Social
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General Social Constants
#$ableToControl able
to control
A predicate that relates an agent to some
cotemporal thing s/he is able to control. More precisely, (#$ableToControl
AGENT THING) means that AGENT is in a position of being able
to either (i) influence (i.e. prohibit, enable, or
constrain) some significant set of behaviors (or actions or
functionings) of THING or (ii) influence some significant
set of behaviors of other agents with respect to THING. For
example, Wilbur Post might be able to control some range of
his horse Ed's actions in virtue of having the (physical and
legal) power to force Ed to walk down this bridle path, stay
in that corral, and so on; and Wilbur might also be able to
control Ed in the sense of deciding who has access to him
(e.g. deciding who may see Ed and who may ride him). The
controlled THING might be a non-living possession of AGENT's
or, as in the above example, another _agent_. Since one's
ability to control something is rarely comprehensive, (#$ableToControl
AGENT THING) can hold despite the fact there are many
behaviors/actions/functionings of THING's that are beyond
AGENT's control. Thus, although Wilbur might be able to
control which paths Ed is ridden on, where he sleeps, and
what he eats, Wilbur might not be able to control such
things as Ed's breathing rate, tail swishing, or what he
does in the privacy of his stall. Note that AGENT's being #$ableToControl
THING does not entail that AGENT actually exercises this
ability. Note also that AGENT's merely being able to
influence _some_ behavior of THING (or some behavior of
another agent's with respect to THING) is not sufficient for
her being #$ableToControl
THING; AGENT must be able to influence a significant set or
range of THING's behaviors (or of other agents' behaviors
with respect to THING) in order to be able to control THING.
(Unavoidably, the notions of being able to do something and
of a significant range of a thing's
behaviors/actions/functionings are both rather vague.) For
describing events in which an agent actually wields control
over something, consider using #$ControllingSomething
and #$objectControlled.
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direct instance of:
#$CotemporalObjectsSlot
direct specialization of:
#$positiveVestedInterest
#$ableToAffect
#$SocialBeing social agents
The specialization of #$IntelligentAgent
whose instances are beings whose existence is acknowledged
within some social system. (Thus, the extent of #$SocialBeing
will vary with the social context.) Social beings are able
to perform social roles in the systems that recognize them.
Some notable specializations of #$SocialBeing are
#$Person, #$LegalAgent, and
#$Organization.
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direct instance of:
#$ExistingObjectType
direct specialization of:
#$Agent #$IntelligentAgent
direct generalization of:
#$MedicalCareProvider
#$LegalAgent
#$JudicialAgent
#$MedicalPatient #$Organization
#$affiliatedWith affiliate
(symmetric binary predicate)
(#$affiliatedWith
AGENT1 AGENT2) means that AGENT1 and AGENT2 are somehow
affiliated. This is a broad relation, involving at least the
voluntary entry into an understood formal or semi-formal
relationship, which entails certain rights and obligations,
on the part of at least one of the affiliated agents. For
example, the agents might be business partners, kin,
employer/employee, parent-company/subsidiary, or organization/member.
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direct instance of: #$IrreflexiveBinaryPredicate
#$SymmetricBinaryPredicate #$CotemporalObjectsSlot
direct specialization of: #$conceptuallyRelated #$temporallyIntersects
#$possessiveRelation
#$acquaintedWith acquaintance
(reflexive binary predicate)
This predicate relates an agent to other agents
with whom s/he is acquainted. (#$acquaintedWith
AGENT1 AGENT2) means that AGENT1 is acquainted with AGENT2
in the sense that AGENT1 has met, has knowingly come into
physical contact with, or has knowingly communicated
(bi-directionally) with AGENT2. Typically, this means that
AGENT1 is aware of some facts about AGENT2 and can recognize
AGENT2 by appearance, voice, or some other physical
characteristic. Note that #$acquaintedWith
is _not_ symmetric: it is possible for AGENT1 to be #$acquaintedWith
AGENT2 and not vice versa. This would be the case (e.g.) if
AGENT2 is nonsentient (cf. #$SentientAnimal)
or comotose, and thus incapable of recognizing AGENT1.
Another (arguable) example of asymmetric acquaintance is
where AGENT1 is introduced to AGENT2 while (the former is)
in disguise and using a faked identity.
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direct instance of:
#$CotemporalObjectsSlot
#$ReflexiveBinaryPredicate
direct specialization of:
#$temporallyIntersects
#$awareOf
#$Workplace workplaces
The collection of places where people customarily
work (not the employing organizations). #$Workplace
includes offices, restaurant buildings, construction sites,
agricultural sites, the #$SpaceNeedle, etc. Some places may
be #$Workplaces
only during a small part of their existence (a piece of
residential property while the house is being built,
perhaps); some may almost always be #$Workplaces
(grocery store buildings, office buildings, smithies,
hospitals, etc.).
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direct instance of:
#$ContactLocationType
direct specialization of:
#$PhysicalContactLocation
#$spectators spectator
(actor slot)
(#$spectators E
AGT) means that in the #$Event E, the #$Agent AGT is an
onlooker of E but not actively acting in it in any other
way. AGT will observe all or part of E.
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direct instance of: #$AgentiveRole
direct specialization of: #$observers #$preActors
#$beneficiary beneficiary
(binary role predicate)
(#$beneficiary ACT
AGT) means that the #$Agent AGT benefits
from the performance of the action ACT. Some desire or
interest of AGT is served, enabled, helped, or satisfied by
the performance of ACT.
