT may or may not receive the information contained in COMM. To indicate both that AGENT is an intended recipient of COMM, and that AGENT actually receives the information contained in COMM, use the more specialized predicate #$recipientOfInfo-Intended.
guid: bd5c2e85-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$ActorSlot
direct specialization of: #$target #$preActors
#$communicationToken   communication token
The predicate #$communicationToken is used to indicate the particular instance of #$InformationBearingThing that is instrumental in a particular communication. (#$communicationToken COM IBT) means that IBT is an #$InformationBearingThing that carries the information transferred in the #$Communicating COM. A communication event transfers the information content of IBT from one agent to some other(s). IBT may be a tangible object (e.g., a newspaper), a sound (e.g., a voice), an image (e.g., from a television broadcast), or even a touch (e.g., a staying hand).
guid: bd58ef66-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$BinaryRolePredicate
#$languageOfCommunication   language of communication
The predicate #$languageOfCommunication is used to indicate a language used by agents in a particular communication event. (#$languageOfCommunication COM LANG) means that in the #$Communicating COM, the information transferred is expressed in the language LANG. LANG may be a natural language, a computer language, a musical system, or other symbolic system such as #$AmericanSignLanguage.
guid: bd5893ad-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$FunctionalSlot #$BinaryRolePredicate #$IntangibleObjectPredicate
#$AudioCommunicating   audio-communicating events
A specialization of #$Communicating. Each instance of #$AudioCommunicating is a transmission of sound-borne information between two (or more) agents. Specializations of #$AudioCommunicating include #$SpokenCommunicating and #$MusicalCommunicating.
guid: bd58c907-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$TemporalStuffType
direct specialization of: #$Communicating  
direct generalization of: #$SpokenCommunicating
#$SpokenCommunicating   speaking (carrying information)
A specialization of #$AudioCommunicating. Each instance of #$SpokenCommunicating is a transmission of sound-borne verbal information by spoken words between two (or more) agents. The communication may be one-way or two-way (or multi-way). Examples of #$SpokenCommunicating include a telephone conversation, a classroom discussion, and the #$GettysburgAddress-Speech.
guid: bd589537-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$TemporalStuffType
direct specialization of: #$AudioCommunicating  #$HumanActivity  
direct generalization of: #$Conversation
#$NonVerbalCommunicating   nonverbal communicating
A collection of information transfer events; a subcollection of #$Communicating. Each instance of #$NonVerbalCommunicating is a transmission of information by means of some bodily movement other than speaking. Subcollections include #$ShakingHands and #$Cuddling, since such actions by definition are communications involving two actors. (Note that #$MakingAGesture (q.v.) is NOT a subcollection of #$NonVerbalCommunicating; instances of #$MakingAGesture are merely information-encodings. They may or may not be #$subEvents of #$NonVerbalCommunicating events.)
guid: bd588f6b-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$DefaultDisjointScriptType #$TemporalStuffType
direct specialization of: #$Communicating  
#$VisualCommunicating   visual communicating
A specialization of #$Communicating. Each instance of #$VisualCommunicating is an action in which information is transmitted by visual media. Every instance of #$VisualCommunicating has at least one #$communicationToken (q.v.) which is an instance of #$VisualInformationSource. Examples of #$VisualCommunicating: a performance by mime Marcel Marceau; Seiji Ozawa conducting the Boston Symphony Orchestra; a policeman directing traffic; shaking a fist at someone in anger; sending a message with flags, light pulses, or smoke signals.
guid: bd58a4fc-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$DefaultDisjointScriptType #$TemporalStuffType
direct specialization of: #$Communicating  
#$CommunicationAct-Single   communication acts
A collection of information transfer events; a specialization of #$Communicating. Each instance of #$CommunicationAct-Single is a single-source transmission of information from _one_ sender (see the predicate #$senderOfInfo) to one or more recipients (see the predicate #$recipientOfInfo). Every instance of #$CommunicationAct-Single has a transmission sub-event (which is an instance of #$IBTGeneration) and one or more reception sub-events (which are instances of #$AccessingAnIBT). An instance of #$CommunicationAct-Single starts when its transmission sub-event starts and ends when its accessing sub-event(s) end.
