Time and
Dates
E-Mail Comments to: opencyc-doc@cyc.com
Last
Update: 3/30/02
Copyright© 1996-2002. All rights reserved. See Terms of Usage.
Return to Documentation Contents
Return to Vocabulary Contents
Things With Temporal Extent
#$TemporalThing things
that exists in time
The collection of all things that have temporal
extent or location, i.e. things about which one might
sensibly ask When? . #$TemporalThing
thus contains many kinds of things, including events,
physical objects, agreements, and abstract pieces of time.
Note that #$TimePoint is a
specialization of #$TemporalThing,
since time points have temporal location, although they
arguably lack temporal extent. Abstract things that are
timeless -- such as mathematical sets, attributes, and
numbers -- are of course _not_ instances of #$TemporalThing.
guid: bd5880c4-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$TemporalStuffType
direct specialization of:
#$Individual
direct generalization of: #$Artifact-Generic
#$Situation-Temporal #$SpatialThing-Localized #$Series #$BeliefSystem
#$Credential
#$SomethingExisting
#$TimeInterval
#$Product #$Group
#$TemporalObjectType types
of temporally object-like thing
A specialization of #$ObjectType (q.v.)
whose instances are all and only those collections that are
temporally object-like. A collection COL is temporally
object-like just in case there is some sense of `temporal
part' (see #$timeSlices)
according to which any given proper temporal part of an
instance of COL is generally _not_ itself an instance of
COL. More precisely, for a collection COL to be an instance
of #$TemporalObjectType
it is sufficient that there be some (proper or improper)
specialization TEMPPARTPRED of #$timeSlices such
that the following holds: for any OBJ1 and OBJ2 (with OBJ1
and OBJ2 distinct), if (isa OBJ1 COL) and (TEMPPARTPRED OBJ1
OBJ2), then _not_ (isa OBJ2 COL). (Also sufficient for COL's
being temporally object-like is that there be some
spec-inverse INVTEMPPARTPRED of #$timeSlices such
that (INVTEMPPARTPRED OBJ2 OBJ1), with everything else
remaining the same as above.) Note that neither of the above
sufficient conditions for COL's being a temporal-object-type
is strictly necessary: some exceptions are allowed; thus as
long as either one of the above conditionals holds in
_nearly_ all cases, COL should be considered an instance of
#$TemporalObjectType.
As an example, consider #$LeapYear. No proper
#$timeSlices
of a leap year is itself a leap year. So #$LeapYear is an
instance of #$TemporalObjectType.
See #$TemporalStuffType
for the disjoint notion of being temporally stuff-like.
guid: bd58aadf-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$SecondOrderCollection
direct specialization of:
#$ObjectType #$FirstOrderCollection
direct generalization of:
#$WeeklyEventType
#$TemporallyDisjointIntervalType
#$AccessingScriptType #$TimeOfDayType
#$ClimateCycleType
#$TemporalStuffType types
of temporally stuff-like thing
A specialization of #$StuffType (q.v.) whose
instances are all and only those collections that are
temporally stuff-like. A collection COL is temporally
stuff-like just in case every time slice (see #$timeSlices) of an
instance of COL (at or above COL's temporal graularity
level; see #$granuleOfTemporalStuff)
is itself an instance of COL. More precisely, for a
collection COL to be an instance of #$TemporalStuffType
it is sufficient that for any OBJ1 and OBJ2 (with OBJ2 at or
above COL's temporal granularity level), if (#$isa OBJ1 COL) and
(#$timeSlices
OBJ1 OBJ2), then (#$isa OBJ2 COL).
Consider #$WalkingOnTwoLegs. Take an arbitrary instance WALK
of this collection (say Miss America 2000's victory walk
down the runway and back); and then take an arbitrary
time-slice SUBWALK of WALK that subsumes at least one
instance of (the #$granuleOfTemporalStuff
for #$WalkingOnTwoLegs) #$TakingAStep (say her trip back
from the end of the runway). SUBWALK is itself an instance
of #$WalkingOnTwoLegs. So #$WalkingOnTwoLegs is an instance
of #$TemporalStuffType.
See #$TemporalObjectType
for the disjoint notion of being temporally object-like.
guid: bd58ad37-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$SecondOrderCollection
direct specialization of: #$StuffType
direct generalization of:
#$WavePropagationType
#$ExistingStuffType
#$ExistingObjectType
#$OrganismConstituentType #$IBTContentType #$PhysiologicalConditionType
#$Event events (situations)
An important specialization of #$TemporalThing.
Instances of #$Event
are events or actions, things that we say are `happening',
or changes in the state of the world. #$Event is also a
specialization of #$Intangible, since
an event consists of the `actions' per se, and THEY then
refer to the tangible objects which participate in them. In
contrast, the collection #$SomethingExisting
(another important specialization of #$TemporalThing)
has instances which have temporal extent yet are `static',
such as a rock at the bottom of a pond. Note: While
`#$SomethingExisting vs. #$Event' might seem at
first to be an obvious partition of things with temporal
extent, there are interesting borderline cases -- such as
agreements -- which Cyc treats as instances of #$SomethingExisting,
but which could also be represented as instances of #$Event. And there are
still other cases, such as the pure disembodied instances of
#$TimeInterval,
which are instances of #$TemporalThing
yet belong neither to #$SomethingExisting
nor to #$Event.
guid: bd58800d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$TemporalStuffType
direct specialization of: #$Situation-Temporal
direct generalization of: #$Event-Localized
#$EconomicEvent #$GeneralizedTransfer
#$AtLeastPartiallyMentalEvent
#$Action #$IntrinsicStateChangeEvent
#$ImprovementEvent #$QualitativeTimeOfDay
#$Compounding-WordFormationProcess
#$Conversion-WordFormationProcess
#$SomethingExisting things
existing stably in time
A specialization of #$TemporalThing
whose instances are more or less static, as compared (e.g.)
to the more dynamic instances of #$Event. The clearest
examples of #$SomethingExistings
are tangible things, such as people, lakes, stars, and the
Earth's ionosphere. But #$SomethingExisting
also includes certain intangible temporal things, such as #$Agreements and
#$Obligations,
that remain relatively stable throughout their lifetimes. On
the other hand, #$SomethingExisting
excludes purely temporal intangibles such as #$TimeIntervals.
guid: bd58b6e7-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$TemporalStuffType
direct specialization of:
#$TemporalThing
direct generalization of: #$Agent-Generic
#$GeographicalThing #$Place #$LiquidAsset
#$PartiallyTangible
#$Entity #$IntangibleExistingThing
#$Holdings #$Portal #$Path-Spatial
#$TimeInterval periods
of time
A specialization of #$TemporalThing.
Each instance of #$TimeInterval is
a temporal thing characterized fully by its temporal
attributes. For example, the year A.D. 1967 is an instance
of #$TimeInterval;
although many interesting things happened during that year,
the year itself is completely defined by its temporal
extent. On the other hand, the event of Neil Armstrong's
walking on the Moon is an #$Event and not a #$TimeInterval,
since it is not fully characterized by its temporal extent
or other temporal attributes. Specializations of #$TimeInterval
include #$CalendarYear, #$CalendarMonth,
and #$FiscalQuarter.
guid: bd5880c3-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$TemporalStuffType
direct specialization of:
#$TemporalThing #$IntangibleIndividual
direct generalization of:
#$TimeOfDay #$AcademicYear #$AcademicQuarter
#$AcademicSemester
#$AcademicTrimester
#$Date #$TimePoint
Time As A Quantity
#$Time-Quantity times (quantities)
A collection of #$PhysicalAttributes.
Each instance of #$Time-Quantity
is a physical quantity, corresponding to a certain amount of
time , that can be possessed by #$TemporalThings.
The #$Time-Quantity
had by a given thing represents the total amount of time
that the thing exists, occurs over, or endures; see #$duration. Consider a
sentence of the form (#$duration TEMPTHING
TIMEQUANT). If TEMPTHING is a #$SomethingExisting,
the sentence means that TEMPTHING exists for a lifetime that
is TIMEQUANT in duration. If TEMPTHING is an #$Event, the sentence
means that TEMPTHING (fully) transpires over an interval of
time that is TIMEQUANT in duration. If TEMPTHING is itself a
#$TimeInterval
(q.v.), the sentence means that TEMPTHING has a duration of
TIMEQUANT. The standard unit of #$Time-Quantity
in Cyc is #$SecondsDuration
(q.v.); but there are other ways to specify an amount of
time, e.g. with other instances of #$UnitOfMeasure
(such as #$WeeksDuration and #$YearsDuration)
or with instances of #$Time-Quantity
(such as #$LongTime, #$Immediately, and #$AFewDecadesDuration).
guid: bd5880a5-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$FundamentalNumericAttributeType
direct specialization of:
#$ScalarInterval
#$SecondsDuration second
(unit of time)
A #$UnitOfTime
function that takes one or two real numbers as arguments and
returns, as its value, a comparable #$Time-Quantity
attribute measured in seconds. More precisely, an expression
of the form (#$SecondsDuration
NUM) denotes the (point-value) #$Time-Quantity
of being exactly NUM seconds in duration, and an expression
of the form (#$SecondsDuration
MIN MAX) denotes the (properly interval-like) #$Time-Quantity
of being at least MIN and at most MAX seconds in duration.
guid: bd58ebb1-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$UnitOfMeasureNoPrefix
#$CGSUnitOfMeasure
#$UnitOfTime #$StandardUnitOfMeasure
#$Individual
#$MinutesDuration minute
(unit of time)
A #$UnitOfTime
function that takes one or two real numbers as arguments and
returns, as its value, a comparable #$Time-Quantity
attribute measured in minutes. More precisely, an expression
of the form (#$MinutesDuration
NUM) denotes the ( point-value ) #$Time-Quantity
of being exactly NUM minutes in duration, and an expression
of the form (#$MinutesDuration
MIN MAX) denotes the (properly interval-like) #$Time-Quantity
of being at least MIN minutes and at most MAX minutes in duration.
guid: bd58eb73-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$UnitOfMeasureNoPrefix
#$UnitOfTime #$Individual
#$HoursDuration hour
A #$UnitOfTime
function that takes one or two real numbers as argument(s)
and returns, as its value, a comparable #$Time-Quantity
attribute measured in hours. More precisely: an expression
of the form (#$HoursDuration
NUM) denotes a ( point-like ) #$Time-Quantity
of being exactly NUM hours in duration; an expression of the
form (#$HoursDuration
MIN MAX) denotes a (properly interval-like) #$Time-Quantity
of being at least MIN hours and most MAX hours in duration.
guid: bd58eb34-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$UnitOfMeasureNoPrefix
#$UnitOfTime #$Individual
#$DaysDuration day
(unit of time)
A #$UnitOfTime
function that takes one or two real numbers as arguments and
returns, as its value, a comparable #$Time-Quantity
attribute measured in years. More precisely, an expression
of the form (#$DaysDuration
NUM) denotes the ( point-value ) #$Time-Quantity
of being exactly NUM days in duration, and an expression of
the form (#$YearsDuration
MIN MAX) denotes the (properly interval-like) #$Time-Quantity
of being at least MIN days and at most MAX days in duration.
guid: bd58eaaf-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$UnitOfMeasureNoPrefix
#$UnitOfTime #$Individual
#$MonthsDuration month
(unit of time)
This is a function that takes one or two numbers
and returns, as its value, some #$Time-Quantity.
An expression of the form (#$MonthsDuration
MIN MAX) denotes a #$Time-Quantity
that is at least MIN months and at most MAX months. (#$MonthsDuration
NUM) denotes a #$Time-Quantity
that is exactly NUM months.
guid: bd58ea6a-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$UnitOfMeasureNoPrefix
#$UnitOfTime #$Individual
#$QuartersDuration quarter
(unit of time)
A #$UnitOfTime
function that takes one or two real numbers as arguments and
returns, as its value, a comparable #$Time-Quantity
attribute measured in quarter-years. More precisely, an
expression of the form (#$QuartersDuration
NUM) denotes the ( point-value ) #$Time-Quantity
of being exactly NUM quarter-years in duration, and an
expression of the form (#$QuartersDuration
MIN MAX) denotes the (properly interval-like) #$Time-Quantity
of being at least MIN quarter-years and at most MAX
quarter-years in duration.
guid: bd5c796e-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$UnitOfMeasureNoPrefix
#$UnitOfTime #$Individual
#$YearsDuration year
(unit of time)
A #$UnitOfTime
function that takes one or two real numbers as arguments and
returns, as its value, a comparable #$Time-Quantity
attribute measured in years. More precisely, an expression
of the form (#$YearsDuration
NUM) denotes the ( point-value ) #$Time-Quantity
of being exactly NUM days in duration, and an expression of
the form (#$YearsDuration
MIN MAX) denotes the (properly interval-like) #$Time-Quantity
of being at least MIN years and at most MAX years in duration.
guid: bd58eaef-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$UnitOfMeasureNoPrefix
#$UnitOfTime #$Individual
#$AFewMinutesDuration a
few minutes
Duration of 2 to 10 minutes
guid: bd5899f0-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$PositiveScalarInterval #$Time-Quantity
#$OrderOfMagnitudeInterval
#$AttributeValue
#$Individual
#$AFewDecadesDuration a
few decades
Duration of 2 to 10 decades
guid: bd58af72-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$PositiveScalarInterval #$Time-Quantity
#$OrderOfMagnitudeInterval
#$AttributeValue
#$Individual
#$AFewHoursDuration a
few hours
Duration of 2 to 10 hours
guid: bd58fded-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$PositiveScalarInterval #$Time-Quantity
#$OrderOfMagnitudeInterval
#$AttributeValue
#$Individual
#$AFewSecondsDuration a
few seconds
Duration of 2 to 30 seconds
guid: bd589ecf-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$PositiveScalarInterval #$Time-Quantity
#$OrderOfMagnitudeInterval
#$AttributeValue
#$Individual
Time Points
#$TimePoint time point
A subcollection of #$TimeInterval
(q.v.). An instance of #$TimePoint is an
interval of time that has no duration (or, if you prefer, an
infinitely small duration). A time point corresponds to what
is colloquially described as an instant or moment . If time
is likened to a (perhaps infinitely long) straight line,
then each #$TimePoint is like a
particular point on that line. Given that time intervals are
defined purely by their locations in time, no two time
intervals can occupy exactly the same times (see #$cotemporal); and
since time points are intervals with no duration, no two
time points can even overlap (see #$temporallyOverlaps).