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direct instance of: #$BinaryRolePredicate
#$owns owning
(#$owns AGENT
OBJECT) means that AGENT owns OBJECT -- that is, AGENT
enjoys #$FullUseRights
(q.v.) over OBJECT. Note: There are commonsense rules
relating #$owns to
#$controls. E.g., ownership typically implies control. But
they are just default rules, as there are many exceptions
(e.g., when the owner of a building leases it to a company
for ten years, the owner gives up almost all `control' over
it during that decade).
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direct instance of:
#$CotemporalObjectsSlot
#$AsymmetricBinaryPredicate
direct specialization of:
#$hasOwnershipIn
#$awareOf
#$recipientOfService recipient
of a service
(#$recipientOfService
EVENT AGENT) means that AGENT is a recipient of the #$ServiceEvent
EVENT. Thus, the service in question is done for or
performed on AGENT, and AGENT is correspondingly affected by it.
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direct instance of:
#$ActorSlot
direct specialization of:
#$preActors #$postActors #$beneficiary
#$providerOfService service
provider (actor slot)
The predicate #$providerOfService
is used to relate a service event to the agent that provides
it. (#$providerOfService
SERVICE AGENT) means that the #$ServiceEvent
SERVICE is performed or provided by the #$Agent AGENT.
Typically, AGENT acts in order to serve the #$recipientOfService
(q.v.) in SERVICE.
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direct instance of: #$AgentiveRole
#$socialParticipants participant
(actor slot)
(#$socialParticipants
SO AGT) means that the #$Agent AGT participates
--- in some social role --- in the #$SocialOccurrence
SO. In every culture there are many specializations of this
#$ActorSlot;
some #$SocialOccurrences
have very elaborate role structures (e.g., a lawsuit in
1990's America), and some are fairly simple (e.g., rudely
bumping into someone.) See #$SocialOccurrence.
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direct instance of:
#$ActorSlot
direct specialization of:
#$deliberateActors
#$participantStatus participant status
(#$participantStatus
AGT EV STAT) means that the #$Agent AGT participates
in #$Event EV, and has
the #$EventParticipantStatus STAT in that #$Event. Examples of such
status are #$ConfirmedStatus, #$DeclinedStatus,
#$NoShowStatus, etc. The status of the participant can
change over time; e.g., when a passenger with an airline
reservervation shows up and gets a boarding pass, or when
they actually surrender the boarding pass and get on board
the aircraft.
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direct instance of: #$TernaryPredicate
Residence
#$residesInDwelling residing
This predicate relates a person or other sort of
animal to a constructed shelter in which s/he/it lives or
resides. (#$residesInDwelling
RESIDENT SHELTER) means that RESIDENT resides in SHELTER.
That is, SHELTER is the place where RESIDENT usually sleeps,
spends much of its time, lays its eggs; a place it cleans
and maintains and repairs; a place it defends against
intrusion; etc. A person or animal might reside in more than
one dwelling at a given time. For example, a person might #$residesInDwelling
some tent during a camping trip, and at the same time it
would still be true that she #$residesInDwelling
her apartment or house. Note that the dwelling in which a
person #$residesInDwelling
is not necessarily her legal domicile, though of course it
often will be. Note also that #$residesInDwelling
does not subsume parasitical or symbiotic relationships, in
which one animal lives in or on another. The more general
predicate #$objectFoundInLocation
would be the appropriate one, for example, for a case of a
flea living on a dog. See also #$occupants and #$residesInRegion.
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direct instance of:
#$CotemporalObjectsSlot
direct specialization of: #$permanentLocationOfObject
#$residesInRegion inhabitant
(cotemporal predicate)
This predicate relates a person or other sort of
animal to a geographical region in which s/he/it resides. (#$residesInRegion
RESIDENT REGION) means that RESIDENT lives or resides
primarily in REGION. This obviously does not entail that
RESIDENT is physically in REGION at any particular time,
since people are often away from their places of residence.
Note that a given person/animal (even with respect to a
particular time) is normally related by #$residesInRegion
to many different regions, where each such region is a sub-
or super-region of some of the others. For example, Karen
currently resides in Austin, in Texas, in the United States,
in North America, and so on. See also #$residesInDwelling,
#$hasHabitat, and #$ethnicity.
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direct instance of: #$IndividualLevelPredicate #$CotemporalObjectsSlot
direct specialization of:
#$temporallyIntersects
#$permanentLocationOfObject
#$HumanOccupationConstructResident resident
of a Human Occupation Construct
A specialization of #$Animal. Each
specialization of #$HumanOccupationConstructResident
is a type of animal that commonly resides in structures that
house people (see the related constant #$HumanOccupationConstruct).
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direct instance of:
#$ExistingObjectType
direct specialization of:
#$Animal
direct generalization of:
#$DomesticPet
#$Person
Fields Of Knowledge
#$languageSpoken language spoken
(#$languageSpoken
AGENT NATLANG) means that the #$IntelligentAgent
AGENT speaks the natural human language NATLANG at least
somewhat fluently. The language must be speakable by humans,
as are English, Latin, or Japanese, but not LISP, C or
LINCOS. See also #$NaturalLanguage.