guid: bd589e83-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$TemporalObjectType
direct specialization of: #$Communicating  
direct generalization of: #$Advertising #$GreetingSomeone #$Inform-CommunicationAct #$Offering-CommunicationAct #$Requesting-CommunicationAct #$Acknowledging-CommunicationAct
#$MultiDirectionalCommunication   dialogues
A collection of complex information transfer events. Each instance of #$MultiDirectionalCommunication is an event in which more than one agent is involved as a #$senderOfInfo. For example, a conversation or a debate, as opposed to a speech or lecture. The predicate #$infoContributed is used to correlate each sending agent with the information s/he transmits in such an event. For communication acts having only one sender, see #$CommunicationAct-Single.
guid: bd5891c4-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$Collection
direct specialization of: #$Communicating  
direct generalization of: #$Negotiating #$Conversation
#$infoContributed   info contributed
The predicate #$infoContributed is used to identify which agent said what in a particular complex communication activity. (#$infoContributed MULTICOM AGENT INFO) means that in the #$MultiDirectionalCommunication event MULTICOM, AGENT does something that expresses INFO. Note that speaking, writing, or otherwise signalling are all viable methods of `saying'. The (unspecified) thing that AGENT does in MULTICOM generates the message, and INFO is a propositional item expressing the content of AGENT's message. See also #$PropositionalInformationThing and #$IBTGeneration.
guid: bd5a3453-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$TernaryPredicate
#$AccessingAnIBT   information-accessing events
A specialization of both #$InformationTransferEvent and #$PurposefulAction. Each instance of #$AccessingAnIBT is an action by which an agent accesses the content of some instance(s) of #$InformationBearingThing. Examples include (getting information from) reading a newspaper, watching a film, listening to a musical performance, decoding an encrypted message, seeing a traffic police officer wave one on, or hearing one's roommate ask one to take out the trash.
guid: bd58d61f-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$DefaultDisjointScriptType #$TemporalObjectType
direct specialization of: #$InformationTransferEvent  #$PurposefulAction  #$TransferIn  
direct generalization of: #$Reading #$EntertainmentPerformance #$ListeningDeliberately
#$IBTGeneration   generations of an Information Bearing Thing
A specialization of #$InformationTransferEvent. Each instance of #$IBTGeneration is an event which creates some information-bearing thing--thus, an event in which some idea or information is expressed. In instances of #$IBTGeneration, the instance of #$InformationBearingThing which is created may be either a transient wave phenomenon (e.g., made of sound, light, or radio waves), or it may be a relatively long-lasting instance of #$InformationBearingObject (cf. #$IBOCreation). Humans frequently generate such information-bearing things as spoken language, gestures, and handwritten notes. It is irrelevant for instances of #$IBTGeneration whether there is another agent who immediately (or, indeed, ever) accesses the resulting information-bearing thing. Note the difference: reading is _not_ an instance of #$IBTGeneration, but writing (usually) is. Note that every communication act starts with an instance of #$IBTGeneration. See also #$Communicating and its specializations, especially #$CommunicationAct-Single.
guid: bd70d156-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$TemporalObjectType
direct specialization of: #$TransferOut  #$Action  #$InformationTransferEvent  
direct generalization of: #$Advertising #$VisualInformationConveyingAct #$IBTGeneration-Replication #$IBTGeneration-Original #$IBOCreation #$Talking
#$ibtGenerated   ibt generated
The predicate #$ibtGenerated is used to link a particular information bearing thing (IBT) to the event in which it is created. (#$ibtGenerated GEN IBT) means that the #$InformationBearingThing IBT comes about, happens, or comes into existence in or as an immediate consequence of the event GEN. See also #$IBTGeneratedFn.