Some temporal properties of #$TemporalThings
are given in terms of time points, e.g. #$startingPoint
and #$endingPoint. See
also #$Now.
guid: bd58ca05-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$TemporalObjectType
direct specialization of:
#$TimeInterval
#$simultaneousWith simultaneous with
(#$simultaneousWith
T1 T2) means that #$TimePoints T1 and
T2 occur at exactly the same time (and therefore T1 #$equals T2).
Note that individual #$TimePoints are
seldom mentioned in axioms. Rather, an axiom is more likely
to use some #$ComplexTemporalRelation,
such as #$cotemporal or #$temporalBoundsIdentical,
which holds between two #$TemporalThings.
These #$ComplexTemporalRelations
are themselves usually defined in terms of #$PrimitiveTemporalRelations,
such as #$after and #$simultaneousWith,
which relate one #$TimePoint to another.
guid: bd58a4fb-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$EquivalenceRelation #$PrimitiveTemporalRelation
direct specialization of:
#$equals #$cotemporal
#$after after
(#$after
LATER EARLIER) means #$TimePoint LATER is
after (occurs later in time than) #$TimePoint EARLIER.
Note: Individual #$TimePoints are
seldom mentioned in axioms; rather, the axiom is likely to
use some #$ComplexTemporalRelation,
such as #$startsAfterEndingOf,
which holds between two #$TemporalThings.
These #$ComplexTemporalRelations
are themselves usually defined in terms of #$PrimitiveTemporalRelations,
such as #$after and #$simultaneousWith,
which relate one #$TimePoint to another.
guid: bd58a4b9-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$AsymmetricBinaryPredicate
#$TransitiveBinaryPredicate #$PrimitiveTemporalRelation
direct specialization of:
#$startsAfterEndingOf
#$StartFn start fn
An instance of #$IndividualDenotingFunction.
When applied to an instance THING of #$TemporalThing,
#$StartFn
returns the #$TimePoint at which
THING began.
guid: be010fc3-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$UnaryFunction #$IndividualDenotingFunction
#$Individual
#$startingPoint beginning
(temporal relation)
This predicate relates a temporal thing to the time
point at which it starts or begins to exist. (#$startingPoint
THING POINT) means that THING begins at POINT, which is the
earliest moment of its temporal extent. See also #$endingPoint.
guid: be00f69c-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$FunctionalPredicate
#$TemporalRelation
direct specialization of:
#$temporallyCooriginating
#$temporallySubsumes
#$EndFn end fn
#$EndFn is a
function that takes a #$TemporalThing
and returns the #$TimePoint it ends.
Thus: (#$endingPoint X (#$EndFn X))
guid: be01123d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$UnaryFunction #$IndividualDenotingFunction
#$Individual
#$endingPoint end
(temporal relation)
This predicate relates a temoral thing to the time
point at which it ends or ceases to exist. (#$endingPoint
THING POINT) means that THING ends at POINT, which is the
last moment of its temporal extent. See also #$startingPoint.
guid: be00f6d1-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$FunctionalPredicate
#$TemporalRelation
direct specialization of:
#$temporallyCoterminal
#$temporallySubsumes
#$Now the present (period
of time)
#$Now is a
special #$TimePoint which
denotes the current moment from the perspective of the
instantiation of #$CycTheCollection that is currently being
run (i.e. #$Cyc). If one asks (#$indexicalReferent #$Now ?X) one will get an
answer in which ?X is bound to whatever the time is
according to the central processing unit of #$Cyc. Thus the
referent of #$Now does
not vary with the #$Microtheory in
which one asks (#$indexicalReferent #$Now ?X). Instead the
referent of #$Now varies
from moment to moment down to the resolution of #$Cyc's
central processing unit. See also #$Now-Generally which is
not necessarily a #$TimePoint. See
#$RealTimeMt for a microtheory in which #$Now-Generally #$temporallySubsumes
#$Now.
guid: bd58a068-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$IndexicalConcept
#$TimePoint
#$Individual
#$Always-TimeInterval forever
The interval of time which encompasses all time. In
more general MTs we remain agnostic as to whether this time
interval has either a beginning or an end, but if it does,
#$Always-TimeInterval
begins when time itself begins and ends only when time ends
completely. Every other instance of #$TimeInterval is
a #$timeSlices of
#$Always-TimeInterval.
guid: c0ea3419-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$TimeInterval
#$Individual
#$TheStartOfTheCommonEra the
Start Of The Common Era
This is the instant of time between the years BC
and AD.
guid: bd58a435-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$TimePoint #$Individual
Properties Of Temporal Objects
#$startingDate starting date
A predicate relating an instance of #$TemporalThing
to an instance of #$Date. (#$startingDate
TEMPORALTHING DATE) means that TEMPORALTHING started to
happen or came into existence sometime on DATE. As a
consequence, (#$startingDate
TEMPORALTHING DATE) implies (#$temporallySubsumes
DATE (#$StartFn TEMPORALTHING)).
guid: bd58a0a8-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$ReflexiveBinaryPredicate #$ComplexTemporalRelation
direct specialization of:
#$temporallyIntersects
#$endingDate ending date
(#$endingDate X Y)
indicates that Y is a #$Date such that (#$temporallySubsumes
Y (#$EndFn X)). This
is NOT the same as #$endingPoint.
Rather, it means that X stopped happening (went out of
existence, etc.) sometime on that date. Note: the date is
tied to a time interval on a calendar, but need not be a
particular day; it might be a particular calendar month, a
particular calendar year, etc.
guid: bd58a22c-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$ReflexiveBinaryPredicate
direct specialization of:
#$temporallyIntersects
#$duration duration
(interval based quantity slot)
This predicate relates a temporal thing to the
length of time it happened or existed. (#$duration TEMPTHING
DURATION) means that DURATION is the length of time
TEMPTHING happened (if an event) or existed (if a physical
object or static situation). If TEMPTHING is #$temporallyContinuous,
its #$duration is
the same as its #$measure (the elapsed
time from start to end); but if TEMPTHING is discontinuous,
its #$duration is
strictly less than its #$measure. For example,
the #$duration of
Sundays-in-April-2001 is (#$DaysDuration
5), whereas the #$measure of that same
temporal object is (#$DaysDuration 29).
guid: bd58a3b3-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$IntervalBasedQuantitySlot
#$measure measure
(interval based quantity slot)
This predicate relates a temporal thing to the
total elapsed time from its start to its end. (#$measure TEMPTHING
MEASURE) means that MEASURE is the total elapsed time from
when TEMPTHING started to happen (if an event) or started to
exist (if a physical object or static situation) to when
TEMPTHING ended or ceased to exist. If TEMPTHING is #$temporallyContinuous,
its #$measure is the
same as its #$duration (the length
of time during which it actually happened or existed); but
if TEMPTHING is discontinuous, its #$measure is strictly
greater than its #$duration. For
example, the discontinuous event GeorgeWashingtonSleeping
has a #$measure that
is about three times as long as its #$duration (assuming
he slept about 8 hours a night).
guid: bd590049-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$IntervalBasedQuantitySlot
#$temporallyContinuous temporally continuous
If (#$temporallyContinuous
TEMP-OBJ), then TEMP-OBJ occupies one continuous chunk of
time. There are no time intervals between the start and end
of TEMP-OBJ during which TEMP-OBJ is not occurring/existing.
guid: c0e60c80-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$UnaryPredicate
Relations Between Temporal Objects
#$TemporalRelation temporal relation
#$TemporalRelations
are #$BinaryPredicates which qualitatively specify relative
positions of #$TemporalThings
in time. #$PrimitiveTemporalRelations
(such as #$after)
interrelate time points, and #$ComplexTemporalRelations
(such as #$postEvents and #$laterSubAbstractions)
interrelate more complicated temporal objects such as a pair
of events, a pair of tangible objects, etc.
guid: bd58b887-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$PredicateCategory
direct specialization of:
#$BinaryPredicate #$ObjectPredicate
direct generalization of:
#$ComplexTemporalRelation
#$PrimitiveTemporalRelation
#$PrimitiveTemporalRelation primitive
temporal relations
#$PrimitiveTemporalRelations
are #$BinaryPredicates which specify qualitative temporal
relations between #$TimePoints. The
only two binary predicates which are elements of this set
are #$after and #$simultaneousWith.
Note: The predicate `before' is unnecessary since (before x
y) would be the same thing as (#$after y x))
guid: bd58845f-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$PredicateCategory
direct specialization of:
#$TemporalRelation
#$ComplexTemporalRelation complex
temporal relation
Instances of #$ComplexTemporalRelation
are #$BinaryPredicates used to qualitatively interrelate
instances of #$TemporalThing
in time. Some of them (e.g., #$startsAfterEndingOf)
make statements about the relationship of the beginning
and/or end of their first argument to the beginning and/or
end of their second argument. One can think of this as an
interval-based theory of time. Some of them (e.g., #$temporallyIntersects
and #$temporallySubsumes)
make statements about the relationship of the entire set of
points that is their first argument to the entire set of
points that is their second argument. One can think of this
as a set-theoretic theory of time.
guid: bd58ec70-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$PredicateCategory
direct specialization of:
#$TemporalRelation
These
are the important instances of #$ComplexTemporalRelation,
except for #$subEvents, #$postEvents,
#$postSituation,
#$subAbstrac,
and #$laterSubAbstractions:
#$cotemporal cotemporal
(#$cotemporal X Y)
means that X and Y have the exact same temporal extent. This
is a much stronger relation than #$temporalBoundsIdentical
(q.v.). Note: Cyc's #$cotemporal
relation is equivalent to what James Allen independently
dubbed the EQUALS relation.
guid: bd58d6cf-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$EquivalenceRelation #$ComplexTemporalRelation
direct specialization of:
#$temporalBoundsIdentical
#$temporallySubsumes
#$temporallySubsumes temporally subsumes
(#$temporallySubsumes
LONG SHORT) means that all time points of SHORT are
contained in LONG. This implies that SHORT does not start
before LONG, nor end after LONG. Moreover, if there is some
time point or interval when LONG is not happening, then
neither is SHORT. Note that this relation is weaker than #$cotemporal, which
can be thought of as requiring that LONG and SHORT #$temporallySubsumes
each other. Note also that this relation is a strictly
temporal relationship between LONG and SHORT; it is weaker
than the relation #$subEvents, which can
be thought of as requiring that LONG not only #$temporallySubsumes
SHORT but also contains SHORT as a `part'.
guid: bd588019-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$ReflexiveBinaryPredicate
#$TransitiveBinaryPredicate #$ComplexTemporalRelation
direct specialization of:
#$temporallyIntersects
#$startsDuring starts during
(#$startsDuring X
Y) means Y covers the start of X, i.e. the #$startingPoint
of X is properly contained (#$temporalBoundsContain)
within Y. Note that X and Y do not necessarily intersect in
time, however, they would if Y were #$temporallyContinuous.
guid: bd58dd0c-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$ComplexTemporalRelation
#$AsymmetricBinaryPredicate
direct specialization of:
#$startsAfterStartingOf
#$temporalBoundsIntersect
#$endsDuring ends during
(#$endsDuring X Y)
means Y covers the end of X, i.e. the #$endingPoint of X
is properly contained in (#$temporalBoundsContain)
Y. Note that X and Y don't necessarily intersect, however,
if Y is continuous, they do.
guid: bd58d9b6-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$ComplexTemporalRelation
#$AsymmetricBinaryPredicate
direct specialization of:
#$temporalBoundsIntersect
#$endsAfterStartingOf
#$temporallyIntersects temporal intersection
This predicate relates temporal things whose
temporal extentions overlap, i.e. things that exist
concurrently for at least part of their lifetimes. More
precisely: (#$temporallyIntersects
OBJ1 OBJ2) means that there is some #$TimeInterval
(possibly as small as a #$TimePoint)
temporally subsumed by (see #$temporallySubsumes)
both OBJ1 and OBJ2.
guid: bd58c89b-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$SymmetricBinaryPredicate #$ComplexTemporalRelation
#$ReflexiveBinaryPredicate
direct specialization of:
#$temporalBoundsIntersect
#$startsAfterEndingOf starting
after the end of
(#$startsAfterEndingOf
AFTER BEFORE) means (#$after (#$StartFn AFTER) (#$EndFn BEFORE)). That
is, the #$startingPoint
of AFTER is later than the #$endingPoint of
BEFORE. Note: Cyc's #$startsAfterEndingOf
relation is equivalent to what James Allen independently
dubbed the AFTER relation.
guid: bd58d0c9-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$ComplexTemporalRelation
#$AsymmetricBinaryPredicate #$TransitiveBinaryPredicate
direct specialization of:
#$startsAfterStartingOf
#$endsAfterEndingOf
#$temporallyDisjoint
#$endsAfterEndingOf ending
after the end of
(#$endsAfterEndingOf
LATER EARLY) means that LATER ceases to exists or occur
after EARLY ceases to exist or occur. That is, the #$endingPoint of
LATER is later than the #$endingPoint of
EARLY, or, equivalently, (#$after (#$EndFn LATER) (#$EndFn EARLY). This
implies nothing about whether, or by how much, LATER and
EARLY overlap, except that they can't be fully #$cotemporal.
guid: bd58d61d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$AsymmetricBinaryPredicate
#$TransitiveBinaryPredicate #$ComplexTemporalRelation
direct specialization of:
#$endsAfterStartingOf
#$startsAfterStartingOf starting
after the start of
(#$startsAfterStartingOf
LATER-START EARLIER-START) means that LATER-START begins to
exists or occur after EARLIER-START begins to exist or
occur. That is, the #$startingPoint
of LATER-START is later than the #$startingPoint
of EARLIER-START or, equivalently, (#$after (#$StartFn LATER-START)
(#$StartFn
EARLIER-START)). This implies nothing about whether, or by
how much, LATER-START and EARLIER-START overlap, except that
they can't be fully #$cotemporal.
guid: bd58b037-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$AsymmetricBinaryPredicate
#$TransitiveBinaryPredicate #$ComplexTemporalRelation
direct specialization of:
#$endsAfterStartingOf
#$endsAfterStartingOf ending
after the start of
(#$endsAfterStartingOf
ENDER STARTER) means that ENDER ceases to exist or occur
after STARTER begins to exist or occur. That is, the #$endingPoint of
ENDER is later than the #$startingPoint
of STARTER. Equivalently: (#$after (#$EndFn ENDER) (#$StartFn STARTER)).