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direct instance of: #$BinaryPredicate
direct specialization of:
#$knowsAbout
#$hasCommConvention
#$fieldsOfFormalEducation fields
of formal education
(#$fieldsOfFormalEducation
PERSON FIELD) means that the #$Person PERSON has
had formal academic or tutorial education in the #$FieldOfStudy FIELD.
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direct instance of: #$BinaryPredicate
direct specialization of:
#$fieldsOfCompetence
#$fieldsOfCompetence fields
of competence
(#$fieldsOfCompetence
PERSON FIELD) means that the #$Person PERSON has
actual competence and knowledgability in the #$FieldOfStudy
FIELD, or at least is recognized by peers and colleagues in
FIELD as being competent in FIELD. See also the related
predicates #$expertRegarding and #$domainsOfSpecialization.
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direct instance of: #$BinaryPredicate
direct specialization of:
#$knowsAbout
#$fieldsOfActivity fields
of activity
(#$fieldsOfActivity
PERSON FIELD) means the #$Person PERSON was
or is active in the #$FieldOfStudy
FIELD, and usually is making, has made, or intends to make
some contribution to FIELD. E.g., (#$fieldsOfActivity
#$Thales #$MilesianSchool).
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direct instance of: #$BinaryPredicate
direct specialization of:
#$fieldsOfCompetence
#$representsAgentToAgent represents
agent to agent
(#$representsAgentToAgent
AGENT1 AGENT2 AGENT3) means that in in dealings with AGENT3,
AGENT1 represents AGENT2. For example, if Joe Terwilliger is
a salesman working for IBM, and is their sales rep to NASA,
then we could represent that by asserting to Cyc (#$representsAgentToAgent
JoeTerwilliger IBM #$NASA).
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direct instance of: #$TernaryPredicate
Social Class
#$socialClass social class
(#$socialClass
PRSN CLS) means that in the surrounding culture, the #$Person PRSN has the
#$SocialClass-Lifestyle
CLS. As the name suggests, this predicate indicates PRSN's
approximate social status as determined by his or her style
of life -- quality of life, access to material goods and
services, and social associations. It may also depend on a
cultural non-material system of social rank, based on birth,
office, manners, vocal accent or other factors. E.g., (#$socialClass
#$DonaldTrump #$UpperClass) was true even when he lost his
fortune and was (temporarily) bankrupt; and (#$socialClass
#$BillGates #$UpperMiddleClass) was true, at least for a
while, after he became a billionaire. This is a good example
of a predicate whose precise meaning, and associated
heuristic rules, vary quite a bit from context to context,
such as from country to country, from century to century, etc.
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direct instance of:
#$IntervalBasedQuantitySlot
direct specialization of:
#$hasAttributes
#$SocialClass-Lifestyle socio-economic classes
The collection of attributes that indicate a
person's social class, as determined by the person's general
lifestyle, quality of life, and relative access to the
(material and security oriented) desiderata of life. It may
depend on a cultural non-material system of social rank,
based on birth, office, manners, vocal accent or other
factors. Members of this collection include
#$LowerMiddleClass, #$UpperClass, etc.
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direct instance of:
#$SocialAttributeType
direct specialization of:
#$ScalarInterval
Competition
#$competingAgents competitor
(actor slot)
(#$competingAgents
COMPETITION AGENT) means that the AGENT is a competitor in
the contest or competition COMPETITION, and thus has a
chance of being a winner of the competition. This excludes
many participants of such events, such as referees, judges,
and spectators. If the COMPETITION is a team competition,
the individual team members are also excluded.
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direct instance of: #$AgentiveRole
direct specialization of: #$majorUndertakingsOf #$preActors #$socialParticipants
#$winner-First winning
(#$winner-First
COMPETITN AGNT) means that AGNT is a first place winner of
COMPETITN. The #$arg2Format
of this predicate is #$SetTheFormat
to allow for the uncommon (but far from `very rare') case
where there is a tie for first place and two or more agents
are awarded that prize. See also #$awardWinners,
#$rankInCompetition, and #$competingAgents.
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direct instance of:
#$ActorSlot
direct specialization of:
#$competingAgents
#$eventHonors honoree
(binary role predicate)
(#$eventHonors
OCCURRENCE AGENT) means that the #$Agent AGENT is honored
or commemorated by the #$SocialOccurrence
OCCURRENCE. If AGENT is a living #$Person, then (#$eventHonors
OCCURRENCE AGENT) usually implies that AGENT is present at
OCCURRENCE. Note that this is the appropriate predicate for
relating a #$Funeral to the deceased person for whom the
#$Funeral is in honor.
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direct instance of: #$BinaryRolePredicate
direct specialization of: #$highlyRelevantInEvent
Interests
#$positiveVestedInterest positive
vested interest
(#$positiveVestedInterest
AGENT THING) means that the #$Agent AGENT has a
positive interest in the #$TemporalThing
THING. If THING is an instance of #$SomethingExisting,
then (#$positiveVestedInterest
AGENT THING) will generally imply that AGENT has a positive
interest in the preservation or flourishing of THING, and
that AGENT will be adversely affected if THING is not
preserved, or does not flourish. If THING is an instance of
#$Event, then (#$positiveVestedInterest
AGENT THING) will generally imply that AGENT stands to
benefit from the outcome of THING. Note that the restriction
of THING to #$TemporalThing
means that it would be incorrect to use this predicate to
say (e.g.) that Douglas Adams has a #$positiveVestedInterest
in the number 42. Rather, what he has a vested interest in
is public popularity and faddism focusing on that number. A
fad is a #$TemporalThing,
but the number 42 isn't.