guid: beacbd12-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$AsymmetricBinaryPredicate #$BinaryRolePredicate
direct specialization of: #$informationDestination
#$IBOCreation   creations of an information-bearing object
A specialization of both #$PhysicalCreationEvent and #$IBTGeneration. Each instance of #$IBOCreation is an event in which an instance of #$InformationBearingObject (hereafter IBO) is created. Examples of #$IBOCreation include publishing a book, making a film, printing a photograph, molding a plastic credit card, painting a billboard, and minting a coin. When an IBO is created, its content may be either original, be copied from a prior #$InformationBearingThing, or be instantiated from an existing #$ConceptualWork.
guid: bd621044-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$TemporalObjectType
direct specialization of: #$HumanActivity  #$IBTGeneration  #$PhysicalCreationEvent  
direct generalization of: #$MarkingOnASurface #$MakingWrittenMaterial #$InformationRecordingProcess
#$iboCreated   ibo created
The predicate #$iboCreated is used to link a particular information bearing object (IBO) to the event in which it is created. (#$iboCreated CREATION IBO) means that the #$InformationBearingObject IBO is created in the event CREATION. For example, my copy of today's `Austin American-Statesman' morning paper was created during the previous night's paper-publishing event.
guid: bd62daa1-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$ActorSlot
direct specialization of: #$ibtGenerated #$outputsCreated
#$IBTGeneration-Original   generations of an original Information Bearing Thing
A specialization of #$IBTGeneration. Each instance of #$IBTGeneration-Original is an event in which some instance of #$InformationBearingThing (hereafter IBT) is generated, where the content of the IBT generated is not a copy of the content of any previously created IBT.
guid: bd58f6af-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$DefaultDisjointScriptType #$TemporalObjectType
direct specialization of: #$HumanActivity  #$IBTGeneration  #$CreatingAnArtifact  
#$IBTGeneration-Replication   events in which an Information Bearing Thing is replicated
A specialization of #$IBTGeneration. Each instance of #$IBTGeneration-Replication is an event in which a new instance of #$InformationBearingThing (IBT) is created whose content is based on that of a preexisting IBT (which is the #$informationOrigin (q.v.) of the generation event). The new IBT contains at least part of the information content of the original IBT. It may use the same or a different way of encoding the information.
guid: bd5ea94c-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$TemporalObjectType
direct specialization of: #$IBTGeneration  
direct generalization of: #$IBTCopying #$IBTRecoding
#$IBTRecoding   events in which an Information Bearing Thing is recoded
A specialization of #$IBTGeneration-Replication. Each instance of #$IBTRecoding is an event which generates a new information-bearing thing (i.e., an instance of #$InformationBearingThing) by taking information from a source information-bearing thing (see #$informationOrigin), encoding it a new way, and incorporating it into a new information-bearing thing (see #$ibtGenerated). Instances of #$IBTRecoding may be done either by agents (e.g., people) or by non-agents (e.g., record players, or computers running translation software). Recoding the content of a pre-existing information-bearing thing presupposes some instance of accessing it (i.e., of #$AccessingAnIBT).
guid: bd5f36bb-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$TemporalObjectType
direct specialization of: #$IBTGeneration-Replication  
direct generalization of: #$Decoding #$Encoding
#$IBTCopying   events in which an Information Bearing Thing is copied
A specialization of #$IBTGeneration-Replication. Each instance of #$IBTCopying is an event which generates some new instance or instances of #$InformationBearingThing by copying the information and format from a source #$InformationBearingThing (see #$informationOrigin). The new instance(s) of #$InformationBearingThing encode(s) approximately the same information in approximately the same way as the source #$InformationBearingThing. Specializations of #$IBTCopying include #$CopyingAComputerFile and #$PhotocopyingADocument.
guid: bd6606e6-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$TemporalObjectType
direct specialization of: #$IBTGeneration-Replication  
#$InformationUpdating   information updating
A specialization of #$InformationTransferPhysicalEvent. Each instance of #$InformationUpdating is an event in which the information content of an information bearing object (see the collection #$InformationBearingObject) is altered, either by removing or by adding information. Important specializations of #$InformationUpdating are #$InformationRemoving and #$InformationAdding.