This implies nothing about whether, or by how much, the
temporal extents of ENDER and STARTER overlap.
guid: bd58c819-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$ComplexTemporalRelation
#$temporallyCooriginating temporally cooriginating
(#$temporallyCooriginating
X Y) means that the #$startingPoint
of X is #$simultaneousWith
the #$startingPoint
of Y, or, equivalently, (#$simultaneousWith
(#$StartFn X) (#$StartFn Y)). Since
(#$temporallyCooriginating
X Y) implies that X and Y share the same #$startingPoint,
it also implies that they temporally overlap.
guid: bd58c91e-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$EquivalenceRelation #$ComplexTemporalRelation
direct specialization of:
#$temporallyIntersects
#$temporallyCoterminal temporally coterminal
(#$temporallyCoterminal
X Y) means (#$simultaneousWith
(#$EndFn X) (#$EndFn Y)). That is,
the #$endingPoint of X
is the same as the #$endingPoint of Y.
This implies that X and Y overlap, in at least one point
(namely, their #$endingPoints are
the same.)
guid: bd58c8dd-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$EquivalenceRelation #$ComplexTemporalRelation
direct specialization of:
#$temporallyIntersects
#$contiguousAfter contiguous after
(#$contiguousAfter
AFTER BEFORE) means that the #$TemporalThing
AFTER starts immediately following the #$TemporalThing
BEFORE. AFTER and BEFORE have no time points in common, but
there is also no time point between the ending of BEFORE and
the starting of AFTER.
guid: bd58a7e2-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$ComplexTemporalRelation
#$AntiTransitiveBinaryPredicate #$AsymmetricBinaryPredicate
direct specialization of:
#$startsAfterEndingOf
#$temporalBoundsIdentical temporal
bounds identical
(#$temporalBoundsIdentical
X Y) means that X and Y are both #$temporallyCooriginating
and #$temporallyCoterminal.
That is, X and Y have the same #$startingPoints
and also have the same #$endingPoints.
Note that if X and Y are continuous temporal objects, such
as a pair of ashtrays, then this means that they must in
fact be completely #$cotemporal.
guid: bd58c961-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$EquivalenceRelation #$ComplexTemporalRelation
direct specialization of:
#$temporallyCooriginating
#$temporallyCoterminal
#$overlapsStart overlaps start
(#$overlapsStart
FIRST SECOND) means that FIRST starts before SECOND and ends
during SECOND. That is, the #$startingPoint
of FIRST is before the #$startingPoint
of SECOND, and the #$endingPoint of
FIRST is before the #$endingPoint of
SECOND. So this is actually a STRONGER relation than might
be suggested just by its name alone, since the name alone
does not suggest that FIRST must end during SECOND. If all
you mean to say, in some situation, is that FIRST starts
before SECOND, then do NOT use #$overlapsStart;
just use the #$startsAfterStartingOf
relation; i.e., say (#$startsAfterStartingOf
SECOND FIRST). Also note that #$overlapsStart
is, in a way, a WEAKER relation than might be suggested by
its name alone. Namely, the #$startingPoint
of SECOND might not even be a point of FIRST (if FIRST is
discontinuous). Note: This Cyc temporal relation is
equivalent to what James Allen independently dubbed the
OVERLAPS relation.
guid: bd58d974-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$ComplexTemporalRelation
#$AsymmetricBinaryPredicate
direct specialization of:
#$endsDuring
#$temporalBoundsContain temporal
bounds contain
(#$temporalBoundsContain
LONGER SHORTER) means that LONGER strictly contains SHORTER.
There is a positive non-zero time after LONGER starts before
SHORTER starts, and there is a positive non-zero time after
SHORTER ends before LONGER ends. That is, the #$startingPoint
of LONGER is a finite amount of time earlier than the #$startingPoint
of SHORTER, and the #$endingPoint of
LONGER is a finite amount of time later than the #$endingPoint of
SHORTER. Naturally, #$temporalBoundsContain
is a stronger relation than #$temporalBoundsIntersect.
If LONGER is #$temporallyContinuous,
then (#$temporalBoundsContain
LONGER SHORTER) further implies (#$temporallySubsumes
LONGER SHORTER). Note: This Cyc temporal relation is
equivalent to what James Allen independently dubbed the
CONTAINS relation.
guid: bd58810f-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$AsymmetricBinaryPredicate
#$TransitiveBinaryPredicate #$ComplexTemporalRelation
direct specialization of:
#$temporalBoundsIntersect
#$temporallyStartedBy temporally
started by
(#$temporallyStartedBy
PERIOD START) means that PERIOD and START are #$temporallyCooriginating
and that START ends within the bounds of PERIOD. That is,
the #$startingPoint
of PERIOD and START are the same #$TimePoint, and the
#$endingPoint of
START is before the #$endingPoint of
PERIOD. Note: This Cyc temporal relation is equivalent to
what James Allen dubbed the STARTED-BY relation. We liked
his name better than the one we had been using, and so we
renamed this predicate accordingly.
guid: bd58d660-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$ComplexTemporalRelation
#$AsymmetricBinaryPredicate #$TransitiveBinaryPredicate
direct specialization of:
#$endsAfterEndingOf
#$temporallyCooriginating
#$temporallyFinishedBy conclusion
(#$temporallyFinishedBy
PERIOD FINISH) means that PERIOD and FINISH are #$temporallyCoterminal,
and that FINISH starts within the bounds of PERIOD. That is,
the #$endingPoint of
PERIOD and FINISH are the same instance of #$TimePoint (q.v.),
and the #$startingPoint
of FINISH is later than the #$startingPoint
of PERIOD.
guid: bd58a8d3-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$ComplexTemporalRelation
#$AsymmetricBinaryPredicate #$TransitiveBinaryPredicate
direct specialization of:
#$temporallyCoterminal
#$temporalBoundsIntersect neither
temporally preceding nor following
(#$temporalBoundsIntersect
TEMP1 TEMP2) means that the continuous time interval between
the start and end of TEMP1 (inclusive) temporally intersects
the continuous time interval between the start and end of
TEMP2 (inclusive). Clearly, if TEMP1 and TEMP2 are
themselves temporally continuous, then the above entails the
stronger statement (#$temporallyIntersects
TEMP1 TEMP2). However, if either TEMP1 or TEMP2 is
temporally discontinuous, it is possible for their bounds to
intersect without their having any time point in common. For
example, the bounds of the discontinuous event of Fred
sleeping this week might intersect the bounds of Fred eating
this week , even though the two events share no time points.
guid: bd58c862-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$ReflexiveBinaryPredicate
#$SymmetricBinaryPredicate #$ComplexTemporalRelation
#$temporalUnionOf temporal
union of
(#$temporalUnionOf
X Y) indicates that Y is one of the #$TemporalThings
which -- taken together -- define the temporal extent of X.
Here is what we mean by that: the set of #$TimePoints in X
must precisely equal the union of all the sets Y1, Y2,
Y3,... of #$TimePoints in all
the Yi's such that (#$temporalUnionOf
X Yi). The Yi's need not be disjoint, but often are. For
example, the days of 1996 are in the relation #$temporalUnionOf
to the weekdays of 1996 and to the weekend days of 1996.
There may be multiple ways to `decompose' X into a set of
Yi's of this sort, and Cyc provides less terse ways to
represent that explicitly; but in practice, we have found
that this terse relation is often exactly what is needed.
guid: bd58bc2f-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$ComplexTemporalRelation
direct specialization of:
#$temporallySubsumes
#$temporallyDisjoint temporally disjoint
(#$temporallyDisjoint
X Y) means that there are no time points in common between X
and Y. If you view each of them as a set of #$TimePoints, the two
sets are disjoint. For example, consider the discontinuous
events `Fred sleeping this week' and `Fred driving this
week'. These are presumably #$temporallyDisjoint
even if they `interlock' during the week.
guid: bd58d5db-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$ComplexTemporalRelation
#$SymmetricBinaryPredicate #$IrreflexiveBinaryPredicate
#$startsRelativeToStartOf starts
relative to start of
(#$startsRelativeToStartOf
AFTER TIME BEFORE) means that AFTER starts duration TIME
after BEFORE starts. That is, the #$startingPoint
of AFTER is after the #$startingPoint
of BEFORE, by an amount of time TIME. See also #$startsRelativeToEndOf.
guid: bd58a2ae-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$TernaryPredicate
#$startsRelativeToEndOf starts
relative to end of
(#$startsRelativeToEndOf
AFTER TIME BEFORE) means that AFTER starts duration TIME
after BEFORE ends. That is, the #$startingPoint
of AFTER is after the #$endingPoint of
BEFORE, by an amount of time TIME.
guid: bd58a370-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$TernaryPredicate
Disjoint Temporal Objects
#$MutuallyDisjointIntervalCollection mutually
disjoint interval collection
A collection of collections. Any element, X, which
is an instance of MutuallyDisjointIntervalCollection is a
collection of interval types X1, X2, X3,..., whose instances
are temporallyDisjoint ; that is, each instance of X1 has no
temporal intersection with any instance of X2 or X3 or...;
each instance of X2 has no temporal intersection with any
instance of X1 or X3 or...; etc. For example, consider
DayOfWeekType, whose instances are Monday, Tuesday,... It is
true that (isa DayOfWeekType
MutuallyDisjointIntervalCollection ), because no Monday can
temporally intersect any Tuesday or Wednesday or....; no
Tuesday can temporally intersect any Monday or Wednesday
or...; etc. Other elements of
MutuallyDisjointIntervalCollection include DayOfWeekType,
CalendarSeasonType, HourOfDayType, and so on. See also TemporallyDisjointIntervalType.
guid: be0111d4-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$ThirdOrderCollection
direct specialization of: #$SecondOrderCollection
direct generalization of:
#$CyclicalIntervalGroupType
#$TemporallyDisjointIntervalType types
of temporally disjoint interval
A collection of collections. TYPE is an instance of
#$TemporallyDisjointIntervalType
just in case any two distinct instances of TYPE are #$temporallyDisjoint.
For example, #$Wednesday is an instance of #$TemporallyDisjointIntervalType
because no Wednesday can temporally intersect any Wednesday
other than itself.
guid: be011303-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$SecondOrderCollection
direct specialization of:
#$TemporalObjectType
direct generalization of:
#$ConventionallyClassifiedDisjointTimeIntervalType #$HourOfDayType
#$CalendarCoveringType
#$AnnualEventType
Time
#$CotemporalPredicate cotemporal predicate
#$CotemporalPredicate
is the collection of #$Predicates
PRED such that whenever a formula (PRED ARG1 ... ARGN) is
true at a moment in time, it will be the case that the
moment belongs to the temporal extent of each ARG among
ARG1, ..., ARGN that is an instance of #$TemporalThing
(so that each such ARG temporally subsumes the moment). For
example, #$owns is a #$CotemporalPredicate.
So from the assertion (#$holdsIn (#$YearFn 1992) (#$owns Nick
Spot)), we can conclude (given that Nick and Spot are #$TemporalThings)
that Nick and Spot were alive throughout (temporally
subsume) 1992. In contrast, consider the predicate
#$awareOf, which is not a #$CotemporalPredicate.
The assertion (#$holdsIn (#$YearFn 1992)
(#$awareOf Fred #$GeorgeWashington) doesn't justify the
conclusion (#$temporallySubsumes
#$GeorgeWashington (#$YearFn 1992)). In
general (with the qualifications indicated below), an
assertion (#$holdsIn
TIME (PRED ARG1 ... ARGN)), with PRED a #$CotemporalPredicate
and ARG among ARG1, ..., ARGN an instance of #$TemporalThing,
licenses the conclusion (#$temporallySubsumes
ARG TIME). Moreover, an assertion (#$holdsSometimeDuring
TIME (PRED ARG1 ... ARGN)) licenses the conclusion (#$temporallyIntersects
ARG TIME). Although what constitutes a moment can vary with
context, for most microtheories explicit considerations of
temporal granularity (in this sense) don't come into play.
In particular, in the case of most microtheories, one
doesn't have to worry about the possibility of gaps in the
fabric of time between moments (note that the presence of
such gaps would undermine the conclusion above about
temporal subsumption.) Another qualification is that ARG is
not a #$TemporallyIndexicalFirstOrderTerm; in practice, it
almost never is. In order to bar predicates that would
otherwise trivially qualify as instances of #$CotemporalPredicate,
the argument-type of at least one of the argument-places of
a #$CotemporalPredicate
PRED must be non-disjoint with #$TemporalThing
(or, more generally, the intersection of the argument-types
of at least one of the argument-places of PRED must be
non-disjoint with #$TemporalThing).
