Medical
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#$AnimalPhysiologyMt Animal
Physiology knowledge
Naive theory of animal physiology. Animals are
considered to be alive. A corpse is an instance of (#$DeadFn
#$Animal) not
of #$Animal. #$anatomicalParts
of animals can be assumed to be physically attached to the animal.
guid: bd58a624-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$TheoryMicrotheory #$GeneralMicrotheory
#$Individual
#$HumanPhysiologyMt Human
Physiology knowledge
Naive theory of human physiology.
guid: bd59040f-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$TheoryMicrotheory #$GeneralMicrotheory
#$Individual
#$AilmentMt Ailment knowledge
This #$TheoryMicrotheory is intended to be the most
general microtheory for axiomatizing knowledge about ailment
conditions and diseases (see #$AilmentCondition
and its specs). It allows reference to microorganisms and
rather general biological knowledge. For describing features
of an ailment condition specific to human beings (#$Person), or if
knowledge about human physiology is needed to support an
assertion, consider using #$HumanAilmentMt.
guid: bd58eb2f-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$TheoryMicrotheory #$GeneralMicrotheory
#$Individual
#$HumanAilmentMt Human
Ailment knowledge
This #$TheoryMicrotheory is a specialization of #$AilmentMt. It is
used for the axiomatization of specific knowledge about
ailments affecting human physiology.
guid: bd58cf6e-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$TheoryMicrotheory #$GeneralMicrotheory
#$Individual
#$SubjectiveAilmentMt Subjective
Ailment knowledge
microtheory which is basically the combination of
#$HumanAilmentMt
and #$HumanPerceptionMt. Vocabulary is available here that
allows one to write axioms about the way ailments make you feel.
guid: bd64f58a-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$GeneralMicrotheory
#$TheoryMicrotheory #$Individual
#$PharmaceuticalDetailsMt Pharmaceutical
Details knowledge
Microtheory which contains detailed knowledge about
drugs and drug products.
guid: bd5cb618-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$TheoryMicrotheory #$GeneralMicrotheory
#$Individual
#$ModernWesternMedicineMt Modern
Western Medicine knowledge
This mt is to be used for assertions which are true
primarily in the 1990s in the developed Western countries.
It should not be used for assertions which are generally
true of human bodies or the field of medicine worldwide. It
is currently only used for medical assertions.
guid: c0fd65de-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$TheoryMicrotheory #$GeneralMicrotheory
#$Individual
#$Infection infections
A specialization of #$AilmentCondition.
Each instance of #$Infection
is an ailment condition in which microorganisms are
abnormally present (or abnormally numerous) within an
animal's body. The microorganisms involved in an infection
may be instances of the collections #$Bacterium, #$Virus, or #$ProtistaKingdom.
Specializations of #$Infection
include #$Bronchitis, #$Tonsillitis, and
#$SexuallyTransmittedInfection (which has further specializations).
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direct instance of:
#$PhysiologicalConditionType
direct specialization of:
#$AilmentCondition
direct generalization of: #$FeverInfection
#$ViralInfection #$FungalInfection #$BacterialInfection
#$InfectionType types
of infection
A collection of collections. Each instance of #$InfectionType
is a specialization of #$Infection.
Instances include #$BubonicPlague, #$Leprosy, and #$Herpes.
guid: c0fd5f45-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$SecondOrderCollection
direct specialization of:
#$PhysiologicalConditionType
direct generalization of:
#$InfectionTypeBySymptomology
#$InfectionTypeByPathogenType
#$infectionHost host
(actor slot)
This predicate relates a particular case of #$Infection
to the organism it is infecting. (#$infectionHost
INF ORG) means that INF is an #$Infection
in which the host organism is ORG.
guid: c10c1543-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$ActorSlot #$FunctionalSlot
direct specialization of: #$ailmentConditionAffects
#$infectionCausedByOrganism infecting
organism (actor slot)
This predicate relates a particular instance of #$Infection
to an organism which causes that infection. (#$infectionCausedByOrganism
INFECT ORG) means that the organism ORG is one of the causes
of the infection INFECT.
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direct instance of:
#$ActorSlot
direct specialization of:
#$preActors
#$InfectionTransmissionEvent infection transmission
A specialization of #$InfectingEvent. Each instance
of #$InfectionTransmissionEvent
is an event in which some infection is transmitted from one
host to another (where both the old and new hosts are
instances of #$BiologicalLivingObject).