guid: bd616cc0-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$TemporalStuffType
direct specialization of: #$InformationTransferPhysicalEvent  
direct generalization of: #$InformationRemoving #$InformationAdding
#$InformationAdding   information adding
A specialization of #$InformationUpdating. Each instance of #$InformationAdding is an event in which information is added to the information content of an instance of #$InformationBearingObject (q.v.). After the action, the instance of #$InformationBearingObject (which is related to the action by #$informationDestination)`has' the new information. The resulting information content of that instance of #$InformationBearingObject includes both its content immediately prior to the addition, plus the newly added information. Examples of #$InformationAdding: recording a check in the check register of one's checkbook; taking the next photograph on a roll of film; adding new information to a database.
guid: bd5e23fb-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$TemporalStuffType
direct specialization of: #$InformationUpdating  
#$InformationRemoving   deleting (carrying information)
A specialization of #$InformationUpdating. Each instance of #$InformationRemoving is an event in which information is removed from some information-bearing object (see the collection #$InformationBearingObject), so that after the event the remaining information content of the information-bearing object is only a proper part of what it started out to be. Notable specializations of #$InformationRemoving include #$DeletingAFile and #$EliminatingAComputerVirus.
guid: bd642fa3-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$TemporalStuffType
direct specialization of: #$InformationUpdating  
#$infoAdded   info added
(#$infoAdded CHANGE INFO) means that in the #$InformationUpdating action, CHANGE, INFO was added to the IBO (#$InformationBearingObject) acted on.
guid: bd5b03bc-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$BinaryRolePredicate
direct specialization of: #$infoTransferred
#$infoRemoved   info removed
(#$infoRemoved CHANGE INFO) means that in the #$InformationUpdating action, CHANGE, INFO was removed from the IBO (#$InformationBearingObject) acted on.
guid: bd62ead9-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$BinaryRolePredicate
direct specialization of: #$infoTransferred
#$Reading   reads (perceptions)
The collection of acts of reading #$TextualMaterial. These may be for extracting some sort of information from the text, for entertainment, to impart the content of the text to others (if #$ReadingAloud), or to test reading skills. A person can read visually [#$Reading-Visual] or by touch [#$Reading-Tactile] (e.g. reading Braille).
guid: bd58d532-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$TemporalStuffType #$DefaultDisjointScriptType #$HumanCapabilityType
direct specialization of: #$Perceiving-Voluntary  #$AccessingAnIBT  #$LearnedActivity  
#$ListeningDeliberately   listening
The collection of events in which an #$Agent deliberately facilitates and does #$Hearing.
guid: bd58c048-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$DefaultDisjointScriptType #$TemporalStuffType
direct specialization of: #$Perceiving-Voluntary  #$AccessingAnIBT  #$Hearing  
#$WatchingSomething   watching events
A collection of events involving the deliberate direction of #$VisualPerception on the part of an #$Agent.
guid: c0ed09e7-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$DefaultDisjointScriptType #$TemporalStuffType
direct specialization of: #$Observing  #$Perceiving-Voluntary  #$VisualPerception  
#$Learning   learning events
The collection of all events, brief or extended, in which an agent is acquiring information or know-how.
guid: bd58ef72-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$TemporalStuffType #$MammalCapabilityType
direct specialization of: #$AtLeastPartiallyMentalEvent  #$ImprovementEvent  
#$Writing   writings (creation events)
The collection of actions in which text is produced, either via writing by hand, with a typewriter, with a computer, etc. Could be a single episode of writing, or a discontinuous set of episodes (as when one writes a letter over a few days). #$Writing is not a #$Communicating, because there is not necessarily a successful transfer of information to some other agent. Of course, instances of #$Writing can be #$subEvents of such transfers.
guid: bd58cbbe-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$TemporalObjectType #$DefaultDisjointScriptType
direct specialization of: #$SkilledActivity  #$VisualInformationConveyingAct  #$MakingWrittenMaterial  
direct generalization of: #$WritingByHand
#$VisualInformationConveyingAct   visual information conveying act
The collection of actions that express (transmit) visual information.