See also the specialization of #$CotemporalPredicate,
#$CotemporalObjectsSlot,
and the predicate #$contemporaryInArg.
guid: bd5981b7-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$PredicateCategory
direct specialization of:
#$ObjectPredicate
direct generalization of:
#$ConnectionPredicate
#$SpatialPredicate
#$PhysicalCompositionPredicate
#$CotemporalObjectsSlot
#$CotemporalObjectsSlot cotemporal
objects slot
#$CotemporalObjectsSlot
is the collection of #$BinaryPredicates PRED such that
whenever a formula without free variables (PRED ARG1 ARG2)
is true at a moment in time, it will be the case that the
moment belongs to the temporal extent of both ARG1 and ARG2
(i.e., that ARG1 and ARG2 are #$TemporalThings
which temporally subsume the moment). For example, #$owns is a #$CotemporalObjectsSlot.
So from the assertion (#$holdsIn (#$YearFn 1992) (#$owns Nick
Spot)), we can conclude that Nick and Spot were alive
throughout (temporally subsume) 1992. In contrast, consider
the predicate #$awareOf, which is not a #$CotemporalObjectsSlot.
The assertion (#$holdsIn (#$YearFn 1992)
(#$awareOf Fred #$GeorgeWashington) doesn't justify the
conclusion (#$temporallySubsumes
#$GeorgeWashington (#$YearFn 1992)). In
general (with the qualifications indicated below), a closed
assertion (#$holdsIn
TIME (PRED ARG1 ARG2)), with PRED a #$CotemporalObjectsSlot,
licenses the conclusions (#$temporallySubsumes
ARG1 TIME) and (#$temporallySubsumes
ARG2 TIME). And a closed assertion (#$holdsSometimeDuring
TIME (PRED ARG1 ARG2)) licenses the conclusions (#$temporallyIntersects
ARG1 TIME) and (#$temporallyIntersects
ARG2 TIME). Although what constitutes a moment can vary with
context, for most microtheories explicit considerations of
temporal granularity (in this sense) don't come into play.
In particular, in the case of most microtheories, one
doesn't have to worry about the possibility of gaps in the
fabric of time between moments. (Such gaps would undermine
the conclusions above about temporal subsumption.) Another
qualification is that ARG1 and ARG2 are not
#$TemporallyIndexicalFirstOrderTerms; in practice, they
almost never are. See also the generalization of #$CotemporalObjectsSlot,
#$CotemporalPredicate,
and the predicate #$contemporaryInArg.
guid: bd58af35-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$PredicateCategory
direct specialization of:
#$CotemporalPredicate #$BinaryPredicate
#$contemporaryInArg contemporary
in arg
(#$contemporaryInArg
PRED N) means that the #$Predicate
PRED is such that whenever a formula (PRED ... ARGN ...),
with ARGN a #$TemporalThing,
is true at a moment in time, it will be the case that the
moment belongs to the temporal extent of ARGN (i.e., that
ARGN temporally subsumes the moment). For example, it's the
case that (#$contemporaryInArg
#$awareOf 1). So from the assertion (#$holdsIn (#$YearFn 1992)
(#$awareOf Fred #$GeorgeWashington), we can conclude (given
that Fred is a #$TemporalThing)
that Fred was alive throughout (temporally subsumes) 1992.
But it's not the case that (#$contemporaryInArg
#$awareOf 2). And indeed we wouldn't want to conclude that
#$GeorgeWashington was alive throughout 1992. In general
(with the qualifications indicated below), an assertion (#$holdsIn TIME (PRED
... ARGN ...)), with PRED such that (#$contemporaryInArg
PRED N) and ARGN a #$TemporalThing,
licenses the conclusion (#$temporallySubsumes
ARGN TIME). And an assertion (#$holdsSometimeDuring
TIME (PRED ... ARGN ...)) licenses the conclusion (#$temporallyIntersects
ARGN TIME). Although what constitutes a moment can vary with
context, for most microtheories explicit considerations of
temporal granularity (in this sense) don't come into play.
In particular, in the case of most microtheories, one
doesn't have to worry about the possibility of gaps in the
fabric of time between moments. (Such gaps would undermine
the conclusion above about temporal subsumption.) Another
qualification is that ARGN is not a
#$TemporallyIndexicalFirstOrderTerm; in practice, it almost
never is. In order for a predicate PRED to be contemporary
in its Nth argument-place, the arity of PRED must be greater
than or equal to N, and the argument-type of the Nth
argument-place of PRED must be non-disjoint with #$TemporalThing
(or, more generally, the intersection of the argument-types
of the Nth argument-place of PRED must be non-disjoint with
#$TemporalThing).
This is to bar cases in which a predicate would otherwise
trivially qualify as contemporary in its Nth argument-place.
Note that #$CotemporalObjectsSlots
are contemporary in both their first and second
argument-places, and #$CotemporalPredicates
are contemporary in at least one argument-place.
guid: c0e0a498-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$BinaryPredicate
Type
#$subsumedByIntervalType subsumed
by interval type
(#$subsumedByIntervalType
TEMPORAL-THING INTERVAL-TYPE) means that some instance of
INTERVAL-TYPE #$temporallySubsumes
(q.v.) TEMPORAL-THING. For example, (#$subsumedByIntervalType
FredsBirth #$Wednesday) means that Fred was born on a Wednesday.
guid: bd58d7de-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$CollectionPredicate
#$BinaryPredicate
#$followingIntervalType following
interval type
(#$followingIntervalType
X Y) indicates that every instance of X is followed by some
instance of Y, and every instance of Y is preceded by some
instance of X. The instance of Y is #$contiguousAfter
the instance of X. For example, (#$followingIntervalType
#$Saturday #$Sunday). Every Saturday is followed by a
Sunday, and every Sunday is preceded by a Saturday; the
Sunday is #$contiguousAfter
the Saturday.
guid: be010ec8-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$TemporalRelation
#$subsumesIntervalType subsumes
interval type
(#$subsumesIntervalType
X Y) indicates that every instance of X #$temporallySubsumes
some instance of Y. For example, one of Cyc's axioms states
that in the #$NorthernHemisphereMt (the context in which the
location is assumed to be somewhere north of the equator) it
is true that (#$subsumesIntervalType
#$CalendarWinter
#$January). That is, in that micro-theory, each Winter
contains a January. In the base KB -- that is, independent
of context -- it is true that (#$subsumesIntervalType
#$CalendarQuarter
#$CalendarMonth),
which means that every calendar quarter contains at least
one entire calendar month.
guid: be010f1d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$RuleMacroPredicate
#$AntiSymmetricBinaryPredicate #$ReflexiveBinaryPredicate
#$TransitiveBinaryPredicate #$TemporalRelation
direct specialization of:
#$intersectsIntervalType
#$intersectsIntervalType intersects
interval type
(#$intersectsIntervalType
X Y) indicates that every instance of X #$temporallyIntersects
some instance Y. For example, in the nontropics, (#$intersectsIntervalType
#$SummerSeason #$CalendarSummer).
The `summer season' may not coincide exactly with the time
between the summer solstice and autumnal equinox, but there
is an (enormous) overlap between those two time periods.
This relation, #$intersectsIntervalType,
is neither commutative -- (#$intersectsIntervalType
#$January #$Wednesday) but not (#$intersectsIntervalType
#$Wednesday #$January) -- nor transitive -- (#$intersectsIntervalType
#$CalendarSummer
#$June) & (#$intersectsIntervalType
#$June #$CalendarSpring).
guid: be010f3c-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$TemporalRelation
#$ReflexiveBinaryPredicate
Functions Which Return Time Intervals
#$STIF soon
(#$STIF X)
returns the `Short Time Interval Following' X. (#$STIF FOO) does not
include the time point (#$EndFn FOO), but does
include every time point in between (#$EndFn FOO) and (#$EndFn (#$STIF FOO)). The
function #$STIF is used
to state axioms which assert propositions about the world
just after some #$TemporalThing
(i.e., after an event ends, after a tangible object ceases
to exist, etc.). Each of those propositions may or may not
hold beyond the bounds of that short interval. Consider the
axiom `after swimming, the swimmer is wet'. The swimmer is
only known to be wet for a short time interval immediately
following the swimming event, and so we use #$STIF to specify that
short time interval in which the assertion of wetness will
hold. Beyond that time, additional axioms would be required
to decide whether the wetness would persist or not. Also
see: #$STIB.
guid: bd5880fd-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$UnaryFunction #$ReifiableFunction
#$IndividualDenotingFunction
#$Individual
#$STIB s t i b
An instance of #$IndividualDenotingFunction.
When applied to an instance THING of #$TemporalThing,
#$STIB returns the
`Short Time Interval Before' THING. (#$STIB THING) does not
include the time point (#$StartFn THING), but
does include every time point in between (#$StartFn THING) and
(#$StartFn (#$STIB THING)). The
function #$STIB is used
to state axioms which assert propositions about the world
just before some #$TemporalThing.
E.g., just before some event begins, or just before some
tangible object comes into being. Whether the propositions
hold beyond the bounds of the short interval specified
depends the nature of the proposition. Consider the axiom
`before launching, the Space Shuttle's fuel tanks are full'.
The fuel tanks are only known to be full immediately before
the launching event, and for some (measurable but
potentially short) time interval before that launch, and so
we use #$STIB to
specify the time interval in which the assertion of fullness
will hold. Before or after that time, additional axioms are
required to conclude whether the tanks are full or not. Also
see: #$STIF.
guid: bd5880fc-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$UnaryFunction #$ReifiableFunction
#$IndividualDenotingFunction
#$Individual
#$TimeIntervalBetweenFn time
interval between fn
#$TimeIntervalBetweenFn
is an instance of #$IndividualDenotingFunction;
it returns a time interval. (#$TimeIntervalBetweenFn
BEFORE AFTER) denotes the time interval between, but not
including, BEFORE and AFTER, which are instances of #$TemporalThing.
It must be true that AFTER starts after BEFORE ends; i.e.,
(#$startsAfterEndingOf
AFTER BEFORE). Also, the interval between AFTER and BEFORE
should not be empty. Finally, every interval returned by #$TimeIntervalBetweenFn
is #$temporallyContinuous.
Note: If you need a function that returns a time interval
that includes the defining temporal things, see #$TimeIntervalInclusiveFn.
guid: bd58ce20-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$BinaryFunction #$ReifiableFunction
#$IndividualDenotingFunction
#$Individual
#$IntervalBeforeFn interval
before fn
(#$IntervalBeforeFn
X D) returns the time interval, of duration D, immediately
preceding X. So the value is a #$TimeInterval, it
has #$duration D,
and (#$contiguousAfter
X (#$IntervalBeforeFn
X D)).
guid: bd58fa99-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$BinaryFunction #$ReifiableFunction
#$IndividualDenotingFunction
#$Individual
#$IntervalAfterFn interval
after fn
(#$IntervalAfterFn
T-OBJ DUR) denotes the #$TimeInterval
which immediately follows T-OBJ, lasting for duration DUR.
guid: bd58a0a0-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$BinaryFunction #$ReifiableFunction
#$IndividualDenotingFunction
#$Individual
#$IntervalStartedByFn interval
started by fn
(#$IntervalStartedByFn
TEMP-OBJ) denotes the time interval that begins when
TEMP-OBJ ends, and continues until the end of all time (#$Always-TimeInterval),
if time has an end.
guid: c132bc99-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$UnaryFunction #$IndividualDenotingFunction
#$ReifiableFunction
#$Individual
#$IntervalEndedByFn interval
ended by fn
(#$IntervalEndedByFn
TEMP-OBJ) denotes the time interval which ends when TEMP-OBJ
starts. The beginning of this interval coincides with the
beginning of all time (#$Always-TimeInterval),
if it has a beginning.
guid: bfbe67dc-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$UnaryFunction #$IndividualDenotingFunction
#$ReifiableFunction
#$Individual
Temporal Qualification Of Propositions
#$holdsIn holds in
A formula, without free variables, of the form (#$holdsIn TEMP-THING
FORMULA) means that the formula FORMULA is true at every
moment in the temporal extent of the #$TemporalThing
TEMP-THING (i.e., every moment temporally subsumed by
TEMP-THING). For example, the assertion (#$holdsIn (#$YearFn 1992) (#$owns Nick
Spot)) expresses that throughout all of the year 1992 Nick
owned Spot. Thus it follows, for example, that Nick owned
Spot on July 5th, 1992 - that is, (#$holdsIn (#$DayFn 5 (#$MonthFn #$July (#$YearFn 1992))) (#$owns Nick
Spot)). An assertion of the form (#$holdsIn TEMP-THING
(PRED ... ARG ...)), with ARG a #$TemporalThing,
doesn't in general imply that ARG temporally subsumes or
even temporally intersects TEMP-THING. For example, (#$holdsIn (#$YearFn 1992)
(#$awareOf Fred #$GeorgeWashington) doesn't imply (#$temporallyIntersects
#$GeorgeWashington (#$YearFn 1992)).
However, in the case of certain predicates PRED, temporal
subsumption of TEMP-THING by ARG will follow (in almost all
microtheories); see #$CotemporalObjectsSlot,
#$CotemporalPredicate,
and #$contemporaryInArg.
Although what constitutes a moment can vary with context,
for most microtheories explicit considerations of temporal
granularity (in this sense) don't come into play. That is,
in the case of most microtheories, one almost never has to
worry about assertions running into problems because of time
intervals that are too small, and one doesn't have to worry
about the possibility of gaps in the fabric of time between
moments. Note that the characterization above of the meaning
of a closed formula (#$holdsIn TEMP-THING
FORMULA) isn't meant to imply that one can't quantify into
the argument-places of #$holdsIn.