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direct instance of:
#$TemporalObjectType
direct specialization of: #$InfectingEvent
#$medicallyRecommended medically recommended
It is medically recommended that the BLO with the
condition ARG1 (note that it's a particular instance of a
condition and not the condition type) play the role ARG3 in
some instance of ARG2, in order to ameliorate the condition.
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direct instance of: #$TernaryPredicate
#$medicallyProscribed medically proscribed
It is medically recommended that the organism with
the condition ARG1 (note that it's a particular instance of
a condition and not the condition type) *refrain* from
playing the role ARG3 in instances of ARG2, in order to
ameliorate the condition.
guid: c0fd4d2c-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$TernaryPredicate
#$medicalRecommendationForBLO medical
recommendation for b l o
It is medically recommended that the BLO ARG1 play
the role ARG3 in some instance of ARG2, typically but not
necessarily, in order to ameliorate some condition they are experiencing.
guid: c0fd4d38-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$TernaryPredicate
#$DrugFn drug fn
(#$DrugFn
SUBSTANCE) represents the collection of products which
contain members of the substance class SUBSTANCE as their
active ingredient.
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direct instance of:
#$CollectionDenotingFunction
#$ReifiableFunction
#$UnaryFunction #$Individual
#$DrugOverdose overdoses
The collection of events which occur when someone
takes more of a given type of drug than is medically advisable.
guid: c0fd5896-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$TemporalObjectType
direct specialization of:
#$HumanActivity
#$DrugPrescription prescriptions (ibt)
The legal document in which a doctor authorizes a
patient to purchase a certain amount of a drug and take it
according to some specified schedule.
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direct instance of:
#$ExistingObjectType
direct specialization of:
#$OfficialDocument
#$IssuingADrugPrescription issuing
a drug prescription
What doctors do when they write or call a pharmacy
to say that a given patient should take a given drug
according to some schedule.
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direct instance of:
#$TemporalObjectType
direct specialization of:
#$MedicalTreatmentEvent
#$DrugProduct medicines
A specialization of both #$Artifact and #$DrugSubstance.
Each instance of #$DrugProduct
is a drug substance manufactured by some agent. Instances of
#$DrugProduct
include drugs prescribed by a physician, drugs purchased as
over-the-counter medicines, and drugs used for recreational
purposes (so #$AlcoholicBeverage, #$Nicotine, and #$Caffeine
are specializations).
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direct instance of: #$ProductType #$ExistingStuffType
direct specialization of:
#$Artifact-NonAgentive #$DrugSubstance #$Artifact #$ConsumableProduct
direct generalization of:
#$PrescriptionDrug
#$DrugEvaluation drug evaluations
The collection of events in which the efficacy
and/or safety of a drug or pharmaceutical substance/product
is evaluated. See also #$DrugTesting which refers to
performing tests to perform on people to determine if they
have been taking drugs.
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direct instance of:
#$TemporalObjectType
direct specialization of: #$Evaluating
#$DrugTherapy drug therapies
A collection of medical care events in which drugs
accomplish a medical purpose. An instance of #$DrugTherapy
is the result of an instance of #$AdministeringADrug (q.v.).
An instance of #$DrugTherapy
is the event of the patient's body undergoing the
physiological effects of the drug it was given. Note: #$DrugTherapy
events do not include the administration of the drug;
rather, they are the results of such administrations. Cf. #$AdministeringADrug.
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direct instance of:
#$Collection
direct specialization of:
#$MedicalTreatmentEvent
direct generalization of:
#$Anesthesia
#$DrugTherapyUseFn drug
therapy use fn
The collection of events in which instances of ARG1
are used to achieve a medical purpose. These events do not
include the administration of the drug - they are the
scripts which result from that administration.
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direct instance of:
#$CollectionDenotingFunction
#$ReifiableFunction
#$UnaryFunction #$Individual
#$DrugModeOfActionType drug
mode of action type
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direct instance of: #$SecondOrderCollection
direct specialization of:
#$ExistingStuffType
#$SelfInjectableFn self
injectable fn
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direct instance of: #$SubcollectionDenotingFunction
#$ReifiableFunction
#$UnaryFunction #$Individual
#$DosageFormType dosage
form type
Drug products organized according to their form
when they are given as doses.