guid: bd58f666-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$DefaultDisjointScriptType #$TemporalObjectType
direct specialization of: #$IBTGeneration  
direct generalization of: #$MakingAGesture #$Writing
#$MakingAGesture   gesturing
The collection of acts of #$IBOCreation done by an #$Animal (including #$Person) arranging its limbs or other body parts (and whatever objects the limbs might be holding) in some meaningful configuration (static or dynamic). Vocal #$IBTGenerations are not considered to be gestures (see #$MakingAnOralSound for this), but they might be done in conjunction with gestures. NB: #$MakingAGesture is NOT a subcollection of #$NonVerbalCommunicating; at most, an instance of #$MakingAGesture is only half of a communication event. And someone can make a gesture while alone, without using it for communication. Thus, only some gestures are #$subEvents of #$NonVerbalCommunicating. (But note that #$MakingAGesture IS a subcollection of #$IBTGeneration-Original (q.v.), since every gesture encodes information, whether or not it is used for communication in a particular instance.)
guid: bd58f623-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$DefaultDisjointScriptType #$TemporalObjectType
direct specialization of: #$VisualInformationConveyingAct  #$VoluntaryBodyMovement  
#$MakingFacialExpression   making facial expression
The collection of events during which the configuration of an agent's face changes. This is usually associated with the expression of some emotion.
guid: bd58c58d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$ControllableAutonomousActionType #$DefaultDisjointScriptType #$TemporalStuffType
direct specialization of: #$BodyMovementEvent  
#$Speaking   speech (carrying information)
The collection of actions generating #$Utterances which are speech. A subcollection of #$Talking. Hence, #$Speaking normally includes only those #$Utterances using #$Language as a communication convention, unlike other #$Utterances such as #$Booing and #$Cheering.
guid: bd58bf82-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$HumanCapabilityType #$DefaultDisjointScriptType #$TemporalStuffType
direct specialization of: #$MakingAnOralSound  #$Talking  
#$Encrypting   encrypting events
The collection of actions in which some transformation is applied to an IBT (#$InformationBearingThing) which renders it unaccessible to all but the intended audience, since the method required to decrypt the IBT is secret.
guid: bd60996f-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$TemporalObjectType
direct specialization of: #$Encoding  
#$Decrypting   decryptions
The collection of actions in which an encrypted IBO (#$InformationBearingObject) is transformed so that it can be accessed.
guid: bd659b49-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$TemporalObjectType
direct specialization of: #$Decoding  
#$Inform-CommunicationAct   acts of conveying information
A specialization of both #$PurposefulAction and #$CommunicationAct-Single. Each instance of #$Inform-CommunicationAct is a communication act in which an agent intentionally conveys some piece of information.
guid: bd589e02-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$TemporalObjectType
direct specialization of: #$InformationBearingThing  #$CommunicationAct-Single  #$PurposefulAction  
direct generalization of: #$Disapproval-CommunicationAct
#$Requesting-CommunicationAct   requests
A specialization of #$CommunicationAct-Single. Each instance of #$Requesting-CommunicationAct is a communication act in which one agent requests something of one or more other agents. Requests are typically followed by a response.
guid: bd58eaca-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$TemporalObjectType #$DefaultDisjointScriptType
direct specialization of: #$PurposefulAction  #$CommunicationAct-Single  
direct generalization of: #$RequestingInformation #$Ordering-CommunicationAct
#$RequestingInformation   inquiries
A specialization of #$Requesting-CommunicationAct. In each instance of #$RequestingInformation, an agent asks a question or requests some information. See also the #$IllocutionaryForce associated with this action, #$Query.
guid: bd58adc2-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$DefaultDisjointScriptType #$TemporalObjectType
direct specialization of: #$Requesting-CommunicationAct  
#$Acknowledging-CommunicationAct   acknowledgments
The collection of actions which are #$performedBy one #$Agent to convey information about the receipt of a prior #$CommunicationAct-Single which was #$performedBy another #$Agent. An example: Judy saying `No' in response to Jane's prior act of saying `Will you clean the toaster.'
guid: bd590c41-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$TemporalObjectType #$DefaultDisjointScriptType
direct specialization of: #$CommunicationAct-Single  
#$Offering-CommunicationAct   offers (communication acts)
A specialization of #$CommunicationAct-Single. Each instance of #$Offering-CommunicationAct is a communication act in which somebody offers to do something, furnish something, or make something the case. See also the #$IllocutionaryForce associated with these actions, #$Offer.