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direct instance of: #$BinaryPredicate
direct specialization of: #$vestedInterest
#$negativeVestedInterest negative
vested interest
(#$negativeVestedInterest
AGT OBJ) means #$Agent AGT has a
negative interest in the object OBJ or in the good fortune
of OBJ, and a positive interest in its misfortune.
Generally, AGT will be helped or pleased by the destruction,
diminution, weakening, or retarding of OBJ, and will be hurt
or displeased if OBJ is preserved or enhanced. See #$positiveVestedInterest.
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direct instance of: #$BinaryPredicate
direct specialization of: #$vestedInterest
Life Stages
#$LifeStageType types
of life stage
A collection of collections. Each instance of #$LifeStageType
is a collection all of whose instances are organisms which
share a specific level of biological or social development.
For example, one instance of #$LifeStageType
is the collection #$HumanChild,
which has as its instances all human children. Other
instances of #$LifeStageType
include #$HumanAdult and
#$HumanInfant.
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direct instance of: #$SecondOrderCollection
direct specialization of:
#$ExistingObjectType
#$AdultFemalePerson women
The collection of all women; i.e., #$Persons who are
adult and female.
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direct instance of:
#$ExistingObjectType
direct specialization of:
#$FemalePerson #$HumanAdult
#$HumanInfant infants
The collection of #$Persons in the
infant stage of life. Functionally, this ends when the
infant learns to walk (even just toddle) and/or talk (even a
few words)... or, at latest, when the person's age greatly
exceeds that at which most people develop those skills.
Generally, this means that it spans the period from birth to
about 12 - 18 months old. One of the subsets of this
collection is #$NewbornBaby.
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direct instance of:
#$PersonTypeByCulture
#$LifeStageType
direct specialization of:
#$HumanChild
#$HumanChild children (people)
The collection of all #$Persons in the
childhood stage of life. Functionally, this ends when the
child begins to take responsibility for themselves, work,
have children of their own,... or, at latest, when the
person's age greatly exceeds that at which most people reach
those milestones. Generally, this means that it spans the
period from birth to teenage years. This is highly dependent
on context, of course; childhood in Shakespeare's culture
ended around age 12.
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direct instance of:
#$PersonTypeByCulture
#$LifeStageType
direct specialization of:
#$Person
direct generalization of:
#$HumanInfant
#$HumanAdult human adults
The collection of human beings old enough to
participate as independent, mature members of society. Since
different societies have different age or maturity
requirements for people to be considered adults, different
axioms in various society-specific microtheories express
these requirements. For most modern, Western,
middle-class,... purposes, e.g., the current view is that
anyone over 18 is an adult. In many cultures, adulthood
occurs when one reaches puberty. Adulthood is #$contiguousAfter
childhood; that is, a #$Person is a #$HumanChild for a
while, and then is a #$HumanAdult.
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direct instance of:
#$PersonTypeByCulture
#$LifeStageType
direct specialization of:
#$AdultAnimal #$Person
direct generalization of:
#$Politician
#$AdultMalePerson #$AdultFemalePerson
Social Events
#$SportsEvent sports events
The collection of individual sports events, such as
a single game of baseball, an individual 100M race, etc. An
entire sandlot baseball game would be a #$SportsEvent,
but one inning wouldn't be. A double-header could be viewed
as a single #$SportsEvent,
though, even though each half of it was also a #$SportsEvent.
Several #$SportsEvents
can be organized into a #$SportsFormalCompetition. One
single double-header evening of baseball would not be a
#$SportsFormalCompetition, nor one single tennis match, etc.
note: The collection #$SportsEvent
does not include every #$AthleticActivity; e.g., Rocky
training for his boxing match, a group of kids racing to the
bus stop, a person skiing for pleasure, etc. are not
instances of #$SportsEvent,
because they are not necessarily instances of #$Competition.
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direct instance of:
#$DefaultDisjointScriptType
#$TemporalObjectType
direct specialization of: #$GameEvent #$SportsCompetition
#$EntertainmentPerformance performances
The collection of public and private entertainment
performances, like plays, street performances, ballets,
movies. Each #$EntertainmentPerformance
is a presentation or exhibition, to a human audience, with
artistic or entertainment value. Note: Movies are included
even though the Performers aren't performing in the same
point in space-time. But we draw the line at still
photographs; i.e., those are not considered #$EntertainmentPerformances.
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direct instance of: #$ProductType #$DefaultDisjointScriptType
direct specialization of:
#$AccessingAnIBT #$Event-Organized #$EntertainmentEvent
#$EntertainmentEvent entertainment events
The collection of activities which are performed by
one party primarily to amuse or entertain others. Every
instance of #$EntertainmentEvent
necessarily has among its subevents both an instance of
(#$PerformingFn #$EntertainmentEvent)
and an instance of (#$AttendingFn #$EntertainmentEvent).
It is thus distinguished from #$RecreationalActivity: a
#$RecreationalActivity need not involve any #$Entertainers,
whereas an instance of #$EntertainmentEvent
will always involve both an entertainer, and an entertainee.