(Alternatively to using #$holdsIn, we could
create a microtheory MT one of whose assumptions was a
temporal one, limiting all axioms to holding throughout 1992
[i.e., (#$holdsInTime-Always MT (#$YearFn 1992))]. Then
in that microtheory we could simply assert (#$owns Nick
Spot). But it would be incorrect to assert (#$owns Nick
Spot) in the #$BaseKB, since, for
example, in 3500 BCE Nick didn't own Spot, nor when Nick was
a baby did he own Spot, etc.) See also #$holdsSometimeDuring.
guid: bd588113-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$BinaryPredicate
direct specialization of:
#$holdsSometimeDuring
#$holdsSometimeDuring holds
sometime during
A formula, without free variables, of the form (#$holdsSometimeDuring
TEMP-THING FORMULA) means that the formula FORMULA is true
at some moment in the temporal extent of the #$TemporalThing
TEMP-THING (i.e., some - at least one - moment temporally
subsumed by TEMP-THING). For example, the assertion (#$holdsSometimeDuring
(#$MonthFn
#$July (#$YearFn
1992)) (#$owns
Nick Spot)) expresses that at some moment during July 1992
Nick owned Spot. Thus it follows, for example, that at some
moment during the year 1992 Nick owned Spot - that is, (#$holdsSometimeDuring
(#$YearFn 1992)
(#$owns
Nick Spot)). An assertion of the form (#$holdsSometimeDuring
TEMP-THING (PRED ... ARG ...)), with ARG a #$TemporalThing,
doesn't in general imply that ARG temporally intersects
TEMP-THING. For example, (#$holdsSometimeDuring
(#$YearFn 1992)
(#$awareOf Fred #$GeorgeWashington) doesn't imply (#$temporallyIntersects
#$GeorgeWashington (#$YearFn 1992)).
However, in the case of certain predicates PRED, temporal
intersection of TEMP-THING by ARG will follow; see #$CotemporalObjectsSlot,
#$CotemporalPredicate,
and #$contemporaryInArg.
Although what constitutes a moment can vary with context,
for most microtheories explicit considerations of temporal
granularity (in this sense) don't come into play. That is,
in the case of most microtheories, one almost never has to
worry about assertions running into problems because of time
intervals that are too small, and one doesn't have to worry
about the possibility of gaps in the fabric of time between
moments. Note that the characterization above of the meaning
of a closed formula (#$holdsSometimeDuring
TEMP-THING FORMULA) isn't meant to imply that one can't
quantify into the argument-places of #$holdsSometimeDuring.
(Alternatively to using #$holdsSometimeDuring,
we could create a microtheory MT one of whose assumptions
was a temporal one, limiting all axioms to holding at some
moment during the year 1992 [i.e., (#$holdsInTime-Sometime
MT (#$YearFn 1992))].
Then in that microtheory we could simply assert (#$owns Nick
Spot). But it would be incorrect to assert (#$owns Nick
Spot) in the #$BaseKB, since, for
example, in 3500 BCE Nick didn't own Spot, nor when Nick was
a baby did he own Spot, etc.) See also #$holdsIn.
guid: bd90fb37-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$BinaryPredicate
The Calendar
#$Date dates (periods of time)
A specialization of #$TimeInterval.
Each instance of #$Date
is a temporally continuous instance of #$TimeInterval
which can be defined purely by its location on a particular
calendar. Thus, an instance of #$Date could be a
particular calendar day, calendar quarter, calendar month,
or decade.
guid: bd58ac59-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$TemporalObjectType
direct specialization of:
#$TimeInterval
direct generalization of:
#$CalendarHalfCentury
#$CalendarQuarter
#$CalendarSeason
#$FiscalQuarter
#$CalendarMinute
#$CalendarCentury
#$CalendarSecond
#$CalendarDecade
#$CalendarHour #$CalendarYear #$CalendarMonth
#$CalendarWeek #$CalendarDay #$FiscalYear
Date Functions
#$SecondFn second fn
(#$SecondFn S MINUTE)
denotes second number S of minute MINUTE. For example, (#$SecondFn 59 (#$MinuteFn 12 (#$HourFn 18 (#$DayFn 14 (#$MonthFn #$February
(#$YearFn
1966)))))) denotes 6:12:59pm Feb. 14th, 1966
guid: be01010a-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$DateDenotingFunction
#$BinaryFunction #$Individual
#$MinuteFn minute fn
An instance of #$DateDenotingFunction. (#$MinuteFn MINUTE
HOUR) is a #$CalendarMinute,
minute number MINUTE of the #$CalendarHour
HOUR. For example, (#$MinuteFn 12 (#$HourFn 18 (#$DayFn 14 (#$MonthFn #$February
(#$YearFn
1966))))) is 6:12pm, Feb. 14th, 1966.
guid: be0100d7-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$DateDenotingFunction
#$BinaryFunction #$Individual
#$HourFn hour fn
(#$HourFn H
D) denotes a #$CalendarHour --
in particular, hour number H (military time) of day D. For
example, (#$HourFn 18
(#$DayFn 14 (#$MonthFn #$February
(#$YearFn
1966)))) denotes the 60 minute interval lasting from
18:00:00 on 14 February 1966 to 19:00:00 on 14 February 1966.
guid: be010082-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$DateDenotingFunction
#$BinaryFunction #$Individual
#$DayFn day fn
(#$DayFn DAY
MONTH) denotes a #$CalendarDay -- in
particular, the day number DAY of month MONTH. For example,
(#$DayFn 14 (#$MonthFn #$February
(#$YearFn 1966)))
denotes Feb. 14th, 1966.
guid: be00ff5b-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$DateDenotingFunction
#$BinaryFunction #$Individual
#$MonthFn month fn
An instance of #$DateDenotingFunction. (#$MonthFn MONTH YEAR)
is an instance of #$CalendarMonth,
the month of type MONTH during the #$CalendarYear
YEAR. For example, (#$MonthFn #$February
(#$YearFn 1966))
is February of 1966.
guid: be00fd8d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$DateDenotingFunction
#$BinaryFunction #$Individual
#$QuarterFn quarter fn
An instance of #$DateDenotingFunction. (#$QuarterFn N YEAR)
is the Nth #$CalendarQuarter
(q.v.) of the #$CalendarYear
YEAR. For example, (#$QuarterFn 2 (#$YearFn 1966)) is the
second quarter of 1966.
guid: c10ae4e3-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$DateDenotingFunction
#$BinaryFunction #$Individual
#$YearFn year fn
An instance of #$DateDenotingFunction. (#$YearFn NUMBER) is an
instance of #$CalendarYear,
the year NUMBER in the (extended) Gregorian calendar. For
example, (#$YearFn
1966) is the year 1966. Customarily the #$GregorianCalendar
is used only for dates from the 1500's onward, when it was
instituted, and the #$JulianCalendar for dates before that,
including dates before the common era. It is possible to
follow this convention in Cyc and use (#$YearBCE-JulianFn
1), (#$YearBCE-JulianFn 2), ... instead of (#$YearFn 0), (#$YearFn -1), ...
guid: bd58f29a-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$DateDenotingFunction
#$UnaryFunction #$Individual
#$DateAfterFn date
after fn
An instance of #$DateDenotingFunction. When applied
to an instance DATE of #$Date and an instance DUR
of #$Time-Quantity,
#$DateAfterFn
returns the instance of #$Date which is DUR amount
of time after DATE. For example, (#$DateAfterFn (#$YearFn 1950) (#$YearsDuration
10)) is (#$YearFn
1960). See also #$DateBeforeFn, #$TimeElapsedFn.
guid: c0fdc1fb-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$DateDenotingFunction
#$BinaryFunction #$EvaluatableFunction
#$Individual
#$DateBeforeFn date
before fn
An instance of #$DateDenotingFunction. When applied
to an instance DATE of #$Date and an instance DUR
of #$Time-Quantity,
#$DateBeforeFn
returns the instance of #$Date which is DUR amount
of time before DATE. For example, (#$DateBeforeFn (#$YearFn 1950) (#$YearsDuration
10)) is (#$YearFn
1940). See also #$DateAfterFn, #$TimeElapsedFn.
guid: bd65727a-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$DateDenotingFunction
#$BinaryFunction #$EvaluatableFunction
#$Individual
#$CalendarCoveringType types
of calendar time interval
#$CalendarCoveringType
is a collection of collections. An element CC of #$CalendarCoveringType
is itself a collection, a type of time interval, such that
the union of all the instances of CC would completely cover
all of time without overlap. Thus, #$CalendarYear is
a #$CalendarCoveringType
because all of time consists of a sequence of
non-overlapping #$CalendarYears.
Similarly #$CalendarMonth,
#$CalendarDay, #$CalendarHour,
etc. #$Monday and #$December are NOT instances of #$CalendarCoveringType,
because all of time is not a sequence of Mondays, or
Decembers. Also notice that a collection Week -- defined as
the set of all seven-day-long-periods-of-time -- would not
be an instance of #$CalendarCoveringType,
since several different Weeks could overlap; e.g., the week
beginning today and the week beginning yesterday and the
week beginning tomorrow.
guid: bd58a30c-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$SiblingDisjointCollection
#$SecondOrderCollection
direct specialization of:
#$TemporallyDisjointIntervalType
#$CalendarCentury centuries
(periods of time)
An instance of #$CalendarCoveringType,
and a specialization of #$Date. Each instance of
#$CalendarCentury
is a century on a particular calendar. Instances of #$CalendarCentury
include #$TheNineteenthCenturyCE and #$TheTwentiethCenturyCE.
guid: bd58b8f6-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$ConventionalClassificationType
#$CalendarCoveringType
direct specialization of:
#$Date
#$CalendarHalfCentury calendar
half centuries
An instance of #$CalendarCoveringType,
and a specialization of #$Date. Each instance of
#$CalendarHalfCentury
is a half-century on a particular calendar, and thus will be
either the first half or the second half of some century
(see the constant #$CalendarCentury)
on that calendar. Instances of #$CalendarHalfCentury
include #$FirstHalfOf20thCenturyCE and #$LastHalfOf20thCenturyCE.
guid: c0f71f9e-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$ConventionalClassificationType
#$CalendarCoveringType
direct specialization of:
#$Date
#$CalendarDecade decades
(periods of time)
An instance of #$CalendarCoveringType,
and a specialization of #$Date. Each instance of
#$CalendarDecade
is a decade on a particular calendar. For the example, the
nineteen eighties is an instance of #$CalendarDecade.
guid: bd58b937-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$ConventionalClassificationType
#$CalendarCoveringType
direct specialization of:
#$Date
#$CalendarYear years
(periods of time)
A subcollection of #$Date (q.v.) and an
instance of #$CalendarCoveringType
(q.v.). Each instance of #$CalendarYear is
a year in some particular calendar. Examples include
(#$TheYear1972) and (#$YearFn 2001). Note
that (as with any instance of an instance of
calendar-covering-type) a given calendar-year is a
temporally-continuous individual that occurs only _once_;
e.g. it is not something that recurs each century or each millenium.
guid: bd58f257-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$ConventionalClassificationType
#$CalendarCoveringType
direct specialization of:
#$Date
direct generalization of:
#$NonLeapYear
#$LeapYear
#$CalendarQuarter calendar quarters
An instance of #$CalendarCoveringType,
and a specialization of #$Date. Each instance of
#$CalendarQuarter
is a quarter of a year on a particular calendar, and thus
will be either the first, second, third, or fourth quarter
of some year (see the collection #$CalendarYear) on
that calendar. Example instances of #$CalendarQuarter
include (#$QuarterFn 1 (#$YearFn 1996)) and (#$QuarterFn 4 (#$YearFn 1929)).
guid: c10ae4c7-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$ConventionalClassificationType
#$CalendarCoveringType
direct specialization of:
#$Date
#$CalendarMonth months
(periods of time)
An instance of #$CalendarCoveringType,
and a specialization of #$Date. Each instance of
#$CalendarMonth
is a month in a particular calendar. An example
sub-collection of #$CalendarMonth
is #$February , the collection of all months of February.
One instance of the collection #$February (and thus one
instance of the collection #$CalendarMonth)
is (#$MonthFn
#$February (#$YearFn
1992)), February of 1992.
guid: bd58c029-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$ConventionalClassificationType
#$CalendarCoveringType
direct specialization of:
#$Date
direct generalization of: #$January #$February
#$March #$April #$May #$June #$August #$September
#$October #$December #$November #$July
#$CalendarWeek weeks
(periods of time)
An instance of #$CalendarCoveringType
and a specialization of #$Date. Each instance of
#$CalendarWeek is
a particular week on some particular calendar. Instances of
#$CalendarWeek
include the first week (i.e. the initial seven-day-long #$TimeInterval) of
December, 2001.
guid: bd58c064-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$ConventionalClassificationType
#$TemporalObjectType
direct specialization of:
#$Date
#$CalendarDay days
(periods of time)
An instance of #$CalendarCoveringType,
and a specialization of #$Date. Each instance of
#$CalendarDay is a
day on some particular calendar. Instances of #$CalendarDay
include (#$DayFn 1 (#$MonthFn #$July (#$YearFn 1646))) and (#$DayFn 8 (#$MonthFn #$November
(#$YearFn 1848))).
guid: bd58de08-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$ConventionalClassificationType
#$CalendarCoveringType
direct specialization of:
#$Date
#$TimeOfDay-PM PMs
A specialization of #$TimeOfDay. Each
instance of #$TimeOfDay-PM is
a period of time from one second after Noon to one second
before Midnight on a particular calendar day (see #$CalendarDay).
guid: c0fde0db-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$TimeOfDayType
direct specialization of:
#$TimeOfDay
#$TimeOfDay-AM AMs
A specialization of #$TimeOfDay. Each
instance of #$TimeOfDay-AM is
a period of time from one second after Midnight to one
second before Noon on a particular calendar day (see the
collection #$CalendarDay).
guid: c0fddfdd-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$TimeOfDayType
direct specialization of:
#$TimeOfDay
#$CalendarHour calendar hours
An instance of #$CalendarCoveringType,
and a specialization of #$Date. Each instance of
#$CalendarHour is
an hour in some particular calendar. Instances of #$CalendarHour
include (#$HourFn 12
(#$DayFn 20 (#$MonthFn #$January (#$YearFn 1965)))) and
(#$HourFn 13 (#$DayFn 13 (#$MonthFn #$July (#$YearFn 2000)))).
guid: bd58933b-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$ConventionalClassificationType
#$CalendarCoveringType
direct specialization of:
#$TimeOfDay #$Date
#$CalendarMinute calendar minutes
An instance of #$CalendarCoveringType,
and a specialization of #$Date. Each instance of
#$CalendarMinute
is a minute on a particular calendar. For example, the first
minute of the year 2000 is an instance of #$CalendarMinute.
guid: bd58b9fc-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$CalendarCoveringType
direct specialization of:
#$Date
#$CalendarSecond seconds
(periods of time)
A subcollection of #$Date (q.v.) and an
instance of #$CalendarCoveringType
(q.v.). #$CalendarSecond
is the collection of seconds that make up the calendar. Each
#$CalendarMinute
(q.v.) is divided into sixty contiguous calendar-seconds.