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direct instance of: #$SecondOrderCollection
direct specialization of:
#$TemporalStuffType
#$PharmacyProductType pharmacy products
The collection of pharmaceutical product types,
including drugs and pharmaceutical devices.
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direct instance of: #$SecondOrderCollection
direct specialization of: #$ProductType
#$PPTExplanation p
p t explanation
PPT stands for ''#$PharmacyProductType''. A certain
set of collections under #$PharmacyProductType
exist chiefly to enforce the order of nesting of the
functions that generate new #$PharmacyProductType
instances by constraining their dosage form, administration
route, package size, strength etc. These collection are: #$PPTByPackageType
#$PPTByStrengthType
#$PPTByAdministrationRouteType #$PPTByDosageFormType
#$PharmacyProductType-Level3
#$PharmacyProductType-Level2
#$PharmacyProductType-Level1
#$PharmacyProductType-NameOnly. Also related are #$TherapeuticClassType
and GlaxoProductGroupType-TopLevel. The hierarchy looks like
this: #$PharmacyProductType
| | | #$PPTByPackageType
#$PharmacyProductType-Level3
| | | #$PPTByStrengthType
#$PharmacyProductType-Level2
| | | #$PPTByAdministrationRouteType #$PharmacyProductType-Level1
| | | #$PPTByDosageFormType
#$PharmacyProductType-NameOnly | | | #$TherapeuticClassType
GlaxoProductGroupType-TopLevel The function #$PPTPackageFn,
for example, results in an instance of #$PPTByPackageType,
but it can take as arguments only #$PharmacyProductType-Level3
instances. #$PPTStrengthFn results in instances of #$PPTByStrengthType,
but can take as arguments only instances of #$PharmacyProductType-Level2,
and so on. This arrangement prevents an infinite recursion
of NATs, e.g., (#$PPTPackageFn (#$PPTPackageFn
(#$PPTPackageFn ... ))).
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direct instance of:
#$Individual
#$PPTByPackageType ppt
by package type
The collection of types of drug products which are
specified as to packaging, and may be specified as to
strength, administration route, dosage form, and type of
preparation (the drug compounds(s) contained).
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direct instance of: #$SecondOrderCollection
direct specialization of:
#$PharmacyProductType
#$PPTByStrengthType p
p t by strength type
The collection of types of drug products which are
specified as to strength, and may be specified as to
administration route, dosage form, and type of preparation
(the drug compounds(s) contained).
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direct instance of: #$CollectionType
direct specialization of:
#$PharmacyProductType
#$PPTByDosageFormType ppt
by dosage form type
The collection of types of drug products that are
specified as to dosage form, and may be specified as to type
of preparation (the drug compounds(s) contained).
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direct instance of: #$SecondOrderCollection
direct specialization of: #$ProductByGenericType
#$PharmacyProductType-Level0 pharmacy
product type level 0
The collection of types of #$DrugProducts
that may be specified as to their brand or generic name
(which indicates what type or types of compounds are
contained in their instances), in which case they would be
instances of #$PharmacyProductType-NameOnly, but are not
specified as to dosage form, administration route, strength
or packaging. For example, #$ZoloftProduct and
#$AntiDepressant are instances of #$PharmacyProductType-Level0,
but 'Zoloft tablets' would not be.
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direct instance of: #$CollectionType
direct specialization of:
#$PharmacyProductType
#$PharmacyProductType-Level1 pharmacy
product type level 1
The collection of types of drug products that may
be specified as to dosage form and type of preparation (the
drug product(s) contained), but are not specified as to
administration route, strength or packaging.
guid: bd64af19-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$CollectionType
direct specialization of:
#$PharmacyProductType
#$PharmacyProductType-Level2 pharmacy
product type level 2
The collection of types of drug products that may
be specified as to administration route, dosage form, and
type of preparation (the drug product(s) contained), but are
not specified as to strength or packaging.
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direct instance of: #$SecondOrderCollection
direct specialization of:
#$PharmacyProductType
#$PharmacyProductType-Level3 pharmacy
product type level 3
The collection of types of drug products that may
be specified as to strength, administration route, dosage
form, and type of preparation (the drug compounds(s)
contained), but are not specified as to packaging.