Note: This is more general than #$EntertainmentPerformance
because it may not entail a formal performance per se. E.g.,
#$JokeTelling is a spec of #$EntertainmentEvent
because it involves a joke-teller, the entertainer, and a
listener, the entertainee. Such an event, however, can occur
under informal circumstances, and need not be a formal
performance. Thus #$JokeTelling is not a spec of
#$EntertainmentPerformance.--Huffer, Dec 2, 1998
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direct instance of: #$ProductType #$TemporalObjectType
direct specialization of:
#$CulturalEvent #$ServiceEvent
direct generalization of:
#$EntertainmentPerformance
#$EntertainmentEventType entertainment
event type
The only current (Jan 1996) motivation for this
collection is to enforce sibling disjointness between specs
of #$EntertainmentEvent.
This avoids problems that the old assertion (#$isa #$EntertainmentEvent
#$DefaultDisjointScriptType)
was creating (e.g. preventing an #$EntertainmentEvent
from also being a #$Movement-TranslationProcess
(since (#$isa #$Movement-TranslationProcess
#$DefaultDisjointScriptType)
was also true.)
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direct instance of:
#$SiblingDisjointCollection
#$SecondOrderCollection
direct specialization of: #$ProductType
Relationships
#$spouse spouse (inter
actor slot)
(#$spouse
PERSON1 PERSON2) means the two #$Persons PERSON1 and
PERSON2 are married. Note: in some contexts (cultures), a
person is not restricted to having only one cotemporal spouse.
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direct instance of: #$SymmetricBinaryPredicate #$CotemporalObjectsSlot
#$FamilyRelationSlot
#$InterActorSlot
#$AntiTransitiveBinaryPredicate #$FunctionalSlot
direct specialization of: #$mate #$cohabitingFamilyMembers
#$coreRelatives
#$acquaintances acquaintances
(ternary predicate)
(#$acquaintances
X Y HOW) means that X is acquainted with Y, at least in the
way (and/or to the degree) specified by HOW. Note that Y
must be an #$Agent,
so this is not the predicate to use to express the fact that
Fred `is acquainted with' drag racing. Note that, depending
on the value for HOW, there may or may not be some way in
which Y is acquainted with X.
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direct instance of: #$TernaryPredicate
#$SimpleContactAcquaintance simple
contact acquaintance
The attribute which specifies that persons X and Y
have met each other at least once, and probably would be
able to recall this, and even recognize each other, if they
meet again. I.e., (#$acquaintances
X Y #$SimpleContactAcquaintance)
implies (#$acquaintances
Y X #$SimpleContactAcquaintance);
that is, if X has met Y, then Y has met X. This assumes that
there was a meeting event in which (earlier subabstractions
of) X and Y interacted, that both were minimally conscious, etc.
guid: bd58fd8f-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$HumanRelationshipAttribute #$Individual
#$AcquaintanceAttribute acquaintance attribute
The collection of attributes that specify ways in
which (and/or degrees to which) one person is acquainted
with another E.g., some instances of this collection are:
#$FamousPersonAcquaintance, #$TrueFanAcquaintance,
#$IntimateAcquaintance, #$FrequentContactAcquaintance, etc.
guid: bd58f556-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$SocialAttributeType
direct specialization of: #$HumanRelationshipAttribute
#$friends friend
(human relationship)
(#$friends X Y) means
X and Y are friends; typically they have a close
relationship of reciprocal care, concern, respect,
enjoyment, and mutual regard based on emotional (and/or
ideological and intellectual) compatibility, shared
interests, etc. Note: In the cases of assertions of two
non-human animals being friends, there may be some
anthropomorphism going on.
guid: bd58b64b-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$CotemporalObjectsSlot
#$IrreflexiveBinaryPredicate #$SymmetricBinaryPredicate #$InterPersonalRelationSlot
direct specialization of:
#$likesAsFriend
#$boss boss (human relationship)
(#$boss
PERSON1 PERSON2) means PERSON1 has PERSON2 for his or her
immediate boss or supervisor. Note: There can be more than
one boss of a person, even cotemporally. Note: (#$genlPreds
#$boss #$acquaintedWith)
means that if (#$boss
x y), then (#$acquaintedWith
x y), which in turn means (#$acquaintances
x y #$SimpleContactAcquaintance).
I.e., a person and their direct boss are at least simple
contact acquaintances.
guid: bd58bf7d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$CotemporalObjectsSlot
#$InterPersonalRelationSlot
#$AntiSymmetricBinaryPredicate
direct specialization of:
#$acquaintedWith
#$cohabitingFamilyMembers cohabiting
family member (family relationship)
(#$cohabitingFamilyMembers
X Y) means that X and Y are family members (relatives,
spouses, in-laws) living with one another. If the members of
a family no longer live together, they are still members of
a #$Family-SocialEntity, but they are no longer members of
the same #$FamilyCohabitationUnit. Note: In the
#$HumanSocialLifeMt context, X and Y must be #$Persons. In the
#$NaiveBiologicalDescentMt context, they can be any #$Animals at all.
guid: bd58a4bb-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$FamilyRelationSlot
#$CoEquivalenceBinaryPredicate
direct specialization of: #$vestedInterest
#$relatives #$positiveVestedInterest
#$cohabitants
#$cohabitants cohabitation
(inter existing object slot)
(#$cohabitants X
Y) means that X and Y live together in the same dwelling
structure, nest, etc. Note: in some contexts (in the real
Cyc knowledge base) the arguments to this predicate are
restricted to being #$Persons. Note: in
many parts of the world, esp. in past centuries, people
cohabit (have cohabited) with domesticated animals that
are/were not pets.
guid: bd589224-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$CotemporalObjectsSlot
#$InterExistingObjectSlot
#$CoEquivalenceBinaryPredicate
direct specialization of:
#$acquaintedWith
#$likesAsFriend liking
as friend
(#$likesAsFriend
AGT1 AGT2) means that AGT1 enjoys interacting socially with
AGT2. See also the #$FeelingAttributeTypes
#$Friendliness.