Note that (as with any instance of an instance of
calendar-covering-type) a given calendar-minute is a
temporally-continuous individual that occurs only _once_;
e.g. it is not something that recurs each hour or each year.
guid: bd58823e-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$CalendarCoveringType
direct specialization of:
#$Date
#$CalendarWeekend weekends
Instances of #$CalendarWeekend
are #$Dates that are
exactly composed of a #$Saturday and the immediately
following #$Sunday. Note that this collection of time
intervals is NOT a #$CalendarCoveringType:
although the instances of #$CalendarWeekend
are mutually disjoint (one of the two requirements of #$CalendarCoveringType),
there are many #$TimePoints which
are not in any #$CalendarWeekend
(and so it violates the requirement that its instances
completely cover all of time).
guid: c1009f04-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$ConventionallyClassifiedDisjointTimeIntervalType
direct specialization of:
#$Date
#$NonLeapYear non
leap year
The collection of #$CalendarYears
which are not leap years; i.e., calendar years in which
February has 28 days
guid: bd58b979-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$TemporalObjectType
direct specialization of:
#$CalendarYear
#$LeapYear leap years
The collection of #$CalendarYears
which are leap years; i.e., calendar years in which February
has 29 days
guid: bd58b9ba-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$TemporalObjectType
direct specialization of:
#$CalendarYear
#$HemispheresAndCalendars hemispheres
and calendars
#$CalendarSeasons
are defined by the Gregorian calendar and are synchronized
with the equinoxes and solstices. #$SeasonOfYear
instances are climatic seasons, events characterized by the
weather in a given region. The relationship between #$SeasonOfYear
instances and #$CalendarSeasons
depends upon the hemisphere (or, more precisely, upon the
latitude.) In the northern hemisphere, north of the tropics,
a #$CalendarSummer
will significantly intersect with the a #$SummerSeason
each year. But in the southern hemisphere, that same #$CalendarSummer
(which is the same in both hemispheres) will intersect with
what is locally, weatherwise, a #$WinterSeason.
guid: bd62ee33-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$Individual
#$CalendarSeasonType seasons
(types of temporally object-like thing)
This is the collection whose four elements are #$CalendarWinter,
#$CalendarSpring,
#$CalendarSummer,
and #$CalendarAutumn.
guid: be01141f-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$CyclicalIntervalGroupType
direct specialization of:
#$AnnualEventType #$ConventionallyClassifiedDisjointTimeIntervalType
#$CalendarSeason calendar seasons
This is the set of all calendar seasons. Four of
its largest specializations are #$CalendarWinter,
#$CalendarSpring,
#$CalendarSummer,
and #$CalendarAutumn
guid: be0114e6-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$ConventionalClassificationType
#$CalendarCoveringType
direct specialization of:
#$Date
direct generalization of:
#$CalendarAutumn
#$CalendarSpring
#$CalendarWinter
#$CalendarSummer
#$CalendarWinter calendar winters
A subcollection of #$CalendarSeason,
each instance of which begins on the #$WinterSolstice
(about December 21) and ends on the #$VernalEquinox
(about March 21) of any given #$CalendarYear in
the #$NorthernHemisphere-Region. Thus, like the other types
of calendar-seasons, #$CalendarWinters
occur annually and have a duration of approximately three #$CalendarMonths.
guid: be0116f3-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$CalendarSeasonType
direct specialization of:
#$CalendarSeason
#$CalendarSpring springs
(periods of time)
A subcollection of #$CalendarSeason,
each instance of which begins on the #$VernalEquinox
(about March 21) and ends on the #$SummerSolstice
of a particular #$CalendarYear.
Thus, like the other types of calendar-seasons, #$CalendarSprings
occur annually and have a duration of approximately three #$CalendarMonths.
guid: be011735-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$CalendarSeasonType
direct specialization of:
#$CalendarSeason
#$CalendarSummer summers
(periods of time)
A subcollection of #$CalendarSeason,
each instance of which begins on the #$SummerSolstice
and ends on the #$AutumnalEquinox
of a particular #$CalendarYear.
Thus, like the other types of calendar-seasons, #$CalendarSummers
occur annually and have a duration of approximately three #$CalendarMonths.
guid: be011768-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$CalendarSeasonType
direct specialization of:
#$CalendarSeason
#$CalendarAutumn autumns
(periods of time)
A subcollection of #$CalendarSeason,
each instance of which begins on the #$AutumnalEquinox
(about September 22) and ends on the #$WinterSolstice
(about December 21) of a particular #$CalendarYear.
Thus, like the other types of calendar-seasons, #$CalendarAutumns
occur annually and have a duration of approximately three #$CalendarMonths.
guid: be011790-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$CalendarSeasonType
direct specialization of:
#$CalendarSeason
#$DayOfMonthFn day
of month fn
(#$DayOfMonthFn
?N) denotes the collection of #$CalendarDays
which are the Nth day of the calendar month in which they
fall. For example, (#$DayOfMonthFn 4)
is the collection of all #$CalendarDays
which are the fourth day of some month. Every July 4th is an
instance of (#$DayOfMonthFn 4)
guid: bd58a55f-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$UnaryFunction #$CollectionDenotingFunction
#$ReifiableFunction
#$Individual
#$DayOfYearFn day
of year fn
(#$DayOfYearFn
?MNTH ?N) denotes the collection of #$CalendarDays
which are the Nth day of the month ?MNTH. For example, (#$DayOfYearFn
#$July 4) denotes the collection of each and every fourth of
July -- including, of course, those that occured before the
American Revolutionary War.
guid: bd58a51e-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$CollectionDenotingFunction
#$ReifiableFunction
#$BinaryFunction #$Individual
#$MonthOfYearFn month
of year fn
(#$MonthOfYearFn
?N) denotes the collection of #$CalendarMonths
which are the Nth month of some year. #$January, which is
the set of all Januaries, is the same as the value of (#$MonthOfYearFn 1).
guid: bd58a59f-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$UnaryFunction #$CollectionDenotingFunction
#$ReifiableFunction
#$Individual
Time Of Day
#$TimeOfDayType time
of day types
A collection of collections. Each instance of #$TimeOfDayType
is a subcollection of #$TimeOfDay (q.v.).
Examples include #$TimeOfDay-PM,
#$TimeOfDay-9AM, and #$TimeOfDay-MidnightHour.
guid: bd588673-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$SecondOrderCollection
direct specialization of:
#$ConventionalClassificationType #$TemporalObjectType
direct generalization of:
#$HourOfDayType
#$HourOfDayType hours
of the day
A collection of collections. Instances of #$HourOfDayType
are 24 canonical subcollections of #$CalendarHour,
such as #$TimeOfDay-8AM. This is a proper subcollection of
#$TimeOfDayType,
which could include larger or smaller times of the day, such
as `before noon' (which in Cyc is named #$TimeOfDay-AM).
guid: be011b66-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$CyclicalIntervalGroupType
direct specialization of:
#$ConventionallyClassifiedDisjointTimeIntervalType #$TimeOfDayType
#$TimeOfDay time of
day (period of time)
A specialization of #$TimeInterval.
Each instance of #$TimeOfDay is a
temporal interval marking a particular time of the day.
Notable specializations of #$TimeOfDay include
#$CalendarHour, #$DaytimeWorkingHours,
#$TimeOfDay-AM,
and #$TimeOfDay-PM.
guid: bd5886f5-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$TemporalObjectType
direct specialization of:
#$TimeInterval
direct generalization of:
#$DaytimeWorkingHours
#$CalendarHour #$TimeOfDay-PM #$TimeOfDay-AM
Events With Important Temporal Assertions
#$DaytimeWorkingHours daytime
working hours
A specialization of #$TimeOfDay. Each
instance of #$DaytimeWorkingHours
is a time interval during which most members of a working
population perform their daily jobs. Instances of #$DaytimeWorkingHours
will vary in their respective durations, starting points,
and ending points (see the constants #$duration, #$startingPoint,
and #$endingPoint),
according to which group of workers is being considered.
guid: bd58ac70-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$TemporalObjectType
direct specialization of:
#$TimeOfDay
#$WakingHours waking hours
#$WakingHours is a
set of time intervals. The length of each of those, and its
#$startingPoint
and #$endingPoint, is
defined by the bulk of a population being awake. The
schedule varies by context -- i.e. which group of people are
being considered -- and the boundaries are fuzzy.
guid: bd58894c-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$TemporalObjectType
direct specialization of:
#$TimeOfDay
Academic Cycles
#$AcademicYear academic years
Each instance of this collection is an annually
recurring #$TimeInterval
defined by an educational institution. Since the start
dates, end dates, and duration may all vary depending on the
institution, the year, etc., instances of this collection
must unfortunately be time intervals like Stanford1989-90AcademicYear.
guid: bd58f188-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$TemporalObjectType
direct specialization of:
#$TimeInterval
#$AcademicTrimester trimesters
Each instance of this collection is a #$TimeInterval
defined by some educational institution: one third of their
#$AcademicYear.
Since the start dates, end dates, and duration may all vary
depending on the institution and year, instances of this
collection must unfortunately be time intervals like UCLASpringTrimester1990-91.
guid: bd58ea73-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$TemporalObjectType
direct specialization of:
#$TimeInterval
#$AcademicSemester semesters
Each instance of this collection is a #$TimeInterval
defined by some educational institution: one half of its #$AcademicYear.
Since the start dates, end dates and duration may vary
depending on the institution and year (and hemisphere),
instances will be time intervals such as ``StanfordSpringSemester1990-91''.
guid: bd58ea30-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$TemporalObjectType
direct specialization of:
#$TimeInterval
#$AcademicQuarter academic quarters
Each instance of this collection is a #$TimeInterval
defined by some educational institution: one quarter of
their #$AcademicYear.
Since the start dates, end dates, and duration may all vary
depending on the institution, the year, etc., instances of
this collection must unfortunately be time intervals like StanfordSpringQuarter1991.
guid: bd589441-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$TemporalObjectType
direct specialization of:
#$TimeInterval
Fiscal Cycles
#$FiscalYear fiscal years
Each instance of this collection is an annual,
year-long interval of time kept track of by an #$Agent as part of its
operational and financial accounting procedures. Since the
start dates and end dates may vary depending on the
organization, instances of this collection are time
intervals like FiscalYearOf1989ForMicrosoft
guid: bd58f1c1-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$TemporalObjectType
direct specialization of:
#$Date
#$FiscalQuarter fiscal quarter
Each instance of this collection is a 3-month-long
interval of time kept track of by an #$Agent as part of its
financial accounting procedures. Since the start dates and
end dates may vary depending on the organization, instances
will be things like Fiscal3rdQuarterOf1995ForCycorp.
guid: bd58b87d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$TemporalObjectType
direct specialization of:
#$Date
Celestial Events
#$QualitativeTimeOfDay times
of day (events)
Instances of #$QualitativeTimeOfDay
are #$Events, not just
#$TimeIntervals.
They are celestial events such as instances of #$Dawn, #$Morning, #$Evening, etc. On
#$PlanetEarth, each of these is of course synchronized with
the daily cycle of the calendar, but its absolute timing (#$startingPoint
and #$endingPoint)
depends on the season and the observer's location on the
planet's surface.
guid: be011add-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$TemporalObjectType
direct specialization of:
#$Event
direct generalization of:
#$Sunrise #$Sunset #$Night #$Evening #$Midday #$Twilight #$Morning #$Afternoon
#$Sunrise sunrises
Each #$Sunrise is an #$Event where, at a given
location, the #$Sun appears to clear the horizon as it
`rises'. This event is construed to occur regardless of the
visibility of the #$Sun due to obscuring objects such as
clouds. Every #$Sunrise is #$contiguousAfter
a #$Dawn, and every #$DaytimeHours is
#$temporallyStartedBy
a #$Sunrise.
guid: bd58cd1b-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$TemporalObjectType
direct specialization of:
#$QualitativeTimeOfDay
#$Dawn dawns (times of day)
Each instance of #$Dawn is a dimly-lit
period before a #$Sunrise.
guid: bd588ee3-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$TemporalObjectType
direct specialization of:
#$Twilight
#$Morning mornings
A #$Morning
is an #$Event where
the sun apparently `rises' and `moves' to its `highest'
position in the daily cycle, i.e. from a #$Sunrise to the
ensuing noon. Each instance of #$Morning is #$contiguousAfter
a night. An #$Afternoon is #$contiguousAfter
each #$Morning.
guid: bd588885-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$TemporalObjectType
direct specialization of:
#$QualitativeTimeOfDay
#$Midday middays
A #$Midday
is the daily event where the #$Sun is near its `highest'
position in the daily cycle. A #$Midday overlaps the
start of an #$Afternoon, and a #$Morning overlaps the
start of a #$Midday.
guid: bd5887c3-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$TemporalObjectType
direct specialization of:
#$QualitativeTimeOfDay
#$Afternoon afternoons
An #$Afternoon is the
daily #$Event where
the #$Sun moves from its `highest' position in the daily
cycle and `sets' or becomes a #$MidnightSun, i.e from noon
till #$Sunset or
#$MidnightSun. A #$Midday overlaps the
start of an #$Afternoon, and an
#$Evening is #$contiguousAfter
an #$Afternoon
(except when there is a #$MidnightSun in which case a #$Morning is
contiguously after the #$Afternoon). Each #$Afternoon is #$temporallyFinishedBy
a #$Sunset or #$MidnightSun.
guid: bd58863a-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$TemporalObjectType
direct specialization of:
#$QualitativeTimeOfDay
#$Dusk dusks
Each #$Dusk is
a dimly-lit period of time which is #$contiguousAfter
a #$Sunset, and is
the #$Event which
starts a #$Night.
guid: be010707-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$TemporalObjectType
direct specialization of:
#$Twilight
#$Sunset sunsets (times
of day)
Each #$Sunset is an #$Event in which, at a
given location, the horizon occludes the #$Sun as it appears
to set. This event is construed to occur regardless of the
visibility of the #$Sun due to obscuring objects such as
clouds. There is a #$Dusk which is #$contiguousAfter
each #$Sunset. Every
#$DaytimeHours is
#$temporallyFinishedBy
a #$Sunset (unless it
#$endsDuring
a #$MidnightSun), as is every #$Afternoon.
guid: bd588843-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$TemporalObjectType
direct specialization of:
#$QualitativeTimeOfDay
#$Evening evenings
Each #$Evening is started by
a #$Dusk and is #$temporallyCoterminal
with the #$CalendarDay it's
a part of. Each #$Evening is #$contiguousAfter
an #$Afternoon,
and each #$Overnight is #$contiguousAfter
an #$Evening.
guid: bd589dc7-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$TemporalObjectType
direct specialization of:
#$QualitativeTimeOfDay
#$Night nights
#$Night is
the temporal complement of #$DaytimeHours:
each #$Night is #$contiguousAfter
one #$DaytimeHours,
and vice versa. Each #$Night intersects two
different #$CalendarDays.