guid: bd58eb0b-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$TemporalObjectType #$DefaultDisjointScriptType
direct specialization of: #$CommunicationAct-Single  
#$Ordering-CommunicationAct   orders (communication acts)
A collection of actions, many of which are speech acts. In each instance of this collection, somebody orders somebody to do something. See also the #$IllocutionaryForce associated with this action, #$Command.
guid: bd58a938-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$DefaultDisjointScriptType #$TemporalObjectType
direct specialization of: #$HumanActivity  #$Requesting-CommunicationAct  
#$acknowledgementOf   acknowledgement of
(#$acknowledgementOf ACT PIT) means that ACT is an acknowledging act to signify receipt of the abstract information PIT that is being acknowledged and to indicate a response. The ACT may be an #$Accepting-CommunicationAct or a #$Rejecting-CommunicationAct, or several others. Some may be combinations, e.g. David may accept part of #$Wanda's order (say the part about cleaning the kitchen) but not the other part (say cleaning the bathroom). See also #$acknowledgedAct which relates the two acts directly.
guid: bd5905b9-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$BinaryPredicate
#$acknowledgedAct   acknowledged act
(#$acknowledgedAct ACKACT COMACT) means that the #$CommunicationAct-Single COMACT is acknowledged and replied-to by the responsive #$Acknowledging-CommunicationAct ACKACT. Particular acceptances or rejections of a particular project proposal would involve examples of this predicate, as would a person responding to a wedding invitation, or a court responding to a motion. See also #$acknowledgementOf which refers to the abstract content of the communication.
guid: bd58dd20-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$AntiTransitiveBinaryPredicate #$AsymmetricBinaryPredicate
direct specialization of: #$startsAfterEndingOf
#$EmittingSound   sound emissions
A specialization of #$EmittingAWave. Each instance of #$EmittingSound is an event in which some instance of #$Sound is emitted from some wave source (see the predicate #$waveSource). Examples of #$EmittingSound include an explosion generating a sound wave, a plucked violin string resonating, a baby crying, and a person saying `Hello'.
guid: bd589e37-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$DefaultDisjointScriptType #$TemporalStuffType
direct specialization of: #$EmittingAWave  
direct generalization of: #$MakingAnOralSound
#$MakingAnOralSound   verbalizing (moving)
The collection of actions in which the lips and other mouth parts are used to make sound. #$MakingAnOralSound means the event in which sound is produced more-or-less voluntarily, using the mouth, mouth portal, lips, and tongue.--Kean, July 11, 1997
guid: bd589df6-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$DefaultDisjointScriptType
direct specialization of: #$BodyMovementEvent  #$EmittingSound  
direct generalization of: #$Speaking
#$Singing   singing
The collection of acts of producing #$Music sounds with the human vocal cords.
guid: bd58d4ae-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$DefaultDisjointScriptType #$TemporalStuffType
direct specialization of: #$MakingAnOralSound  
#$containsInformation   contains information
(#$containsInformation IBT INFO) means that INFO is part of the information content of the #$InformationBearingThing, IBT.
guid: bd58c240-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$NonPhysicalPartPredicate
direct specialization of: #$intangibleParts
#$containsInformationAbout   concerning
(#$containsInformationAbout Is THING) means that the #$InformationStore IS is generally 'about' THING -- which may be any #$Thing at all. This is a very general notion of aboutness, which does not require that THING be explicitly named in IS, nor that it be the main topic.