Note: this predicate does not imply that AGT1 likes AGT2
only as a friend -- there may be romantic feelings, and
other feelings, as well.
guid: bd58ba6c-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$ObjectPredicate
#$BinaryPredicate
direct specialization of:
#$knowsAbout
#$spatiallyRelatedTo #$likesObject #$acquaintedWith
#$loves love (binary predicate)
(#$loves
AGENT1 AGENT2) means AGENT1 loves AGENT2; AGENT2 has a
strong emotional affect on AGENT1 whereby AGENT1 is usually
loyal and devoted to and wishes well AGENT2, seeks AGENT2's
companionship, and will incur substantial personal cost to
help AGENT2. Any #$Agent can love any
other #$Agent, though
there are specialized types of love which are restricted to
two animals, two adult people, a person and a corporation, etc.
guid: bd58b6d3-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$BinaryPredicate
direct specialization of:
#$positiveVestedInterest
#$likesObject
#$maritalStatus marital status
(#$maritalStatus
PERSON STATUS) means that the #$Person PERSON has
the #$MaritalStatusOfPeople
STATUS. For example, (#$maritalStatus
#$BillClinton #$Married). The marital status of a person
depends on whether, and when, that person was married to
another person, and how the marriage ended.
guid: bd58e988-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$FunctionalSlot
#$BinaryAttributePredicate
direct specialization of:
#$hasAttributes
#$MaritalStatusOfPeople marital statuses
The attribute values indicating the #$maritalStatus
of a #$Person.
Members of this collection include #$Divorced, #$Widowed,
#$Single, and #$Married.
guid: bd590574-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$UnorderedAttributeType
#$SiblingDisjointAttributeType
direct specialization of: #$HumanRelationshipAttribute
#$socialStatus social status
(#$socialStatus
PRSN STAT GROUP DEGREE) means that the #$Person PRSN has the
social status type STAT (such qualities as #$Glamor) at the
generic strength level DEGREE (e.g., #$High, #$VeryLow,
#$Low, etc.), according to the reference population group
GROUP. For example, in the context of 1980s America, it was
true that (#$socialStatus
#$Madonna #$Glamor #$HumanTeenager #$VeryHigh). I.e.,
Madonna had a `high glamor' status among American teenagers
in the 1980's.
guid: bd58f140-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$FunctionalPredicate
#$QuaternaryPredicate
#$SocialStatusAttribute social statuses
The collection of #$AttributeValues
that pertain to human social status; role or rank (formal or
informal) in the surrounding culture. Most assertions should
be made in terms of some specialization of this collection
(or an instance of some specialization of this collection).
Members of this collection include: #$LowerMiddleClass,
#$GoodLooking, #$FourthGradeLevel, etc.
guid: bd58fa83-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$SocialStatusAttributeType
#$CompositeAttributeType
direct specialization of: #$HumanBehavioralAttribute
#$SocialStatusAttributeType positions
(mathematical concepts)
This is a collection of collections. Each #$SocialStatusAttributeType
is itself a coherent collection of attributes that pertain
to rank/status along some particular `dimension' related
somehow to `status in society.' Some sample instances of #$SocialStatusAttributeType
are: #$SocialStatusAttribute,
#$Glamor, #$SocialPower, #$CredibilityStatus, #$EducationLevelAttribute, etc.
guid: bd58f181-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$SecondOrderCollection
direct specialization of:
#$SocialAttributeType
#$SocialAttributeType social
attribute type
This is a collection of collections. Each #$SocialAttributeType
is itself a coherent collection of attributes that pertain
to human behavior. This definition is very broad, and
embraces attributes of behavior (personal and social) one
might read about in a sociology, psychology, cultural
anthropology, economics, political science, or social
philosophy course -- in short, in the (human) `behavioral'
sciences. A more specialized concept is #$SocialStatusAttributeType,
which limits the focus to status-related attributes. This is
a supercollection of that, much more general collection
which includes, as instances, #$AcquaintanceAttribute,
#$InterAgentRelationAttribute, etc., as well as all the
instances of #$SocialStatusAttributeType (qv).
guid: bd5889bb-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$SecondOrderCollection
direct specialization of:
#$AttributeType
direct generalization of:
#$SocialStatusAttributeType
Education
#$EducationLevelAttribute educational levels
A collection of attributes. Each #$EducationLevelAttribute,
when applied to a person, indicates their level of education
or current involvement in a course of study; if applied to a
course of study, it indicates the level of it. The very same
attributes apply in both cases, though; some sample
instances of this collection are: #$PhDLevel,
#$TwelfthGradeLevel, #$BachelorOfArtsLevel,
#$MedicalDegreeLevel, etc.