Each #$Night is #$temporallyStartedBy
a #$Dusk, #$temporallyFinishedBy
a #$Dawn, #$contiguousAfter
a #$Sunset, and has a
#$Sunrise which
is #$contiguousAfter it.
guid: bd589e0b-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$TemporalObjectType
direct specialization of:
#$QualitativeTimeOfDay
#$Overnight late nights
An #$Overnight is #$temporallyCooriginating
with a #$CalendarDay and
is #$temporallyFinishedBy
a #$Dawn. It is #$contiguousAfter
the #$Evening of the
previous day, and contiguous before a#$Morning.
guid: be0108bf-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$TemporalObjectType
direct specialization of:
#$QualitativeTimeOfDay
#$Twilight twilights
The union of the two collections of time intervals
#$Dawn and #$Dusk. Each #$Twilight is a
situation where the sky is indirectly illuminated by the
#$Sun, either just before a #$Sunrise or just after
a #$Sunset.
guid: c0f71446-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$TemporalObjectType
direct specialization of:
#$QualitativeTimeOfDay
direct generalization of:
#$Dawn #$Dusk
#$DaytimeHours days
(times of day)
#$DaytimeHours is
the collection of time intervals during which the #$Sun is
`up'. This set is the temporal complement of #$Night -- every #$DaytimeHours is
#$contiguousAfter
one #$Night and vice
versa (except for days in which the #$Sun neither rises nor
sets). Each #$DaytimeHours is
#$temporallyStartedBy
exactly one #$Sunrise (or #$startsDuring one
#$MidnightSun), #$temporallyFinishedBy
exactly one #$Sunset
(or #$endsDuring
one #$MidnightSun), and if there is no #$MidnightSun is #$contiguousAfter
a #$Dawn and has a #$Dusk which is #$contiguousAfter
it. Each #$DaytimeHours #$temporalBoundsContains
one #$Morning, one
#$Midday, and one
#$Afternoon.
guid: bd58877a-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$TemporalObjectType
direct specialization of:
#$QualitativeTimeOfDay
#$AutumnalEquinox fall equinoxes
A collection of #$CalendarDays and
an instance of #$AnnualEventType.
Each instance of #$AutumnalEquinox
is a calendar-day during which the sun crosses the equator
from north to south, making daytime (see #$DaytimeHours)
and nighttime (see #$Night) of equal
duration on all parts of the earth, but where daytimes are
shortening and nighttimes lengthening in the
#$NorthernHemisphere-Region. An autumnal equinox marks the
beginning of the #$CalendarAutumn
in the #$NorthernHemisphere-Region and the beginning of #$CalendarSpring
in the #$SouthernHemisphere-Region. Instances occur about
September 22 of each year.
guid: bd686fca-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$AnnualEventType
direct specialization of:
#$CalendarDay
#$VernalEquinox spring equinoxes
A collection of #$CalendarDays and
an instance of #$AnnualEventType.
Each instance of #$VernalEquinox
is a calendar-day during which the sun crosses the equator,
making daytime (see #$DaytimeHours)
and nighttime (see #$Night) of equal
duration on all parts of the earth, but where daytimes are
lengthening and nighttimes shortening in the
#$NorthernHemisphere-Region. A vernal equinox occurs about
March 21 each year and marks the end of the #$CalendarWinter
and beginning of the #$CalendarSpring
in the #$NorthernHemisphere-Region, and the end of #$CalendarSummer
and the beginning of #$CalendarAutumn
in the #$SouthernHemisphere-Region.
guid: bd5aea90-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$AnnualEventType
direct specialization of:
#$CalendarDay
#$WinterSolstice winter solstices
A collection of #$CalendarDays and
an instance of #$AnnualEventType.
Each instance of #$WinterSolstice
is a calendar-day during which the sun is farthest from the
equator away from the local hemisphere (north or south),
making the daytime (see #$DaytimeHours).
The winter solstice occurs on December 21 or 22 each year in
the northern hemisphere [#$NorthernHemisphere-Region] and
about June 21 in the southern hemisphere
[#$SouthernHemisphere-Region] and marks the end of #$CalendarAutumn
and the beginning of the #$CalendarWinter.
guid: bd5dc60d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$AnnualEventType
direct specialization of:
#$CalendarDay
#$SummerSolstice summer solstices
A collection of #$CalendarDays and
an instance of #$AnnualEventType.
Each instance of #$SummerSolstice
is a calendar-day during which the sun is farthest north of
the equator, making the daytime (see #$DaytimeHours)
the longest of the year in the #$NorthernHemisphere-Region
and the shortest of the year in the
#$SouthernHemisphere-Region. The summer solstice occurs on
June 21 or 22 each year and marks the end of the #$CalendarSpring
and beginning of the #$CalendarSummer.
guid: bd5a6b1b-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$AnnualEventType
direct specialization of:
#$CalendarDay
Holidays
#$Holiday holidays
A specialization of #$HumanActivity.
Each instance of #$Holiday is an event
featuring social celebrations and/or rituals. Instances of
#$Holiday
typically last for one day (see the constant #$DaysDuration)
and typically coincide with some day of the year (see the
constant #$CalendarDay).
However, some instances of #$Holiday (such as the
instances of #$ChanukkahHoliday or #$Oktoberfest-Holiday)
last for several days. While instances of #$Holiday are often
annual events, they may also be one-time events or scheduled
in some other manner. They are also contextual, as different
nationalities and ethnic groups celebrate different ones.
guid: bd58a9b5-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$DefaultDisjointScriptType
#$TemporalObjectType
direct specialization of:
#$SocialOccurrence
direct generalization of:
#$ReligiousHoliday
#$LegalHoliday
#$HolidaySeason holiday seasons
Instances of #$HolidaySeason
are events which encompass the activities around a #$Holiday (or group of
#$Holidays). The
clearest example is #$ChristmasSeason.
While the exact boundaries of a #$HolidaySeason
may be vague, it is nonethless a useful concept; in fact,
much of the usefulness comes from that very fuzziness: it is
hard to define exactly, but there are many things worth
saying about it.
guid: c1006f0c-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$TemporalObjectType
direct specialization of:
#$Event
#$ReligiousHoliday religious holidays
Each #$ReligiousHoliday
is a #$Holiday which
is specified by some religious tradition. Note that
individuals may observe or otherwise participate in a #$ReligiousHoliday
without being members of the associated #$Religion.
guid: c0fdf861-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$TemporalObjectType
direct specialization of:
#$ReligiousEvent #$Holiday
#$ChristianHoliday Christian holidays
The subset of #$ReligiousHolidays
specified as part of the religion #$Christianity.
guid: c100619d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$TemporalObjectType
direct specialization of:
#$ReligiousHoliday
#$JewishHoliday Jewish holidays
The subset of #$ReligiousHolidays
specified as part of the religion #$Judaism.
guid: c10062ca-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$TemporalObjectType
direct specialization of:
#$ReligiousHoliday
#$IslamicHoliday Islamic holidays
The subset of #$ReligiousHolidays
specified as part of the religion #$Islam.
guid: c1006269-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$TemporalObjectType
direct specialization of:
#$ReligiousHoliday
#$LegalHoliday national holidays
The subcollection of #$Holidays which are
typically declared to be #$Holidays by the
governments of western countries, and which are therefore
days on which most people governed by that government do not
work and on which students do not attend classes. Such #$Holidays may coincide
with #$ReligiousHolidays,
especially where there is a government-sanctioned religion.
guid: be01edce-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$TemporalObjectType
direct specialization of:
#$Holiday
#$LegalHoliday-UnitedStates U.S.
legal holidays
The set of standard #$LegalHolidays
officially celebrated throughout the United States of
America. Schools, banks, Federal and State offices are
closed. Many businesses are closed on these holidays;
service businesses tend to have reduced business hours. Some
of these are #$ReligiousHolidays,
and some are #$Mondays immediately following a #$ReligiousHoliday,
and some commemorate some historically important (to the
USA) #$Event or #$Person.
guid: be01ee17-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$TemporalObjectType
direct specialization of:
#$LegalHoliday
#$NewYearsDay New
Year's days
Each instance of this collection is a #$Holiday celebrating
the first day of a calendar year.
guid: bd58b874-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$AnnualEventType
direct specialization of:
#$LegalHoliday
#$ChristmasHoliday xmas
Each of these is a #$ChristianHoliday
which commemorates the birth of Christ, but which is also
widely observed as a secular winter #$Holiday in countries
with significant Christian segments of their population.
guid: bd58ab54-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$AnnualEventType
direct specialization of:
#$LegalHoliday
#$ChristmasSeason Christmastimes
Each #$ChristmasSeason
is the annual event around the #$ChristmasHoliday
where people observing this holiday perform related
activities, such as displaying #$ChristmasDecorations,
participating in related religious services, etc.
guid: c0f7e3d6-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$TemporalObjectType
direct specialization of:
#$Event
#$ValentinesDay Valentine's Day
Each of these is an annual #$Holiday celebrating
romance and love. Although derived from the celebration of
the Christian Saint Valentine, it is essentially a purely
secular holiday as practiced in the United States of America.
guid: bd58e061-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$AnnualEventType
direct specialization of:
#$Holiday
#$NewYearsEveDay New
Year's eves
Each of these is a one-day-long annual #$Holiday celebrating
the ending of one calendar year, and presaging the beginning
of the next. Each of these occurs on December 31st, the last
day of the year.
guid: bd58b7b7-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$AnnualEventType
direct specialization of:
#$Holiday
#$Halloween Halloween
Each of these is a one-day-long annual #$Holiday celebrating
the supernatural spirit world. Although derived from Pagan
and Christian religious tradition, it is essentially a
purely secular holiday as practiced in the United States of America.
guid: bd58e01e-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$AnnualEventType
direct specialization of:
#$Holiday
#$FathersDay fathers day
Each of these is a one-day-long annual #$Holiday celebrating
fathers and fatherhood. In the United States it falls in
#$June, while in Finland it falls in #$November.
guid: bd58df99-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$AnnualEventType
direct specialization of:
#$Holiday
#$MothersDay mothers day
Each of these is a one-day-long annual #$Holiday celebrating
mothers and motherhood.
guid: bd58dfdf-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$AnnualEventType
direct specialization of:
#$Holiday
#$EasterHoliday easters
(social events)
Each of these is an annual #$ChristianHoliday
which commemorates the Resurrection of Christ after his Crucifixion.
guid: bd58ab15-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$AnnualEventType
direct specialization of:
#$ReligiousHoliday
#$Epiphany-TheDay epiphanies
Each of these is an annual one-day-long #$ChristianHoliday
which is celebrated on January 6 and which commemorates
either the coming of the Magi (Western Christianity) or the
Baptism of Christ (Greek Orthodox).
guid: c0f7e3df-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$AnnualEventType
direct specialization of:
#$ReligiousHoliday
Climatic Seasons
#$SeasonOfYear seasons
(weather events)
A collection of events -- specifically, the seasons
that occur as #$subEvents of an
#$AnnualClimateCycle. For example, the elements of #$WinterSeason are
all instances of #$SeasonOfYear.
guid: bd5884de-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$TemporalObjectType
direct specialization of:
#$WeatherEvent
direct generalization of: #$WarmSeason #$ColdSeason
#$SpringSeason #$FallSeason
#$WinterSeason winters
(weather events)
The collection of Winter seasons. In the
#$TemperateClimateCycle, generally a time of cold and
dormancy. #$WinterSeason
represents the climatic aspects of Winter; for its purely
temporal aspects, see #$CalendarWinter.
guid: bd5901c1-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$TemporalObjectType
direct specialization of: #$ColdSeason
#$SpringSeason springs
(weather events)
The collection of Spring seasons. In the
#$TemperateClimateCycle, Spring is the time ice melts, the
average temperature starts to increase, the days get longer,
plants begin to put forth buds, etc. #$SpringSeason
represents the climatic aspects of spring; see #$CalendarSpring
for the purely temporal aspects of spring.
guid: bd588b09-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$TemporalObjectType
direct specialization of:
#$SeasonOfYear
#$SummerSeason summers
(weather events)
The collection of Summer seasons. In the
#$TemperateClimateCycle, Summer is generally the time of
greatest warmth. #$SummerSeason
represents the climatic aspects of summer. For its purely
temporal aspects, see #$CalendarSummer.
guid: bd588ac7-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$TemporalObjectType
direct specialization of: #$WarmSeason
#$FallSeason autumns
(weather events)
The collection of Fall seasons. In the
#$TemperateClimateCycle, Fall is usually the time of
harvesting and beginnings of shutting down of growth. Also
the time of harvest celebrations. #$FallSeason
represents the climatic aspects of Fall; for its purely
temporal aspects, see #$CalendarAutumn.
guid: bd58b734-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$TemporalObjectType
direct specialization of:
#$SeasonOfYear
Sub Abstractions
#$Entity entities
A specialization of #$SomethingExisting.