guid: bd58a9fe-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$BinaryPredicate
direct specialization of: #$topicOfIndividual
#$propositionalInfoAbout   propositional info about
(#$propositionalInfoAbout AIT THING) means that the #$AbstractInformationalThing AIT is or contains propositional information about THING. For instance, AIT might be a #$Microtheory with assertions concerning THING or a #$TextualPCW containing information about THING. This relation constitutes a kind of intentionality in the philosophers' sense (see e.g. #$IntentionalMentalSituation), though some would argue that it is only an indirect or derived sort of intentionality in that it always presupposes an underlying intention on the part of some agent(s). Although the notion of a written text or other sort of conceptual work being (propositionally) about something is a completely familiar one -- it is regularly appealed to in everyday discourse as well as in academic studies pertaining to meaning or interpretation -- giving a precise analysis of the notion (in the form of necessary and sufficient conditions, e.g.) is a notoriously difficult task, shot-through with controversy. Still, a couple of non-contentious points can be made in this direction. First, it is clear that the information in question must be sufficiently specific to the thing it is about . That is, in order for AIT to contain propositional information about THING it is _not_ sufficient that AIT merely involve general information about the elements of some collection (or set or class) to which THING belongs, but must involve some way of singling-out THING, e.g. by mentioning THING by name or containing a description that uniquely applies to THING. For example, the sentence `Dogs are carnivores' is too general to be about Lassie (though it _is_ arguably about the collections #$Dog and #$Carnivore); `Television's best-loved canine was a collie', on the other hand, is certainly about her. Second, since the information must be _propositional_ (see e.g. #$Proposition), it is also _not_ sufficient that AIT merely contain a term or symbol that specifies or denotes or represents THING; AIT must say something about THING. Thus, a mere unannotated list of the names of famous show-biz animals would _not_ be propositionally about Lassie, even though her name would undoubtedly appear on it. Finally, note that #$propositionalInfoAbout does _not_ insist that THING is what AIT is _mainly_ or _focally_ about; thus the selfsame AIT might easily be about several (even many) different things at the same time.
guid: bd590a60-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$IntangibleObjectPredicate #$BinaryPredicate
direct specialization of: #$topicOfIndividual
#$ist-Information   ist - information
An instance of #$MicrotheoryDesignatingPredicate (q.v.) and a specialization of #$ist (q.v.). (#$ist-Information PIT SENT) means that the #$Proposition (q.v.) expressed by SENT is part of the explicitly-stated (as opposed to the merely inferred) informational content of the #$PropositionalInformationThing PIT. This does _not_ entail that SENT itself is asserted either in PIT (cf. #$ist-Asserted) or in some more general microtheory PIT-GENL whose content PIT inherits (via the inverse of #$genlMt); but it does entail that either (i) a sentence SENT-PRIME that has the same informational content (i.e. expresses the same proposition) as SENT is asserted in PIT or in some PIT-GENL or (ii) SENT is a conjunction each conjunct CONJi of which is such that there is some sentence with the same informational content as CONJi asserted either in PIT or in some PIT-GENL.
guid: bd58d1ce-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$MicrotheoryDesignatingPredicate #$MicrotheoryPredicate #$BinaryPredicate
direct specialization of: #$ist
#$informStatement   inform statement
(#$informStatement MT PROP) means that the #$ELSentence-Assertible PROP is true in the information context MT. Note that (#$informStatement MT PROP) implies that (#$ist MT PROP).
guid: bd5c2cd8-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$MicrotheoryDesignatingPredicate #$MicrotheoryPredicate #$BinaryPredicate
direct specialization of: #$ist-Information
#$visuallyDepicts   visually depicts
(#$visuallyDepicts IBT OBJ) means the object OBJ is depicted by the visual information source IBT.
guid: c1006396-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$BinaryPredicate
direct specialization of: #$containsInformationAbout
#$mtImageDepicts   mt image depicts
The predicate #$mtImageDepicts is used to determine things represented in images, on the basis of the information content of the image. For this purpose, the content of an image is represented as an abstract, propositional thing--an element of #$ImageMicrotheory (which is a subset of #$PropositionalInformationThing (q.v.)). (#$mtImageDepicts IMT OBJ) means that the image(s) which have the information content IMT depict the object OBJ. Those images may be still or moving images. IMT is an element of #$ImageMicrotheory. OBJ is an element of #$SpatialThing, which includes both tangible objects and physical events. One usage of #$mtImageDepicts is for the description and representation of particular images; e.g., an image with the content `Roy Rogers is riding Trigger' depicts Roy Rogers and depicts Trigger. Another usage of #$mtImageDepicts is in inference rules about the content of images. For example, using a series of common sense inferences, we conclude that an image with the content `a cowboy [is] on his horse' probably also depicts some instance of #$OutdoorLocation.