guid: bd58dc00-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$SocialAttributeType
direct specialization of:
#$ScalarInterval
#$schooling schooling
(#$schooling PERSN
SCHL LVL) means #$Person PERSN has
attained formal schooling up to #$EducationLevelAttribute
LVL at the #$EducationalOrganization
SCHL. See also #$educationLevel,
which is similar to this predicate except that it lacks the
SCHL argument.
guid: bd589a88-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$TernaryPredicate
#$StudentStatusAttribute student
status attribute
A collection of attributes. Each #$StudentStatusAttribute
indicates the currency or bureaucratic phase of processing a
student's participation in an educational course or
institution; elements of this collection include #$Graduate,
#$Enrolled, etc.
guid: bd58addd-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$AttributeType
direct specialization of:
#$AttributeValue
#$educationLevel education level
(#$educationLevel
PRSN LVL) means #$Person PRSN has had
formal schooling up to the highest level #$EducationLevelAttribute
LVL at one or more #$EducationalOrganizations.
This will refer to a particular #$subAbstractions
of a #$Person, not
to the person as a whole lifetime #$Entity.
guid: bd58a758-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$BinaryPredicate
#$FieldOfStudy fields
of study
A specialization of #$AbstractInformationalThing.
Each instance of #$FieldOfStudy is
a particular area of study, with its own distinctive set of
theories, hypotheses, and problems. Instances of #$FieldOfStudy are
typically the subject of teaching and/or research within
instances of #$AcademicDepartment
(q.v.), although one #$AcademicDepartment
may cover several instances of #$FieldOfStudy.
Instances of #$FieldOfStudy
include #$ArtHistory, #$Physics, and #$ArtificialIntelligence.
guid: bd58b737-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$ObjectType
direct specialization of:
#$AbstractInformationalThing
direct generalization of:
#$ScientificFieldOfStudy
#$ScientificFieldOfStudy scientific disciplines
A specialization of #$FieldOfStudy.
Each instance of #$ScientificFieldOfStudy
is a specialized body of knowledge, theory, hypotheses,
observations, and problems, which together constitute the
informational content of a systematic endeavor to explain
(some part of) the natural world by rational (and
frequently, quantifiable) methods, including, but not
limited to, induction, falsifiable hypotheses tested by
repeatable physical experiments, and deductive proof.
Instances of #$ScientificFieldOfStudy
include the traditional hard sciences (e.g., #$Physics,
#$Chemistry), the life sciences (e.g., #$Biology,
#$Genetics, #$Toxicology), and #$Mathematics.
guid: bd58b7fc-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$ObjectType
direct specialization of:
#$FieldOfStudy
#$Religion religions (AIT)
The collection of all religions or equivalent sets
of beliefs that answer the `big questions' about creation,
existence, etc. Some elements of this are:
#$AnimistReligion, #$Catholicism, #$Buddhism, etc.
guid: bd59021d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$BeliefSystemType
direct specialization of: #$ReligiousBeliefs
Titles And Names
#$Title titles (AIT)
The collection of all titles: proper nouns (noun
phrases) that relate to a person's status and/or
function/role in an organization. E.g.,
#$SeniorVicePresident-Title, #$MemberOfTechnicalStaff-Title,
#$Reverend-Title, #$Father-Title, #$Miss, etc. Note that
this concept is not (closely) related to the title of a book
or work of art, nor to the nicknames for a place, etc.
guid: bd58acdd-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$LinguisticObjectType
direct specialization of:
#$LinguisticObject
#$CourtesyTitle courtesy title
The collection of #$Titles, such as Mr.,
Ms., Mrs., Miss, Dr., etc., which precede names in
Anglo-American addressing custom.
guid: bd58fa97-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$LinguisticObjectType
direct specialization of:
#$Title
#$titleOfPerson-String title
(binary predicate)
(#$titleOfPerson-String
PERSON STRING) relates the #$Person PERSON to a
#$CharacterString,
STRING, which is a word for a title (such as ``Dr.'') PERSON
has. A person may have more than one title, even cotemporally.
guid: bd66d843-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$BinaryPredicate
#$firstName first
name (proper name predicate - excluded from n p parser)
(#$firstName PERSON
STRING) means that the #$Person PERSON is
known by the #$HumanGivenNameString
STRING as his or her first name. A person rarely has more
than one first name, though he or she may have many
nicknames which acquaintences use almost interchangably with
the person's first and/or last names.
guid: bd58c6fa-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$ProperNamePredicate-ExcludedFromNPParser
#$ProperNamePredicate-Strict #$OpenCycNLPredicate
direct specialization of: #$givenNames #$nameString
#$middleName middle
name (proper name predicate - excluded from n p parser)
(#$middleName
PERSON STRING) means that the #$Person PERSON is
known by the #$HumanGivenNameString
STRING as his or her middle name. A person rarely has more
than one middle name. In some cultures, when a wedding
occurs, one party changes his or her middle name to whatever
his or her #$lastName used to
be, thus leading to cases where the person's new middle name
is actually a #$HumanFamilyNameString
rather than a #$HumanGivenNameString
--- the same is true in some cultures when an infant is born
and given, as a middle name, the last name of a grandparent
(other than the infant's last name). See also #$middleNameInitial.