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direct instance of: #$SecondOrderCollection
direct specialization of:
#$PharmacyProductType
#$TherapeuticClassType therapeutic
class type
Instances are classes of drugs grouped by mode of
action and diseases they are commonly used to treat.
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direct instance of: #$SecondOrderCollection
direct specialization of:
#$ExistingStuffType
#$MedicalSpecialtyType medical
specialty type
An instance of #$SiblingDisjointCollection,
and a specialization of #$PersonTypeByOccupation.
Each instance of #$MedicalSpecialtyType
is a type of profession in the field of health care.
Instances include #$Doctor-Medical,
#$Dentist,
and #$Nurse.
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direct instance of:
#$SiblingDisjointCollection
#$SecondOrderCollection
direct specialization of:
#$PersonTypeByOccupation
#$MedicalCareProvider health
care provider
The collection of agents who provide medical care
in a professional capacity.
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direct instance of:
#$ExistingObjectType
direct specialization of:
#$SocialBeing
direct generalization of:
#$MedicalCareProfessional
#$MedicalCareOrganization
#$MedicalCareProfessional medical practitioners
A specialization of #$PersonWithOccupation.
Each instance of #$MedicalCareProfessional
is a person whose occupation principally involves medical
care of patients, including surgery, psychological care,
physical therapy, practical nursing, and dispensing drugs.
Notable specializations of #$MedicalCareProfessional
include #$Doctor-Medical,
#$Dentist,
and #$Pharmacist.
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direct instance of:
#$PersonTypeByOccupation
direct specialization of:
#$MedicalCareProvider #$HealthProfessional
direct generalization of:
#$Dentist #$Pharmacist
#$Prescriber
#$HealthProfessional health professionals
An instance of #$PersonTypeByOccupation,
and a specialization of #$Professional-Adult. Each instance
of #$HealthProfessional
is a person employed in some health-related field.
Specializations of #$HealthProfessional
include #$MedicalCareProfessional
and #$HealthInspector
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direct instance of:
#$PersonTypeByOccupation
direct specialization of:
#$HumanAdult
direct generalization of:
#$MedicalCareProfessional
#$Pharmacist pharmacists
The collection of professionals who are trained and
licensed to prepare and distribute legal drugs.
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direct instance of:
#$MedicalSpecialtyType
direct specialization of:
#$MedicalCareProfessional
#$Doctor-Medical doctors
An instance of #$PersonTypeByOccupation,
and a specialization of #$PersonWithOccupation.
Each instance of #$Doctor-Medical
is a person with a certain type of education in the field of
medicine (usually such a person has obtained an MD degree)
who is professionally licensed to practice medicine.
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direct instance of:
#$MedicalSpecialtyType
direct specialization of:
#$Scientist #$Prescriber
#$Dentist dental practitioners
The collection of doctors that are trained with
diagnosing and treating diseases of the gums and teeth.
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direct instance of:
#$MedicalSpecialtyType
direct specialization of:
#$MedicalCareProfessional
#$Nurse nurses (adults)
The class of health professionals who provide
various aspects of hands-on health care to patients. Nurses
do not usually diagnose or decide on treatments, but they
administer medicines and treatments, perform medical tests,
give regular care to hospitalized patients, etc.
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direct instance of:
#$MedicalSpecialtyType
direct specialization of:
#$MedicalCareProfessional
#$MedicalCareEvent medical care
A collection of events. Each instance of #$MedicalCareEvent
is an event in which a medical care professional provides a
medical service to some human or animal patient(s). Notable
specializations of #$MedicalCareEvent
include #$MedicalTesting,
#$HospitalCareEvent,
and #$Surgery.
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direct instance of: #$ProductByGenericType #$TemporalObjectType
direct specialization of:
#$ServiceEvent #$TakingCareOfSomething
direct generalization of: #$DentalCareEvent #$BirthEvent #$MedicalTreatmentEvent
#$MedicalTesting
#$HospitalCareEvent
#$Surgery
#$EmergencyMedicalTreatment emergency
medical treatments
guid: bd58ca20-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$TemporalObjectType
#$DefaultDisjointScriptType
direct specialization of:
#$MedicalTreatmentEvent
#$HealthMaintenanceOrganization HMOs
(medical care organizations)
A business which provides health-care for a fixed,
regular fee rather than on a per-use basis. This
organization typically has a network of doctors, hospitals,
pharmacies which participate. Other health-care-providers'
fees are not included in the premiums.
guid: c0fd5684-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$ExistingObjectType
direct specialization of: #$HealthcareOrganization
#$MedicalGroupPractice group practices
A business partnership among 2 or more physicians.