guid: c10054e2-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$BinaryPredicate #$MicrotheoryPredicate
direct specialization of: #$propositionalInfoAbout
#$symbolizes   symbolizes
(#$symbolizes SYMBOL OBJ) means that the #$SymbolicObject SYMBOL represents the thing OBJ for some abstract agent. E.g., the US flag #$symbolizes the USA. It is usually true that (#$symbolizes x y) implies (#$connotes x y #$High). Note that the 'abstract agent' may be context-specific -- a given object may represent one thing in one culture, and nothing at all or a different thing in another culture.
guid: bd58cfa9-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$AsymmetricBinaryPredicate
direct specialization of: #$topicOfIndividual
#$connotes   connoting
(#$connotes OBJ-1 OBJ-2 DEGREE) means that as a consequence of perceiving or thinking about one thing (OBJ-1), a typical sane intelligent perceiving agent would likely think of another thing (OBJ-2) with a strength of association indicated by DEGREE. E.g., (#$connotes #$GermanNaziParty #$Prejudice #$High). This predicate is sometimes symmetric, but often not. See also #$typeConnotes.
guid: bd5db15f-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$TernaryPredicate
#$PITOfIBTFn   p i t of i b t fn
An instance of both #$IndividualDenotingFunction and #$ReifiableFunction. Given as its argument a particular instance of #$InformationBearingThing (q.v.), #$PITOfIBTFn returns the information content of that thing. The object returned is an instance of #$PropositionalInformationThing (q.v.). Thus, (#$PITOfIBTFn IBT) is the abstract, propositional chunk of information that is represented in IBT. For example: if IBT is a particular printed copy of Psalm 23, then (#$PITOfIBTFn MyCopyOfPsalm23) is the propositional content of Psalm 23.
guid: bd6852b7-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$UnaryFunction #$ReifiableFunction #$IndividualDenotingFunction #$Individual
#$toneOfInformationThing   tone of information thing
The predicate #$toneOfInformationThing is used to characterize the evaluation made or implied by a particular assertion about something. (#$toneOfInformationThing PROP THING TONE) means that the proposition expressed in the #$ELSentence-Assertible PROP explicitly or implicitly makes an evaluation of THING that has the #$EvaluationToneAttribute TONE. Some possible values of TONE are: #$PositiveTone, #$NegativeTone, #$NeutralTone. For example, a Cyc formula stating that #$Socrates feels #$Courage in the face of his execution can be said to be positive in tone about #$Socrates. (Such a formula would utilize #$feelsTowardsEvent.)
guid: bd58b2b6-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$TernaryPredicate
#$EvaluationToneAttribute   evaluation tone attribute
A collection of attribute values. Each element of #$EvaluationToneAttribute is an attribute used to specify the general tone of some assertion, group of assertions, or presentation about some topic. Examples of #$EvaluationToneAttribute: #$PositiveTone, #$NegativeTone, #$NeutralTone.
guid: bd58e1a9-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$LinearOrderAttributeType
direct specialization of: #$ScalarInterval  
#$NegativeTone   negative tone
An element of #$EvaluationToneAttribute. The attribute #$NegativeTone represents the attitude implied by judgments which are critical, derisive, disparaging, or insulting about their subjects.
guid: bd58e50c-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$OrderOfMagnitudeInterval #$Individual
#$NeutralTone   neutral tone
An element of #$EvaluationToneAttribute. The attribute #$NeutralTone represents the attitude implied by judgments which neither seriously disparage nor seriously praise their subjects.
guid: bd58d65d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$OrderOfMagnitudeInterval #$Individual
#$PositiveTone   praise
An element of #$EvaluationToneAttribute. The attribute #$PositiveTone represents the attitude implied by judgments which praise, commend, celebrate, or applaud their subjects.
guid: bd58b2f7-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$OrderOfMagnitudeInterval #$Individual


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