Each instance of #$Entity is a 'maximal'
instance of #$SomethingExisting,
in the sense that there cannot be another #$SomethingExisting
of which that instance is merely a sub-abstraction (see #$subAbstractions).
So #$AlbertEinstein is an entity, but
AlbertEinsteinWhileAtPrinceton is not, since
AlbertEinsteinWhileAtPrinceton is a proper sub-abstraction
of #$AlbertEinstein. In other words, an #$Entity represents the
entire existence of a thing, not just one or more `temporal
chunks' or #$timeSlices of a thing.
guid: bd58dd15-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$TemporalObjectType
direct specialization of:
#$SomethingExisting
#$subAbstractions sub abstractions
(#$subAbstractions
WHOLE SUB) means SUB is a temporal part (one of the #$timeSlices) of
WHOLE, where WHOLE and SUB are both instances of #$SomethingExisting.
Both entities and subabstractions are subabstractions of
themselves. So the predicate #$subAbstractions
is the restriction of the predicate #$timeSlices to the
domain, and hence also range, #$SomethingExisting.
`AlbertEinsteinWhileAtPrinceton' is a #$subAbstractions
of `AlbertEinsteinAsAnAdult', which in turn is a #$subAbstractions
of 'AlbertEinstein', which in turn is a #$subAbstractions
only of itself (hence 'AlbertEinstein' is an instance of #$Entity (q.v.)).
guid: bd5901e3-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$TemporalPartSlot
#$AntiSymmetricBinaryPredicate #$ReflexiveBinaryPredicate
#$TransitiveBinaryPredicate
direct specialization of:
#$timeSlices
#$entitySubAbstractions entity
sub abstractions
(#$entitySubAbstractions
ENTITY THING) means that THING, an instance of #$SomethingExisting,
is a sub-abstraction of the #$Entity ENTITY (and so
(#$subAbstractions
ENTITY THING) holds). Note that each instance of #$SomethingExisting
will generally have a unique #$Entity of which it is
a sub-abstraction. For example, (#$entitySubAbstractions
AlbertEinstein AlbertEinsteinWhileAtPrinceton).
guid: bd58fb7c-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$ReflexiveBinaryPredicate #$TemporalPartSlot
#$FunctionalPredicate
#$InterExistingObjectSlot
direct specialization of:
#$subAbstractions
#$transformedInto transformed into
(#$transformedInto
X Y) means that X stops existing at the instant that Y is
created. Furthermore, the material which made up X when it
ceased to exist will generally make up Y when it is created,
which in turn implies things about the location of Y at that
moment, etc.
guid: bd58a032-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$AntiTransitiveBinaryPredicate
#$AsymmetricBinaryPredicate #$InterActorSlot
#$FunctionalSlot
#$subAbsDuring sub
abs during
(#$subAbsDuring
SUPER SUB TEMP) -- SUB is a #$subAbstractions
(a time-slice) of SUPER, and SUB is cotemporal with the #$TemporalThing
TEMP. SUPER may be the maximal #$Entity of which SUB is
a #$subAbstractions,
or it may merely be an intermediate subabstraction of the
entity which includes SUB as a part. For example, (#$subAbsDuring
Karen KarenDuring1992 (#$YearFn 1992)) and (#$subAbsDuring
KarenAsAnAdult KarenDuring1992 (#$YearFn 1992)) are
both valid.
guid: bf2c3270-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$FunctionalPredicate
#$TernaryPredicate
#$subAbsAfter sub
abs after
(#$subAbsAfter
SUPER SUB TEMP-OB) indicates that SUPER and SUB are #$SomethingExistings,
SUB is some #$subAbstractions
of SUPER, and (#$contiguousAfter
SUB TEMP-OB). This provides one way to talk about the
effects wrought by some state-changing process. For example,
for Washing001 involving Hair001, (#$subAbsAfter
Hair001 SUB Washing001) would imply that SUB is Wet. Usually
the preferred alternative (because it's simpler) is to use
the #$holdsIn
representation: (#$holdsIn (#$STIF Washing001)
'Hair001 is Wet').
guid: bd58f1bb-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$TernaryPredicate
#$subAbsBefore sub
abs before
(#$subAbsBefore
SUPER SUB TEMP-OB) indicates that SUPER and SUB are #$SomethingExistings,
SUB is some #$subAbstractions
of SUPER, and (#$contiguousAfter
TEMP-OB SUB). This provides one way to talk about
pre-conditions for some state-changing process. For example,
'Egg001 was raw before being scrambled' -- if (#$subAbsBefore
Egg001 SUB Scrambling001), then SUB is raw. Usually the
preferred alternative (because it is simpler) is to use the
#$holdsIn
representation: (#$holdsIn (#$STIB Scrambling001)
'Egg001 is raw').
guid: bd58f1ff-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$TernaryPredicate
#$birthDate birthdate
(binary predicate)
(#$birthDate X Y)
indicates that the #$Entity X came into
existence during #$Date
Y. For people, this is the date at which they were born,
hence the name of this predicate. The first argument to this
predicate must be an #$Entity, and not just
any old #$SomethingExisting,
because we don't want to talk about the #$birthDate or #$dateOfDeath of a
subabstraction like AlbertEinsteinWhileAtPrinceton; in other
words, proper subabstractions will have #$startingDates
and #$endingDates, but
only true #$Entitys
will have a #$birthDate or #$dateOfDeath. To
specify the #$DayOfYearType on which a #$Person was born,
use #$birthDay.
guid: bd58ebc5-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$BinaryPredicate
direct specialization of:
#$startingDate
#$dateOfDeath date
of death
(#$dateOfDeath X Y)
indicates that the #$Entity X ceased to
exist during #$Date Y.
For people, this is the date at which they died, hence the
name of the predicate. The first argument to this predicate
must be an #$Entity,
and not just any old #$SomethingExisting,
because we don't want to talk about the #$birthDate or #$dateOfDeath of a
subabstraction like AlbertEinsteinWhileAtPrinceton; in other
words, proper subabstractions will have #$startingDates
and #$endingDates, but
only true #$Entitys
will have a #$birthDate or #$dateOfDeath
guid: bd58dd0e-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$BinaryPredicate
direct specialization of:
#$endingDate
#$SubAbs Sub Abs
If the predicate P has entry format #$SubAbs for one of its
argument positions N, then, given some fixed set of
arguments in the other positions, mutiple assertions may be
added to the KB so long as each term appearing in argument
position N is a #$subAbstractions
of some common #$Entity. Note that the
case where the entity itself appears as arg N is allowed,
since for all x, (#$subAbstractions
X X) is true. Let's consider an example. The #$arg2Format
of #$laterSubAbstractions
is #$SubAbs. Thus Cyc
will allow one to assert that #$laterSubAbstractions
of SamZilkerAsATeenager include SamZilkerAsAnAdult, and
SamZilkerDuringHisFirstMarriage, etc., so long as all of
those are known to be subabstractions of the very same
entity, in this case the one representing Sam Zilker.
guid: bd58e16e-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$Format #$Individual
#$laterSubAbstractions later
sub abstractions
(#$laterSubAbstractions
EARLIER LATER) means that LATER and EARLIER are both
sub-abstractions (see the predicate #$subAbstractions)
of the same entity (so that (#$hasSameEntityAs
LATER EARLIER) holds) and the sub-abstraction LATER starts
sometime after the beginning of EARLIER (so that (#$startsAfterStartingOf
LATER EARLIER) holds).
guid: bd58d765-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$AsymmetricBinaryPredicate
#$TransitiveBinaryPredicate #$ComplexTemporalRelation
direct specialization of:
#$hasSameEntityAs
#$hasSameEntityAs has
same entity as
(#$hasSameEntityAs
X Y) indicates that X and Y are both subabstractions of the
same #$Entity. The
unique #$Entity of
which X is an #$entitySubAbstractions
is the same as the unique #$Entity of which Y is
an #$entitySubAbstractions.
For instance, AlbertEinsteinAsAnAdult and
AlbertEinsteinWhileAtPrinceton are in this relationship.
guid: bd58efb2-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$EquivalenceRelation #$InterExistingObjectSlot
Repeated Events
#$CyclicalIntervalGroupType cyclical
interval group type
(#$isa X
#$CyclicalIntervalGroupType)
means that X is a collection of interval types whose
instances recur in a set pattern throughout all of calendar
history. X must partition all of time: the elements of X
must be mutually disjoint, and unioned altogether they must
encompass all time. For example, X could be the set of the
seven calendar days (Monday through Sunday), or the set of
the twelve calendar months (January through December). I.e.,
(#$isa
#$DayOfWeekType #$CyclicalIntervalGroupType)
and (#$isa
#$MonthOfYearType #$CyclicalIntervalGroupType).
`Recurring in a set pattern' generally means that one can
put the elements of X in order, say X1, X2,..., Xn, and
there will be an instance of X1 immediately followed by an
instance of X2 (that instance x2a of X2 will be #$contiguousAfter
that instance x1a of X1), and there will be an instance of
X3 immediately following that particular instance of X2, and
there will be an instance of X4 immediately following that
instance of X3, etc. One final note: when we arrange
elements of X into such a pattern X1,...Xn (whose
repetitions then `tile' all time), n may be larger than the
cardinality of X. E.g., X might be the set with just the 2
elements WeekendDay (the union of the set #$Saturday and the
set #$Sunday) and WeekDay, and then the arrangement that
tiles all time is 5 contiguous WeekDays followed by 2
contiguous WeekendDays.
guid: be0113f4-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$ThirdOrderCollection
direct specialization of:
#$MutuallyDisjointIntervalCollection
#$occurrencesPerPeriod occurrences
per period
(#$occurrencesPerPeriod
SUB-TYPE SUPER-TYPE N) indicates that N instances of
SUB-TYPE occur during each instance of SUPER-TYPE. For
example, to indicate that there are seven calendar days in
each calendar week, we would write the axiom (#$occurrencesPerPeriod
#$CalendarDay #$CalendarWeek 7).
guid: c0f7dee6-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$TernaryPredicate
#$frequencyOfActionType frequency
of action type
A predicate for stating the frequency with which
typical instances of some type of #$TemporalThing
play certain roles in certain types of event. Specifically,
(#$frequencyOfActionType
ACTTYPE ACTORTYPE ROLE FREQUENCY) indicates that typical
instances of ACTORTYPE (where ACTORRTYPE is a specialization
of #$TemporalThing)
play the role ROLE in instances of ACTTYPE (where ACTTYPE is
a specialization of #$Event) with the
frequency FREQUENCY. For example, #$frequencyOfActionType
can be used to express the fact that typical vertebrates are
virtually always breathing: (#$frequencyOfActionType
#$Breathing #$Vertebrate #$bodilyDoer
#$Continuously). This predicate should _not_ be used for
action types that instances of ACTORTYPE do not typically
perform role ROLE in, even if those instances of ACTORTYPE
that do, do so with frequency FREQUENCY. For those kinds of
assertions, use #$regularFrequencyOfActionType.
guid: bd589f51-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$QuaternaryPredicate #$FunctionalPredicate
#$TypePredicate
direct specialization of:
#$regularFrequencyOfActionType
#$AnnualEventType annual
event type
A collection of collections. Each instance of #$AnnualEventType
is a type of event that occurs once each year. Furthermore,
the occurrence of each such type of event is tied to a
specific time (for example, a specific date) in the calendar
year. For example, #$ChristmasHoliday
is an #$AnnualEventType,
because one occurs on a specific date (namely, December 25)
each year.
guid: be1ed0b5-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$SecondOrderCollection
direct specialization of:
#$TemporallyDisjointIntervalType
direct generalization of: #$MonthOfYearType #$CalendarSeasonType
#$WeeklyEventType weekly
event type
The collection of event-types that occur weekly.
Each instance of #$WeeklyEventType
is a collection of events, all of which are synchronized
with the calendar and which occur once a week. E.g., one
instance of #$WeeklyEventType
is #$Wednesday, since there is an instance of #$Wednesday
once a week.
guid: c0f7df0f-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$SecondOrderCollection
direct specialization of:
#$TemporalObjectType
#$RepeatedEvent recurring events
This is a class of events that is repeated in some
other event. This is there because when we create a typical
year we don't want to create 365 days.
guid: bd5900b9-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$TemporalObjectType
#$DefaultDisjointScriptType
direct specialization of:
#$Event
#$RegularlyRepeatedEvent periodic events
guid: bd590072-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$TemporalStuffType
#$DefaultDisjointScriptType
direct specialization of:
#$Event
direct generalization of:
#$Movement-Periodic
#$QualitativeTimeOfDay
#$Breathing #$Sleeping
#$IrregularlyRepeatedEvent intermittent
guid: bd58bc73-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$DefaultDisjointScriptType
direct specialization of:
#$Event
direct generalization of:
#$Swallowing
#$repetitionInstances repetition instances
guid: bd58bbb0-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$TemporalRelation
Copyright© 1996-2002. All rights reserved. See Terms of Usage.