Doctors in a group practice pool resources, share staff and
equipment, just as any other business partnership.
guid: c10c14f6-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$ExistingObjectType
direct specialization of: #$Partnership
#$participatingProvider participating provider
ARG2 is a participating or `in-network' health care
provider in ARG1.
guid: c10c18e9-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$AsymmetricBinaryPredicate
direct specialization of:
#$affiliatedWith
#$hasPhysiologicalAttributes has
physiological attributes
(#$hasPhysiologicalAttributes
BLO ATT) means that the #$BiologicalLivingObject
BLO has the #$PhysiologicalAttribute
ATT. Note that many, perhaps most, assertions made with #$hasPhysiologicalAttributes
will be time-dependent; for example, an individual person is
not #$SexuallyMature throughout his or her life, but only
during a portion of it. For this reason, many assertions
made with #$hasPhysiologicalAttributes
will need to be temporally qualified. One way to do so is by
using #$holdsIn; for
instance, (#$holdsIn
(#$YearFn 1820)
(#$hasPhysiologicalAttributes
#$LudwigVanBeethoven #$Deaf).
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direct instance of: #$BinaryAttributePredicate
direct specialization of:
#$hasAttributes
#$feelsSensation feel
(#$feelsSensation
BLO SENSTYPE DEGREE) means that the #$BiologicalLivingObject
BLO feels a sensation of type SENSTYPE with the intensity
DEGREE. #$feelsSensation
may be used to describe an organism's feeling during a
particular time period or activity (see #$holdsIn); for
example, we might say of a particular person who is doing
yoga: (#$holdsIn
`TodaysYoga' (#$feelsSensation
Prakriti #$LevelOfRelaxationFeeling
#$VeryHigh). Note that the first argument of #$feelsSensation
could also be filled by a part of an organism, e.g., `John
F. Kennedy's head'; however, by using the more specialized
predicate #$feelsSensationInRegionAtLevel,
we can express localized feelings without reifying each such region.
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direct instance of:
#$FunctionalPredicate
#$TernaryPredicate
#$LevelOfPain pains
(physiological attributes)
An #$AttributeType
whose elements represent the qualitative levels of pain that
may be felt by a perceptual agent. Although the agent is
often a living entity, this is not required. The source of
the pain could be either external or internal; in either
case, the subjective feeling is generally `sharper' and
hopefully shorter-lived than just `a feeling of discomfort'
(see: #$LevelOfDiscomfort.)
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direct instance of:
#$SensoryReactionType
direct specialization of:
#$LevelOfDiscomfort
#$BodyPartCollectionFn body
part collection fn
#$BodyPartCollectionFn
is a #$CollectionDenotingFunction,
that is, it is a Cyc function which `returns' (i.e., `has')
a collection as its value. Here is an example of what it
does. The expression (#$BodyPartCollectionFn
#$AbrahamLincoln #$Fingernail) returns, as its value, a
collection of ten elements, each of which represents one of
the fingernails of Abraham Lincoln. In cases where an animal
is likely to only have one part of that type (e.g., head,
heart, nose, nervous system), it makes more sense to use the
function #$BodyPartFn
(qv), rather than using this one, getting a singleton set
back, and extracting its lone element.
guid: c0fd6605-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$SubcollectionDenotingFunction
#$BinaryFunction #$ReifiableFunction
#$Individual
#$BodyPartFn body
part fn
An instance of both #$IndividualDenotingFunction
and #$ReifiableFunction.
When applied to an instance ANIMAL of #$Animal and an
instance UNIQUE-PART-TYPE of both #$AnimalBodyPartType
and #$UniqueAnatomicalPartType,
#$BodyPartFn
returns the instance of UNIQUE-PART-TYPE belonging to
ANIMAL. For example, (#$BodyPartFn
Person001 #$Heart) is
Person001's heart.
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direct instance of:
#$ReifiableFunction
#$BinaryFunction #$IndividualDenotingFunction
#$Individual
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