guid: bd589d41-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$ProperNamePredicate-ExcludedFromNPParser
#$ProperNamePredicate-Strict #$OpenCycNLPredicate
direct specialization of:
#$nameString
#$lastName last name
(proper name predicate for np parser)
(#$lastName PERSON
STRING) means that #$Person PERSON is
known by the #$HumanFamilyNameString
STRING as his or her last name. A person rarely has more
than one last name at any one time. Last names may change as
a result of certain actions, such as marriages, deaths,
etc., in various cultures. In Western cultures a #$lastName is
generally a surname (see #$familyName), while in Eastern
cultures a #$lastName is
generally a given name (see #$givenNames).
guid: bd58c6b9-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$ProperNamePredicate-Strict
#$OpenCycNLPredicate
direct specialization of: #$familyName
#$ProperNameString titles (AIT)
The collection of all proper names, considered as
character strings. This includes, as elements, city names
such as ``Dallas'', people's names such as ``Douglas'',
company names such as ``Apple'', conference names, book
titles, etc.
guid: bd58e892-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$TermPhrasesConstraint #$IDStringType
direct specialization of:
#$IDString
direct generalization of:
#$HumanNameString
#$Abbreviation
#$HumanNameString human
name string
This is the class of names which human beings give
themselves. See two of its important subsets, #$HumanGivenNameString
and #$HumanFamilyNameString,
for examples.
guid: bd58e854-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$IDStringType
direct specialization of:
#$ProperNameString
direct generalization of:
#$HumanFamilyNameString
#$HumanGivenNameString
#$HumanGivenNameString baby names
The collection of non-family name strings such
``Betty'' and ``Phillip'' which are given as first or middle
names (in most Western countries), usually shortly after
birth. This also includes nicknames like ``Red'' or ``The
Refrigerator''. Note: instances of this collection are
really just character strings, not reified concepts like
''TheNameBetty'' that might be used to represent character strings.
guid: bd58e810-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$IDStringType
direct specialization of:
#$HumanNameString
#$HumanFamilyNameString human
family name string
The collection of family name strings such as
``Smith'', ``Jones'', etc., which are given as last names
(in most Western countries), usually at birth. Note:
elements of this collection are really just character
strings, not concepts like TheNameSmith that represent
character strings.
guid: bd58ead2-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$IDStringType
direct specialization of:
#$HumanNameString
#$salutation salutation
(#$salutation PRSN
TITLE) means the #$Person PRSN's name
may have the #$CourtesyTitle
TITLE attached to it, such as: Mr., Ms., Mrs., Miss, Dr.,
etc., when that person is addressed.
guid: bd59078a-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$BinaryPredicate #$IntangibleObjectPredicate
#$nameString name string
(#$nameString
THING STRING) means that STRING is a name for THING.
Normally, STRING corresponds to a proper name (for THING) in
a natural language such as English. For a thing that has
more than one name, use #$preferredNameString for the name
that is to be used in English paraphrase.
guid: c0fdf7e8-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$ProperNamePredicate-Strict
#$OpenCycNLPredicate
direct specialization of: #$properNameStrings
Population Classification Terms
#$ethnicity ethnicity
(intensional representation predicate)
(#$ethnicity PERSON
GROUPTYPE) means that the instance of #$Person PERSON
belongs to the instance of #$EthnicGroupType
GROUPTYPE. For example, (#$ethnicity
#$JohnWilkesBooth #$CensusGroupOfCaucasians). Note that an
instance of #$Person may belong
to more than one instance of #$EthnicGroupType.
guid: bd589a59-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$CollectionPredicate
#$BinaryPredicate
direct specialization of:
#$isa
#$skinColor skin color
(#$skinColor PERSON
SKINCOL) means #$Person PERSON has
the #$HumanSkinColor SKINCOL.
guid: bd58d82c-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$PhysicalAttributeDescriptionSlot
#$FunctionalSlot
direct specialization of:
#$hasAttributes
#$PersonalityAttribute personality attributes
The collection of attributes which describe aspects
of a person's personality. E.g.,
#$Dependability-Personality. Note that #$Gentleness,
#$Viciousness, and other emotive traits common to both
humans and other animals, appear under
#$TemperamentAttribute, which is a superset of #$PersonalityAttribute.
guid: bd58ad60-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$AttributeType
direct specialization of: #$TemperamentAttribute
#$PersonTypeByCulture types
of person classified by culture
A collection of collections. Each instance of #$PersonTypeByCulture
is the collection of all and only those persons who
participate (see #$cultureParticipants) in some particular
human culture. Examples include #$FrenchPerson and #$EthnicGroupOfAustralianAborigines.
guid: c0fcd06c-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$SecondOrderCollection
direct specialization of:
#$ExistingObjectType #$ConventionalClassificationType
direct generalization of:
#$PersonByGeoPoliticalAffiliation #$EthnicGroupType
#$EthnicGroupType ethnic
groups (types of temporally enduring object)
A collection of collections. An #$EthnicGroupType
is a set of people whose group-organization, practices or
characteristics are based on ethnic origins. E.g., some #$EthnicGroupTypes
are: #$EthnicGroupOfVietnamese,
#$EthnicGroupOfIndiansOfTheUS, etc.
guid: bd58dcae-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$SecondOrderCollection
direct specialization of:
#$PersonTypeByCulture
#$Nationality nationalities
A collection of collections. Each instance of #$Nationality is
the collection of all people residing in some country.
Instances include #$AmericanPerson, #$FrenchPerson, and #$AustralianPerson.
guid: bd58961d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$SecondOrderCollection
direct specialization of: #$PersonByGeoPoliticalAffiliation
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